CINXE.COM
High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses | Fungal Diversity
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses | Fungal Diversity</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fungal Diversity - High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="13225"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Fungal Diversity 2018 90:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2018-05-16"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2018 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2018 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum- and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1878-9129"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Fungal Diversity"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2018-05-16"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="90"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="135"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="159"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2018 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Fungal Diversity"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Fungal Diversity"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Netherlands"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1878-9129"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="90"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/05"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2018/05/16"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="135"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="159"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="size" content="396071"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Tedersoo, Leho"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kõljalg, Urmas"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bahram, Mohammad"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Döring, Markus"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Schigel, Dmitry"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="May, Tom"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ryberg, Martin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Abarenkov, Kessy"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biodiversity"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbial Ecology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Mycology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Medical Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Physiology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=New Phytol; citation_title=The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi—recent updates and future perspectives; citation_author=K Abarenkov, RH Nilsson, K-H Larsson, IJ Alexander, U Eberhardt, S Erland, K Høiland, R Kjøller, E Larsson, T Pennanen, R Sen, AFS Taylor, L Tedersoo, B Ursing, T Vrålstad, K Liimatainen, U Peintner, U Kõljalg; citation_volume=186; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=281-285; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Eukaryot Microbiol; citation_title=The revised classification of eukaryotes; citation_author=SM Adl, AGB Simpson, CE Lane, J Lukes, D Bass, SS Bowser; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=429-493; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=Proposal for a standardized temporal scheme of biological classification for extant species; citation_author=JC Avise, GC John; citation_volume=96; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=7358-7363; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.96.13.7358; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=FEMS Microbiol Rev; citation_title=Millions of reads, thousands of taxa: microbial community structure and associations analyzed via marker genes; citation_author=M Balint, M Bahram, AM Eren, K Faust, JA Fuhrman, B Lindahl, RB O’Hara, M Öpik, ML Sogin, M Unterseher, L Tedersoo; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=686-700; citation_doi=10.1093/femsre/fuw017; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Can J Bot; citation_title=An outline for the reclassification of the Chytridiales, and for a new order, the Spizellomycetales; citation_author=DJS Barr; citation_volume=58; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=2380-2394; citation_doi=10.1139/b80-276; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Progr; citation_title=The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis; citation_author=R Bauer, D Begerow, JP Sampaio, M Weiβ, F Oberwinkler; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=41-66; citation_doi=10.1007/s11557-006-0502-0; citation_id=CR150"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS ONE; citation_title=Entorrhizomycota: a new fungal phylum reveals new perspectives on the evolution of Fungi; citation_author=R Bauer, S Garnica, F Oberwinkler, K Riess, M Weiß, D Begerow; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=e0128183; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0128183; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Whole Fungus; citation_title=Zygomycetes and their spores; citation_author=RK Benjamin; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_pages=573-621; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycota; citation_title=Fungal molecular evolution: gene trees and geologic time; citation_author=ML Berbee, JW Taylor; citation_volume=7B; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=229-245; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Microbiol; citation_title=Early diverging fungi: diversity and impact at the dawn of terrestrial life; citation_author=ML Berbee, TY James, C Strullu-Derrien; citation_volume=71; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=41-60; citation_doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc R Soc Lond B; citation_title=A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record; citation_author=C Berney, J Pawlowski; citation_volume=273; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1867-1872; citation_doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3537; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC Evol Biol; citation_title=bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison; citation_author=R Bouckaert, AJ Drummond; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=42; citation_doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS Comput Biol; citation_title=BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis; citation_author=R Bouckaert, J Heled, D Kühnert, T Vaughan, C-H Wu, D Xie; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=e1003537-6; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ecol; citation_title=Serpentine soils promote ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity; citation_author=S Branco; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=5566-5576; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04913.x; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Biol Evol; citation_title=Phylogeny of the “forgotten” cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta; citation_author=MW Brown, FW Spiegel, JD Silberman; citation_volume=126; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=2699-2709; citation_doi=10.1093/molbev/msp185; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Protistol; citation_title=Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa; citation_author=T Cavalier-Smith; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=115-178; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Phylogenet Evol; citation_title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa; citation_author=T Cavalier-Smith, EE Chao, EA Snell, C Berney, AM Fiore-Donno, R Lewis; citation_volume=81; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=71-85; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ecol Lett; citation_title=The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology; citation_author=J Cavender-Bares, KH Hozak, PVA Fine, SW Kembel; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=693-715; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Genome Biol Evol; citation_title=Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants; citation_author=Y Chang, S Wang, S Sekimoto, AL Aerts, C Choi, A Clum, KM LaButti, EA Lindquist, C Yee Ngan, RA Ohm, AA Salamov, IV Grigoriev, JW Spatafora, ML Berbee; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1590-1601; citation_doi=10.1093/gbe/evv090; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Parasitol Res; citation_title=Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota; citation_author=D Corsaro, J Walochnik, D Venditti, J Steinmann, K-D Müller, R Michel; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1909-1918; citation_doi=10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The Mycota; citation_title=Microsporidia; citation_author=ES Didier, JJ Becknel, ML Kent, JL Sanders, LM Weiss; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=A115-A140; citation_id=CR151"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Prosyllabus tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta); citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR20; citation_author=AB Doweld; citation_publisher=Geos"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Index Fungorum; citation_title=Nomenclatural novelties. Rozellomycota; citation_author=AB Doweld; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Index Fungorum; citation_title=Nomenclatural novelties; citation_author=AB Doweld; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Index Fungorum; citation_title=Nomenclatural novelties; citation_author=AB Doweld; citation_volume=87; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Doweld AB (2014c) Synchytriales Doweld, ord.nov. Index Fungorum 92:1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Edgar RC (2017) SINAPS: prediction of microbial traits from marker gene sequences. bioRxiv 2017:124156"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal gemones; citation_author=D Floudas, M Binder, R Riley, K Barry, RA Blanchette, B Henrissat; citation_volume=336; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1715-1719; citation_doi=10.1126/science.1221748; citation_id=CR27"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Microbiome; citation_title=ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses; citation_author=J Fouquier, JR Rideout, E Bolyen, J Chase, A Shiffer, D McDonald, R Knight, JG Caporaso, ST Kelley; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=11; citation_doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0153-6; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Can J Bot; citation_title=Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above-and below-ground views; citation_author=M Gardes, TD Bruns; citation_volume=74; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1572-1583; citation_doi=10.1139/b96-190; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=The adaptive radiation of lichen-forming Teloschistaceae is associated with sunscreening pigments and a bark-to-rock substrate shift; citation_author=E Gaya, S Fernández-Brime, R Vargas, RF Lachlan, C Gueidan, M Ramírez-Mejía, F Lutzoni; citation_volume=112; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=11600-11605; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1507072112; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Zool Zh; citation_title=Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium and Pseudoaphelidium from the Cienkovski’s “Monadea” group as representatives of a new class; citation_author=BV Gromov; citation_volume=79; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=517-525; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Persoonia; citation_title=Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota; citation_author=AP Gryganskyi, RA Humber, ME Smith, K Hodge, B Huang, K Voigt, R Vilgalys; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=94-105; citation_doi=10.3767/003158513X666330; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Biol; citation_title=Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic; citation_author=C Gueidan, C Ruibal, GS Hoog, H Schneider; citation_volume=115; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=987-996; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=Evolution of a morphological novelty occurred before genome compaction in a lineage of extreme parasites; citation_author=KL Haag, TY James, JF Pombert, R Larsson, TM Schaer, D Refardt, D Ebert; citation_volume=111; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=15480-15485; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1410442111; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Entomol; citation_title=Phylogenetic systematics; citation_author=W Hennig; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=1966; citation_pages=97-116; citation_doi=10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525; citation_id=CR35"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Res; citation_title=A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi; citation_author=DS Hibbett, M Binder, J Bischoff, M Blackwell, PF Cannon, OE Eriksson; citation_volume=111; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=509-547; citation_doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycoscience; citation_title=The anamorphic genus Calcarisporiella is a new member of the Mucoromycotina; citation_author=D Hirose, Y Degawa, S Inaba, S Tokumasu; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=256-260; citation_doi=10.1007/S10267-011-0160-1; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycotaxon; citation_title=Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies; citation_author=K Hoffmann, K Voigt, PM Kirk; citation_volume=115; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=353-363; citation_doi=10.5248/115.353; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence; citation_author=S Hongsanan, SS Maharachchikumbura, KD Hyde, MC Samarakoon, R Jeewon, Q Zhao, AM Al-Sadi, AH Bahkali; citation_volume=84; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=25-41; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2; citation_id=CR39"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycotaxon; citation_title=Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi; citation_author=RA Humber; citation_volume=120; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=477-492; citation_doi=10.5248/120.477; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday; citation_author=KD Hyde, SS Maharachchikumbura, S Hongsanan, MC Samarakoon, R Lücking, D Pem, D Harishchandra, R Jeewon, RL Zhao, JC Xu, JK Liu; citation_volume=84; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1-23; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BioEssays; citation_title=No jacket required—new fungal lineage defies dress code; citation_author=TY James, ML Berbee; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=94-102; citation_doi=10.1002/bies.201100110; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny; citation_author=TY James, F Kauff, CL Schoch; citation_volume=443; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=818-822; citation_doi=10.1038/nature05110; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota); citation_author=TY James, PM Letcher, JE Longcore, SE Mozley-Standridge, D Porter, MJ Powell, GW Griffith, R Vilgalys; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=860-871; citation_doi=10.1080/15572536.2006.11832616; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts; citation_author=SC Jayasiri, KD Hyde, HA Ariyawansa, J Bhat, B Buyck, L Cai, YC Dai, KA Abd-Elsalam, D Ertz, I Hidayat, R Jeewon; citation_volume=74; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=3-18; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8; citation_id=CR45"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycosphere; citation_title=Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities; citation_author=R Jeewon, KD Hyde; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1669-1677; citation_doi=10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Echinochlamydosporium variabile, a new genus and species of Zygomycota from soil nematodes; citation_author=X Jiang, H Yu, M Xiang, X Liu, X Liu; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=43-51; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-010-0076-7; citation_id=CR47"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IMA fungus; citation_title=Validation and justification of the phylum name Cryptomycota phyl. nov; citation_author=MD Jones, TA Richards, DL Hawksworth, D Bass; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=173-175; citation_doi=10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.08; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life; citation_author=MDM Jones, I Forn, C Gadelha, MJ Egan, D Bass, R Massana, TA Richards; citation_volume=474; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=200-203; citation_doi=10.1038/nature09984; citation_id=CR49"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protist; citation_title=Obligately phagotrophic aphelids turned out to branch with the earliest-diverging fungi; citation_author=SA Karpov, KV Mikhailov, GS Mirzaeva, IM Mirabdullaev, KA Mamkaeva, NN Titova, VV Aleoshin; citation_volume=164; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=195-205; citation_doi=10.1016/j.protis.2012.08.001; citation_id=CR50"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Persoonia; citation_title=Gromochytrium mamkaevae gen. & sp. nov. and two new orders: Gromochytriales and Mesochytriales (Chytridiomycetes); citation_author=SA Karpov, AA Kobseva, MA Mamkaeva, KA Mamkaeva, KV Mikhailov, GS Mirzaeva, VV Aleoshin; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=115; citation_doi=10.3767/003158514X680234; citation_id=CR51"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Front Microbiol; citation_title=Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia; citation_author=SA Karpov, MA Mamkaeva, VV Aleoshin, E Nassonova, O Lilje, FH Gleason; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=112; citation_doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112; citation_id=CR52"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Biol; citation_title=Monoblepharidomycetes diversity includes new parasitic and saprotrophic species with highly intronized rDNA; citation_author=SA Karpov, KS Mamanazarova, OV Popova, VV Aleoshin, TY James, MA Mamkaeva, VS Tcvetkova, AE Vishnyakov, JE Longcore; citation_volume=121; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=729-741; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002; citation_id=CR53"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Euk Microbiol; citation_title=Molecular phylogeny of Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia); citation_author=SA Karpov, G Torruella, D Moreira, MA Mamkaeva, P López-García; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=573-578; citation_doi=10.1111/jeu.12389; citation_id=CR54"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Microsporidian genome structure and function; citation_inbook_title=Microsporidia: pathogens of opportunity; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=221-229; citation_id=CR55; citation_author=PJ Keeling; citation_author=NM Fast; citation_author=N Corradi; citation_publisher=Wiley"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bioinformatics; citation_title=Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology; citation_author=SW Kembel, PD Cowan, MR Helmus, WK Cornwell, H Morlon, DD Ackerly, SP Blomberg, CO Webb; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=1463-1464; citation_doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166; citation_id=CR56"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=New Phytol; citation_title=UNITE: a database providing web-based methods for the molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi; citation_author=U Kõljalg, K-H Larsson, K Abarenkov, RH Nilsson, IJ Alexander, U Eberhardt, S Erland, K Høiland, R Kjøller, E Larsson, T Pennanen, R Sen, AFS Taylor, L Tedersoo, T Vrålstad, BM Ursing; citation_volume=166; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1063-1068; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01376.x; citation_id=CR58"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ecol; citation_title=Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi; citation_author=U Kõljalg, RH Nilsson, K Abarenkov, L Tedersoo, AFS Taylor, M Bahram; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=5271-5277; citation_doi=10.1111/mec.12481; citation_id=CR59"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Digital identifiers for fungal species; citation_author=U Kõljalg, L Tedersoo, RH Nilsson, K Abarenkov; citation_volume=352; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1182-1183; citation_doi=10.1126/science.aaf7115; citation_id=CR60"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Ecol; citation_title=Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach; citation_author=KL Lazarus, TY James; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=62-70; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004; citation_id=CR61"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Res; citation_title=Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic delineation of a new order, the Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota); citation_author=PM Letcher, MJ Powell, PF Churchill, JG Chambers; citation_volume=110; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=898-915; citation_doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.011; citation_id=CR62"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS ONE; citation_title=Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an algal parasite new to the Cryptomycota isolated from an outdoor algal pond used for the production of biofuel; citation_author=PM Letcher, S Lopez, R Schmieder, PA Lee, C Behnke, MJ Powell, RC McBride; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=e56232; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056232; citation_id=CR63"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Biol; citation_title=Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota; citation_author=PM Letcher, JE Longcore, CA Quandt, Leite D Silva, TY James, MJ Powell; citation_volume=121; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1-10; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008; citation_id=CR64"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycosphere; citation_title=Perspectives into the value of genera, families and orders in classification; citation_author=NG Liu, HA Ariyawansa, KD Hyde, SSN Maharachchikumbura, RL Zhao, AJL Phillips, RS Jayawardena, KM Thambugala, AJ Dissanayake, NN Wijayawardene, JK Liu, ZY Liu, R Jeewon, EBG Jones, J Jumpathong; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1649-1668; citation_doi=10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/3; citation_id=CR65"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=The Polychytriales ord. nov. contains chitinophilic members of the rhizophlyctoid alliance; citation_author=JE Longcore, DR Simmons; citation_volume=104; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=276-294; citation_doi=10.3852/11-193; citation_id=CR66"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="López-Escardó D, López-García P, Moreira D, Ruiz-Trillo I, Torruella G (2018) Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov., a nucleariid filose amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta). J Euk Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12450 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Quantitaive and qualitative β diveristy measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities; citation_author=CA Lozupone, M Hamady, ST Kelley, R Knight; citation_volume=73; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1576-1585; citation_doi=10.1128/AEM.01996-06; citation_id=CR67"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=Fungi evolved right on track; citation_author=R Lücking, S Huhndorf, DH Pfister, ER Plata, HT Lumbsch; citation_volume=101; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=810-822; citation_doi=10.3852/09-016; citation_id=CR68"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands; citation_author=FT Maestre, M Delgado-Baquerizo, TC Jeffries, DJ Eldridge, V Ochoa, B Gozalo, BK Singh; citation_volume=112; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=15684-15689; citation_id=CR69"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning; citation_author=H Maherali, JN Klironomos; citation_volume=316; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1746-1748; citation_doi=10.1126/science.1143082; citation_id=CR160"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Adv Genet; citation_title=Multiple approaches to phylogenomic reconstruction of the fungal kingdom; citation_author=CG McCarthy, DA Fitzpatrick; citation_volume=100; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=211-266; citation_id=CR70"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Mycota 7. Systematics and Evolution part A; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_id=CR72; citation_publisher=Springer"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Exploring and quantifying fungal diversity in freshwater lake ecosystems using rDNA cloning/sequencing and SSU tag pyrosequencing; citation_author=S Monchy, G Sanciu, M Jobard, S Rasconi, M Gerphagnon, M Chabe, A Cian, D Meloni, N Niquil, U Christaki, E Viscogliosi, T Sime-Ngando; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=1433-1453; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02444.x; citation_id=CR161"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Res; citation_title=Cladochytriales—a new order in Chytridiomycota; citation_author=SE Mozley-Standridge, PM Letcher, JE Longcore, D Porter, DR Simmons; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=498-507; citation_doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.004; citation_id=CR73"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Molecular evidence that deep-branching fungi are major fungal components in deep-sea methane cold-seep sediments; citation_author=T Nagahama, E Takahashi, Y Nagano, MA Abdel-Wahab, M Miyazaki; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=2359-2370; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02507.x; citation_id=CR74"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Ecol; citation_title=FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community data sets by ecological guild; citation_author=NH Nguyen, Z Song, ST Bates, S Branco, L Tedersoo, J Menke, JS Schilling, PG Kennedy; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=241-248; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006; citation_id=CR75"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi; citation_author=RH Nilsson, KD Hyde, J Pawłowska, M Ryberg, L Tedersoo, AB Aas; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=11-19; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-014-0291-8; citation_id=CR76"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycotaxon; citation_title=Glomeromycota: two new classes and a new order; citation_author=F Oehl, G Alves a Silva, BT Goto, L Costa Maia, E Sieverding; citation_volume=116; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=365-379; citation_doi=10.5248/116.365; citation_id=CR77"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycoscience; citation_title=Ramicandelaber, a new genus of the Kickxellales, Zygomycetes; citation_author=Y Ogawa, S Hayashi, Y Degawa, Y Yaguchi; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=193-199; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02464137; citation_id=CR78"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycorrhiza; citation_title=Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina; citation_author=S Orchard, RJ Standish, IA Dickie, M Renton, C Walker, D Moot, MH Ryan; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=619-638; citation_doi=10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z; citation_id=CR162"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Protistenk; citation_title=The classification of ‘naked’amoebae (Phylum Rhizopoda); citation_author=FC Page; citation_volume=133; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=199-217; citation_doi=10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80053-2; citation_id=CR79"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bioinformatics; citation_title=APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language; citation_author=E Paradis, J Claude, K Strimmer; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=289-290; citation_doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412; citation_id=CR80"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks; citation_author=LW Parfrey, DJG Lahr, AH Knoll, LA Katz; citation_volume=108; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=13624-13629; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1110633108; citation_id=CR152"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Hidden diversity of marine borderline lichens and a new order of fungi: Collemopsidiales (Dothideomyceta); citation_author=S Perez-Ortega, I Garrido-Benavent, M Grube, R Olmo, A de los Ríos; citation_volume=80; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=285-300; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1; citation_id=CR81"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Plant-associated fungal communities in the light of meta’omics; citation_author=D Peršoh; citation_volume=75; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1-25; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0334-9; citation_id=CR82"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Biol; citation_title=Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA; citation_author=TM Porter, W Martin, TY James, JE Longcore, FH Gleason, PH Adler, PM Letcher, R Vilgalys; citation_volume=115; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=381-392; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.004; citation_id=CR83"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycota; citation_title=Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota; citation_author=MJ Powell, PM Letcher; citation_volume=9a; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=141-176; citation_id=CR84"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Plant Ecol; citation_title=An updated megaphylogeny of plants, a tool for generating plant phylogenies and an analysis of phylogenetic community structure; citation_author=H Qian, Y Jin; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=233-239; citation_doi=10.1093/jpe/rtv047; citation_id=CR85"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-project.org/ "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Xie D, Drummond AJ (2014) Tracer v1.6. http://beast.community/tracer "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician; citation_author=D Redecker, R Kodner, LE Graham; citation_volume=289; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1920-1921; citation_doi=10.1126/science.289.5486.1920; citation_id=CR87"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ISME J; citation_title=Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil; citation_author=J Rousk, E Baath, PC Brokes, CL Lauber, C Lozupone, JG Caporaso, R Knight, N Fierer; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=1340-1351; citation_doi=10.1038/ismej.2010.58; citation_id=CR154"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS ONE; citation_title=A higher level classification of all living organisms; citation_author=MA Ruggiero, DP Gordon, TM Orrell, N Bailly, T Bourgoin, RC Brusca, T Cavalier-Smith, MD Guiry, PM Kirk; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=e0119248; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248; citation_id=CR88"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycosphere; citation_title=Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae; citation_author=MC Samarakoon, KD Hyde, I Promputtha, HA Ariyawansa, S Hongsanan; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1678-1689; citation_doi=10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/5; citation_id=CR89"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils; citation_author=CW Schadt, AP Martin, DA Lipson, SK Schmidt; citation_volume=301; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=1359-1361; citation_doi=10.1126/science.1086940; citation_id=CR90"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bioinformatics; citation_title=phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R; citation_author=KP Schliep; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=592; citation_doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706; citation_id=CR91"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; citation_title=Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi; citation_author=CL Schoch, KA Seifert, S Huhndorf, V Robert, JL Spouge, CA Levesque; citation_volume=109; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=6241-6246; citation_doi=10.1073/pnas.1117018109; citation_id=CR92"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Res; citation_title=A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution; citation_author=A Schüβler, D Schwarzott, C Walker; citation_volume=105; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1413-1421; citation_doi=10.1017/S0953756201005196; citation_id=CR93"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Protistol; citation_title=Scale evolution, sequence phylogeny, and taxonomy of thaumatomonad Cercozoa: 11 new species and new genera Scutellomonas, Cowlomonas, Thaumatospina and Ovaloplaca; citation_author=JM Scoble, T Cavalier-Smith; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=270-313; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2013.12.005; citation_id=CR94"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat Commun; citation_title=Single-cell genomics of multiple uncultured stramenopiles reveals underestimated functional diversity across oceans; citation_author=Y Seeleuthner, S Mondy, V Lombard, Q Carradec, E Pelletier, M Wessner, J Leconte, JF Mangot, J Poulain, K Labadie, R Logares; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=310; citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02235-3; citation_id=CR95"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC Evol Biol; citation_title=A multigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungal evolution; citation_author=S Sekimoto, DA Rochon, JE Long, JM Dee, ML Berbee; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=331; citation_doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-331; citation_id=CR96"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Euk Microbiol; citation_title=Phylogenetic position of parasitic chytrids on diatoms: characterization of a novel clade in Chytridiomycota; citation_author=K Seto, M Kagami, Y Degawa; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=383-393; citation_doi=10.1111/jeu.12373; citation_id=CR97"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Res; citation_title=Lobulomycetales, a new order in the Chytridiomycota; citation_author=DR Simmons, TY James, AF Meyer, JE Longcore; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=450-460; citation_doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.019; citation_id=CR98"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data; citation_author=JW Spatafora, Y Chang, GL Benny, K Lazarus, ME Smith, ML Berbee, G Bonito, N Corradi, I Grigoriev, A Gryganskyi, TY James; citation_volume=108; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1028-1046; citation_doi=10.3852/16-042; citation_id=CR99"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Spatafora JW, Aime MC, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Stajich JE, Blackwell M (2017) The fungal tree of life: from molecular systematics to genome-scale phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr 5:FUNK-0053-2016"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bioinformatics; citation_title=RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies; citation_author=A Stamatakis; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1093; citation_id=CR101"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses; citation_author=JW Taylor, ML Berbee; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=838-849; citation_doi=10.1080/15572536.2006.11832614; citation_id=CR102"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Fossil fungi; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_id=CR103; citation_author=TN Taylor; citation_author=M Krings; citation_author=EL Taylor; citation_publisher=Academic Press"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BioRxiv; citation_title=Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria; citation_author=L Tedersoo; citation_volume=2017; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=240929; citation_id=CR105"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Tedersoo L (2017b) Proposed practical classification of the domain Eukarya based on the NCBI system and monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.15156/bio/587483 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Molecular identification of fungi; citation_inbook_title=Molecular mycorrhizal symbiosis; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=301-322; citation_id=CR107; citation_author=L Tedersoo; citation_author=RH Nilsson; citation_publisher=Wiley"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ecol Stud; citation_title=Ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages: detection of four new groups and notes on consistent recognition of ectomycorrhizal taxa in high-throughput sequencing studies; citation_author=L Tedersoo, ME Smith; citation_volume=230; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=125-142; citation_doi=10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_6; citation_id=CR108"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Global diversity and geography of soil fungi; citation_author=L Tedersoo, M Bahram, S Põlme; citation_volume=346; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1078; citation_doi=10.1126/science.1256688; citation_id=CR109"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Microbiome; citation_title=Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life; citation_author=L Tedersoo, M Bahram, R Puusepp, RH Nilsson, TY James; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=42; citation_doi=10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5; citation_id=CR110"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=New Phytol; citation_title=PacBio metabarcoding of fungi and other eukaryotes: biases and perspectives; citation_author=L Tedersoo, A Tooming-Klunderud, S Anslan; citation_volume=217; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1370-1385; citation_doi=10.1111/nph.14776; citation_id=CR111"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ecol; citation_title=Rich and cold: diversity, distribution and drivers of fungal communities in patterned-ground ecosystems of the North American Arctic; citation_author=I Timling, DA Walker, C Nusbaum, NJ Lennon, DL Taylor; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=3258-3272; citation_doi=10.1111/mec.12743; citation_id=CR112"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr Biol; citation_title=Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi; citation_author=G Torruella, A Mendoza, X Grau-Bove, M Anto, MA Chaplin, J Campo, L Eme, G Pérez-Cordón, CM Whipps, KM Nichols, R Paley; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=2404-2410; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053; citation_id=CR113"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=bioRxiv; citation_title=The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia; citation_author=G Torruella, X Grau-Bove, D Moreira, SA Karpov, J Burns, A Sebe-Pedros, E Volcker, P Lopez-Garcia; citation_volume=2017; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=233882; citation_id=CR163"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=An eight-gene molecular phylogeny of the Kickxellomycotina, including the first phylogenetic placement of Asellariales; citation_author=ED Tretter, EM Johnson, GL Benny, RW Lichtwardt, Y Wang, P Kandel, SJ Novak, JF Smith, MM White; citation_volume=106; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=912-935; citation_doi=10.3852/13-253; citation_id=CR114"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Ecol; citation_title=Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences; citation_author=V Veldre, K Abarenkov, M Bahram, F Martos, M-A Selosse, H Tamm, U Kõljalg, L Tedersoo; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=256-268; citation_doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2013.03.004; citation_id=CR115"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ecol Res; citation_title=The rpb2 gene represents a viable alternative molecular marker for the analysis of environmental fungal communities; citation_author=T Vetrovsky, M Kolarik, L Zifcakova, T Zelenka, P Baldrian; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=388-401; citation_doi=10.1111/1755-0998.12456; citation_id=CR116"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am Nat; citation_title=Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees; citation_author=CO Webb; citation_volume=156; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=145-155; citation_doi=10.1086/303378; citation_id=CR117"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycologia; citation_title=Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data; citation_author=MM White, TY James, K O’Donnell, MJ Cafaro, Y Tanabe, J Sugiyama; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=872-884; citation_doi=10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617; citation_id=CR118"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Outline of Ascomycota—2017; citation_author=NN Wijayawardene, KD Hyde, T Lumbsch, JK Liu, SSN Maharachchikumbura, AH Ekanayaka, Q Tian, R Phookamsak; citation_volume=88; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=167-263; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8; citation_id=CR119"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycol Prog; citation_title=Morphology and phylogeny of four Endogone species and Sphaerocreas pubescens collected in Japan; citation_author=K Yamamoto, Y Degawa, D Hirose, M Fukuda, A Yamada; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=86; citation_doi=10.1007/s11557-015-1111-6; citation_id=CR120"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nucleic Acids Res; citation_title=The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks; citation_author=P Yilmaz, LW Parfrey, P Yarza, J Gerken, E Pruesse, C Quast, T Schweer, J Peplies, W Ludwig, FO Glöckner; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=D643-D648; citation_doi=10.1093/nar/gkt1209; citation_id=CR121"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times—a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system; citation_author=RL Zhao, JL Zhou, J Chen, S Margaritescu; citation_volume=78; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=239-292; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x; citation_id=CR122"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fung Divers; citation_title=A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective; citation_author=RL Zhao, GJ Li, S Sánchez-Ramírez, M Stata, ZL Yang, G Wu, YC Dai, SH He, BK Cui, JL Zhou, F Wu; citation_volume=84; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=43-74; citation_doi=10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5; citation_id=CR123"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tedersoo, Leho"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="leho.tedersoo@ut.ee"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Estonian Young Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kõljalg, Urmas"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bahram, Mohammad"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Estonian Young Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Döring, Markus"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Schigel, Dmitry"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="May, Tom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Australia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ryberg, Martin"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abarenkov, Kessy"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2018/05/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses - Fungal Diversity"/> <meta property="og:description" content="High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum- and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6"> <!-- Please see discussion: https://github.com/springernature/frontend-open-space/issues/316--> <!--TODO: Implement alternative to CTM in here if the discussion concludes we do not continue with CTM as a practice--> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '13225.springer.com', siteWithPath: '13225.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '13225', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s13225-018-0401-0","Journal Id":13225,"Journal Title":"Fungal Diversity","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"51 new taxa, Species Hypothesis, Taxonomy of fungi, Phylogenetic classification, Subkingdom, Phylum, Nucleariae, Ascomycota, Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Zoopagomycota","kwrd":["51_new_taxa","Species_Hypothesis","Taxonomy_of_fungi","Phylogenetic_classification","Subkingdom","Phylum","Nucleariae","Ascomycota","Aphelidiomycota","Basidiobolomycota","Basidiomycota","Blastocladiomycota","Calcarisporiellomycota","Chytridiomycota","Entomophthoromycota","Entorrhizomycota","Glomeromycota","Kickxellomycota","Monoblepharomycota","Mortierellomycota","Mucoromycota","Neocallimastigomycota","Olpidiomycota","Rozellomycota","Zoopagomycota"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"Y","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"open","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"vgzm.415900-10.1007-s13225-018-0401-0","Full HTML":"Y","Subject Codes":["SCL","SCL19031","SCL19082","SCL27000","SCB16003","SCL23004","SCL33020"],"pmc":["L","L19031","L19082","L27000","B16003","L23004","L33020"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1878-9129","pissn":"1560-2745"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Life Sciences","primarySubjectCode":"L","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Biodiversity","2":"Microbial Ecology","3":"Mycology","4":"Medical Microbiology","5":"Microbiology","6":"Plant Physiology"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"L19031","2":"L19082","3":"L27000","4":"B16003","5":"L23004","6":"L33020"}},"sucode":"SC3","articleType":"Article"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses","description":"High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum- and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.","datePublished":"2018-05-16T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2018-05-16T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"135","pageEnd":"159","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0","keywords":["51 new taxa","Species Hypothesis","Taxonomy of fungi","Phylogenetic classification","Subkingdom","Phylum","Nucleariae","Ascomycota","Aphelidiomycota","Basidiobolomycota","Basidiomycota","Blastocladiomycota","Calcarisporiellomycota","Chytridiomycota","Entomophthoromycota","Entorrhizomycota","Glomeromycota","Kickxellomycota","Monoblepharomycota","Mortierellomycota","Mucoromycota","Neocallimastigomycota","Olpidiomycota","Rozellomycota","Zoopagomycota","Biodiversity","Microbial Ecology","Mycology","Medical Microbiology","Microbiology","Plant Physiology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig1_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig2_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig3_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig4_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig5_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig6_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig7_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Fungal Diversity","issn":["1878-9129","1560-2745"],"volumeNumber":"90","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Netherlands","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Leho Tedersoo","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu","address":{"name":"Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Tartu","address":{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Estonian Young Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Estonian Young Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"leho.tedersoo@ut.ee","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","address":{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Urmas Kõljalg","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu","address":{"name":"Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Tartu","address":{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Mohammad Bahram","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Young Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Estonian Young Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Uppsala University","address":{"name":"Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Markus Döring","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility","address":{"name":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Dmitry Schigel","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility","address":{"name":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Helsinki","address":{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Tom May","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria","address":{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Australia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Martin Ryberg","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","address":{"name":"Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Kessy Abarenkov","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu","address":{"name":"Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" > <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-6"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/13225" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">Fungal Diversity</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2018-05-16">16 May 2018</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 90</span>, pages 135–159, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2018</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <p class="app-article-masthead__access"> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use></svg> You have full access to this <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">open access</a> article</p> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/13225" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13225?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13225?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13225?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13225?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Fungal Diversity</span> </a> <a href="http://link.springer.com/journal/13225/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/fudi/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Leho-Tedersoo-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Leho-Tedersoo-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Tedersoo, Leho" data-corresp-id="c1">Leho Tedersoo<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Santiago-S_nchez_Ram_rez-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Santiago-S_nchez_Ram_rez-Aff4" data-author-search="Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago">Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Urmas-K_ljalg-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Urmas-K_ljalg-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Kõljalg, Urmas">Urmas Kõljalg</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mohammad-Bahram-Aff3-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Mohammad-Bahram-Aff3-Aff5" data-author-search="Bahram, Mohammad">Mohammad Bahram</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Markus-D_ring-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Markus-D_ring-Aff6" data-author-search="Döring, Markus">Markus Döring</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dmitry-Schigel-Aff6-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Dmitry-Schigel-Aff6-Aff7" data-author-search="Schigel, Dmitry">Dmitry Schigel</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a>,<a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tom-May-Aff8" data-author-popup="auth-Tom-May-Aff8" data-author-search="May, Tom">Tom May</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Martin-Ryberg-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Martin-Ryberg-Aff5" data-author-search="Ryberg, Martin">Martin Ryberg</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 9 authors for this article" title="Show all 9 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Kessy-Abarenkov-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Kessy-Abarenkov-Aff1" data-author-search="Abarenkov, Kessy">Kessy Abarenkov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>71k <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>29 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum- and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs43008-020-00045-9/MediaObjects/43008_2020_45_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s43008-020-00045-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1186/s43008-020-00045-9">Naming the untouchable – environmental sequences and niche partitioning as taxonomical evidence in fungi </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">03 November 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-022-00502-3/MediaObjects/13225_2022_502_Fig1_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3">The numbers of fungi: contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">28 April 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs40168-017-0259-5/MediaObjects/40168_2017_259_Fig1_HTML.gif" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5">Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">08 April 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732516937, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=13225" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Fungi are one of the largest groups of eukaryotes that play key roles in nutrient and carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems as mutualists, pathogens and free-living saprotrophs (McLaughlin and Spatafora <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW (eds) (2014) The Mycota 7. Systematics and Evolution part A. Springer, Heidelberg" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e597">2014</a>). Because many fungi are unculturable and seldom produce visible sexual structures, molecular techniques have become widely used for taxonomic detection of species to understand shifts in their richness and composition along environmental gradients (Peršoh <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Peršoh D (2015) Plant-associated fungal communities in the light of meta’omics. Fung Divers 75:1–25" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e600">2015</a>; Balint et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Balint M, Bahram M, Eren AM, Faust K, Fuhrman JA, Lindahl B, O’Hara RB, Öpik M, Sogin ML, Unterseher M, Tedersoo L (2016) Millions of reads, thousands of taxa: microbial community structure and associations analyzed via marker genes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 40:686–700" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e603">2016</a>; Tedersoo and Nilsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Tedersoo L, Nilsson RH (2016) Molecular identification of fungi. In: Martin F (ed) Molecular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 301–322" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e606">2016</a>). Accurate taxonomic identification to species, genera and higher taxonomic levels is a key for reliable assignment of ecological and functional traits to taxa for further ecophysiological and biodiversity analyses (Kõljalg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Kõljalg U, Nilsson RH, Abarenkov K, Tedersoo L, Taylor AFS, Bahram M et al (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. Mol Ecol 22:5271–5277" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e609">2013</a>; Jeewon and Hyde <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Jeewon R, Hyde KD (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere 7:1669–1677" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e613">2016</a>; Nguyen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Nguyen NH, Song Z, Bates ST, Branco S, Tedersoo L, Menke J, Schilling JS, Kennedy PG (2016) FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community data sets by ecological guild. Fung Ecol 20:241–248" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e616">2016</a>; Edgar <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Edgar RC (2017) SINAPS: prediction of microbial traits from marker gene sequences. bioRxiv 2017:124156" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e619">2017</a>; Tedersoo and Smith <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Smith ME (2017) Ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages: detection of four new groups and notes on consistent recognition of ectomycorrhizal taxa in high-throughput sequencing studies. Ecol Stud 230:125–142" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR108" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e622">2017</a>). Furthermore, molecular methods have revolutionized our understanding concerning phylogenetic relationships among the Fungi and have substantially altered the morphology-based classification system (Hibbett et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff J, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e625">2007</a>; Wijayawardene et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Lumbsch T, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ekanayaka AH, Tian Q, Phookamsak R (2018) Outline of Ascomycota—2017. Fung Divers 88:167–263" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR119" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e628">2018</a>). Availability of full-length rRNA gene and protein-encoding marker gene sequences (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e632">2006a</a>) and evolution of high-resolution genomics tools (Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e635">2016</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Spatafora JW, Aime MC, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Stajich JE, Blackwell M (2017) The fungal tree of life: from molecular systematics to genome-scale phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr 5:FUNK-0053-2016" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e638">2017</a>) has further refined the order of divergence and classification of the major fungal groups (e.g. Zhao et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Yang ZL, Wu G, Dai YC, He SH, Cui BK, Zhou JL, Wu F (2017) A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fung Divers 84:43–74" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e641">2017</a>).</p><p>Species-level molecular identification of fungi takes advantage of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (Gardes and Bruns <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1996" title="Gardes M, Bruns TD (1996) Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above-and below-ground views. Can J Bot 74:1572–1583" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e647">1996</a>; Kõljalg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Kõljalg U, Larsson K-H, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH, Alexander IJ, Eberhardt U, Erland S, Høiland K, Kjøller R, Larsson E, Pennanen T, Sen R, Taylor AFS, Tedersoo L, Vrålstad T, Ursing BM (2005) UNITE: a database providing web-based methods for the molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 166:1063–1068" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e650">2005</a>; Schoch et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA et al (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:6241–6246" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR92" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e653">2012</a>; Nilsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Nilsson RH, Hyde KD, Pawłowska J, Ryberg M, Tedersoo L, Aas AB (2014) Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi. Fung Divers 67:11–19" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e656">2014</a>). The ITS region is not, however, reliably alignable across families and higher taxa, which renders large-scale phylogenetic approaches and testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses (cf. Cavender-Bares et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Cavender-Bares J, Hozak KH, Fine PVA, Kembel SW (2009) The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecol Lett 12:693–715" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e659">2009</a>) impossible. Information concerning phylogenetic distance among fungal taxa in communities enables to detect relatively subtle shifts in diversity and better understand community assembly processes (Fouquier et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Fouquier J, Rideout JR, Bolyen E, Chase J, Shiffer A, McDonald D, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Kelley ST (2016) ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses. Microbiome 4:11" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e663">2016</a>). Using rRNA 18S gene sequences, Maherali and Klironomos (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2007) Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316:1746–1748" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR160" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e666">2007</a>) demonstrated that phylogenetically overdispersed communities promote biomass strongest, but growth benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are phylogenetically conserved. Rousk et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Rousk J, Baath E, Brokes PC, Lauber CL, Lozupone C, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Fierer N (2010) Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME J 4:1340–1351" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR154" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e669">2010</a>) showed that soil pH has a strong effect on fungal and bacterial phylogenetic composition on a local scale.</p><p>Depending on the target group of organisms and taxonomic resolution, plant, microbial and fungal ecologists typically test the importance of environmental variables on fungal diversity at the level of orders, classes or phyla, but not their subranks or various ranks intermixed due to simplicity and avoiding confusion (e.g. Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e675">2014</a>; Maestre et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Maestre FT, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Jeffries TC, Eldridge DJ, Ochoa V, Gozalo B, Singh BK (2015) Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:15684–15689" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e678">2015</a>). For better comparability across fungi and preferably across all organisms, taxonomic ranks should be monophyletic and exhibit at least roughly similar age (Hennig <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1966" title="Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics. Annu Rev Entomol 10:97–116" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e681">1966</a>; Avise and John <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Avise JC, John GC (1999) Proposal for a standardized temporal scheme of biological classification for extant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7358–7363" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e684">1999</a>; Yilmaz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO (2014) The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Res 42:D643–D648" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e687">2014</a>; Samarakoon et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Ariyawansa HA, Hongsanan S (2016) Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae. Mycosphere 7:1678–1689" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e691">2016</a>; Hyde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hongsanan S, Samarakoon MC, Lücking R, Pem D, Harishchandra D, Jeewon R, Zhao RL, Xu JC, Liu JK (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fung Divers 84:1–23" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e694">2017</a>; Tedersoo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Tedersoo L (2017a) Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. BioRxiv 2017:240929" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e697">2017a</a>). For example, orders and classes in chytrids and zygomycetes should ideally correspond to these ranks in Dikarya. So far, the class rank is little used and orders are non-corresponding in most early-diverging lineages such as Chytridiomyceta, Rozellomyceta, Zoopagomyceta, etc. This is due to great differences in the described richness, an order of magnitude different number of taxonomists working on these groups and the abundance of phylogenetically informative morphological and ecophysiological characters (Samarakoon et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Ariyawansa HA, Hongsanan S (2016) Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae. Mycosphere 7:1678–1689" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e700">2016</a>). A number of re-classifications have been performed in Pucciniomycotina and Agaricomycotina to make the constituent orders and classes correspond to those in Ascomycota (Doweld <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Doweld AB (2001) Prosyllabus tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos, Moscow" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e703">2001</a>; Bauer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Bauer R, Begerow D, Sampaio JP, Weiβ M, Oberwinkler F (2006) The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis. Mycol Progr 5:41–66" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR150" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e706">2006</a>). Using divergence time in ranking taxa has recently gained popularity in mycology, but these studies focus on specific phyla, classes or lower-level taxa (Hongsanan et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Hongsanan S, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hyde KD, Samarakoon MC, Jeewon R, Zhao Q, Al-Sadi AM, Bahkali AH (2017) An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fung Divers 84:25–41" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e710">2017</a>; Liu et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Liu NG, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Zhao RL, Phillips AJL, Jayawardena RS, Thambugala KM, Dissanayake AJ, Wijayawardene NN, Liu JK, Liu ZY, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Jumpathong J (2016) Perspectives into the value of genera, families and orders in classification. Mycosphere 7:1649–1668" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e713">2016</a>; Zhao et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Zhao RL, Zhou JL, Chen J, Margaritescu S (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times—a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fung Divers 78:239–292" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR122" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e716">2016</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Yang ZL, Wu G, Dai YC, He SH, Cui BK, Zhou JL, Wu F (2017) A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fung Divers 84:43–74" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e719">2017</a>; Hyde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hongsanan S, Samarakoon MC, Lücking R, Pem D, Harishchandra D, Jeewon R, Zhao RL, Xu JC, Liu JK (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fung Divers 84:1–23" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e722">2017</a>).</p><p>Although plant and fungal taxonomists follow the criterion of monophyly (i.e. taxa share an exclusive common ancestor), this is commonly violated in higher-level classification of eukaryotes (including fungal phyla) as many of the high-ranking taxa are intentionally maintained poly- or paraphyletic (such as Choanozoa in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig1">1</a>; e.g. Cavalier-Smith <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Cavalier-Smith T (2013) Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. Eur J Protistol 49:115–178" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e731">2013</a>; Ruggiero et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0119248" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e734">2015</a>). Because of different resolution and poor correspondence of ranks among phyla in terms of evolutionary time, the modern fungal classification systems of Species Fungorum (<a href="http://www.speciesfungorum.org">www.speciesfungorum.org</a>), MycoBank (<a href="http://www.mycobank.org">www.mycobank.org</a>), UNITE (Abarenkov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH, Larsson K-H, Alexander IJ, Eberhardt U, Erland S, Høiland K, Kjøller R, Larsson E, Pennanen T, Sen R, Taylor AFS, Tedersoo L, Ursing B, Vrålstad T, Liimatainen K, Peintner U, Kõljalg U (2010) The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi—recent updates and future perspectives. New Phytol 186:281–285" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e752">2010</a>), Faces of Fungi (Jayasiri et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, Cai L, Dai YC, Abd-Elsalam KA, Ertz D, Hidayat I, Jeewon R (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fung Divers 74:3–18" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e755">2015</a>), International Nucleotide Sequence Databases consortium (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy</a>), Adl et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukes J, Bass D, Bowser SS et al (2012) The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 59:429–493" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e765">2012</a>), Cavalier-Smith et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Snell EA, Berney C, Fiore-Donno AM, Lewis R (2014) Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 81:71–85" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e768">2014</a>) and Ruggiero et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0119248" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e771">2015</a>) do not fully satisfy the expectations of ecologists and biodiversity researchers.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig1_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="388" height="450"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Updated phylum-level classification of fungi. Numbers behind branches indicate the number of classes included. Names in red indicate taxa traditionally considered under the Zoological nomenclature; names in green indicate unofficial names of undescribed major clades; names in blue indicate old classification and taxonomic super- and subranks. Names in brown depict names of taxa corresponding to subkingdom rank. Phylogenies are compiled from James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e785">2006a</a>), Jiang et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Jiang X, Yu H, Xiang M, Liu X, Liu X (2011) Echinochlamydosporium variabile, a new genus and species of Zygomycota from soil nematodes. Fung Divers 46:43–51" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e788">2011</a>), Parfrey et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Parfrey LW, Lahr DJG, Knoll AH, Katz LA (2011) Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:13624–13629" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR152" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e791">2011</a>); Cavalier-Smith et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Snell EA, Berney C, Fiore-Donno AM, Lewis R (2014) Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 81:71–85" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e794">2014</a>); Lazarus and James (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Lazarus KL, James TY (2015) Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach. Fung Ecol 14:62–70" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e797">2015</a>), Torruella et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Torruella G, de Mendoza A, Grau-Bove X, Anto M, Chaplin MA, del Campo J, Eme L, Pérez-Cordón G, Whipps CM, Nichols KM, Paley R (2015) Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Curr Biol 25:2404–2410" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR113" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e801">2015</a>), Spatafora et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e804">2016</a>) and Tedersoo et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e807">2017</a>). The numbers of classes are adapted from the proposed taxonomy (Online Resource 2). The ages of kingdoms and phyla exceed 1000 and 542 Ma, respectively (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Tab1">1</a>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>The objective of this initiative is to develop the fungal classification as a user-friendly tool for both taxonomists and ecologists. We propose an updated higher-level classification scheme for the Fungi and a backbone classification tree that accounts for published phylogenies, divergence times and monophyly criterion. We also present a bioinformatics routine that can be utilized in evolutionary ecological studies using any classification scheme and organism group. To demonstrate its usefulness in addressing complementary research questions, we provide an example about testing evolutionary hypotheses in a global ITS-based high-throughput sequencing data set.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Revised classification of Fungi within eukaryotes</h3><p>To provide independent estimates of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times within Holomycota, we constructed dated phylogenies based on 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences. Initially, we selected 111 taxa (at least two taxa from each phylum) to represent multiple classes from all fungal phyla, Nucleariida, Fonticulida as well as Metazoa and Choanoflagellida (outgroups). Sequences were aligned using MAFFT (<a href="https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/">https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/</a>), followed by manual editing and exclusion of unambiguously aligned regions. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenies were constructed using RAxML 8.2.10 (Stamatakis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 10:1093" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e845">2014</a>) over CIPRES Science Gateway platform (<a href="https://www.phylo.org/">https://www.phylo.org/</a>). Members of Microsporidea, clade GS01 and other taxa with branch length exceeding the average > 3-fold were removed from the alignment, because these destabilized the phylogeny via long branch attraction (available as Online Resource 1). The final data set was comprised of 90 terminals and 5296 characters, which was subjected to ML analysis with 1000 bootstrap replicates and molecular clock analysis using BEAST v2.4. (Bouckaert et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Bouckaert R, Heled J, Kühnert D, Vaughan T, Wu C-H, Xie D et al (2014) BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 10:e1003537-6" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e855">2014</a>). To compare the phylogenetic congruence among phyla, we also used alignments of James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e858">2006a</a>) for RNA Polymerase II subunits 1 (RPB1) and 2 (RPB2) and Translation Elongation Factor 1α (TEF1α), supplemented with more recent sequences from the early branching fungal lineages. Because < 50% of terminal taxa and phyla were shared among rRNA and protein-encoding genes, it was unfeasible to run a combined analysis.</p><p>For the molecular dating analysis, we used a secondary calibration point for the Holomycota clade because of excluding protists. We used four other fossil-based calibration points, which also included the parent node (i.e. stem age) of each clade (‘use originate’ option). As the calibration prior for the Holomycota, we applied a lognormal distribution with a mean in real space of 200, a standard deviation of 0.3, and an offset of 885 Ma. The offset is based on minimum inferred data for this node (Berbee and Taylor <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Berbee ML, Taylor JW (2001) Fungal molecular evolution: gene trees and geologic time. Mycota 7B:229–245" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e864">2001</a>), and the distribution was set to accommodate for other inferred dates (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Tab1">1</a>), which averaged 1028.7 Ma. For the fossil-based calibrations, we set the minimum age of Ascomycota to 440 Ma (<i>Ornatifilum</i>), Glomeromycota to 410 Ma (<i>Scutellosporites devonicus</i>), Blastocladiomycota to 410 Ma (<i>Palaeoblastocladia milleri</i>) and Basidiomycota to 330 Ma (hyphae with clamp connections) following Taylor et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Taylor TN, Krings M, Taylor EL (2014) Fossil fungi. Academic Press, London" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR103" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e880">2014</a>), and applied a lognormal prior distribution in real space for each (mean = 200, sd = 0.1). Except for the calibrated nodes, no other clade was constrained to be monophyletic. Both rRNA gene partitions were linked to infer a topology and branch lengths jointly, but for clock and substitution models, partitions were left unlinked. The substitution model was inferred together with the phylogeny by using the BEAST 2 package bModelTest (Bouckaert and Drummond <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Bouckaert R, Drummond AJ (2017) bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison. BMC Evol Biol 17:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e883">2017</a>). Model parameters were averaged over visited substitution models and weighted given the support of each model. We used a lognormally distributed relaxed clock model with default priors (ucldMean = Uniform[-inf,inf]; ucldStdev = Gamma[0,inf]) to account for branch-rate heterogeneity. Two MCMC chains were run in parallel for 170 million generations, sampling every 20,000 states. Convergence and chain mixing were assessed by visually inspecting and comparing log files in Tracer v1.6 (Rambaut et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Xie D, Drummond AJ (2014) Tracer v1.6. 
 http://beast.community/tracer
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e886">2014</a>). After a burnin of the first 10% of states, posterior estimates were summarized onto a maximum-clade-credibility (MCC) tree using TreeAnnotator from the BEAST 2 suite. Posterior stem ages for all groups were extracted by importing post-burnin posterior tree to R v3.4 (R Core Team <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. 
 http://www.R-project.org/
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR104" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e889">2017</a>), using functions in <i>ape</i> (Paradis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K (2004) APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289–290" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e895">2004</a>) and <i>phangorn</i> (Schliep <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Schliep KP (2011) phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27:592" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e902">2011</a>) packages.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Estimates of divergence times for Holomycota and fungal higher taxa</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>To update fungal classification, we systematically compiled taxonomic literature concerning order to phylum level molecular phylogenies of fungi and other major groups of eukaryotes. This information was compared with the current classification of Fungi using multiple sources (Adl et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukes J, Bass D, Bowser SS et al (2012) The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 59:429–493" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2259">2012</a>; Cavalier-Smith <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Cavalier-Smith T (2013) Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. Eur J Protistol 49:115–178" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2262">2013</a>; Ruggiero et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0119248" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2265">2015</a>; Species Fungorum, International Nucleotide Sequence Databases consortium, MycoBank and UNITE as of 12 October 2017. We used the following principles for taxonomic hypotheses: (1) taxa should be monophyletic based on molecular phylogenies; and (2) the basic taxonomic ranks should reflect divergence times. We selected 542 Ma (the Phanerozoic-Proterozoic boundary) of divergence to separate class and subphylum vs. phylum-level treatment of Dikarya, zygomycetes and ‘chytrids’, which corresponds to the original proposal of Hennig (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1966" title="Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics. Annu Rev Entomol 10:97–116" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2268">1966</a>) for animals and matches the recommended time line for Ascomycota (Hyde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hongsanan S, Samarakoon MC, Lücking R, Pem D, Harishchandra D, Jeewon R, Zhao RL, Xu JC, Liu JK (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fung Divers 84:1–23" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2271">2017</a>). Groups with divergence times over roughly 700 Ma were treated in different subkingdoms. To reduce the potential analytical bias of this study, we considered mean divergence time estimates across multiple independent estimates (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Tab1">1</a>).</p><p>We found that the classification provided in International Nucleotide Sequence Databases consortium is by far the most updated regarding current taxonomic literature and thus, we used this as a baseline for proposed corrections. We also accommodated previously unrecognized soil fungal clades (cf. Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2281">2017</a>) to this classification (Online Resource 2), because many of these groups are common and diverse in the soil environment and there are no available reference sequences from formally described species.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Evolutionary ecological analysis tool</h3><p>To enable evolutionary ecological analyses, we converted the proposed hierarchical classification to newick format to serve as input to Phylocom (<a href="http://phylodiversity.net/phylocom/">http://phylodiversity.net/phylocom/</a>), picante (Kembel et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, Blomberg SP, Webb CO (2010) Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26:1463–1464" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2299">2010</a>) and S.PhyloMaker (Qian and Jin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Qian H, Jin Y (2016) An updated megaphylogeny of plants, a tool for generating plant phylogenies and an analysis of phylogenetic community structure. J Plant Ecol 9:233–239" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR85" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2302">2016</a>) packages of R using the perl script taxonomy_to_tree.pl (Online Resource 3). For each nine taxonomic ranks (species, genus, family, order, class, subphylum, phylum, subkingdom and kingdom), we used the default branch length = 60 that can be easily divided into full numbers. The branch length of each rank and each taxon can be modified by custom preferences to account for subranks and different age of taxa. The full taxonomic table with branch length parameters in separate columns represent the input for classification tree. A newick-formatted tree with branch length information represents the output (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig2">2</a>). The respective backbone tree of fungi, Fungi_TH_1.1, is given in Online Resource 4. The same perl script can be used to assign fungal Species Hypotheses (cf. Kõljalg et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Kõljalg U, Nilsson RH, Abarenkov K, Tedersoo L, Taylor AFS, Bahram M et al (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. Mol Ecol 22:5271–5277" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2308">2013</a>) or OTUs of any taxon to custom classification trees based on a combination of their accessions and taxonomic profile from species to higher ranks. The updated classification table of fungi and other eukaryotes is available in FAIR data format as Online Resource 2 (Tedersoo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017b" title="Tedersoo L (2017b) Proposed practical classification of the domain Eukarya based on the NCBI system and monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. bioRxiv. 
 https://doi.org/10.15156/bio/587483
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2312">2017b</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig2_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="172"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Outline of the workflow and input and output of the evolutionary ecological analysis tool taxonomy_to_tree.pl. This example indicates assignment of exponentially increasing weight to higher-level relationships. Compatible software includes picante and S.PhyloMaker packages of R and Phylocom</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>To test the performance of the phylogenetic tool, we utilized the global soil fungal data set of 313 high-quality samples by 44,571 OTUs (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2336">2014</a>). We sought to test the hypothesis that OTU-level taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic overdispersion of fungi exhibit similar patterns across biomes. The initial fungal and unassigned OTUs were re-classified based on the updated classification and assigned to the classification backbone with branch length = 60 between each of the eight ranks. For each sample, we calculated the phylogenetic diversity (total branch length for all OTUs per sample) and uniqueness (unique branch length for each sample) metrics (cf. Lozupone et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Kelley ST, Knight R (2007) Quantitaive and qualitative β diveristy measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 73:1576–1585" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2339">2007</a>) as well as the nearest taxon index (NTI) and net relatedness index (NRI). NTI and NRI depict phylogenetic overdispersion (negative values) and phylogenetic clustering (positive values) across the sister OTUs and across the entire phylogenetic tree, respectively (Webb <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Webb CO (2000) Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat 156:145–155" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2342">2000</a>). We used the number of OTUs to weigh the phylogenetic diversity (PD<sub>OTU</sub>) and uniqueness metrics (UNIQ<sub>OTU</sub>), because of their strong initial correlation (R > 0.7) with richness. We calculated standardized residuals for OTU richness, accounting for square-root function of sequencing depth. We also attempted to compile a community phylogenetic dissimilarity matrix using UNIFRAC distance, but this computation-intensive process was not completed within one week. We tested the effect of biomes and tree vs. grass-dominated (grasslands, savannas, low tundra) habitats on the five richness and diversity metrics using one-way ANOVAs supplied with Tukey HSD tests for unequal sample size. None of the metrics were correlated with sequencing depth or residuals of the number of OTUs (R < 0.17).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results and discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec5">Results and discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6">Phylogenetic relationships in Holomycota including Fungi</h3><p>Phylogenetic analyses of nearly complete rRNA genes provided strong resolution for the order of divergence for most fungal phyla and provided estimates of their divergence times, which were roughly in agreement with previous rRNA-based analyses, but provided relatively greater support values due to more inclusive taxon sampling covering uncultured groups (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>). The phylograms of RPB1 and RPB2 genes were generally congruent with rRNA gene concerning the placement of the major fungal groups, with the exception of the position of Glomeromycota and Mortierellomycota (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig5">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig6">6</a>). Contrasting positions of these groups are also evident in previous multigene and phylogenomic studies (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2374">2006a</a>; Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2378">2016</a>). Differences in placement of other groups are almost certainly affected by the paucity of protein-encoding gene data for many critical taxa (e.g. the early diverging lineages, <i>Entorrhiza</i>, <i>Calcarisporiella</i>, <i>Olpidium</i>). The TEF1α marker did not reveal any strong relationships among phyla (not shown).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig3_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="730"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Maximum Likelihood phylogram of Holomycota with rapid bootstrap support values above branches (values > 60 shown)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig4_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig4_HTML.gif" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="748"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Bayesian phylogram of Holomycota indicating divergence time estimates (median; bars, 95% CI; bars for many unsupported clades not shown). Values above branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (values < 0.90 not shown)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig5_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig5_HTML.gif" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy" width="662" height="1016"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>Maximum Likelihood RPB1 tree of Fungi based on amino acid alignment. The alignment contains 135 taxa and 1085 positions. Bootstrap support > 60 is indicated above branches. Accessions are given for terminals not included in James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2437">2006a</a>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig6_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig6_HTML.gif" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy" width="668" height="1063"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Maximum Likelihood RPB2 tree of Fungi based on amino acid alignment. The alignment contains 152 taxa and 987 positions. Bootstrap support > 60 is indicated above branches. Accessions are given for terminals not included in James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2459">2006a</a>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Consistent with most other rRNA-based (Brown et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD (2009) Phylogeny of the “forgotten” cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta. Mol Biol Evol 126:2699–2709" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2474">2009</a>) and phylogenomics (Torruella et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Torruella G, de Mendoza A, Grau-Bove X, Anto M, Chaplin MA, del Campo J, Eme L, Pérez-Cordón G, Whipps CM, Nichols KM, Paley R (2015) Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Curr Biol 25:2404–2410" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR113" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2477">2015</a>) studies, the amoeboid protist orders Nucleariida and Fonticulida constituted a strongly supported sister taxon to Fungi (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>). The soil- and freshwater-inhabiting Basal Clone Group 2 (BCG2; Monchy et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Monchy S, Sanciu G, Jobard M, Rasconi S, Gerphagnon M, Chabe M, Cian A, Meloni D, Niquil N, Christaki U, Viscogliosi E, Sime-Ngando T (2011) Exploring and quantifying fungal diversity in freshwater lake ecosystems using rDNA cloning/sequencing and SSU tag pyrosequencing. Environ Microbiol 13:1433–1453" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR161" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2486">2011</a>) formed a well-supported sister lineage to the rest of the Fungi (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>). In a more inclusive taxon sampling, BCG2 was related to the terrestrial clade GS01 (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2496">2017</a>), which grouped with Microsporidea within Rozellomycota, probably due to long branch attraction, in this study (Online Resource 1). Another formally undescribed phylum-level group, the marine Basal Clone Group 1 (BCG1; Nagahama et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Nagahama T, Takahashi E, Nagano Y, Abdel-Wahab MA, Miyazaki M (2011) Molecular evidence that deep-branching fungi are major fungal components in deep-sea methane cold-seep sediments. Environ Microbiol 13:2359–2370" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2499">2011</a>) was placed as a sister group of Rozellomycota (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>) in our analyses, although with moderate support. Understanding phylogenetic affinities of the uncultured clades GS01 and BCG1 certainly requires analysis of more genes.</p><p>The aphelids branched off after the clades of BCG2 and Rozellomycota + BCG1, with strong support. This pattern supports previous rRNA gene-based studies (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2511">2017</a>), but conflicts with some other analyses utilizing rRNA (Karpov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017b" title="Karpov SA, Torruella G, Moreira D, Mamkaeva MA, López-García P (2017b) Molecular phylogeny of Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia). J Euk Microbiol 5:573–578" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2514">2017b</a>; Letcher et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Quandt CA, da Silva Leite D, James TY, Powell MJ (2017) Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota. Fung Biol 121:1–10" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2517">2017</a>) or protein-encoding (Torruella et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Torruella G, Grau-Bove X, Moreira D, Karpov SA, Burns J, Sebe-Pedros A, Volcker E, Lopez-Garcia P (2017) The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia. bioRxiv 2017:233882" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2520">2017</a>) genes. These studies that may suffer from lower taxon sampling, place aphelids close to Rozellomycota.</p><p>The branching order of ‘chytrids’ and zoopagaceous zygomycetes was poorly resolved, but most of the phyla were strongly supported as monophyletic (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>). Multigene and phylogenomics studies also provide conflicting information about the divergence order of these groups (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2532">2006a</a>; Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2535">2016</a>). Nonetheless, these studies are in agreement with our analyses in maintaining the mucoromycetous zygomycetes and Dikarya, taken together, monophyletic. Yet, while multigene studies keep the mucoromycete zygomycetes monophyletic, these groups branch off separately in our rRNA-based phylograms. This is known to be one of the greatest disparities of rRNA and most protein-encoding genes in settling higher-level fungal evolution (Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2538">2016</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7">Updated classification of Holomycota including Fungi</h3><p>Combining molecular phylogenies and molecular clock-based divergence time estimates of this and previous studies (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Tab1">1</a>) enabled to account for extreme and potentially erroneous values of individual analyses and collectively provided a strong basis for age-based higher-level fungal classification. Based on divergence time estimates of this and other eukaryote-wide studies (Samarakoon et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Ariyawansa HA, Hongsanan S (2016) Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae. Mycosphere 7:1678–1689" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2552">2016</a>; Tedersoo <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Tedersoo L (2017a) Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. BioRxiv 2017:240929" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2555">2017a</a>), we established the critical ages of ca 1000 Ma, ca 700 Ma and 542 Ma (the Phanerozoic-Proterozoic boundary) as minimum ages for kingdoms, subkingdoms and phyla, respectively.</p><p>We estimated the divergence time between Fungi and Nucleariida-Fonticulida at 1042 Ma and the latter group radiated further 816 Ma (mean ages). Nucleariida and Fonticulida are collectively known as Cristidiscoidea hinting to the discoid mitochondrial crista, a feature shared with some groups of Cercozoa (Page, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Page FC (1987) The classification of ‘naked’amoebae (Phylum Rhizopoda). Arch Protistenk 133:199–217" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2561">1987</a>; Scoble and Cavalier-Smith <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Scoble JM, Cavalier-Smith T (2014) Scale evolution, sequence phylogeny, and taxonomy of thaumatomonad Cercozoa: 11 new species and new genera Scutellomonas, Cowlomonas, Thaumatospina and Ovaloplaca. Eur J Protistol 50:270–313" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2564">2014</a>). Berbee et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Berbee ML, James TY, Strullu-Derrien C (2017) Early diverging fungi: diversity and impact at the dawn of terrestrial life. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:41–60" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2567">2017</a>) proposed to include Nucleariida and Fonticulida within the extended kingdom Fungi. This is not, however, warranted in our opinion, because these taxa have never been considered as Fungi and the constituent taxa have several unique structural (lack of chitin cell walls, discoid mitochondrial cristae) and ecophysiological (amoeboid habit, phagocytotic nutrition) characters as well as specific features in genomic structure such as the lack of division II Chitin synthase gene (James and Berbee <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="James TY, Berbee ML (2012) No jacket required—new fungal lineage defies dress code. BioEssays 34:94–102" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2570">2012</a>; Torruella et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Torruella G, de Mendoza A, Grau-Bove X, Anto M, Chaplin MA, del Campo J, Eme L, Pérez-Cordón G, Whipps CM, Nichols KM, Paley R (2015) Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Curr Biol 25:2404–2410" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR113" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2573">2015</a>). Because <i>Nuclearia</i> spp. and <i>Fonticula alba</i> form deep lineages in a sister position to Fungi (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>, Online Resource 1) and they possess different lifestyles as single and colonial amoebae, respectively, we advocate that both groups warrant a phylum of their own within the kingdom Nucleariae. Based on the type genera <i>Nuclearia</i> and <i>Fonticula</i>, we propose phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida, respectively. Recent studies indicate that Nucleariae are phylogenetically diverse and perhaps more common in aquatic habitats than soil (López-Escardó et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="López-Escardó D, López-García P, Moreira D, Ruiz-Trillo I, Torruella G (2018) Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov., a nucleariid filose amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta). J Euk Microbiol. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12450
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR153" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2596">2018</a>).</p><p>Within the kingdom Fungi, we follow the current International Nucleotide Sequence Databases consortium taxonomy as much as feasible based on the examination of phylogenies and classifications. We propose several changes at the phylum and class level and we further introduce subkingdoms to enable communication of related phyla. Of the nine subkingdoms, Dikarya (Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Entorrhizomycota), Mucoromyceta (Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota), Zoopagomyceta (Entomophthoromycota, Kickxellomycota, Zoopagomycota) and Chytridiomyceta (Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Neocallimastigomycota) comprise multiple phyla, whereas Aphelidiomyceta, Basidiobolomyceta, Blastocladiomyceta, Olpidiomyceta, Rozellomyceta cover a single phylum. We propose raising eight taxa from lower taxonomic levels to phylum rank—i.e., Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota—to follow the criteria of monophyly and comparable divergence time (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>; Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Tab1">1</a>). These distinctions are also supported by key ecophysiological differences among these groups (Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Spatafora JW, Aime MC, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Stajich JE, Blackwell M (2017) The fungal tree of life: from molecular systematics to genome-scale phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr 5:FUNK-0053-2016" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2611">2017</a>). Many of the phyla have been described previously, but have not been adequately classified.</p><p>Multiple unicellular groups of organisms occur at the base of fungal tree of life and their position within or outside fungal kingdom is debatable. The clades GS01 and Basal Clone Group 2 represent a potential successive sister lineage to all fungal phyla, albeit with limited statistical support (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2617">2017</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Tedersoo L, Tooming-Klunderud A, Anslan S (2018) PacBio metabarcoding of fungi and other eukaryotes: biases and perspectives. New Phytol 217:1370–1385" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2620">2018</a>). Since nothing is known about the morphology of these clades, we consider these tentatively as subkingdom-level groups within Fungi, because of their supported monophyly with Fungi and divergence time of < 1000 Ma. Many taxonomists place the unicellular Rozellomycota, Microsporidia and Aphelida within Fungi (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2623">2006a</a>; Jones et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011a" title="Jones MD, Richards TA, Hawksworth DL, Bass D (2011a) Validation and justification of the phylum name Cryptomycota phyl. nov. IMA fungus 2:173–175" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2626">2011a</a>, Adl et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukes J, Bass D, Bowser SS et al (2012) The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 59:429–493" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2629">2012</a>; James and Berbee <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="James TY, Berbee ML (2012) No jacket required—new fungal lineage defies dress code. BioEssays 34:94–102" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2633">2012</a> and further studies on fungal classification), but other authors indicate the monophyly of Aphelida and Rozellomycota in a sister position to all other Fungi (Karpov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Karpov SA, Mikhailov KV, Mirzaeva GS, Mirabdullaev IM, Mamkaeva KA, Titova NN, Aleoshin VV (2013) Obligately phagotrophic aphelids turned out to branch with the earliest-diverging fungi. Protist 164:195–205" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2636">2013</a>; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014b" title="Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014b) Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol 5:112" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2639">2014b</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017b" title="Karpov SA, Torruella G, Moreira D, Mamkaeva MA, López-García P (2017b) Molecular phylogeny of Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia). J Euk Microbiol 5:573–578" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2642">2017b</a>; Letcher et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Letcher PM, Lopez S, Schmieder R, Lee PA, Behnke C, Powell MJ, McBride RC (2013) Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an algal parasite new to the Cryptomycota isolated from an outdoor algal pond used for the production of biofuel. PLoS ONE 8:e56232" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2645">2013</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Quandt CA, da Silva Leite D, James TY, Powell MJ (2017) Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota. Fung Biol 121:1–10" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2648">2017</a>) and treat this so-called ARM clade as phylum Ophistosporidia (Karpov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014b" title="Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014b) Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol 5:112" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2652">2014b</a>) or a part of the intentionally paraphyletic phylum Choanozoa, which includes protists at the base of Metazoa (Cavalier-Smith <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Cavalier-Smith T (2013) Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. Eur J Protistol 49:115–178" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2655">2013</a>; Ruggiero et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0119248" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2658">2015</a>). However, taxonomically more inclusive phylogenies place these groups separately—Rozellomycota and Microsporidia at the basal position of Fungi but Aphelida nested within ‘chytrids’ and/or zoopagaceous zygomycetes (Lazarus and James <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Lazarus KL, James TY (2015) Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach. Fung Ecol 14:62–70" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2661">2015</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2664">2017</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Tedersoo L, Tooming-Klunderud A, Anslan S (2018) PacBio metabarcoding of fungi and other eukaryotes: biases and perspectives. New Phytol 217:1370–1385" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2667">2018</a>). Therefore, we suggest renaming of Aphelida to Aphelidiomycota to meet the standards of nomenclature. We prefer the name Rozellomycota over Cryptomycota, because (1) the phylum-level taxon Rozellida was described before Cryptomycota and (2) Rozellida hints to the type <i>Rozella</i>, whereas Cryptomycota hints to <i>Cryptomyces</i>, which is an ascomycete. Recent phylogenies indicate that Microsporidia are deeply nested within Rozellomycota (Corsaro et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Müller K-D, Michel R (2014) Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 113:1909–1918" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2677">2014</a>; Haag et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Haag KL, James TY, Pombert JF, Larsson R, Schaer TM, Refardt D, Ebert D (2014) Evolution of a morphological novelty occurred before genome compaction in a lineage of extreme parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:15480–15485" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2680">2014</a>; Keeling et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Keeling PJ, Fast NM, Corradi N (2014) Microsporidian genome structure and function. In: Weiss Lm, Becnel JJ (eds) Microsporidia: pathogens of opportunity. Wiley, New York, pp 221–229" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2683">2014</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2686">2017</a>). To keep Rozellomycota a single monophyletic phylum, we consider microsporidians at the class (Microsporidea) level within this group. Because of the historical taxonomic ‘heritage’, classification of Microsporidea needs to follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (see Didier et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Didier ES, Becknel JJ, Kent ML, Sanders JL, Weiss LM (2014) Microsporidia. The Mycota 7:A115–A140" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR151" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2690">2014</a>). Rozellomycota and other fungal phyla share the division II Chitin synthase gene, which is absent in the Nucleariae (James and Berbee <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="James TY, Berbee ML (2012) No jacket required—new fungal lineage defies dress code. BioEssays 34:94–102" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2693">2012</a>). Furthermore, Rozellomycota and other fungal phyla share the AAA lysine synthesis pathway and predominately osmotrophic nutrition (Corsaro et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Müller K-D, Michel R (2014) Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 113:1909–1918" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2696">2014</a>). Chitin is present in cell wall of all fungal groups including some life stages of Microsporidea, but it has been apparently secondarily lost in many if not all members of Rozellomycota due to their endoparasitic lifestyle (Jones et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011b" title="Jones MDM, Forn I, Gadelha C, Egan MJ, Bass D, Massana R, Richards TA (2011b) Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life. Nature 474:200–203" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2699">2011b</a>; Corsaro et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Müller K-D, Michel R (2014) Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 113:1909–1918" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2702">2014</a>). Unfortunately, much less is known about the structure and genome of Aphelidiomycota, but existing evidence points to their great similarity to Rozellomycota (Karpov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014b" title="Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014b) Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol 5:112" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2705">2014b</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017b" title="Karpov SA, Torruella G, Moreira D, Mamkaeva MA, López-García P (2017b) Molecular phylogeny of Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia). J Euk Microbiol 5:573–578" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2709">2017b</a>). Most importantly, much of the scientific community has accepted Rozellomycota as part of fungi (evident in continuously evolving classification systems of International Nucleotide Sequence Databases consortium, UNITE, MycoBank).</p><p>Within the former ‘chytrid’ group, Monoblepharomycota is considered as a separate phylum comprising classes Hyaloraphidiomycetes, Monoblepharidomycetes and Sanchytriomycetes <i>class nov</i>., following the phylogenies in Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2719">2014</a>) and Karpov et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Karpov SA, Mamanazarova KS, Popova OV, Aleoshin VV, James TY, Mamkaeva MA, Tcvetkova VS, Vishnyakov AE, Longcore JE (2017a) Monoblepharidomycetes diversity includes new parasitic and saprotrophic species with highly intronized rDNA. Fung Biol 121:729–741" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2722">2017a</a>). The treatment of the family Olpidiaceae within Olpidiomycota at the phylum level is warranted based on phylogenies and age, but its exact position remains uncertain (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2725">2006a</a>; White et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="White MM, James TY, O’Donnell K, Cafaro MJ, Tanabe Y, Sugiyama J (2006) Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data. Mycologia 98:872–884" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2728">2006</a>; Sekimoto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Sekimoto S, Rochon DA, Long JE, Dee JM, Berbee ML (2011) A multigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungal evolution. BMC Evol Biol 11:331" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2732">2011</a>). Although Basidiobolomycetes is treated within Entomophthoromycota (Humber <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humber RA (2012) Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon 120:477–492" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2735">2012</a>), these associations are not supported by individual genes (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig5">5</a>; Sekimoto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Sekimoto S, Rochon DA, Long JE, Dee JM, Berbee ML (2011) A multigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungal evolution. BMC Evol Biol 11:331" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2747">2011</a>; Gryganskyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME, Hodge K, Huang B, Voigt K, Vilgalys R (2013) Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota. Persoonia 30:94–105" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2751">2013</a>) and therefore, we consider this taxon as a separate phylum. Our rRNA and RPB1 gene analyses revealed a moderately supported sister relationship between Basidiobolomycota and Olpidiomycota (mean estimated divergence, 682 Ma) supporting an earlier hypothesis of James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2754">2006a</a>).</p><p>The formerly known phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota are emended so that these are comprised of the subphylum Mucoromycotina and Zoopagomycotina, respectively (sensu Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2760">2016</a>). Entomophthoromycota comprise the subphylum Entomophthoromycotina with the classes Entomophthoromycetes and Neozygitomycetes (Humber <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humber RA (2012) Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon 120:477–492" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2763">2012</a>). The subphylum Kickxellomycotina is treated at phylum rank (Kickxellomycota), whereas its constituent orders and deeply branching orphan genera are raised to class rank (Asellariomycetes, Barbatosporomycetes, Dimargaritomycetes, Harpellomycetes, Kickxellomycetes; Ramicandelaberomycetes) based on a multi-gene phylogenetic treatment (Tretter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tretter ED, Johnson EM, Benny GL, Lichtwardt RW, Wang Y, Kandel P, Novak SJ, Smith JF, White MM (2014) An eight-gene molecular phylogeny of the Kickxellomycotina, including the first phylogenetic placement of Asellariales. Mycologia 106:912–935" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR114" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2766">2014</a>).</p><p>The newly described Calcarisporiellomycota <i>phylum nov</i>. (comprising <i>Calcarisporiella thermophila</i> and <i>Echinochlamydosporium variabile</i>) represents a deep lineage with strongest affinities to Mucoromycota (Hirose et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Hirose D, Degawa Y, Inaba S, Tokumasu S (2012) The anamorphic genus Calcarisporiella is a new member of the Mucoromycotina. Mycoscience 53:256–260" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2781">2012</a>; Yamamoto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Yamamoto K, Degawa Y, Hirose D, Fukuda M, Yamada A (2015) Morphology and phylogeny of four Endogone species and Sphaerocreas pubescens collected in Japan. Mycol Prog 14:86" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2784">2015</a>) or Mortierellomycota (Jiang et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Jiang X, Yu H, Xiang M, Liu X, Liu X (2011) Echinochlamydosporium variabile, a new genus and species of Zygomycota from soil nematodes. Fung Divers 46:43–51" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2788">2011</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2791">2017</a>). Mortierellomycota is treated as a distinct phylum because of consistent phylogenetic distinction of Mortierellales from the remaining Mucoromyceta (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006a" title="James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2794">2006a</a>; Sekimoto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Sekimoto S, Rochon DA, Long JE, Dee JM, Berbee ML (2011) A multigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungal evolution. BMC Evol Biol 11:331" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2797">2011</a>; Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2800">2016</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2803">2017</a>). We also accept Glomeromycota at the phylum rank as initially proposed by Schüßler et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Schüβler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2807">2001</a>), rather than take up subphylum Glomeromycotina as proposed by Spatafora et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2810">2016</a>). We find that its deep divergence within Mucoromyceta warrants a phylum-level distinction, which is supported by its asexual habit and exclusively arbuscular mycorrhizal lifestyle, which also occurs in Endogonomycetes of Mucoromycota (Orchard et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Orchard S, Standish RJ, Dickie IA, Renton M, Walker C, Moot D, Ryan MH (2017) Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina. Mycorrhiza 27:619–638" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR162" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2813">2017</a>). Following Oehl et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Oehl F, Alves a Silva G, Goto BT, Costa Maia L, Sieverding E (2011) Glomeromycota: two new classes and a new order. Mycotaxon 116:365–379" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2816">2011</a>), the orders of Glomeromycota are treated at the class rank, viz. Archaeosporomycetes, Glomeromycetes (comprising Diversisporales, Gigasporales and Glomerales) and Paraglomeromycetes, with mean divergence times at 384–477 Ma (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>). Although our rRNA gene analyses suggest that Mucoromyceta are paraphyletic with respect to Dikarya, protein-encoding genes (including RPB1; Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig5">5</a>) provide strong support for the monophyly Mycoromyceta as a sister group to Dikarya (Chang et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Chang Y, Wang S, Sekimoto S, Aerts AL, Choi C, Clum A, LaButti KM, Lindquist EA, Yee Ngan C, Ohm RA, Salamov AA, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Berbee ML (2015) Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants. Genome Biol Evol 7:1590–1601" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2826">2015</a>; Spatafora et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2829">2016</a>). Therefore, we rely on the previous phylogenomics analyses and consider Mucoromyceta effectively monophyletic.</p><p>At the subphylum and class level, the internal structure of most phyla is retained. Class-level treatment was not attempted for Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota due to a lack of formal classification and insufficient sequence data from specimens. We only accommodated the class-level soil fungal clades (cf. Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2835">2017</a>) and Microsporidea into the classification system of these phyla. The orders of Mucoromycota are all treated at the class level (Endogonomycetes, Mucoromycetes and Umbelopsidomycetes) due to their deep branching in phylogenies (mean ages 380–560 Ma). Endogonomycetes diverged from other Mucoromycota 560 Ma and radiated 522 Ma (mean ages; Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig4">4</a>), potentially warranting phylum- or subphylum-level consideration, for which more in-depth studies are needed. We also treat all former orders of Chytridiomycota at the class level (mean ages 330–420 Ma), viz. Chytridiomycetes, Cladochytriomycetes, Lobulomycetes, Mesochytriomycetes (comprising Mesochytriales and Gromochytriales), Polychytriomycetes, Rhizophlyctidomycetes, Rhizophydiomycetes, Spizellomycetes and Synchytriomycetes (James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006b" title="James TY, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Powell MJ, Griffith GW, Vilgalys R (2006b) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota). Mycologia 98:860–871" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2841">2006b</a>; Karpov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014a" title="Karpov SA, Kobseva AA, Mamkaeva MA, Mamkaeva KA, Mikhailov KV, Mirzaeva GS, Aleoshin VV (2014a) Gromochytrium mamkaevae gen. & sp. nov. and two new orders: Gromochytriales and Mesochytriales (Chytridiomycetes). Persoonia 32:115" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2844">2014a</a>; Seto et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Seto K, Kagami M, Degawa Y (2017) Phylogenetic position of parasitic chytrids on diatoms: characterization of a novel clade in Chytridiomycota. J Euk Microbiol 64:383–393" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2847">2017</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2851">2017</a>). In the Blastocladiomycota, we accommodate the family Physodermataceae in class Physodermatomycetes, which is warranted by its distinct phytopathogenic mode of nutrition, early branching position and age (505 Ma; James et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006b" title="James TY, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Powell MJ, Griffith GW, Vilgalys R (2006b) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota). Mycologia 98:860–871" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2854">2006b</a>; Porter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Porter TM, Martin W, James TY, Longcore JE, Gleason FH, Adler PH, Letcher PM, Vilgalys R (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fung Biol 115:381–392" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2857">2011</a>). In Zoopagomycota, the order Zoopagales is treated at class rank (Zoopagomycetes). We find that the hierarchy in Ascomycota (Hyde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hongsanan S, Samarakoon MC, Lücking R, Pem D, Harishchandra D, Jeewon R, Zhao RL, Xu JC, Liu JK (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fung Divers 84:1–23" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2860">2017</a>; Wijayawardene et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Lumbsch T, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ekanayaka AH, Tian Q, Phookamsak R (2018) Outline of Ascomycota—2017. Fung Divers 88:167–263" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR119" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2863">2018</a>) and Basidiomycota (Zhao et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Yang ZL, Wu G, Dai YC, He SH, Cui BK, Zhou JL, Wu F (2017) A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fung Divers 84:43–74" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2866">2017</a>) has sufficient resolution at the subphylum and class level. Therefore, we only introduce the class Collemopsidiomycetes for the recently described order Collemopsidiales (Perez-Ortega et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Perez-Ortega S, Garrido-Benavent I, Grube M, Olmo R, de los Ríos A (2016) Hidden diversity of marine borderline lichens and a new order of fungi: Collemopsidiales (Dothideomyceta). Fung Divers 80:285–300" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2870">2016</a>) within Ascomycota.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Proposed nomenclatural changes to the higher-level taxonomy of Holomycota</h3><p><b>DIVISION Opisthokonta</b> Cavalier-Smith, Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi:339. 1987</p><p><b>SUPERKINGDOM Holomycota</b> Y. Liu, BMC Evol. Biol. 9.272:3. 2009</p><p>= Nucletmycea M.W. Brown, Mol Biol Evol 26:2706. 2009</p><p><b>KINGDOM Fungi</b> R.H. Whittaker, Quart. Rev. Biol. 34:220. 1959</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Rozellomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553988</p><p>Diagnosis: Vegetative cells amoeboid, with pseudopodial extensions extending around host organelles; zoospores with a posterior flagellum that has a solid rhizoplast associated with a long kinetosome; one single large mitochondrion (missing in Microsporidea); resting spores thick-walled; chitinous wall present only in some life stages; penetration of host cells via germ tube; intracellular obligate parasites of fungi, animals and protists that consume host organelles via phagocytosis. Type: <i>Rozella</i> Cornu</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Rozellomycota Doweld</p><p><b>Phylum Rozellomycota</b> Doweld, Index Fungorum 43:1. 2013</p><p>=Rozellida E. Lara, Protist 161:117. 2010; = Cryptomycota M.D.M. Jones & T.A. Richards, IMA Fungus 2:173. 2011; = Rozellomycota D. Corsaro & R. Michel, Parasitol Res 113:1916. 2014; = Rozellomycota T. James & Berbee, Bioessays 34:98. 2011; = Rozellosporidia Karpov, J Euk Microbiol 64:573. 2017</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Rozellomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554030</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Rozella</i> Cornu</p><p>Class Microsporidea Corliss & Levine, J. Protozool. 10:26. 1963</p><p>Remark: in spite of deep divergence, other subphyla and classes in Rozellomycota are not erected, because of insufficient knowledge and molecular data from a few fully identified species.</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Aphelidiomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553989</p><p>Diagnosis: Phagotrophic amoeboid vegetative stage within a host cell; zoospores produce pseudopodia or have a posteriorly directed functional or rudimentary flagellum; resting spores rounded to oval with a thick smooth cell wall; invasion cyst penetration apparatus with a short infection tube; intracellular parasites of mostly algae. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Aphelidea Gromov. The above description is combined from Gromov (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Gromov BV (2000) Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium and Pseudoaphelidium from the Cienkovski’s “Monadea” group as representatives of a new class. Zool Zh 79:517–525 (in Russian)
 " href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2960">2000</a>) and Karpov et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014b" title="Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014b) Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol 5:112" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e2963">2014b</a>). Changes in name endings here and below are due to the treatment of the aphelids as Fungi rather than Animalia.</p><p><b>Phylum Aphelidiomycota</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov.,</i> Index Fungorum ID: 553990</p><p>=Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin & Mikahilov, Front. Microbiol. 5.112:9. 2014</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Aphelidiomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554031</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p>Class Aphelidiomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553991</p><p>=Aphelidea Gromov, Zool. Zh. 79:521. 2000</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p>Order Aphelidiales Tedersoo et al. <i>ord. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553992</p><p>=Aphelidida Gromov, Zool. Zh. 79:521. 2000</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p>Family Aphelidiaceae Tedersoo et al. <i>fam. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553993</p><p>=Aphelididae Gromov, Zool. Zh. 79:521. 2000</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Aphelidium</i> (Zopf) Gromov</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Blastocladiomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553994</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric or polycentric, may form hyphae; zoospore with a single flagellum that lacks electron-opaque plug in transition zone; cone-shaped nucleus terminating near the kinetosome; microtubules radiating anteriorly from the proximal end of the kinetosome around the nucleus; sexual reproduction by planogamete fusion (anisogamy); laternate haploid and diploid stages; saprotrophs or parasites on plants, animals and fungi. Type: <i>Blastocladia</i> Reinsch</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Blastocladiomycota T. James. The above description is adapted from James et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006b" title="James TY, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Powell MJ, Griffith GW, Vilgalys R (2006b) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota). Mycologia 98:860–871" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3062">2006b</a>).</p><p><b>Phylum Blastocladiomycota</b> T. James, Mycologia 98:867. 2006</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Blastocladiomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554032</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Blastocladia</i> Reinsch</p><p>Class Blastocladiomycetes T. James, Mycologia 98:867. 2006</p><p>Class Physodermatomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553995</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus with rhizoids, endobiotic; dictyosome in sporangium; bipolar germination of zoospores; zoospores with nucleus attached to centriole and nuclear cap of ribosomes; thick-walled, darkly pigmented resting sporangium; sporangium germination by protruding endosporangium; parasites on aboveground tissues of angiosperms. Type: <i>Physoderma</i> Wallr.</p><p>Order Physodermatales Caval.-Sm., Eur. J. Protist. 49:157. 2012</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Chytridiomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553996</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, polycentric or filamentous; zoospores with a single (rarely up to 20) posteriorly-directed flagellum possessing a kinetosome and non-functional centriole, nine flagellar props, and a microbody-lipid globule complex; sexual reproduction with zygotic meiosis; Golgi apparatus with stacked cisternae; nuclear envelope fenestrated at poles during mitosis; saprotrophs or parasites of mostly plants, or commensals in herbivore digestive tract. Type: <i>Chytridium</i> A. Braun</p><p>Remark: The above description is compiled from Hibbett et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff J, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3121">2007</a>) and Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3124">2014</a>).</p><p><b>Phylum Chytridiomycota</b> M. J. Powell, Mycol. Res. 111:513. 2007</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Chytridiomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554033</p><p>Diagnosis: As for subkingdom above. Type: <i>Chytridium</i> A. Braun</p><p>Class Chytridiomycetes Caval.-Sm., Biol. Rev. 73:246. 1998, <i>emend</i>. Tedersoo et al.</p><p>Emendation: The class Chytridiomycetes comprises a single order, Chytridiales, following the phylogeny of Powell & Letcher (The Mycota 9a:141-176. 2014). Other orders are assigned to separate classes.</p><p>Order Chytridiales Cohn, Jber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kultur 57:279. 1879</p><p>Class Cladochytriomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553997</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus eucarpic, monocentric or polycentric; rhizoids catenulate, isodiametric or tapering. Zoospore chytridioid but with a cord-like microtubular root between the kinetosome and fenestrated cisterna, composed of up to 25 microtubules interconnected by linkers; a cisterna, microbody, and mitochondrion closely associated with the lipid globule; mostly saprotrophic or pathogenic on algae. Type: <i>Cladochytrium</i> Nowak</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Mozley-Standridge et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Mozley-Standridge SE, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Porter D, Simmons DR (2009) Cladochytriales—a new order in Chytridiomycota. Mycol Res 113:498–507" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3174">2009</a>).</p><p>Order Cladochytriales S. E. Mozley-Standridge, Mycol. Res. 113:502. 2009</p><p>Class Mesochytriomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553998</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus simple, with inoperculate, monocentric, epibiotic sporangium having endogenous development and slightly branched rhizoids near the sporangial base; zoospore Centriole at an angle of ca. 30° to kinetosome; parasites of freshwater algae. Type <i>Mesochytrium</i> B.V. Gromov, Mamkaeva & Pljusch.</p><p>Remark: The above description is compiled from Karpov et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014a" title="Karpov SA, Kobseva AA, Mamkaeva MA, Mamkaeva KA, Mikhailov KV, Mirzaeva GS, Aleoshin VV (2014a) Gromochytrium mamkaevae gen. & sp. nov. and two new orders: Gromochytriales and Mesochytriales (Chytridiomycetes). Persoonia 32:115" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3196">2014a</a>).</p><p>Order Mesochytriales Karpov & Aleoshin, Persoonia 32:124. 2014</p><p>Order Gromochytriales Karpov & Aleoshin, Persoonia 32:123. 2014</p><p>Class Lobulomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 553999</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, eucarpic, with endogenous development; zoospore with opaque flagellar plug, anterior or posterior plug extensions; one or two lipid globules; lacking microtubule root, Golgi apparatus, striated inclusion, and electronopaque bodies near kinetosome; present in soil, dung, marine and freshwater habitats. Type: <i>Lobulomyces</i> D.R. Simmons</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Simmons et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Simmons DR, James TY, Meyer AF, Longcore JE (2009) Lobulomycetales, a new order in the Chytridiomycota. Mycol Res 113:450–460" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3221">2009</a>)</p><p>Order Lobulomycetales D. R. Simmons, Mycol. Res. 113:453. 2009</p><p>Class Polychytriomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554000</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus polycentric or monocentric; monocentric species with multiple rhizoidal axes. Motile zoospores spherical, usually > 4 um diam, with or without flagellar plug and kinetosome spur; 0–3 microtubule roots present; nonflagellated centriole equal to or longer than diameter and attached to kinetosome throughout its length; cultures grow on chitin; habitat mostly in soil and freshwater. Type: <i>Polychytrium</i> Ajello</p><p>Remark: The above description is combined from Longcore and Simmons (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Longcore JE, Simmons DR (2012) The Polychytriales ord. nov. contains chitinophilic members of the rhizophlyctoid alliance. Mycologia 104:276–294" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3243">2012</a>) and Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3246">2014</a>).</p><p>Order Polychytriales Longcore & D.R. Simmons, Mycologia 104:279. 2012</p><p>Class Rhizophlyctidomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554001</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, eucarpic; sporangium interbiotic, inoperculate or endo-operculate with one or several discharge apparatus, rhizoidal axes multiple; kinetosome at sharp angle to the non-flagellated centriole and attached to it throughout most of the length; cytoplasmic microtubules absent; habitat mostly in agricultural soils. Type: <i>Rhizophlyctis</i> Fischer</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3267">2014</a>).</p><p>Order Rhizophlyctidales Letcher, Mycol. Res. 112:1034. 2008</p><p>Class Rhizophydiomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov.</i>, Index Fungorum ID: 554002</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric; ribosomes enclosed by a system of double membranes; mitochondria, microbodies, lipid globules, and membrane cisterna are typically associated as a microbody-lipid globule complex. The non-flagellated centriole and kinetosome lie parallel or slightly angled toward each other and are connected by fibrillar material. The base of the flagellum proper lacks an electron-opaque plug; parasites and saprobes mostly in soil and freshwater. Type: <i>Rhizophydium</i> Schenk</p><p>Remark: The above description is combined from Letcher et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Churchill PF, Chambers JG (2006) Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic delineation of a new order, the Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota). Mycol Res 110:898–915" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3289">2006</a>) and Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3292">2014</a>).</p><p>Order Rhizophydiales Letcher, Mycol. Res. 110:908. 2006</p><p>Class Spizellomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554003</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, eucarpic; sprorangium inoperculate; nucleus of zoospores associated directly or indirectly with kinetosome; rumposomes absent; replacement of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene by elongation factor-like gene in genome; mostly saprotrophs in soil and parasites of animals, fungi and stramenopiles. Type: <i>Spizellomyces</i> D.J.S. Barr</p><p>Remark: The above description is combined from Barr (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1980" title="Barr DJS (1980) An outline for the reclassification of the Chytridiales, and for a new order, the Spizellomycetales. Can J Bot 58:2380–2394" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3314">1980</a>) and Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3317">2014</a>).</p><p>Order Spizellomycetales D.J.S. Barr, Can. J. Bot. 58:2384. 1980</p><p>Class Synchytriomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554004</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus endobiotic, holocarpic, in a form of a resting spore or sorus surrounded by a membrane, colonial in some stages of development; zoospores posterior, uniflagellate; with a single lipid globule surrounded by cisternae of endoplasmatic reticulum and microbodies; gamma-like vesicles present; nuclear cap lacking; two kinetosomes almost in parallel, transversely striated; dictyosome solitary, associated with posterior rumposome; flagellar apparatus comprises kinetosome and secondary centriole; flagellar terminal plate biconcave if present; mostly pathogens of terrestrial plants. Type: <i>Synchytrium</i> de Bary & Woronin</p><p>Remark: The above description is combined from Doweld (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014c" title="Doweld AB (2014c) Synchytriales Doweld, ord.nov. Index Fungorum 92:1" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3338">2014c</a>) and Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3341">2014</a>).</p><p>Order Synchytriales Doweld, Index Fungorum 92:1. 2014</p><p><b>Phylum Monoblepharomycota</b> Doweld, Prosyllabus tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Monoblepharomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554034</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus hyphal, with a foamy appearance due to vacoulated cytoplasm; thalli produce terminal sporangia and are filamentous with a basal holdfast or rhizoidal system; asexual reproduction by zoospores or autospores; zoospores elongate, tapered toward the anterior end, capable of swim; sexual reproduction oogamous by means of posteriorly uniflagellate antherozoids borne in antheridia and nonflagellate female gametes borne in oogonia; mostly saprotrophic. Type: <i>Monoblepharis</i> Cornu</p><p>Remark: The description is adapted from Hibbett et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff J, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3370">2007</a>) and Karpov et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Karpov SA, Mamanazarova KS, Popova OV, Aleoshin VV, James TY, Mamkaeva MA, Tcvetkova VS, Vishnyakov AE, Longcore JE (2017a) Monoblepharidomycetes diversity includes new parasitic and saprotrophic species with highly intronized rDNA. Fung Biol 121:729–741" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3373">2017a</a>).</p><p>Class Monoblepharidomycetes J. H. Schaffn., Ohio Nat. 9:449. 1909</p><p>Class Hyaloraphidiomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p>Class Sanchytriomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554005</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, epibiotic, penetrates host wall with rhizoid in parasitic species; Sexual reproduction not known; mostly pathogens of freshwater Xanthophyceae algae. Type: <i>Sanchytrium</i> Karpov & Aleoshin</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Karpov et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017a" title="Karpov SA, Mamanazarova KS, Popova OV, Aleoshin VV, James TY, Mamkaeva MA, Tcvetkova VS, Vishnyakov AE, Longcore JE (2017a) Monoblepharidomycetes diversity includes new parasitic and saprotrophic species with highly intronized rDNA. Fung Biol 121:729–741" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3398">2017a</a>)</p><p>Order Sanchytriales Tedersoo et al. <i>ord. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554006</p><p>Diagnosis: As for class. Type: <i>Sanchytrium</i> Karpov & Aleoshin</p><p>Family Sanchytriaceae Karpov & Aleoshin Fung. Biol. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002</a>.</p><p><b>Phylum Neocallimastigomycota</b> M. J. Powell, Mycol. Res. 111:516. 2007</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Neocallimastigomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554035</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric or polycentric, with extensive rhizoids or a bulbous haustorium-like structure; zoospores posteriorly unflagellate or polyflagellate with up to 20 flagella that may adhere together, without nonflagellated centrioles and flagellar props; Asexual reproduction by spherical, oval, or pyriform zoospores that are capable of amoeboid movement; kinetosome present but non-functional centriole absent; mitochondria absent but hydrogenosomes of mitochondrial origin present; anaerobic mostly in digestive system of herbivorous mammals Type: <i>Neocallimastix</i> Vavra & Joyon ex I.B. Heath</p><p>Remark: This description is adapted from Powell and Letcher (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3446">2014</a>).</p><p>Class Neocallimastigomycetes M. J. Powell, Mycol. Res. 111:516. 2007</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Olpidiomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554007</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus monocentric, holocarpic or eucarpic, with no hyphae; zoospores posterior, uniflagellate, generally with a single globule, cone-shaped striated rhizoplast fused to both the functional and vestigial kinetosomes, gamma-like particles and rough endoplasmic reticulum; sporangium single, endobiotic; nucleus associated with the basal body, no nuclear cap; two parallel centrioles linked to nucleus by shared, tapering, striated rhizoplast; no root microtubules or dictyosome; side-body complex lacking; pathogens of terrestrial plants. Type: <i>Olpidium</i> (A. Braun) J. Schröt.</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Olpidiomycota Doweld. The above description is compiled from Doweld (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Doweld AB (2013) Nomenclatural novelties. Rozellomycota. Index Fungorum 43:1" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3470">2013</a>) and Cavalier-Smith (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Cavalier-Smith T (2013) Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. Eur J Protistol 49:115–178" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3473">2013</a>).</p><p><b>Phylum Olpidiomycota</b> Doweld, Index Fungorum 42:1. 2013</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Olpidiomycotina Doweld, Index Fungorum 42: 1. 2013</p><p>Class Olpidiomycetes Doweld, Index Fungorum 42:1. 2013</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Basidiobolomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554029</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus mycelial, with regular septa or yest-like cells, uninucleate; nuclei large (often > 10 μm long), with a large central nucleolus; zygospores with thick bi-layered walls, form homothallically on axis of parental cells; conidiophore simple, with a bulbous swelling below developing conidium; conidia globose, uninucleate, with small basal conical papilla, released by a rocket-like mechanism; saprotrophs or animal pathogens. Type: <i>Basidiobolus</i> Eidam</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Basidiobolomycetes sensu Humber (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humber RA (2012) Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon 120:477–492" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3507">2012</a>). The above description follows Humber (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Humber RA (2012) Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon 120:477–492" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3510">2012</a>)</p><p><b>Phylum Basidiobolomycota</b> Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001.</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Basidiobolomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554036</p><p>Diagnosis: As for the subkingdom above. Type: <i>Basidiobolus</i> Eidam</p><p>Class Basidiobolomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001.</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Zoopagomyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554008</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus mycelial, mostly separated into cells with complete or uniperforate septa; Sexual reproduction, if present, via zygospores by gametangial conjugation; asexual structures may include sporangia, merosporangia, conidia or chlamydospores; saprotrophs, gut symbionts or parasites of animals or mycoparasites. Type: Zoopage Drechsler</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Zoopagomycota M.E. Smith, Spatafora & Stajich. The above description is adopted from Spatafora et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3550">2016</a>)</p><p><b>Phylum Entomophthoromycota</b> Humber, Mycotaxon 120:481. 2012, e<i>mend</i>. Tedersoo et al.</p><p>Emendation: Corresponds to Entomophthoromycota Humber but excluding Basidiobolomycetes that is raised to phylum rank because of non-monophyly.</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Entomophthoromycotina Humber, Mycol. Res. 111: 517. 2007</p><p>Class Entomophthoromycetes Humber, Mycotaxon 120:482. 2012</p><p>Class Neozygitomycetes Humber, Mycotaxon 120:482. 2012</p><p>Remark: Neozygitomycetes are excluded from rRNA gene-based phylogenies because of its extreme divergence. Its position within the Zoopagomyceta is not fully resolved (White et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="White MM, James TY, O’Donnell K, Cafaro MJ, Tanabe Y, Sugiyama J (2006) Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data. Mycologia 98:872–884" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3579">2006</a>).</p><p><b>Phylum Kickxellomycota</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554009</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus arising from a holdfast on other fungi as a haustorial parasite, or branched, septate, subaerial hyphae; mycelium branched or unbranched, regularly septate; septa with median, disciform cavities containing plugs; asexual production by 1- or 2-spored merosporangia, trichospores, or arthrospores; sexual reproduction by zygospores that are globose, biconical, or allantoid and coiled; saprotrophs, mycoparasites or obligate symbionts. Type: <i>Kickxella</i> Coem.</p><p>Remark: The above description is adopted from Hibbett et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff J, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3599">2007</a>)</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Kickxellomycotina Benny, Mycol. Res. 111:518. 2007.</p><p>Class Kickxellomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554010</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched, with septate hyphae giving rise to septate sporangiophores; septa with median disciform cavities containing colorless biconvex or biumbonate plugs that are persistent in 2–3% KOH; asexual reproduction by 1-spored sporangioles formed on pseudophialides that arise from globoid to elongate fertile branchlets termed sporocladia; sexual reproduction by nearly globose zygospores; saprobes or weak non-haustorial mycoparasites in soil and dung. Type: <i>Kickxella</i> Coem.</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Benjamin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1979" title="Benjamin RK (1979) Zygomycetes and their spores. Whole Fungus 2:573–621" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3623">1979</a>).</p><p>Order Kickxellales Kreisel ex R. K. Benj., Whole Fungus 2:610. 1979</p><p>Class Asellariomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554011</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched, filamentous, with harpelloid septa; basal cells for attachment to gut cuticle of a host; no dictyosomes; no zygospores; no sexual reproduction; reproduction via fragmentation of branches into uninucleate arthrospores; habitat in guts of isopods and springtails. Type: <i>Asellaria</i> R.A. Poisson</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Benjamin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1979" title="Benjamin RK (1979) Zygomycetes and their spores. Whole Fungus 2:573–621" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3645">1979</a>).</p><p>Order Asellariales Manier ex Manier & Lichtw., Mycotaxon 7:442. 1978</p><p>Class Barbatosporomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554012</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched with a basal cell, bearing trichospores; trichospores cylindrical, without a collar, with multiple fine basal appendages, may bear a cylindrical sleeve or wall at the terminal end, which on dehiscence may reveal appendage-like filaments; zygospores not known; only known from insect gut habitat. Type: <i>Barbatospora</i> M.M. White, Siri & Lichtw.</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Doweld (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014b" title="Doweld AB (2014b) Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum 87:1" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3666">2014b</a>).</p><p>Order Barbatosporales Doweld, Index Fungorum 87:1. 2014</p><p>Class Dimargaritomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554013</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched, with septate hyphae, producing septate sporangiophores. Septa with median disciform cavities containing colourless, more or less biconvex plugs; plugs with polar protuberances, dissolved in 2% KOH; asexual reproduction by bisporous merosporangia; sexual reproduction by a ± ornamente zygospore; sporangiola formed on terminal ampullae or on cells of simple or branched fertile branchlets arising from terminal ampullae or in terminal fascicles. Sexual reproduction by subglobose zygospores developed in thin-walled zygosporangia; haustorial mycoparasites of Mucorales and <i>Chaetomium</i> spp. Type: <i>Dimargaris</i> Tiegh.</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Benjamin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1979" title="Benjamin RK (1979) Zygomycetes and their spores. Whole Fungus 2:573–621" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3691">1979</a>).</p><p>Order Dimargaritales R. K. Benj., Whole Fungus 2:607. 1979</p><p>Class Harpellomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554014</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus simple or branched, with basal cell attached to the host; hyphae septate; septa contain a lenticular cavity; sexual reproduction via conical or biconical zygospores; asexual reproduction via exogeneous, lateral, elongate monosporous trichospores; endosymbionts of mostly freshwater arthropods. Type: <i>Harpella</i> L. Léger & Duboscq.</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Benjamin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1979" title="Benjamin RK (1979) Zygomycetes and their spores. Whole Fungus 2:573–621" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3713">1979</a>).</p><p>Order Harpellales Lichtw. & Manier, Mycotaxon 7: 441. 1978</p><p>Class Ramicandelaberomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554015</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus comprised of colourless, septate hyphae; stolons hyaline, septate, forming rhizoids and producing sporangiophores; sporangiophores septate, verticillately branched, forming supporting hyphae that produce rhizoids; branches cylindrical or ellipsoidal, irregularly branching further; sporocladia elongate, attenuate distally, often composed of broadened branches of sporangiophores when ageing; pseudophialides arising from sporocladia and fertile heads, first subspherical, becoming hemispherical, producing sporangioles; sporangioles narrow, fusiform, slightly curved, aseptate, hyaline; sporangial wall adnate to the sporangiospore; zygospores and chlamydospores not known; saprobes in soil. Type: <i>Ramicandelaber</i> Y. Ogawa, S. Hayashi, Degawa & Yaguchi</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Ogawa et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Ogawa Y, Hayashi S, Degawa Y, Yaguchi Y (2001) Ramicandelaber, a new genus of the Kickxellales, Zygomycetes. Mycoscience 42:193–199" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3734">2001</a>).</p><p>Order Ramicandelaberales Doweld, Index Fungorum 69:1. 2014</p><p><b>Phylum Zoopagomycota</b> M.E. Smith, Spatafora & Stajich, Mycologia 108:1035. 2016, <i>emend</i>. Tedersoo et al.</p><p>Emendation: Corresponds to subphylum Zoopagomycotina Benny that is raised to phylum rank. Other subphyla are transferred to their respective phyla.</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Zoopagomycotina Benny, Mycol. Res. 111:518. 2007.</p><p>Class Zoopagomycetes Doweld, Index Fungorum 60:1. 2014</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Mucoromyceta</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>subkgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554016</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus mycelial, with usually broad multinuclear hyphae, septa occurring in separating reproductive cells; sexual reproduction, if present, via zygospores formed by gametangial conjugation; zygospores globose, smooth or ornamented, produced on suspensor cells; asexual reproduction via chlamydospores or sporangiospores produced in sporangia and sporangioles; saprotrophs, plant root symbionts or phytopathogens. Type: <i>Mucor</i> Fresen.</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Mucoromycota Doweld as treated in Spatafora et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3778">2016</a>).</p><p><b>Phylum Mucoromycota</b> Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001, <i>emend</i>. Tedersoo et al.</p><p>Emendation: Corresponds to Mucoromycotina Benny that is raised to phylum rank. Other subphyla (cf. Spatafora et al. Mycologia 108:1028–1046. 2016) are assigned to separate phyla.</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Mucoromycotina Benny, Mycol. Res. 111:517. 2006</p><p>Class Mucoromycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Mucorales Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3:296. 1832. <i>Emend</i>. Spatafora et al. Mycologia 108:1035. 2016</p><p>Class Endogonomycetes Doweld, Index Fungorum 57:1. 2014</p><p>Class Umbelopsidomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554017</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched; hyphae initially without septa but developing near the branching; relatively slow growth in culture media; Asexual reproduction via sporangia; sporangiophores densely branched, with septa distant from the sporangium; sporangia reddish or ochraceous, globose or elongate, multispored or single-spored; columenlla usually conspicuous; spores of various shape and pigmentation; chlamydospores abundant, filled with lipids in culture; no zygospores; no sexual reproduction. Type: <i>Umbelopsis</i> Amos & H.L. Barnett</p><p>Remark: The above description is taken from Spatafora et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3825">2016</a>).</p><p>Order Umbelopsidales Spatafora & Stajich, Mycologia 108:1035. 2016</p><p><b>Phylum Mortierellomycota</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554018</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus with dichotomously branching, anastomosing hyphae, bearing stylospores; Sporangiophores initially coenocytic, irregularily septated when mature; asexual reproduction via sporangia and sporangioles; sporangia spherical, multi-spored; no columella; sporangioles terminal, borne on erecting hyphae; Spores ellipsoid or globose or irregular, smooth or ornamented; zygospores naked; mostly saprotrophs in soil. Type: <i>Mortierella</i> Coem.</p><p>Remark: Corresponds to Mortierellomycotina Kerst. Hoffm., K. Voigt & P.M. Kirk. The above description is taken from Hoffmann et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Hoffmann K, Voigt K, Kirk PM (2011) Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies. Mycotaxon 115:353–363" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3849">2011</a>) and Doweld (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014a" title="Doweld AB (2014a) Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum 46:1" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3852">2014a</a>).</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Mortierellomycotina Kerst. Hoffm., K. Voigt & P.M. Kirk, Mycotaxon 115:360. 2011</p><p>Class Mortierellomycetes Doweld, Index Fungorum 46:1. 2014</p><p><b>Phylum Calcarisporiellomycota</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554019</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus branched, with septate hyphae; vegetative hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled; cultures with no distinctive smell; sporangiophores (if present) simple, hyaline, smooth, arising from undifferentiated hyphae; sporangia unispored, ellipsoid, with or without a small columella; spores uninucleate, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, ovoid to ellipsoid, with a rounded base; chlamydospores (if present) born laterally on short hyphae, 1-celled, elongate to globose, thick-walled, spiny; sexual cycle not known; saprotrophic in soil, non-nematophagous. Type: <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog</p><p>Remark: The above description is combined from Hirose et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Hirose D, Degawa Y, Inaba S, Tokumasu S (2012) The anamorphic genus Calcarisporiella is a new member of the Mucoromycotina. Mycoscience 53:256–260" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3881">2012</a>) and Jiang et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Jiang X, Yu H, Xiang M, Liu X, Liu X (2011) Echinochlamydosporium variabile, a new genus and species of Zygomycota from soil nematodes. Fung Divers 46:43–51" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3884">2011</a>).</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Calcarisporiellomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554037</p><p>Diagnosis: As for the phylum above. Type: <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog</p><p>Class Calcarisporiellomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554020</p><p>Diagnosis: As for phylum above. Type: <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog</p><p>Order Calcarisporiellales Tedersoo et al. <i>ord. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554021</p><p>Diagnosis: As for phylum above. Type: <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog</p><p>Family Calcarisporiellaceae Tedersoo et al. <i>fam. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554022</p><p>Diagnosis: As for phylum above. Type: <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog</p><p>Genus <i>Calcarisporiella</i> de Hoog, Studies in Mycology 7:68. 1974</p><p>Genus <i>Echinochlamydosporium</i> X.Z. Jiang, H.Y. Yu, M.C. Xiang, X.Y. Liu & X.Z. Liu, Fung. Div. 46:46. 2011</p><p><b>Phylum Glomeromycota</b> C. Walker & A. Schüßler, Mycol. Res. 105:1416. 2001</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Glomeromycotina Spatafora & Stajich, Mycologia 108: 1034. 2016</p><p>Class Glomeromycetes Caval.-Sm., Biol. Rev. 73:246. 1998 (as “Glomomycetes”), <i>emend</i>. Oehl, G.A. Silva, B.T. Goto & Sieverd., Mycotaxon 116:372. 2011</p><p>Class Archaeosporomycetes Sieverd., G.A. Silva, B.T. Goto & Oehl, Mycotaxon 116:374. 2011</p><p>Class Paraglomeromycetes Oehl, G.A. Silva, B.T. Goto & Sieverd., Mycotaxon 116:374. 2011</p><p><b>SUBKINGDOM Dikarya Hibbett, T.Y. James & Vilgalys</b>, Mycol. Res. 111:518. 2007, <i>emend</i>. Tedersoo et al.</p><p>Emendation: The Dikarya includes the phylum Entorrhizomycota R. Bauer, Garnica, Oberw., K. Riess, M. Weiß & Begerow because of dikaryotic hyphae and sister position to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota combined.</p><p>Remark: We endorse using Dikarya rather than Dikaryomyceta, Dikaryomycota or Neomycota for consistency.</p><p><b>Phylum Entorrhizomycota</b> R. Bauer, Garnica, Oberw., K. Riess, M. Weiß & Begerow, PLoS One 10.e0128183:10. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Bauer R, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Weiß M, Begerow D (2015) Entorrhizomycota: a new fungal phylum reveals new perspectives on the evolution of Fungi. PLoS ONE 10:e0128183" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e3993">2015</a></p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Entorrhizomycotina Tedersoo et al. <i>subphyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554039</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus hyphal inside host tissue, forming intracellular septate coils bearing terminal teliospores that germinate internally by becoming four-celled; hyphae with regular septa, with or rarely without dolipores, without Woronin bodies or membrane caps; haustoria present; phytoparasitic by forming root galls in Cyperaceae or Juncaceae or rarely in eudicodyledons. Type: <i>Entorrhiza</i> C.A. Weber</p><p>Class Entorrhizomycetes Begerow, Stoll & R. Bauer, Mycologia 98:908. 2006</p><p><b>Phylum Basidiomycota</b> R.H. Whittaker ex Moore, Bot. Mar. 23:371. 1980</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Agaricomycotina Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p>Class Agaricomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p>Class Dacrymycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p>Class Tremellomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta):77. 2001</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Pucciniomycotina R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5: 45. 2006</p><p>Class Agaricostilbomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:45. 2006</p><p>Class Atractiellomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:45. 2006</p><p>Class Classiculomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:46. 2006</p><p>Class Cryptomycocolacomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:46. 2006</p><p>Class Cystobasidiomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:46. 2006</p><p>Class Microbotryomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:47. 2006</p><p>Class Mixiomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:47. 2006</p><p>Class Pucciniomycetes R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:48. 2006</p><p>Class Spiculogloeomycetes Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout, Stud. Mycol. 81:172. 2015</p><p>Class Tritirachiomycetes Aime & Schell, Mycologia 103:1339. 2011</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Ustilaginomycotina R. Bauer, Begerow, J.P. Samp., M. Weiss & Oberw., Mycol. Progr. 5:45. 2006</p><p>Class Exobasidiomycetes Begerow, M. Stoll, R. Bauer, Mycologia 98:908. 2006</p><p>Class Malasseziomycetes Boekhout, Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai, Persoonia 33:46. 2014</p><p>Class Moniliellomycetes Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout, Persoonia 33:46. 2014</p><p>Class Ustilaginomycetes R. Bauer, Oberw. & Vánky, Can J Bot 75:1311. 1997</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Wallemiomycotina Doweld, Index Fungorum 73:1. 2014</p><p>Class Geminibasidiomycetes H.D.T. Nguyen & Seifert, IMA Fungus 6:228. 2015</p><p>Class Wallemiomycetes Zalar, de Hoog & Schroers, Ant. van Leeuw. 87:322. 2005</p><p><b>Phylum Ascomycota</b> R.H. Whittaker, Quart. Rev. Biol. 34:220. 1959</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:9. 1997</p><p>Class Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:4. 1997</p><p>Class Collemopsidiomycetes Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554023</p><p>Diagnosis: Thallus comprised of fine hyphae loosely associated with Cyanobacteria and developing ascomata; ascomata perithecioid, solitary, unilocular, with a carbonized to hyaline exciple; branched and anastomosing, often irregularly thick, net-like physes; asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, with ocular chamber, ovoid to subcylindrical, usually stalked; ascospores hyaline (rarely brownish in mature specimens), oblong to ovoid-fusiform, 1-septate, with gelatinous perispore usually present; conidiomata pycnidial; conidiogenous cells cylindrical; conidiogenesis phialidic; conidia bacilliform to ellipsoid; lichenized and lichenicolous fungi with crustose, epilithic or endolithic, or lichenicolous forms and Cyanobacteria as photobionts Type: <i>Collemopsidium</i> Nyl.</p><p>Order Collemopsidiales Pérez-Ortega, Garrido-Benavent & Grube, Fung. Div. 80:296. 2016</p><p>Class Coniocybomycetes M. Prieto & Wedin, Cladistics 29:305. 2013</p><p>Class Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:5. 1997</p><p>Class Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:6. 1997</p><p>Class Geoglossomycetes Zheng Wang, C.L. Schoch & Spatafora, Persoonia 22:131. 2009</p><p>Class Laboulbeniomycetes Engl., Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 6. 1897</p><p>Class Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:7. 1997</p><p>Class Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:7. 1997</p><p>Class Lichinomycetes Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux, Mol Phyl Evol 32:1055. 2004</p><p>Class Orbiliomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Baral, Myconet 9:96. 2003</p><p>Class Pezizomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:8. 1997</p><p>Class Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:10. 1997</p><p>Class Xylonomycetes R. Gazis & P. Chaverri, Mol Phyl Evol 65:301. 2012</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Taphrinomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:11. 1997</p><p>Class Archaeorhizomycetes Rosling & T. James, Science New York 333:879. 2011</p><p>Class Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:8. 1997</p><p>Class Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:9. 1997</p><p>Class Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:10. 1997</p><p>Class Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:11. 1997</p><p><b>Subphylum</b> Saccharomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:9. 1997</p><p>Class Saccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1:10. 1997</p><p><b>KINGDOM Nucleariae</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>kgd. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554024</p><p>Diagnosis: Vegetative cells amoeboid, with rounded body and filopodes; flat discoid mitochondrial cristae; feeding by ingestion of various microorganisms. Type: <i>Nuclearia</i> Cienkowski</p><p><b>Phylum Nuclearida</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554025</p><p>Diagnosis: Vegetative cells amoeboid, naked, solitary, with rounded body and elongated filopodes; not forming fruiting bodies; uniucleate or multinucleate; moving by attachment and subsequent shortening of filopodes; flat discoid mitochondrial cristae; feeding by ingestions of small organisms, including algal filaments; reproductive cysts not known. Type: <i>Nuclearia</i> Cienkowski</p><p>Class Nuclearidea Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554026</p><p>Diagnosis: As for phylum above. Type: <i>Nuclearia</i> Cienkowski</p><p>Order Nucleariida Caval-Sm., Microbiol. Rev. 57:988. 1993</p><p><b>Phylum Fonticulida</b> Tedersoo et al. <i>phyl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554027</p><p>Diagnosis: Vegetative cells amoeboid with rounded sphaerical body and extending filopodes; cells sorocarpic, aggregating to form a hollow gelatinous extracellular stalk supported by fibrillar matrix material; stalked fruiting bodies bear a sorus with multiple spores that are forcibly erupted; Myxamoebae may encyst in situ as rounded microcysts; flat discoid mitochondrial cristae; feeding by ingestion of bacterial cells; known from soil and dung. Type: <i>Fonticula</i> Worley, Raper & Hohl.</p><p>Class Fonticulea Tedersoo et al. <i>cl. nov</i>., Index Fungorum ID: 554028</p><p>Diagnosis: As for phylum above. Type: <i>Fonticula</i> Worley, Raper & Hohl.</p><p>Order Fonticulida Caval-Sm., Microbiol. Rev. 57:988. 1993</p><p>Remark: The names of Nucleariae and its constituent taxa are not being treated here as Fungi for nomenclatural purposes, but the names are nevertheless registered with Index Fungorum.</p><p><b>SUPERKINGDOM Holozoa</b> B.F. Lang et al. Curr. Biol. 12:1776. 2002</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11">Evolutionary ecological analyses</h3><p>Based on the updated fungal classification framework of nine subkingdoms, 18 phyla, 23 subphyla, 74 classes, 215 orders, 731 families and 5377 genera, we generated an analytical tool, which enables to perform simple evolutionary ecological analyses. The perl script taxonomy_to_tree.pl maps Species Hypotheses to the existing taxonomic framework within seconds by omitting resource-consuming alignment and phylogenetic analyses with nucleotide and amino acid sequences. In principle, the tool can be used to link any OTU taxonomy matrix (cf. Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig2">2</a>) to custom classification system to prepare a newick-formatted tree for statistical testing. These analyses enable to test hypotheses about differences in (1) phylogenetic diversity, (2) phylogenetic community turnover and (3) phylogenetic community organisation (phylogenetic overdispersal vs. conservation). The two main drawbacks of this method are (1) the lack of resultion at nodes that are divided into > 2 subtaxa, and (2) the lack of branch length information. For example, the method does not distinguish between the order of divergence of Pezizomycotina classes, or it does not account for the long branches of Zoopagomyceta and Microsporidea. However, given the calibration to divergence time, the standardisation of branch length can be beneficial on many occasions. Nonetheless, because of these approximations, analyses of trait evolution, diversification and ancestral states cannot be performed with the Fungi_TH_1.1 data set.</p><p>Evolutionary ecological analyses are more powerful when using either (1) real community sequence data (e.g. Schadt et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Schadt CW, Martin AP, Lipson DA, Schmidt SK (2003) Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils. Science 301:1359–1361" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4291">2003</a>; Veldre et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Veldre V, Abarenkov K, Bahram M, Martos F, Selosse M-A, Tamm H, Kõljalg U, Tedersoo L (2013) Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences. Fung Ecol 6:256–268" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR115" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4294">2013</a>) or (2) community taxonomic data mapped onto sequence-based phylogenies (Branco <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Branco S (2010) Serpentine soils promote ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. Mol Ecol 19:5566–5576" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4297">2010</a>; Fouquier et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Fouquier J, Rideout JR, Bolyen E, Chase J, Shiffer A, McDonald D, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Kelley ST (2016) ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses. Microbiome 4:11" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4300">2016</a>). Use of original sequence data would require utilisation of a genetic marker that is alignable across the entire target group and thus the ITS barcode would be usually restricted to genus or family-level analyses. The more readily alignable 18S and 28S rRNA genes tend to lack resolution at the level of species and functional groups by lumping ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species in many cases. The alternative options include use of protein-encoding gene barcodes such as RPB2 (Vetrovsky et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Vetrovsky T, Kolarik M, Zifcakova L, Zelenka T, Baldrian P (2016) The rpb2 gene represents a viable alternative molecular marker for the analysis of environmental fungal communities. Mol Ecol Res 16:388–401" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR116" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4303">2016</a>) or a long barcode spanning ITS and 18S or 28S (Timling et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Timling I, Walker DA, Nusbaum C, Lennon NJ, Taylor DL (2014) Rich and cold: diversity, distribution and drivers of fungal communities in patterned-ground ecosystems of the North American Arctic. Mol Ecol 23:3258–3272" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4307">2014</a>; Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4310">2017</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Tedersoo L, Tooming-Klunderud A, Anslan S (2018) PacBio metabarcoding of fungi and other eukaryotes: biases and perspectives. New Phytol 217:1370–1385" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4313">2018</a>). Mapping of OTUs to sequence-based phylogenies is difficult, because it essentially assumes building a backbone phylogeny that spans all genera of fungi and construction of multiple small trees associated to the backbone. The backbone would be limited to taxa that have a representative gene sequence present in databases and assignable to a coherent set of ITS sequences (Fouquier et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Fouquier J, Rideout JR, Bolyen E, Chase J, Shiffer A, McDonald D, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Kelley ST (2016) ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses. Microbiome 4:11" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4316">2016</a>). In large-scale studies, nearly half of all taxa cannot be assigned to described genera (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4319">2014</a>). Because the relationships of these unassigned taxa to 18S/28S rRNA gene backbone cannot be determined, these taxa need to be excluded from construction of hybrid phylogenies. In addition, comparable sequence data for 18S and 28S rRNA genes does not exist for most ascomycete and basidiomycete genera.</p><p>Testing the taxonomy_to_tree.pl script on a global soil fungal OTU taxonomy matrix enabled to construct a rough phylogenetic tree in 1 s using an ordinary laptop computer. The analyses revealed that while OTU richness is greatest in tropical forest biomes and lowest in grassy biomes (Tedersoo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4325">2014</a>), PD<sub>OTU</sub> and UNIQ<sub>OTU</sub> are greatest in the grasslands and shrublands biome but lowest in temperate and boreal forest biomes (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig7">7</a>a–c). The NRI indicated that fungal communities in all biomes are phylogenetically clustered (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig7">7</a>d). By contrast, the NTI revealed that tropical forest and savanna biomes were significantly phylogenetically clustered and only southern temperate forests are phylogenetically overdispersed (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#Fig7">7</a>e). These differences in NTI and NRI suggest that southern temperate forest sites harbour relatively fewer congeneric (and confamilial) relatives, whereas tropical lowland forests stand out by more even distribution of higher-ranking taxa. The low taxonomic but high phylogenetic diversity of grassy habitats reflects both high proportion of OTUs belonging to early diverging fungal lineages and low paucity of OTUs belonging to hyperdiverse EcM fungal genera. Taken together, the main benefits of the proposed approach include taxonomic coverage of all OTUs assignable to fungi, simple and rapid tree construction as well as understanding phylogenetic perspectives on community composition.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig7_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_Fig7_HTML.gif" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy" width="388" height="943"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Example of use of the taxonomy_to_tree.pl script for fungal hierarchical phylogeny: differences in <b>a</b> fungal OTU richness (standardized residuals), <b>b</b> phylogenetic diversity per fungal OTU (PDOTU), <b>c</b> uniqueness (UNIQOTU), <b>d</b> net relatedness index (NRI) and <b>e</b> nearest taxon index (NTI) of the world’s biomes. Taxonomic data and OTU distribution data are updated from Tedersoo et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4368">2014</a>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> </div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec9-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec9">Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec9-content"><p>We propose an alternative higher-level classification of Fungi based on the criteria of monophyly and comparable divergence times to provide a more natural classification and improve the taxonomic and phylogenetic precision in evolutionary ecological and biodiversity analyses. To enable such analyses, we provide a taxonomy_to_tree.pl script and a backbone classification tree. The script can be used for communities of any organisms with elaborate hierarchical classification schemes.</p><p>Because our fungal classification is built on rRNA genes with some support from two protein-encoding genes, we anticipate that the order and time of divergence of the main fungal groups remain to be resolved using phylogenomics approach with much improved taxon sampling (Torruella et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Torruella G, Grau-Bove X, Moreira D, Karpov SA, Burns J, Sebe-Pedros A, Volcker E, Lopez-Garcia P (2017) The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia. bioRxiv 2017:233882" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4392">2017</a>; McCarthy and Fitzpatrick <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="McCarthy CG, Fitzpatrick DA (2017) Multiple approaches to phylogenomic reconstruction of the fungal kingdom. Adv Genet 100:211–266" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4395">2017</a>). We advocate that single-cell genomics analyses offer great promise for generating genome data from members of the unnamed phyla and potentially unculturable early diverging fungal lineages (Seeleuthner et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Seeleuthner Y, Mondy S, Lombard V, Carradec Q, Pelletier E, Wessner M, Leconte J, Mangot JF, Poulain J, Labadie K, Logares R (2018) Single-cell genomics of multiple uncultured stramenopiles reveals underestimated functional diversity across oceans. Nat Commun 9:310" href="/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#ref-CR95" id="ref-link-section-d278533604e4398">2018</a>).</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH, Larsson K-H, Alexander IJ, Eberhardt U, Erland S, Høiland K, Kjøller R, Larsson E, Pennanen T, Sen R, Taylor AFS, Tedersoo L, Ursing B, Vrålstad T, Liimatainen K, Peintner U, Kõljalg U (2010) The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi—recent updates and future perspectives. New Phytol 186:281–285</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.03160.x" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03160.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20409185" aria-label="PubMed reference 1">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20UNITE%20database%20for%20molecular%20identification%20of%20fungi%E2%80%94recent%20updates%20and%20future%20perspectives&journal=New%20Phytol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.03160.x&volume=186&pages=281-285&publication_year=2010&author=Abarenkov%2CK&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=Larsson%2CK-H&author=Alexander%2CIJ&author=Eberhardt%2CU&author=Erland%2CS&author=H%C3%B8iland%2CK&author=Kj%C3%B8ller%2CR&author=Larsson%2CE&author=Pennanen%2CT&author=Sen%2CR&author=Taylor%2CAFS&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Ursing%2CB&author=Vr%C3%A5lstad%2CT&author=Liimatainen%2CK&author=Peintner%2CU&author=K%C3%B5ljalg%2CU"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukes J, Bass D, Bowser SS et al (2012) The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 59:429–493</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23020233" aria-label="PubMed reference 2">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 2">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20revised%20classification%20of%20eukaryotes&journal=J%20Eukaryot%20Microbiol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x&volume=59&pages=429-493&publication_year=2012&author=Adl%2CSM&author=Simpson%2CAGB&author=Lane%2CCE&author=Lukes%2CJ&author=Bass%2CD&author=Bowser%2CSS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Avise JC, John GC (1999) Proposal for a standardized temporal scheme of biological classification for extant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7358–7363</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.96.13.7358" data-track-item_id="10.1073/pnas.96.13.7358" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.13.7358" aria-label="Article reference 3" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.96.13.7358">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10377419" aria-label="PubMed reference 3">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22090" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 3">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltVOru7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 3">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Proposal%20for%20a%20standardized%20temporal%20scheme%20of%20biological%20classification%20for%20extant%20species&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.96.13.7358&volume=96&pages=7358-7363&publication_year=1999&author=Avise%2CJC&author=John%2CGC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Balint M, Bahram M, Eren AM, Faust K, Fuhrman JA, Lindahl B, O’Hara RB, Öpik M, Sogin ML, Unterseher M, Tedersoo L (2016) Millions of reads, thousands of taxa: microbial community structure and associations analyzed via marker genes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 40:686–700</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/femsre/fuw017" data-track-item_id="10.1093/femsre/fuw017" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffuw017" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.1093/femsre/fuw017">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27358393" aria-label="PubMed reference 4">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhs1Cks7nN" aria-label="CAS reference 4">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Millions%20of%20reads%2C%20thousands%20of%20taxa%3A%20microbial%20community%20structure%20and%20associations%20analyzed%20via%20marker%20genes&journal=FEMS%20Microbiol%20Rev&doi=10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffuw017&volume=40&pages=686-700&publication_year=2016&author=Balint%2CM&author=Bahram%2CM&author=Eren%2CAM&author=Faust%2CK&author=Fuhrman%2CJA&author=Lindahl%2CB&author=O%E2%80%99Hara%2CRB&author=%C3%96pik%2CM&author=Sogin%2CML&author=Unterseher%2CM&author=Tedersoo%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Barr DJS (1980) An outline for the reclassification of the Chytridiales, and for a new order, the Spizellomycetales. Can J Bot 58:2380–2394</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1139/b80-276" data-track-item_id="10.1139/b80-276" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb80-276" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1139/b80-276">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20outline%20for%20the%20reclassification%20of%20the%20Chytridiales%2C%20and%20for%20a%20new%20order%2C%20the%20Spizellomycetales&journal=Can%20J%20Bot&doi=10.1139%2Fb80-276&volume=58&pages=2380-2394&publication_year=1980&author=Barr%2CDJS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR150">Bauer R, Begerow D, Sampaio JP, Weiβ M, Oberwinkler F (2006) The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis. Mycol Progr 5:41–66</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s11557-006-0502-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s11557-006-0502-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11557-006-0502-0" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1007/s11557-006-0502-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20simple-septate%20basidiomycetes%3A%20a%20synopsis&journal=Mycol%20Progr&doi=10.1007%2Fs11557-006-0502-0&volume=5&pages=41-66&publication_year=2006&author=Bauer%2CR&author=Begerow%2CD&author=Sampaio%2CJP&author=Wei%CE%B2%2CM&author=Oberwinkler%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Bauer R, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Weiß M, Begerow D (2015) Entorrhizomycota: a new fungal phylum reveals new perspectives on the evolution of Fungi. PLoS ONE 10:e0128183</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pone.0128183" data-track-item_id="10.1371/journal.pone.0128183" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0128183" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0128183">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26200112" aria-label="PubMed reference 7">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511587" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 7">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVamtr3K" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Entorrhizomycota%3A%20a%20new%20fungal%20phylum%20reveals%20new%20perspectives%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20Fungi&journal=PLoS%20ONE&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0128183&volume=10&publication_year=2015&author=Bauer%2CR&author=Garnica%2CS&author=Oberwinkler%2CF&author=Riess%2CK&author=Wei%C3%9F%2CM&author=Begerow%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Benjamin RK (1979) Zygomycetes and their spores. Whole Fungus 2:573–621</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Zygomycetes%20and%20their%20spores&journal=Whole%20Fungus&volume=2&pages=573-621&publication_year=1979&author=Benjamin%2CRK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Berbee ML, Taylor JW (2001) Fungal molecular evolution: gene trees and geologic time. Mycota 7B:229–245</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fungal%20molecular%20evolution%3A%20gene%20trees%20and%20geologic%20time&journal=Mycota&volume=7B&pages=229-245&publication_year=2001&author=Berbee%2CML&author=Taylor%2CJW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Berbee ML, James TY, Strullu-Derrien C (2017) Early diverging fungi: diversity and impact at the dawn of terrestrial life. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:41–60</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324" data-track-item_id="10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-micro-030117-020324" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020324">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28525299" aria-label="PubMed reference 10">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXotVKgtr8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 10">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Early%20diverging%20fungi%3A%20diversity%20and%20impact%20at%20the%20dawn%20of%20terrestrial%20life&journal=Annu%20Rev%20Microbiol&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-micro-030117-020324&volume=71&pages=41-60&publication_year=2017&author=Berbee%2CML&author=James%2CTY&author=Strullu-Derrien%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Berney C, Pawlowski J (2006) A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record. Proc R Soc Lond B 273:1867–1872</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1098/rspb.2006.3537" data-track-item_id="10.1098/rspb.2006.3537" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3537" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1098/rspb.2006.3537">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xps1Gjt78%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 11">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20molecular%20time-scale%20for%20eukaryote%20evolution%20recalibrated%20with%20the%20continuous%20microfossil%20record&journal=Proc%20R%20Soc%20Lond%20B&doi=10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3537&volume=273&pages=1867-1872&publication_year=2006&author=Berney%2CC&author=Pawlowski%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Bouckaert R, Drummond AJ (2017) bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison. BMC Evol Biol 17:42</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6" data-track-item_id="10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6" aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1186/s12862-017-0890-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28166715" aria-label="PubMed reference 12">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5294809" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 12">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=bModelTest%3A%20Bayesian%20phylogenetic%20site%20model%20averaging%20and%20model%20comparison&journal=BMC%20Evol%20Biol&doi=10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0890-6&volume=17&publication_year=2017&author=Bouckaert%2CR&author=Drummond%2CAJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Bouckaert R, Heled J, Kühnert D, Vaughan T, Wu C-H, Xie D et al (2014) BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 10:e1003537-6</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537" data-track-item_id="10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1003537" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsVGls77I" aria-label="CAS reference 13">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=BEAST%202%3A%20a%20software%20platform%20for%20Bayesian%20evolutionary%20analysis&journal=PLoS%20Comput%20Biol&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1003537&volume=10&publication_year=2014&author=Bouckaert%2CR&author=Heled%2CJ&author=K%C3%BChnert%2CD&author=Vaughan%2CT&author=Wu%2CC-H&author=Xie%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Branco S (2010) Serpentine soils promote ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. Mol Ecol 19:5566–5576</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04913.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04913.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2010.04913.x" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04913.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21062385" aria-label="PubMed reference 14">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Serpentine%20soils%20promote%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20diversity&journal=Mol%20Ecol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2010.04913.x&volume=19&pages=5566-5576&publication_year=2010&author=Branco%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD (2009) Phylogeny of the “forgotten” cellular slime mold, <i>Fonticula alba</i>, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta. Mol Biol Evol 126:2699–2709</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/molbev/msp185" data-track-item_id="10.1093/molbev/msp185" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp185" aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1093/molbev/msp185">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVajsL7O" aria-label="CAS reference 15">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogeny%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cforgotten%E2%80%9D%20cellular%20slime%20mold%2C%20Fonticula%20alba%2C%20reveals%20a%20key%20evolutionary%20branch%20within%20Opisthokonta&journal=Mol%20Biol%20Evol&doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp185&volume=126&pages=2699-2709&publication_year=2009&author=Brown%2CMW&author=Spiegel%2CFW&author=Silberman%2CJD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Cavalier-Smith T (2013) Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. Eur J Protistol 49:115–178</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2012.06.001" aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23085100" aria-label="PubMed reference 16">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Early%20evolution%20of%20eukaryote%20feeding%20modes%2C%20cell%20structural%20diversity%2C%20and%20classification%20of%20the%20protozoan%20phyla%20Loukozoa%2C%20Sulcozoa%2C%20and%20Choanozoa&journal=Eur%20J%20Protistol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2012.06.001&volume=49&pages=115-178&publication_year=2013&author=Cavalier-Smith%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Snell EA, Berney C, Fiore-Donno AM, Lewis R (2014) Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 81:71–85</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.08.012" aria-label="Article reference 17" data-doi="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25152275" aria-label="PubMed reference 17">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Multigene%20eukaryote%20phylogeny%20reveals%20the%20likely%20protozoan%20ancestors%20of%20opisthokonts%20%28animals%2C%20fungi%2C%20choanozoans%29%20and%20Amoebozoa&journal=Mol%20Phylogenet%20Evol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.08.012&volume=81&pages=71-85&publication_year=2014&author=Cavalier-Smith%2CT&author=Chao%2CEE&author=Snell%2CEA&author=Berney%2CC&author=Fiore-Donno%2CAM&author=Lewis%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Cavender-Bares J, Hozak KH, Fine PVA, Kembel SW (2009) The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecol Lett 12:693–715</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2009.01314.x" aria-label="Article reference 18" data-doi="10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19473217" aria-label="PubMed reference 18">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20merging%20of%20community%20ecology%20and%20phylogenetic%20biology&journal=Ecol%20Lett&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2009.01314.x&volume=12&pages=693-715&publication_year=2009&author=Cavender-Bares%2CJ&author=Hozak%2CKH&author=Fine%2CPVA&author=Kembel%2CSW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Chang Y, Wang S, Sekimoto S, Aerts AL, Choi C, Clum A, LaButti KM, Lindquist EA, Yee Ngan C, Ohm RA, Salamov AA, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Berbee ML (2015) Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants. Genome Biol Evol 7:1590–1601</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/gbe/evv090" data-track-item_id="10.1093/gbe/evv090" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv090" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.1093/gbe/evv090">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25977457" aria-label="PubMed reference 19">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494064" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 19">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhs1WhsrrN" aria-label="CAS reference 19">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogenomic%20analyses%20indicate%20that%20early%20fungi%20evolved%20digesting%20cell%20walls%20of%20algal%20ancestors%20of%20land%20plants&journal=Genome%20Biol%20Evol&doi=10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv090&volume=7&pages=1590-1601&publication_year=2015&author=Chang%2CY&author=Wang%2CS&author=Sekimoto%2CS&author=Aerts%2CAL&author=Choi%2CC&author=Clum%2CA&author=LaButti%2CKM&author=Lindquist%2CEA&author=Yee%20Ngan%2CC&author=Ohm%2CRA&author=Salamov%2CAA&author=Grigoriev%2CIV&author=Spatafora%2CJW&author=Berbee%2CML"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Müller K-D, Michel R (2014) Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 113:1909–1918</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4" aria-label="Article reference 20" data-doi="10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24652444" aria-label="PubMed reference 20">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Microsporidia-like%20parasites%20of%20amoebae%20belong%20to%20the%20early%20fungal%20lineage%20Rozellomycota&journal=Parasitol%20Res&doi=10.1007%2Fs00436-014-3838-4&volume=113&pages=1909-1918&publication_year=2014&author=Corsaro%2CD&author=Walochnik%2CJ&author=Venditti%2CD&author=Steinmann%2CJ&author=M%C3%BCller%2CK-D&author=Michel%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR151">Didier ES, Becknel JJ, Kent ML, Sanders JL, Weiss LM (2014) Microsporidia. The Mycota 7:A115–A140</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Microsporidia&journal=The%20Mycota&volume=7&pages=A115-A140&publication_year=2014&author=Didier%2CES&author=Becknel%2CJJ&author=Kent%2CML&author=Sanders%2CJL&author=Weiss%2CLM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Doweld AB (2001) Prosyllabus tracheophytorum: Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos, Moscow</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Prosyllabus%20tracheophytorum%3A%20Tentamen%20systematis%20plantarum%20vascularium%20%28Tracheophyta%29&publication_year=2001&author=Doweld%2CAB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Doweld AB (2013) Nomenclatural novelties. Rozellomycota. Index Fungorum 43:1</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nomenclatural%20novelties.%20Rozellomycota&journal=Index%20Fungorum&volume=43&publication_year=2013&author=Doweld%2CAB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Doweld AB (2014a) Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum 46:1</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nomenclatural%20novelties&journal=Index%20Fungorum&volume=46&publication_year=2014&author=Doweld%2CAB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Doweld AB (2014b) Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum 87:1</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 25" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nomenclatural%20novelties&journal=Index%20Fungorum&volume=87&publication_year=2014&author=Doweld%2CAB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Doweld AB (2014c) Synchytriales Doweld, <i>ord.nov.</i> Index Fungorum 92:1</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Edgar RC (2017) SINAPS: prediction of microbial traits from marker gene sequences. bioRxiv 2017:124156</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Floudas D, Binder M, Riley R, Barry K, Blanchette RA, Henrissat B et al (2012) The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal gemones. Science 336:1715–1719</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1221748" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.1221748" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1221748" aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1126/science.1221748">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22745431" aria-label="PubMed reference 28">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XptFWntb0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 28">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20paleozoic%20origin%20of%20enzymatic%20lignin%20decomposition%20reconstructed%20from%2031%20fungal%20gemones&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1221748&volume=336&pages=1715-1719&publication_year=2012&author=Floudas%2CD&author=Binder%2CM&author=Riley%2CR&author=Barry%2CK&author=Blanchette%2CRA&author=Henrissat%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Fouquier J, Rideout JR, Bolyen E, Chase J, Shiffer A, McDonald D, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Kelley ST (2016) ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses. Microbiome 4:11</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/s40168-016-0153-6" data-track-item_id="10.1186/s40168-016-0153-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s40168-016-0153-6" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1186/s40168-016-0153-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26905735" aria-label="PubMed reference 29">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765138" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 29">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=ghost-tree%3A%20creating%20hybrid-gene%20phylogenetic%20trees%20for%20diversity%20analyses&journal=Microbiome&doi=10.1186%2Fs40168-016-0153-6&volume=4&publication_year=2016&author=Fouquier%2CJ&author=Rideout%2CJR&author=Bolyen%2CE&author=Chase%2CJ&author=Shiffer%2CA&author=McDonald%2CD&author=Knight%2CR&author=Caporaso%2CJG&author=Kelley%2CST"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Gardes M, Bruns TD (1996) Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a <i>Pinus muricata</i> forest: above-and below-ground views. Can J Bot 74:1572–1583</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1139/b96-190" data-track-item_id="10.1139/b96-190" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb96-190" aria-label="Article reference 30" data-doi="10.1139/b96-190">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Community%20structure%20of%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungi%20in%20a%20Pinus%20muricata%20forest%3A%20above-and%20below-ground%20views&journal=Can%20J%20Bot&doi=10.1139%2Fb96-190&volume=74&pages=1572-1583&publication_year=1996&author=Gardes%2CM&author=Bruns%2CTD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Gaya E, Fernández-Brime S, Vargas R, Lachlan RF, Gueidan C, Ramírez-Mejía M, Lutzoni F (2015) The adaptive radiation of lichen-forming Teloschistaceae is associated with sunscreening pigments and a bark-to-rock substrate shift. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:11600–11605</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.1507072112" data-track-item_id="10.1073/pnas.1507072112" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1507072112" aria-label="Article reference 31" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1507072112">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26324894" aria-label="PubMed reference 31">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4577145" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 31">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVajtrjK" aria-label="CAS reference 31">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20adaptive%20radiation%20of%20lichen-forming%20Teloschistaceae%20is%20associated%20with%20sunscreening%20pigments%20and%20a%20bark-to-rock%20substrate%20shift&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1507072112&volume=112&pages=11600-11605&publication_year=2015&author=Gaya%2CE&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Brime%2CS&author=Vargas%2CR&author=Lachlan%2CRF&author=Gueidan%2CC&author=Ram%C3%ADrez-Mej%C3%ADa%2CM&author=Lutzoni%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Gromov BV (2000) Algal parasites of the genera <i>Aphelidium</i>, <i>Amoeboaphelidium</i> and <i>Pseudoaphelidium</i> from the Cienkovski’s “Monadea” group as representatives of a new class. Zool Zh 79:517–525 <b>(in Russian)</b> </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Algal%20parasites%20of%20the%20genera%20Aphelidium%2C%20Amoeboaphelidium%20and%20Pseudoaphelidium%20from%20the%20Cienkovski%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%9CMonadea%E2%80%9D%20group%20as%20representatives%20of%20a%20new%20class&journal=Zool%20Zh&volume=79&pages=517-525&publication_year=2000&author=Gromov%2CBV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME, Hodge K, Huang B, Voigt K, Vilgalys R (2013) Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota. Persoonia 30:94–105</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3767/003158513X666330" data-track-item_id="10.3767/003158513X666330" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3767%2F003158513X666330" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.3767/003158513X666330">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24027349" aria-label="PubMed reference 33">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734969" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 33">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3sbnsVeqsQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 33">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogenetic%20lineages%20in%20Entomophthoromycota&journal=Persoonia&doi=10.3767%2F003158513X666330&volume=30&pages=94-105&publication_year=2013&author=Gryganskyi%2CAP&author=Humber%2CRA&author=Smith%2CME&author=Hodge%2CK&author=Huang%2CB&author=Voigt%2CK&author=Vilgalys%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Gueidan C, Ruibal C, De Hoog GS, Schneider H (2011) Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic. Fung Biol 115:987–996</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.04.002" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Rock-inhabiting%20fungi%20originated%20during%20periods%20of%20dry%20climate%20in%20the%20late%20Devonian%20and%20middle%20Triassic&journal=Fung%20Biol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.04.002&volume=115&pages=987-996&publication_year=2011&author=Gueidan%2CC&author=Ruibal%2CC&author=Hoog%2CGS&author=Schneider%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Haag KL, James TY, Pombert JF, Larsson R, Schaer TM, Refardt D, Ebert D (2014) Evolution of a morphological novelty occurred before genome compaction in a lineage of extreme parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:15480–15485</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.1410442111" data-track-item_id="10.1073/pnas.1410442111" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1410442111" aria-label="Article reference 35" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1410442111">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25313038" aria-label="PubMed reference 35">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217409" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 35">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhslelsbrE" aria-label="CAS reference 35">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evolution%20of%20a%20morphological%20novelty%20occurred%20before%20genome%20compaction%20in%20a%20lineage%20of%20extreme%20parasites&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1410442111&volume=111&pages=15480-15485&publication_year=2014&author=Haag%2CKL&author=James%2CTY&author=Pombert%2CJF&author=Larsson%2CR&author=Schaer%2CTM&author=Refardt%2CD&author=Ebert%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics. Annu Rev Entomol 10:97–116</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525" data-track-item_id="10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.10.010165.000525" aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogenetic%20systematics&journal=Annu%20Rev%20Entomol&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.en.10.010165.000525&volume=10&pages=97-116&publication_year=1966&author=Hennig%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff J, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111:509–547</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004" aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17572334" aria-label="PubMed reference 37">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20higher-level%20phylogenetic%20classification%20of%20the%20Fungi&journal=Mycol%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004&volume=111&pages=509-547&publication_year=2007&author=Hibbett%2CDS&author=Binder%2CM&author=Bischoff%2CJ&author=Blackwell%2CM&author=Cannon%2CPF&author=Eriksson%2COE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Hirose D, Degawa Y, Inaba S, Tokumasu S (2012) The anamorphic genus <i>Calcarisporiella</i> is a new member of the Mucoromycotina. Mycoscience 53:256–260</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/S10267-011-0160-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/S10267-011-0160-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/S10267-011-0160-1" aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1007/S10267-011-0160-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20anamorphic%20genus%20Calcarisporiella%20is%20a%20new%20member%20of%20the%20Mucoromycotina&journal=Mycoscience&doi=10.1007%2FS10267-011-0160-1&volume=53&pages=256-260&publication_year=2012&author=Hirose%2CD&author=Degawa%2CY&author=Inaba%2CS&author=Tokumasu%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Hoffmann K, Voigt K, Kirk PM (2011) Mortierellomycotina <i>subphyl. nov</i>., based on multi-gene genealogies. Mycotaxon 115:353–363</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5248/115.353" data-track-item_id="10.5248/115.353" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5248%2F115.353" aria-label="Article reference 39" data-doi="10.5248/115.353">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mortierellomycotina%20subphyl.%20nov.%2C%20based%20on%20multi-gene%20genealogies&journal=Mycotaxon&doi=10.5248%2F115.353&volume=115&pages=353-363&publication_year=2011&author=Hoffmann%2CK&author=Voigt%2CK&author=Kirk%2CPM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Hongsanan S, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hyde KD, Samarakoon MC, Jeewon R, Zhao Q, Al-Sadi AM, Bahkali AH (2017) An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fung Divers 84:25–41</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2" aria-label="Article reference 40" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20updated%20phylogeny%20of%20Sordariomycetes%20based%20on%20phylogenetic%20and%20molecular%20clock%20evidence&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-017-0384-2&volume=84&pages=25-41&publication_year=2017&author=Hongsanan%2CS&author=Maharachchikumbura%2CSS&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Samarakoon%2CMC&author=Jeewon%2CR&author=Zhao%2CQ&author=Al-Sadi%2CAM&author=Bahkali%2CAH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Humber RA (2012) Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon 120:477–492</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5248/120.477" data-track-item_id="10.5248/120.477" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5248%2F120.477" aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.5248/120.477">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Entomophthoromycota%3A%20a%20new%20phylum%20and%20reclassification%20for%20entomophthoroid%20fungi&journal=Mycotaxon&doi=10.5248%2F120.477&volume=120&pages=477-492&publication_year=2012&author=Humber%2CRA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SS, Hongsanan S, Samarakoon MC, Lücking R, Pem D, Harishchandra D, Jeewon R, Zhao RL, Xu JC, Liu JK (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fung Divers 84:1–23</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3" aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20ranking%20of%20fungi%3A%20a%20tribute%20to%20David%20L.%20Hawksworth%20on%20his%2070th%20birthday&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-017-0383-3&volume=84&pages=1-23&publication_year=2017&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Maharachchikumbura%2CSS&author=Hongsanan%2CS&author=Samarakoon%2CMC&author=L%C3%BCcking%2CR&author=Pem%2CD&author=Harishchandra%2CD&author=Jeewon%2CR&author=Zhao%2CRL&author=Xu%2CJC&author=Liu%2CJK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">James TY, Berbee ML (2012) No jacket required—new fungal lineage defies dress code. BioEssays 34:94–102</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/bies.201100110" data-track-item_id="10.1002/bies.201100110" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.201100110" aria-label="Article reference 43" data-doi="10.1002/bies.201100110">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22131166" aria-label="PubMed reference 43">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltVansA%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 43">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=No%20jacket%20required%E2%80%94new%20fungal%20lineage%20defies%20dress%20code&journal=BioEssays&doi=10.1002%2Fbies.201100110&volume=34&pages=94-102&publication_year=2012&author=James%2CTY&author=Berbee%2CML"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL (2006a) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/nature05110" data-track-item_id="10.1038/nature05110" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05110" aria-label="Article reference 44" data-doi="10.1038/nature05110">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17051209" aria-label="PubMed reference 44">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVyktbjN" aria-label="CAS reference 44">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reconstructing%20the%20early%20evolution%20of%20fungi%20using%20a%20six-gene%20phylogeny&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fnature05110&volume=443&pages=818-822&publication_year=2006&author=James%2CTY&author=Kauff%2CF&author=Schoch%2CCL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">James TY, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Powell MJ, Griffith GW, Vilgalys R (2006b) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota). Mycologia 98:860–871</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832616" data-track-item_id="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832616" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832616" aria-label="Article reference 45" data-doi="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832616">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17486963" aria-label="PubMed reference 45">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20flagellated%20fungi%20%28Chytridiomycota%29%20and%20description%20of%20a%20new%20phylum%20%28Blastocladiomycota%29&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832616&volume=98&pages=860-871&publication_year=2006&author=James%2CTY&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Longcore%2CJE&author=Mozley-Standridge%2CSE&author=Porter%2CD&author=Powell%2CMJ&author=Griffith%2CGW&author=Vilgalys%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, Cai L, Dai YC, Abd-Elsalam KA, Ertz D, Hidayat I, Jeewon R (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fung Divers 74:3–18</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8" aria-label="Article reference 46" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Faces%20of%20Fungi%20database%3A%20fungal%20names%20linked%20with%20morphology%2C%20phylogeny%20and%20human%20impacts&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-015-0351-8&volume=74&pages=3-18&publication_year=2015&author=Jayasiri%2CSC&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Ariyawansa%2CHA&author=Bhat%2CJ&author=Buyck%2CB&author=Cai%2CL&author=Dai%2CYC&author=Abd-Elsalam%2CKA&author=Ertz%2CD&author=Hidayat%2CI&author=Jeewon%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Jeewon R, Hyde KD (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere 7:1669–1677</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4" data-track-item_id="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F4" aria-label="Article reference 47" data-doi="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Establishing%20species%20boundaries%20and%20new%20taxa%20among%20fungi%3A%20recommendations%20to%20resolve%20taxonomic%20ambiguities&journal=Mycosphere&doi=10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F4&volume=7&pages=1669-1677&publication_year=2016&author=Jeewon%2CR&author=Hyde%2CKD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Jiang X, Yu H, Xiang M, Liu X, Liu X (2011) <i>Echinochlamydosporium variabile</i>, a new genus and species of Zygomycota from soil nematodes. Fung Divers 46:43–51</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-010-0076-7" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-010-0076-7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-010-0076-7" aria-label="Article reference 48" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-010-0076-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Echinochlamydosporium%20variabile%2C%20a%20new%20genus%20and%20species%20of%20Zygomycota%20from%20soil%20nematodes&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-010-0076-7&volume=46&pages=43-51&publication_year=2011&author=Jiang%2CX&author=Yu%2CH&author=Xiang%2CM&author=Liu%2CX&author=Liu%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Jones MD, Richards TA, Hawksworth DL, Bass D (2011a) Validation and justification of the phylum name Cryptomycota <i>phyl. nov</i>. IMA fungus 2:173–175</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.08" data-track-item_id="10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.08" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5598%2Fimafungus.2011.02.02.08" aria-label="Article reference 49" data-doi="10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.08">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22679602" aria-label="PubMed reference 49">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359815" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 49">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Validation%20and%20justification%20of%20the%20phylum%20name%20Cryptomycota%20phyl.%20nov&journal=IMA%20fungus&doi=10.5598%2Fimafungus.2011.02.02.08&volume=2&pages=173-175&publication_year=2011&author=Jones%2CMD&author=Richards%2CTA&author=Hawksworth%2CDL&author=Bass%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Jones MDM, Forn I, Gadelha C, Egan MJ, Bass D, Massana R, Richards TA (2011b) Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life. Nature 474:200–203</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/nature09984" data-track-item_id="10.1038/nature09984" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09984" aria-label="Article reference 50" data-doi="10.1038/nature09984">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21562490" aria-label="PubMed reference 50">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmsFyqsr8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 50">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Discovery%20of%20novel%20intermediate%20forms%20redefines%20the%20fungal%20tree%20of%20life&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fnature09984&volume=474&pages=200-203&publication_year=2011&author=Jones%2CMDM&author=Forn%2CI&author=Gadelha%2CC&author=Egan%2CMJ&author=Bass%2CD&author=Massana%2CR&author=Richards%2CTA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Karpov SA, Mikhailov KV, Mirzaeva GS, Mirabdullaev IM, Mamkaeva KA, Titova NN, Aleoshin VV (2013) Obligately phagotrophic aphelids turned out to branch with the earliest-diverging fungi. Protist 164:195–205</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.protis.2012.08.001" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.protis.2012.08.001" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2012.08.001" aria-label="Article reference 51" data-doi="10.1016/j.protis.2012.08.001">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23058793" aria-label="PubMed reference 51">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 51" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Obligately%20phagotrophic%20aphelids%20turned%20out%20to%20branch%20with%20the%20earliest-diverging%20fungi&journal=Protist&doi=10.1016%2Fj.protis.2012.08.001&volume=164&pages=195-205&publication_year=2013&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Mikhailov%2CKV&author=Mirzaeva%2CGS&author=Mirabdullaev%2CIM&author=Mamkaeva%2CKA&author=Titova%2CNN&author=Aleoshin%2CVV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Karpov SA, Kobseva AA, Mamkaeva MA, Mamkaeva KA, Mikhailov KV, Mirzaeva GS, Aleoshin VV (2014a) <i>Gromochytrium mamkaevae</i> gen. & sp. nov. and two new orders: Gromochytriales and Mesochytriales (Chytridiomycetes). Persoonia 32:115</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3767/003158514X680234" data-track-item_id="10.3767/003158514X680234" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3767%2F003158514X680234" aria-label="Article reference 52" data-doi="10.3767/003158514X680234">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25264386" aria-label="PubMed reference 52">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150072" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 52">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BC2M7lsFGisg%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 52">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gromochytrium%20mamkaevae%20gen.%20%26%20sp.%20nov.%20and%20two%20new%20orders%3A%20Gromochytriales%20and%20Mesochytriales%20%28Chytridiomycetes%29&journal=Persoonia&doi=10.3767%2F003158514X680234&volume=32&publication_year=2014&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Kobseva%2CAA&author=Mamkaeva%2CMA&author=Mamkaeva%2CKA&author=Mikhailov%2CKV&author=Mirzaeva%2CGS&author=Aleoshin%2CVV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014b) Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol 5:112</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112" data-track-item_id="10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00112" aria-label="Article reference 53" data-doi="10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24734027" aria-label="PubMed reference 53">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975115" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 53">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Morphology%2C%20phylogeny%2C%20and%20ecology%20of%20the%20aphelids%20%28Aphelidea%2C%20Opisthokonta%29%20and%20proposal%20for%20the%20new%20superphylum%20Opisthosporidia&journal=Front%20Microbiol&doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00112&volume=5&publication_year=2014&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Mamkaeva%2CMA&author=Aleoshin%2CVV&author=Nassonova%2CE&author=Lilje%2CO&author=Gleason%2CFH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Karpov SA, Mamanazarova KS, Popova OV, Aleoshin VV, James TY, Mamkaeva MA, Tcvetkova VS, Vishnyakov AE, Longcore JE (2017a) Monoblepharidomycetes diversity includes new parasitic and saprotrophic species with highly intronized rDNA. Fung Biol 121:729–741</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2017.05.002" aria-label="Article reference 54" data-doi="10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.002">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXosl2qsbw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 54">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Monoblepharidomycetes%20diversity%20includes%20new%20parasitic%20and%20saprotrophic%20species%20with%20highly%20intronized%20rDNA&journal=Fung%20Biol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2017.05.002&volume=121&pages=729-741&publication_year=2017&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Mamanazarova%2CKS&author=Popova%2COV&author=Aleoshin%2CVV&author=James%2CTY&author=Mamkaeva%2CMA&author=Tcvetkova%2CVS&author=Vishnyakov%2CAE&author=Longcore%2CJE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Karpov SA, Torruella G, Moreira D, Mamkaeva MA, López-García P (2017b) Molecular phylogeny of <i>Paraphelidium letcheri</i> sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia). J Euk Microbiol 5:573–578</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/jeu.12389" data-track-item_id="10.1111/jeu.12389" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12389" aria-label="Article reference 55" data-doi="10.1111/jeu.12389">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhsFSmsr3O" aria-label="CAS reference 55">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20Paraphelidium%20letcheri%20sp.%20nov.%20%28Aphelida%2C%20Opisthosporidia%29&journal=J%20Euk%20Microbiol&doi=10.1111%2Fjeu.12389&volume=5&pages=573-578&publication_year=2017&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Torruella%2CG&author=Moreira%2CD&author=Mamkaeva%2CMA&author=L%C3%B3pez-Garc%C3%ADa%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Keeling PJ, Fast NM, Corradi N (2014) Microsporidian genome structure and function. In: Weiss Lm, Becnel JJ (eds) Microsporidia: pathogens of opportunity. Wiley, New York, pp 221–229</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Microsporidian%20genome%20structure%20and%20function&pages=221-229&publication_year=2014&author=Keeling%2CPJ&author=Fast%2CNM&author=Corradi%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, Blomberg SP, Webb CO (2010) Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26:1463–1464</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166" data-track-item_id="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtq166" aria-label="Article reference 57" data-doi="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20395285" aria-label="PubMed reference 57">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmsVGnsbw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 57">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Picante%3A%20R%20tools%20for%20integrating%20phylogenies%20and%20ecology&journal=Bioinformatics&doi=10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtq166&volume=26&pages=1463-1464&publication_year=2010&author=Kembel%2CSW&author=Cowan%2CPD&author=Helmus%2CMR&author=Cornwell%2CWK&author=Morlon%2CH&author=Ackerly%2CDD&author=Blomberg%2CSP&author=Webb%2CCO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Kõljalg U, Larsson K-H, Abarenkov K, Nilsson RH, Alexander IJ, Eberhardt U, Erland S, Høiland K, Kjøller R, Larsson E, Pennanen T, Sen R, Taylor AFS, Tedersoo L, Vrålstad T, Ursing BM (2005) UNITE: a database providing web-based methods for the molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 166:1063–1068</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01376.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01376.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2005.01376.x" aria-label="Article reference 58" data-doi="10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01376.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15869663" aria-label="PubMed reference 58">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsFSltLc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 58">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=UNITE%3A%20a%20database%20providing%20web-based%20methods%20for%20the%20molecular%20identification%20of%20ectomycorrhizal%20fungi&journal=New%20Phytol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2005.01376.x&volume=166&pages=1063-1068&publication_year=2005&author=K%C3%B5ljalg%2CU&author=Larsson%2CK-H&author=Abarenkov%2CK&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=Alexander%2CIJ&author=Eberhardt%2CU&author=Erland%2CS&author=H%C3%B8iland%2CK&author=Kj%C3%B8ller%2CR&author=Larsson%2CE&author=Pennanen%2CT&author=Sen%2CR&author=Taylor%2CAFS&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Vr%C3%A5lstad%2CT&author=Ursing%2CBM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Kõljalg U, Nilsson RH, Abarenkov K, Tedersoo L, Taylor AFS, Bahram M et al (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. Mol Ecol 22:5271–5277</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/mec.12481" data-track-item_id="10.1111/mec.12481" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.12481" aria-label="Article reference 59" data-doi="10.1111/mec.12481">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24112409" aria-label="PubMed reference 59">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1Ors7jN" aria-label="CAS reference 59">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Towards%20a%20unified%20paradigm%20for%20sequence-based%20identification%20of%20Fungi&journal=Mol%20Ecol&doi=10.1111%2Fmec.12481&volume=22&pages=5271-5277&publication_year=2013&author=K%C3%B5ljalg%2CU&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=Abarenkov%2CK&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Taylor%2CAFS&author=Bahram%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">Kõljalg U, Tedersoo L, Nilsson RH, Abarenkov K (2016) Digital identifiers for fungal species. Science 352:1182–1183</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.aaf7115" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.aaf7115" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7115" aria-label="Article reference 60" data-doi="10.1126/science.aaf7115">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27257249" aria-label="PubMed reference 60">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 60" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Digital%20identifiers%20for%20fungal%20species&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7115&volume=352&pages=1182-1183&publication_year=2016&author=K%C3%B5ljalg%2CU&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=Abarenkov%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Lazarus KL, James TY (2015) Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach. Fung Ecol 14:62–70</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2014.11.004" aria-label="Article reference 61" data-doi="10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 61" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Surveying%20the%20biodiversity%20of%20the%20Cryptomycota%20using%20a%20targeted%20PCR%20approach&journal=Fung%20Ecol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2014.11.004&volume=14&pages=62-70&publication_year=2015&author=Lazarus%2CKL&author=James%2CTY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Churchill PF, Chambers JG (2006) Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic delineation of a new order, the Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota). Mycol Res 110:898–915</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.011" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.011" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2006.06.011" aria-label="Article reference 62" data-doi="10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.011">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16919432" aria-label="PubMed reference 62">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1SgtbnK" aria-label="CAS reference 62">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 62" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ultrastructural%20and%20molecular%20phylogenetic%20delineation%20of%20a%20new%20order%2C%20the%20Rhizophydiales%20%28Chytridiomycota%29&journal=Mycol%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2006.06.011&volume=110&pages=898-915&publication_year=2006&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Powell%2CMJ&author=Churchill%2CPF&author=Chambers%2CJG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Letcher PM, Lopez S, Schmieder R, Lee PA, Behnke C, Powell MJ, McBride RC (2013) Characterization of Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum, an algal parasite new to the Cryptomycota isolated from an outdoor algal pond used for the production of biofuel. PLoS ONE 8:e56232</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pone.0056232" data-track-item_id="10.1371/journal.pone.0056232" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056232" aria-label="Article reference 63" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0056232">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23437098" aria-label="PubMed reference 63">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577820" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 63">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsF2jtLg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 63">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 63" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Characterization%20of%20Amoeboaphelidium%20protococcarum%2C%20an%20algal%20parasite%20new%20to%20the%20Cryptomycota%20isolated%20from%20an%20outdoor%20algal%20pond%20used%20for%20the%20production%20of%20biofuel&journal=PLoS%20ONE&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056232&volume=8&publication_year=2013&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Lopez%2CS&author=Schmieder%2CR&author=Lee%2CPA&author=Behnke%2CC&author=Powell%2CMJ&author=McBride%2CRC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Quandt CA, da Silva Leite D, James TY, Powell MJ (2017) Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of <i>Rozella rhizoclosmatii</i>, a new species in Cryptomycota. Fung Biol 121:1–10</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2016.08.008" aria-label="Article reference 64" data-doi="10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsV2js7%2FE" aria-label="CAS reference 64">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 64" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Morphological%2C%20molecular%2C%20and%20ultrastructural%20characterization%20of%20Rozella%20rhizoclosmatii%2C%20a%20new%20species%20in%20Cryptomycota&journal=Fung%20Biol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2016.08.008&volume=121&pages=1-10&publication_year=2017&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Longcore%2CJE&author=Quandt%2CCA&author=Silva%2CLeite%20D&author=James%2CTY&author=Powell%2CMJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65">Liu NG, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Zhao RL, Phillips AJL, Jayawardena RS, Thambugala KM, Dissanayake AJ, Wijayawardene NN, Liu JK, Liu ZY, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Jumpathong J (2016) Perspectives into the value of genera, families and orders in classification. Mycosphere 7:1649–1668</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/3" data-track-item_id="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F3" aria-label="Article reference 65" data-doi="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 65" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Perspectives%20into%20the%20value%20of%20genera%2C%20families%20and%20orders%20in%20classification&journal=Mycosphere&doi=10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F3&volume=7&pages=1649-1668&publication_year=2016&author=Liu%2CNG&author=Ariyawansa%2CHA&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Maharachchikumbura%2CSSN&author=Zhao%2CRL&author=Phillips%2CAJL&author=Jayawardena%2CRS&author=Thambugala%2CKM&author=Dissanayake%2CAJ&author=Wijayawardene%2CNN&author=Liu%2CJK&author=Liu%2CZY&author=Jeewon%2CR&author=Jones%2CEBG&author=Jumpathong%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Longcore JE, Simmons DR (2012) The Polychytriales <i>ord. nov</i>. contains chitinophilic members of the rhizophlyctoid alliance. Mycologia 104:276–294</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3852/11-193" data-track-item_id="10.3852/11-193" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F11-193" aria-label="Article reference 66" data-doi="10.3852/11-193">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21914825" aria-label="PubMed reference 66">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 66" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Polychytriales%20ord.%20nov.%20contains%20chitinophilic%20members%20of%20the%20rhizophlyctoid%20alliance&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.3852%2F11-193&volume=104&pages=276-294&publication_year=2012&author=Longcore%2CJE&author=Simmons%2CDR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR153">López-Escardó D, López-García P, Moreira D, Ruiz-Trillo I, Torruella G (2018) <i>Parvularia atlantis gen. et sp. nov.</i>, a nucleariid filose amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta). J Euk Microbiol. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12450" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/jeu.12450">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12450</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Kelley ST, Knight R (2007) Quantitaive and qualitative β diveristy measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 73:1576–1585</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1128/AEM.01996-06" data-track-item_id="10.1128/AEM.01996-06" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.01996-06" aria-label="Article reference 68" data-doi="10.1128/AEM.01996-06">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjsVSktr0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 68">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 68" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quantitaive%20and%20qualitative%20%CE%B2%20diveristy%20measures%20lead%20to%20different%20insights%20into%20factors%20that%20structure%20microbial%20communities&journal=Environ%20Microbiol&doi=10.1128%2FAEM.01996-06&volume=73&pages=1576-1585&publication_year=2007&author=Lozupone%2CCA&author=Hamady%2CM&author=Kelley%2CST&author=Knight%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Lücking R, Huhndorf S, Pfister DH, Plata ER, Lumbsch HT (2009) Fungi evolved right on track. Mycologia 101:810–822</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3852/09-016" data-track-item_id="10.3852/09-016" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F09-016" aria-label="Article reference 69" data-doi="10.3852/09-016">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19927746" aria-label="PubMed reference 69">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 69" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fungi%20evolved%20right%20on%20track&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.3852%2F09-016&volume=101&pages=810-822&publication_year=2009&author=L%C3%BCcking%2CR&author=Huhndorf%2CS&author=Pfister%2CDH&author=Plata%2CER&author=Lumbsch%2CHT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Maestre FT, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Jeffries TC, Eldridge DJ, Ochoa V, Gozalo B, Singh BK (2015) Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:15684–15689</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26647180" aria-label="PubMed reference 70">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697385" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 70">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvFKqsb%2FE" aria-label="CAS reference 70">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 70" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Increasing%20aridity%20reduces%20soil%20microbial%20diversity%20and%20abundance%20in%20global%20drylands&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&volume=112&pages=15684-15689&publication_year=2015&author=Maestre%2CFT&author=Delgado-Baquerizo%2CM&author=Jeffries%2CTC&author=Eldridge%2CDJ&author=Ochoa%2CV&author=Gozalo%2CB&author=Singh%2CBK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR160">Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2007) Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316:1746–1748</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1143082" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.1143082" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1143082" aria-label="Article reference 71" data-doi="10.1126/science.1143082">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17588930" aria-label="PubMed reference 71">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXms1Wgsb4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 71">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 71" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Influence%20of%20phylogeny%20on%20fungal%20community%20assembly%20and%20ecosystem%20functioning&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1143082&volume=316&pages=1746-1748&publication_year=2007&author=Maherali%2CH&author=Klironomos%2CJN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70">McCarthy CG, Fitzpatrick DA (2017) Multiple approaches to phylogenomic reconstruction of the fungal kingdom. Adv Genet 100:211–266</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29153401" aria-label="PubMed reference 72">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 72" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Multiple%20approaches%20to%20phylogenomic%20reconstruction%20of%20the%20fungal%20kingdom&journal=Adv%20Genet&volume=100&pages=211-266&publication_year=2017&author=McCarthy%2CCG&author=Fitzpatrick%2CDA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR72">McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW (eds) (2014) The Mycota 7. Systematics and Evolution part A. Springer, Heidelberg</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 73" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Mycota%207.%20Systematics%20and%20Evolution%20part%20A&publication_year=2014"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR161">Monchy S, Sanciu G, Jobard M, Rasconi S, Gerphagnon M, Chabe M, Cian A, Meloni D, Niquil N, Christaki U, Viscogliosi E, Sime-Ngando T (2011) Exploring and quantifying fungal diversity in freshwater lake ecosystems using rDNA cloning/sequencing and SSU tag pyrosequencing. Environ Microbiol 13:1433–1453</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02444.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02444.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2011.02444.x" aria-label="Article reference 74" data-doi="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02444.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21635672" aria-label="PubMed reference 74">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 74" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Exploring%20and%20quantifying%20fungal%20diversity%20in%20freshwater%20lake%20ecosystems%20using%20rDNA%20cloning%2Fsequencing%20and%20SSU%20tag%20pyrosequencing&journal=Environ%20Microbiol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2011.02444.x&volume=13&pages=1433-1453&publication_year=2011&author=Monchy%2CS&author=Sanciu%2CG&author=Jobard%2CM&author=Rasconi%2CS&author=Gerphagnon%2CM&author=Chabe%2CM&author=Cian%2CA&author=Meloni%2CD&author=Niquil%2CN&author=Christaki%2CU&author=Viscogliosi%2CE&author=Sime-Ngando%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR73">Mozley-Standridge SE, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Porter D, Simmons DR (2009) Cladochytriales—a new order in Chytridiomycota. Mycol Res 113:498–507</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2008.12.004" aria-label="Article reference 75" data-doi="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19422076" aria-label="PubMed reference 75">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFOjtLk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 75">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 75" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cladochytriales%E2%80%94a%20new%20order%20in%20Chytridiomycota&journal=Mycol%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2008.12.004&volume=113&pages=498-507&publication_year=2009&author=Mozley-Standridge%2CSE&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Longcore%2CJE&author=Porter%2CD&author=Simmons%2CDR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR74">Nagahama T, Takahashi E, Nagano Y, Abdel-Wahab MA, Miyazaki M (2011) Molecular evidence that deep-branching fungi are major fungal components in deep-sea methane cold-seep sediments. Environ Microbiol 13:2359–2370</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02507.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02507.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2011.02507.x" aria-label="Article reference 76" data-doi="10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02507.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21605311" aria-label="PubMed reference 76">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtF2iurfO" aria-label="CAS reference 76">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 76" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Molecular%20evidence%20that%20deep-branching%20fungi%20are%20major%20fungal%20components%20in%20deep-sea%20methane%20cold-seep%20sediments&journal=Environ%20Microbiol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2011.02507.x&volume=13&pages=2359-2370&publication_year=2011&author=Nagahama%2CT&author=Takahashi%2CE&author=Nagano%2CY&author=Abdel-Wahab%2CMA&author=Miyazaki%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR75">Nguyen NH, Song Z, Bates ST, Branco S, Tedersoo L, Menke J, Schilling JS, Kennedy PG (2016) FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community data sets by ecological guild. Fung Ecol 20:241–248</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2015.06.006" aria-label="Article reference 77" data-doi="10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 77" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=FUNGuild%3A%20an%20open%20annotation%20tool%20for%20parsing%20fungal%20community%20data%20sets%20by%20ecological%20guild&journal=Fung%20Ecol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2015.06.006&volume=20&pages=241-248&publication_year=2016&author=Nguyen%2CNH&author=Song%2CZ&author=Bates%2CST&author=Branco%2CS&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Menke%2CJ&author=Schilling%2CJS&author=Kennedy%2CPG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR76">Nilsson RH, Hyde KD, Pawłowska J, Ryberg M, Tedersoo L, Aas AB (2014) Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi. Fung Divers 67:11–19</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-014-0291-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-014-0291-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-014-0291-8" aria-label="Article reference 78" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-014-0291-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 78" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Improving%20ITS%20sequence%20data%20for%20identification%20of%20plant%20pathogenic%20fungi&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-014-0291-8&volume=67&pages=11-19&publication_year=2014&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Paw%C5%82owska%2CJ&author=Ryberg%2CM&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Aas%2CAB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR77">Oehl F, Alves a Silva G, Goto BT, Costa Maia L, Sieverding E (2011) Glomeromycota: two new classes and a new order. Mycotaxon 116:365–379</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5248/116.365" data-track-item_id="10.5248/116.365" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5248%2F116.365" aria-label="Article reference 79" data-doi="10.5248/116.365">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 79" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Glomeromycota%3A%20two%20new%20classes%20and%20a%20new%20order&journal=Mycotaxon&doi=10.5248%2F116.365&volume=116&pages=365-379&publication_year=2011&author=Oehl%2CF&author=Alves%20a%20Silva%2CG&author=Goto%2CBT&author=Costa%20Maia%2CL&author=Sieverding%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR78">Ogawa Y, Hayashi S, Degawa Y, Yaguchi Y (2001) <i>Ramicandelaber,</i> a new genus of the Kickxellales, Zygomycetes. Mycoscience 42:193–199</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/BF02464137" data-track-item_id="10.1007/BF02464137" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02464137" aria-label="Article reference 80" data-doi="10.1007/BF02464137">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 80" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ramicandelaber%2C%20a%20new%20genus%20of%20the%20Kickxellales%2C%20Zygomycetes&journal=Mycoscience&doi=10.1007%2FBF02464137&volume=42&pages=193-199&publication_year=2001&author=Ogawa%2CY&author=Hayashi%2CS&author=Degawa%2CY&author=Yaguchi%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR162">Orchard S, Standish RJ, Dickie IA, Renton M, Walker C, Moot D, Ryan MH (2017) Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina. Mycorrhiza 27:619–638</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z" aria-label="Article reference 81" data-doi="10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28593464" aria-label="PubMed reference 81">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 81" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fine%20root%20endophytes%20under%20scrutiny%3A%20a%20review%20of%20the%20literature%20on%20arbuscule-producing%20fungi%20recently%20suggested%20to%20belong%20to%20the%20Mucoromycotina&journal=Mycorrhiza&doi=10.1007%2Fs00572-017-0782-z&volume=27&pages=619-638&publication_year=2017&author=Orchard%2CS&author=Standish%2CRJ&author=Dickie%2CIA&author=Renton%2CM&author=Walker%2CC&author=Moot%2CD&author=Ryan%2CMH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR79">Page FC (1987) The classification of ‘naked’amoebae (Phylum Rhizopoda). Arch Protistenk 133:199–217</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80053-2" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80053-2" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-9365%2887%2980053-2" aria-label="Article reference 82" data-doi="10.1016/S0003-9365(87)80053-2">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 82" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20classification%20of%20%E2%80%98naked%E2%80%99amoebae%20%28Phylum%20Rhizopoda%29&journal=Arch%20Protistenk&doi=10.1016%2FS0003-9365%2887%2980053-2&volume=133&pages=199-217&publication_year=1987&author=Page%2CFC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR80">Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K (2004) APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289–290</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412" data-track-item_id="10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtg412" aria-label="Article reference 83" data-doi="10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14734327" aria-label="PubMed reference 83">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXms1eitg%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 83">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 83" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=APE%3A%20analyses%20of%20phylogenetics%20and%20evolution%20in%20R%20language&journal=Bioinformatics&doi=10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtg412&volume=20&pages=289-290&publication_year=2004&author=Paradis%2CE&author=Claude%2CJ&author=Strimmer%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR152">Parfrey LW, Lahr DJG, Knoll AH, Katz LA (2011) Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:13624–13629</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.1110633108" data-track-item_id="10.1073/pnas.1110633108" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1110633108" aria-label="Article reference 84" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1110633108">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21810989" aria-label="PubMed reference 84">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158185" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 84">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtV2ms7jP" aria-label="CAS reference 84">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 84" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Estimating%20the%20timing%20of%20early%20eukaryotic%20diversification%20with%20multigene%20molecular%20clocks&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1110633108&volume=108&pages=13624-13629&publication_year=2011&author=Parfrey%2CLW&author=Lahr%2CDJG&author=Knoll%2CAH&author=Katz%2CLA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR81">Perez-Ortega S, Garrido-Benavent I, Grube M, Olmo R, de los Ríos A (2016) Hidden diversity of marine borderline lichens and a new order of fungi: Collemopsidiales (Dothideomyceta). Fung Divers 80:285–300</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1" aria-label="Article reference 85" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 85" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hidden%20diversity%20of%20marine%20borderline%20lichens%20and%20a%20new%20order%20of%20fungi%3A%20Collemopsidiales%20%28Dothideomyceta%29&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-016-0361-1&volume=80&pages=285-300&publication_year=2016&author=Perez-Ortega%2CS&author=Garrido-Benavent%2CI&author=Grube%2CM&author=Olmo%2CR&author=de%20los%20R%C3%ADos%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR82">Peršoh D (2015) Plant-associated fungal communities in the light of meta’omics. Fung Divers 75:1–25</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-015-0334-9" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-015-0334-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-015-0334-9" aria-label="Article reference 86" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-015-0334-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 86" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Plant-associated%20fungal%20communities%20in%20the%20light%20of%20meta%E2%80%99omics&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-015-0334-9&volume=75&pages=1-25&publication_year=2015&author=Per%C5%A1oh%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR83">Porter TM, Martin W, James TY, Longcore JE, Gleason FH, Adler PH, Letcher PM, Vilgalys R (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fung Biol 115:381–392</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.02.004" aria-label="Article reference 87" data-doi="10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlsFWksrw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 87">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 87" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Blastocladiomycota%20%28Fungi%29%20based%20on%20nuclear%20ribosomal%20DNA&journal=Fung%20Biol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funbio.2011.02.004&volume=115&pages=381-392&publication_year=2011&author=Porter%2CTM&author=Martin%2CW&author=James%2CTY&author=Longcore%2CJE&author=Gleason%2CFH&author=Adler%2CPH&author=Letcher%2CPM&author=Vilgalys%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR84">Powell MJ, Letcher PM (2014) Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Mycota 9a:141–176</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 88" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chytridiomycota%2C%20Monoblepharidomycota%20and%20Neocallimastigomycota&journal=Mycota&volume=9a&pages=141-176&publication_year=2014&author=Powell%2CMJ&author=Letcher%2CPM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR85">Qian H, Jin Y (2016) An updated megaphylogeny of plants, a tool for generating plant phylogenies and an analysis of phylogenetic community structure. J Plant Ecol 9:233–239</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/jpe/rtv047" data-track-item_id="10.1093/jpe/rtv047" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjpe%2Frtv047" aria-label="Article reference 89" data-doi="10.1093/jpe/rtv047">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 89" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20updated%20megaphylogeny%20of%20plants%2C%20a%20tool%20for%20generating%20plant%20phylogenies%20and%20an%20analysis%20of%20phylogenetic%20community%20structure&journal=J%20Plant%20Ecol&doi=10.1093%2Fjpe%2Frtv047&volume=9&pages=233-239&publication_year=2016&author=Qian%2CH&author=Jin%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR104">R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. <a href="http://www.R-project.org/" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.R-project.org/">http://www.R-project.org/</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR86">Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Xie D, Drummond AJ (2014) Tracer v1.6. <a href="http://beast.community/tracer" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://beast.community/tracer">http://beast.community/tracer</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR87">Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE (2000) Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920–1921</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.289.5486.1920" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.289.5486.1920" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5486.1920" aria-label="Article reference 92" data-doi="10.1126/science.289.5486.1920">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10988069" aria-label="PubMed reference 92">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXms1alsrk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 92">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 92" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Glomalean%20fungi%20from%20the%20Ordovician&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.289.5486.1920&volume=289&pages=1920-1921&publication_year=2000&author=Redecker%2CD&author=Kodner%2CR&author=Graham%2CLE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR154">Rousk J, Baath E, Brokes PC, Lauber CL, Lozupone C, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Fierer N (2010) Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME J 4:1340–1351</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/ismej.2010.58" data-track-item_id="10.1038/ismej.2010.58" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2010.58" aria-label="Article reference 93" data-doi="10.1038/ismej.2010.58">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20445636" aria-label="PubMed reference 93">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 93" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Soil%20bacterial%20and%20fungal%20communities%20across%20a%20pH%20gradient%20in%20an%20arable%20soil&journal=ISME%20J&doi=10.1038%2Fismej.2010.58&volume=4&pages=1340-1351&publication_year=2010&author=Rousk%2CJ&author=Baath%2CE&author=Brokes%2CPC&author=Lauber%2CCL&author=Lozupone%2CC&author=Caporaso%2CJG&author=Knight%2CR&author=Fierer%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR88">Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0119248</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pone.0119248" data-track-item_id="10.1371/journal.pone.0119248" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248" aria-label="Article reference 94" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0119248">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25923521" aria-label="PubMed reference 94">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 94">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmvFGgsLg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 94">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 94" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20higher%20level%20classification%20of%20all%20living%20organisms&journal=PLoS%20ONE&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&volume=10&publication_year=2015&author=Ruggiero%2CMA&author=Gordon%2CDP&author=Orrell%2CTM&author=Bailly%2CN&author=Bourgoin%2CT&author=Brusca%2CRC&author=Cavalier-Smith%2CT&author=Guiry%2CMD&author=Kirk%2CPM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR89">Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Ariyawansa HA, Hongsanan S (2016) Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae. Mycosphere 7:1678–1689</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/5" data-track-item_id="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/5" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F5" aria-label="Article reference 95" data-doi="10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/5">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 95" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Divergence%20and%20ranking%20of%20taxa%20across%20the%20kingdoms%20Animalia%2C%20Fungi%20and%20Plantae&journal=Mycosphere&doi=10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F7%2F11%2F5&volume=7&pages=1678-1689&publication_year=2016&author=Samarakoon%2CMC&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Promputtha%2CI&author=Ariyawansa%2CHA&author=Hongsanan%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR90">Schadt CW, Martin AP, Lipson DA, Schmidt SK (2003) Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils. Science 301:1359–1361</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1086940" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.1086940" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086940" aria-label="Article reference 96" data-doi="10.1126/science.1086940">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12958355" aria-label="PubMed reference 96">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvFeltL8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 96">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 96" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal%20dynamics%20of%20previously%20unknown%20fungal%20lineages%20in%20tundra%20soils&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1086940&volume=301&pages=1359-1361&publication_year=2003&author=Schadt%2CCW&author=Martin%2CAP&author=Lipson%2CDA&author=Schmidt%2CSK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR91">Schliep KP (2011) phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27:592</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706" data-track-item_id="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtq706" aria-label="Article reference 97" data-doi="10.1093/bioinformatics/btq706">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21169378" aria-label="PubMed reference 97">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXitVWhur0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 97">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 97" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=phangorn%3A%20phylogenetic%20analysis%20in%20R&journal=Bioinformatics&doi=10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtq706&volume=27&publication_year=2011&author=Schliep%2CKP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR92">Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA et al (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:6241–6246</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1073/pnas.1117018109" data-track-item_id="10.1073/pnas.1117018109" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1117018109" aria-label="Article reference 98" data-doi="10.1073/pnas.1117018109">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22454494" aria-label="PubMed reference 98">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341068" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 98">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 98" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nuclear%20ribosomal%20internal%20transcribed%20spacer%20%28ITS%29%20region%20as%20a%20universal%20DNA%20barcode%20marker%20for%20Fungi&journal=Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1117018109&volume=109&pages=6241-6246&publication_year=2012&author=Schoch%2CCL&author=Seifert%2CKA&author=Huhndorf%2CS&author=Robert%2CV&author=Spouge%2CJL&author=Levesque%2CCA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR93">Schüβler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1017/S0953756201005196" data-track-item_id="10.1017/S0953756201005196" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756201005196" aria-label="Article reference 99" data-doi="10.1017/S0953756201005196">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 99" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20new%20fungal%20phylum%2C%20the%20Glomeromycota%3A%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution&journal=Mycol%20Res&doi=10.1017%2FS0953756201005196&volume=105&pages=1413-1421&publication_year=2001&author=Sch%C3%BC%CE%B2ler%2CA&author=Schwarzott%2CD&author=Walker%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR94">Scoble JM, Cavalier-Smith T (2014) Scale evolution, sequence phylogeny, and taxonomy of thaumatomonad Cercozoa: 11 new species and new genera <i>Scutellomonas, Cowlomonas, Thaumatospina</i> and <i>Ovaloplaca</i>. Eur J Protistol 50:270–313</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ejop.2013.12.005" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.ejop.2013.12.005" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2013.12.005" aria-label="Article reference 100" data-doi="10.1016/j.ejop.2013.12.005">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24667165" aria-label="PubMed reference 100">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 100" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Scale%20evolution%2C%20sequence%20phylogeny%2C%20and%20taxonomy%20of%20thaumatomonad%20Cercozoa%3A%2011%20new%20species%20and%20new%20genera%20Scutellomonas%2C%20Cowlomonas%2C%20Thaumatospina%20and%20Ovaloplaca&journal=Eur%20J%20Protistol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2013.12.005&volume=50&pages=270-313&publication_year=2014&author=Scoble%2CJM&author=Cavalier-Smith%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR95">Seeleuthner Y, Mondy S, Lombard V, Carradec Q, Pelletier E, Wessner M, Leconte J, Mangot JF, Poulain J, Labadie K, Logares R (2018) Single-cell genomics of multiple uncultured stramenopiles reveals underestimated functional diversity across oceans. Nat Commun 9:310</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-017-02235-3" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41467-017-02235-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02235-3" aria-label="Article reference 101" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-017-02235-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29358710" aria-label="PubMed reference 101">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778133" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 101">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtFSnsbzK" aria-label="CAS reference 101">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 101" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Single-cell%20genomics%20of%20multiple%20uncultured%20stramenopiles%20reveals%20underestimated%20functional%20diversity%20across%20oceans&journal=Nat%20Commun&doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02235-3&volume=9&publication_year=2018&author=Seeleuthner%2CY&author=Mondy%2CS&author=Lombard%2CV&author=Carradec%2CQ&author=Pelletier%2CE&author=Wessner%2CM&author=Leconte%2CJ&author=Mangot%2CJF&author=Poulain%2CJ&author=Labadie%2CK&author=Logares%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR96">Sekimoto S, Rochon DA, Long JE, Dee JM, Berbee ML (2011) A multigene phylogeny of <i>Olpidium</i> and its implications for early fungal evolution. BMC Evol Biol 11:331</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/1471-2148-11-331" data-track-item_id="10.1186/1471-2148-11-331" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/1471-2148-11-331" aria-label="Article reference 102" data-doi="10.1186/1471-2148-11-331">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22085768" aria-label="PubMed reference 102">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3247622" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 102">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVyhsLo%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 102">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 102" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20multigene%20phylogeny%20of%20Olpidium%20and%20its%20implications%20for%20early%20fungal%20evolution&journal=BMC%20Evol%20Biol&doi=10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-331&volume=11&publication_year=2011&author=Sekimoto%2CS&author=Rochon%2CDA&author=Long%2CJE&author=Dee%2CJM&author=Berbee%2CML"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR97">Seto K, Kagami M, Degawa Y (2017) Phylogenetic position of parasitic chytrids on diatoms: characterization of a novel clade in Chytridiomycota. J Euk Microbiol 64:383–393</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/jeu.12373" data-track-item_id="10.1111/jeu.12373" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12373" aria-label="Article reference 103" data-doi="10.1111/jeu.12373">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27714973" aria-label="PubMed reference 103">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXntVSjs7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 103">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 103" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogenetic%20position%20of%20parasitic%20chytrids%20on%20diatoms%3A%20characterization%20of%20a%20novel%20clade%20in%20Chytridiomycota&journal=J%20Euk%20Microbiol&doi=10.1111%2Fjeu.12373&volume=64&pages=383-393&publication_year=2017&author=Seto%2CK&author=Kagami%2CM&author=Degawa%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR98">Simmons DR, James TY, Meyer AF, Longcore JE (2009) Lobulomycetales, a new order in the Chytridiomycota. Mycol Res 113:450–460</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.019" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.019" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2008.11.019" aria-label="Article reference 104" data-doi="10.1016/j.mycres.2008.11.019">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19138737" aria-label="PubMed reference 104">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFOjtL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 104">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 104" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Lobulomycetales%2C%20a%20new%20order%20in%20the%20Chytridiomycota&journal=Mycol%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2008.11.019&volume=113&pages=450-460&publication_year=2009&author=Simmons%2CDR&author=James%2CTY&author=Meyer%2CAF&author=Longcore%2CJE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR99">Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3852/16-042" data-track-item_id="10.3852/16-042" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F16-042" aria-label="Article reference 105" data-doi="10.3852/16-042">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27738200" aria-label="PubMed reference 105">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXltVWgs7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 105">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078412" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 105">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 105" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20phylum-level%20phylogenetic%20classification%20of%20zygomycete%20fungi%20based%20on%20genome-scale%20data&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.3852%2F16-042&volume=108&pages=1028-1046&publication_year=2016&author=Spatafora%2CJW&author=Chang%2CY&author=Benny%2CGL&author=Lazarus%2CK&author=Smith%2CME&author=Berbee%2CML&author=Bonito%2CG&author=Corradi%2CN&author=Grigoriev%2CI&author=Gryganskyi%2CA&author=James%2CTY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR100">Spatafora JW, Aime MC, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Stajich JE, Blackwell M (2017) The fungal tree of life: from molecular systematics to genome-scale phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr 5:FUNK-0053-2016</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR101">Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 10:1093</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 107" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=RAxML%20version%208%3A%20a%20tool%20for%20phylogenetic%20analysis%20and%20post-analysis%20of%20large%20phylogenies&journal=Bioinformatics&volume=10&publication_year=2014&author=Stamatakis%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR102">Taylor JW, Berbee ML (2006) Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses. Mycologia 98:838–849</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832614" data-track-item_id="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832614" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832614" aria-label="Article reference 108" data-doi="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832614">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17486961" aria-label="PubMed reference 108">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 108" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Dating%20divergences%20in%20the%20Fungal%20Tree%20of%20Life%3A%20review%20and%20new%20analyses&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832614&volume=98&pages=838-849&publication_year=2006&author=Taylor%2CJW&author=Berbee%2CML"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR103">Taylor TN, Krings M, Taylor EL (2014) Fossil fungi. Academic Press, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 109" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fossil%20fungi&publication_year=2014&author=Taylor%2CTN&author=Krings%2CM&author=Taylor%2CEL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR105">Tedersoo L (2017a) Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. BioRxiv 2017:240929</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 110" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Proposal%20for%20practical%20multi-kingdom%20classification%20of%20eukaryotes%20based%20on%20monophyly%20and%20comparable%20divergence%20time%20criteria&journal=BioRxiv&volume=2017&publication_year=2017&author=Tedersoo%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR106">Tedersoo L (2017b) Proposed practical classification of the domain Eukarya based on the NCBI system and monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria. bioRxiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15156/bio/587483" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.15156/bio/587483">https://doi.org/10.15156/bio/587483</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR107">Tedersoo L, Nilsson RH (2016) Molecular identification of fungi. In: Martin F (ed) Molecular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 301–322</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 112" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Molecular%20identification%20of%20fungi&pages=301-322&publication_year=2016&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Nilsson%2CRH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR108">Tedersoo L, Smith ME (2017) Ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages: detection of four new groups and notes on consistent recognition of ectomycorrhizal taxa in high-throughput sequencing studies. Ecol Stud 230:125–142</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_6" data-track-item_id="10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_6" aria-label="Article reference 113" data-doi="10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 113" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ectomycorrhizal%20fungal%20lineages%3A%20detection%20of%20four%20new%20groups%20and%20notes%20on%20consistent%20recognition%20of%20ectomycorrhizal%20taxa%20in%20high-throughput%20sequencing%20studies&journal=Ecol%20Stud&doi=10.1007%2F978-3-319-56363-3_6&volume=230&pages=125-142&publication_year=2017&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Smith%2CME"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR109">Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1078</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1256688" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.1256688" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1256688" aria-label="Article reference 114" data-doi="10.1126/science.1256688">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvFKqtb7P" aria-label="CAS reference 114">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 114" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Global%20diversity%20and%20geography%20of%20soil%20fungi&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1256688&volume=346&publication_year=2014&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Bahram%2CM&author=P%C3%B5lme%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR110">Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY (2017) Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome 5:42</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5" data-track-item_id="10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5" aria-label="Article reference 115" data-doi="10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28388929" aria-label="PubMed reference 115">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385062" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 115">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 115" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Novel%20soil-inhabiting%20clades%20fill%20gaps%20in%20the%20fungal%20tree%20of%20life&journal=Microbiome&doi=10.1186%2Fs40168-017-0259-5&volume=5&publication_year=2017&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Bahram%2CM&author=Puusepp%2CR&author=Nilsson%2CRH&author=James%2CTY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR111">Tedersoo L, Tooming-Klunderud A, Anslan S (2018) PacBio metabarcoding of fungi and other eukaryotes: biases and perspectives. New Phytol 217:1370–1385</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/nph.14776" data-track-item_id="10.1111/nph.14776" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.14776" aria-label="Article reference 116" data-doi="10.1111/nph.14776">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28906012" aria-label="PubMed reference 116">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhsVartL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 116">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 116" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=PacBio%20metabarcoding%20of%20fungi%20and%20other%20eukaryotes%3A%20biases%20and%20perspectives&journal=New%20Phytol&doi=10.1111%2Fnph.14776&volume=217&pages=1370-1385&publication_year=2018&author=Tedersoo%2CL&author=Tooming-Klunderud%2CA&author=Anslan%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR112">Timling I, Walker DA, Nusbaum C, Lennon NJ, Taylor DL (2014) Rich and cold: diversity, distribution and drivers of fungal communities in patterned-ground ecosystems of the North American Arctic. Mol Ecol 23:3258–3272</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/mec.12743" data-track-item_id="10.1111/mec.12743" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.12743" aria-label="Article reference 117" data-doi="10.1111/mec.12743">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24689939" aria-label="PubMed reference 117">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BC2crpsVOquw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 117">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 117" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Rich%20and%20cold%3A%20diversity%2C%20distribution%20and%20drivers%20of%20fungal%20communities%20in%20patterned-ground%20ecosystems%20of%20the%20North%20American%20Arctic&journal=Mol%20Ecol&doi=10.1111%2Fmec.12743&volume=23&pages=3258-3272&publication_year=2014&author=Timling%2CI&author=Walker%2CDA&author=Nusbaum%2CC&author=Lennon%2CNJ&author=Taylor%2CDL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR113">Torruella G, de Mendoza A, Grau-Bove X, Anto M, Chaplin MA, del Campo J, Eme L, Pérez-Cordón G, Whipps CM, Nichols KM, Paley R (2015) Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Curr Biol 25:2404–2410</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.07.053" aria-label="Article reference 118" data-doi="10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26365255" aria-label="PubMed reference 118">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsV2ls7vE" aria-label="CAS reference 118">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 118" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogenomics%20reveals%20convergent%20evolution%20of%20lifestyles%20in%20close%20relatives%20of%20animals%20and%20fungi&journal=Curr%20Biol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.07.053&volume=25&pages=2404-2410&publication_year=2015&author=Torruella%2CG&author=Mendoza%2CA&author=Grau-Bove%2CX&author=Anto%2CM&author=Chaplin%2CMA&author=Campo%2CJ&author=Eme%2CL&author=P%C3%A9rez-Cord%C3%B3n%2CG&author=Whipps%2CCM&author=Nichols%2CKM&author=Paley%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR163">Torruella G, Grau-Bove X, Moreira D, Karpov SA, Burns J, Sebe-Pedros A, Volcker E, Lopez-Garcia P (2017) The transcriptome of Paraphelidium tribonemae illuminates the ancestry of Fungi and Opisthosporidia. bioRxiv 2017:233882</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 119" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20transcriptome%20of%20Paraphelidium%20tribonemae%20illuminates%20the%20ancestry%20of%20Fungi%20and%20Opisthosporidia&journal=bioRxiv&volume=2017&publication_year=2017&author=Torruella%2CG&author=Grau-Bove%2CX&author=Moreira%2CD&author=Karpov%2CSA&author=Burns%2CJ&author=Sebe-Pedros%2CA&author=Volcker%2CE&author=Lopez-Garcia%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR114">Tretter ED, Johnson EM, Benny GL, Lichtwardt RW, Wang Y, Kandel P, Novak SJ, Smith JF, White MM (2014) An eight-gene molecular phylogeny of the Kickxellomycotina, including the first phylogenetic placement of Asellariales. Mycologia 106:912–935</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3852/13-253" data-track-item_id="10.3852/13-253" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F13-253" aria-label="Article reference 120" data-doi="10.3852/13-253">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24891422" aria-label="PubMed reference 120">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvFWrs77E" aria-label="CAS reference 120">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 120" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20eight-gene%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Kickxellomycotina%2C%20including%20the%20first%20phylogenetic%20placement%20of%20Asellariales&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.3852%2F13-253&volume=106&pages=912-935&publication_year=2014&author=Tretter%2CED&author=Johnson%2CEM&author=Benny%2CGL&author=Lichtwardt%2CRW&author=Wang%2CY&author=Kandel%2CP&author=Novak%2CSJ&author=Smith%2CJF&author=White%2CMM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR115">Veldre V, Abarenkov K, Bahram M, Martos F, Selosse M-A, Tamm H, Kõljalg U, Tedersoo L (2013) Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences. Fung Ecol 6:256–268</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.funeco.2013.03.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.funeco.2013.03.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2013.03.004" aria-label="Article reference 121" data-doi="10.1016/j.funeco.2013.03.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 121" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evolution%20of%20nutritional%20modes%20of%20Ceratobasidiaceae%20%28Cantharellales%2C%20Basidiomycota%29%20as%20revealed%20from%20publicly%20available%20ITS%20sequences&journal=Fung%20Ecol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2013.03.004&volume=6&pages=256-268&publication_year=2013&author=Veldre%2CV&author=Abarenkov%2CK&author=Bahram%2CM&author=Martos%2CF&author=Selosse%2CM-A&author=Tamm%2CH&author=K%C3%B5ljalg%2CU&author=Tedersoo%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR116">Vetrovsky T, Kolarik M, Zifcakova L, Zelenka T, Baldrian P (2016) The rpb2 gene represents a viable alternative molecular marker for the analysis of environmental fungal communities. Mol Ecol Res 16:388–401</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/1755-0998.12456" data-track-item_id="10.1111/1755-0998.12456" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1755-0998.12456" aria-label="Article reference 122" data-doi="10.1111/1755-0998.12456">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhvV2ks7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 122">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 122" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20rpb2%20gene%20represents%20a%20viable%20alternative%20molecular%20marker%20for%20the%20analysis%20of%20environmental%20fungal%20communities&journal=Mol%20Ecol%20Res&doi=10.1111%2F1755-0998.12456&volume=16&pages=388-401&publication_year=2016&author=Vetrovsky%2CT&author=Kolarik%2CM&author=Zifcakova%2CL&author=Zelenka%2CT&author=Baldrian%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR117">Webb CO (2000) Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat 156:145–155</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1086/303378" data-track-item_id="10.1086/303378" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303378" aria-label="Article reference 123" data-doi="10.1086/303378">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10856198" aria-label="PubMed reference 123">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 123" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Exploring%20the%20phylogenetic%20structure%20of%20ecological%20communities%3A%20an%20example%20for%20rain%20forest%20trees&journal=Am%20Nat&doi=10.1086%2F303378&volume=156&pages=145-155&publication_year=2000&author=Webb%2CCO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR118">White MM, James TY, O’Donnell K, Cafaro MJ, Tanabe Y, Sugiyama J (2006) Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data. Mycologia 98:872–884</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617" data-track-item_id="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832617" aria-label="Article reference 124" data-doi="10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17486964" aria-label="PubMed reference 124">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 124" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Zygomycota%20based%20on%20nuclear%20ribosomal%20sequence%20data&journal=Mycologia&doi=10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832617&volume=98&pages=872-884&publication_year=2006&author=White%2CMM&author=James%2CTY&author=O%E2%80%99Donnell%2CK&author=Cafaro%2CMJ&author=Tanabe%2CY&author=Sugiyama%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR119">Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Lumbsch T, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ekanayaka AH, Tian Q, Phookamsak R (2018) Outline of Ascomycota—2017. Fung Divers 88:167–263</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8" aria-label="Article reference 125" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 125" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Outline%20of%20Ascomycota%E2%80%942017&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0394-8&volume=88&pages=167-263&publication_year=2018&author=Wijayawardene%2CNN&author=Hyde%2CKD&author=Lumbsch%2CT&author=Liu%2CJK&author=Maharachchikumbura%2CSSN&author=Ekanayaka%2CAH&author=Tian%2CQ&author=Phookamsak%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR120">Yamamoto K, Degawa Y, Hirose D, Fukuda M, Yamada A (2015) Morphology and phylogeny of four <i>Endogone</i> species and <i>Sphaerocreas pubescens</i> collected in Japan. Mycol Prog 14:86</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s11557-015-1111-6" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s11557-015-1111-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11557-015-1111-6" aria-label="Article reference 126" data-doi="10.1007/s11557-015-1111-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 126" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Morphology%20and%20phylogeny%20of%20four%20Endogone%20species%20and%20Sphaerocreas%20pubescens%20collected%20in%20Japan&journal=Mycol%20Prog&doi=10.1007%2Fs11557-015-1111-6&volume=14&publication_year=2015&author=Yamamoto%2CK&author=Degawa%2CY&author=Hirose%2CD&author=Fukuda%2CM&author=Yamada%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR121">Yilmaz P, Parfrey LW, Yarza P, Gerken J, Pruesse E, Quast C, Schweer T, Peplies J, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO (2014) The SILVA and “all-species living tree project (LTP)” taxonomic frameworks. Nucleic Acids Res 42:D643–D648</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/nar/gkt1209" data-track-item_id="10.1093/nar/gkt1209" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1209" aria-label="Article reference 127" data-doi="10.1093/nar/gkt1209">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24293649" aria-label="PubMed reference 127">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXos1Oj" aria-label="CAS reference 127">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 127" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20SILVA%20and%20%E2%80%9Call-species%20living%20tree%20project%20%28LTP%29%E2%80%9D%20taxonomic%20frameworks&journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res&doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1209&volume=42&pages=D643-D648&publication_year=2014&author=Yilmaz%2CP&author=Parfrey%2CLW&author=Yarza%2CP&author=Gerken%2CJ&author=Pruesse%2CE&author=Quast%2CC&author=Schweer%2CT&author=Peplies%2CJ&author=Ludwig%2CW&author=Gl%C3%B6ckner%2CFO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR122">Zhao RL, Zhou JL, Chen J, Margaritescu S (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times—a case study for reconstruction of the <i>Agaricus</i> taxonomic system. Fung Divers 78:239–292</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x" aria-label="Article reference 128" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 128" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Towards%20standardizing%20taxonomic%20ranks%20using%20divergence%20times%E2%80%94a%20case%20study%20for%20reconstruction%20of%20the%20Agaricus%20taxonomic%20system&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-016-0357-x&volume=78&pages=239-292&publication_year=2016&author=Zhao%2CRL&author=Zhou%2CJL&author=Chen%2CJ&author=Margaritescu%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR123">Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Yang ZL, Wu G, Dai YC, He SH, Cui BK, Zhou JL, Wu F (2017) A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fung Divers 84:43–74</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5" aria-label="Article reference 129" data-doi="10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 129" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20six-gene%20phylogenetic%20overview%20of%20Basidiomycota%20and%20allied%20phyla%20with%20estimated%20divergence%20times%20of%20higher%20taxa%20and%20a%20phyloproteomics%20perspective&journal=Fung%20Divers&doi=10.1007%2Fs13225-017-0381-5&volume=84&pages=43-74&publication_year=2017&author=Zhao%2CRL&author=Li%2CGJ&author=S%C3%A1nchez-Ram%C3%ADrez%2CS&author=Stata%2CM&author=Yang%2CZL&author=Wu%2CG&author=Dai%2CYC&author=He%2CSH&author=Cui%2CBK&author=Zhou%2CJL&author=Wu%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We thank S. Karpov, K-H. Larsson, D. Redecker, C. Schoch, M.E. Smith, J. Stajich and two anonymous referees for constructive comments on earlier versions of the manuscript, J. Spatafora and S. Karpov for fruitful discussions about the classification of Fungi and related organisms, and V. Kisand, O. Kurina, K. Olli, M. Prous, K. Sammet, A. Savchenko, V. Soon, T. Timm and K. Vellak for pointing to errata in earlier versions of eukaryote classification. LT acknowledges funding from the Estonian Science Foundation (1399PUT, IUT20-30), MOBERC and ECOLCHANGE.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Leho Tedersoo, Urmas Kõljalg & Kessy Abarenkov</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Leho Tedersoo & Urmas Kõljalg</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Estonian Young Academy of Sciences, 6 Kohtu, Tallinn, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Leho Tedersoo & Mohammad Bahram</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Mohammad Bahram & Martin Ryberg</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Markus Döring & Dmitry Schigel</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dmitry Schigel</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tom May</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Leho-Tedersoo-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Leho Tedersoo</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Leho%20Tedersoo" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Leho%20Tedersoo" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Leho%20Tedersoo%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Santiago-S_nchez_Ram_rez-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Santiago%20S%C3%A1nchez-Ram%C3%ADrez" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Santiago%20S%C3%A1nchez-Ram%C3%ADrez" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Santiago%20S%C3%A1nchez-Ram%C3%ADrez%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Urmas-K_ljalg-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Urmas Kõljalg</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Urmas%20K%C3%B5ljalg" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Urmas%20K%C3%B5ljalg" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Urmas%20K%C3%B5ljalg%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Mohammad-Bahram-Aff3-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Mohammad Bahram</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Mohammad%20Bahram" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mohammad%20Bahram" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Mohammad%20Bahram%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Markus-D_ring-Aff6"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Markus Döring</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Markus%20D%C3%B6ring" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Markus%20D%C3%B6ring" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Markus%20D%C3%B6ring%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Dmitry-Schigel-Aff6-Aff7"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Dmitry Schigel</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Dmitry%20Schigel" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Dmitry%20Schigel" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Dmitry%20Schigel%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Tom-May-Aff8"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Tom May</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Tom%20May" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Tom%20May" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Tom%20May%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Martin-Ryberg-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Martin Ryberg</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Martin%20Ryberg" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Martin%20Ryberg" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Martin%20Ryberg%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Kessy-Abarenkov-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Kessy Abarenkov</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Kessy%20Abarenkov" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Kessy%20Abarenkov" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Kessy%20Abarenkov%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>L.T. directed the project and wrote the manuscript with input from other authors. U.K. developed the T.H. concept with K.A., M.D. and D.S. putting it into practice. L.T., T.M. and U.K. proposed an update to the classification and discussed the ideas with scientific community. M.R. generated the perl script. M.B. performed evolutionary ecological analyses. S.S.-R. constructed dated phylogenies.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:leho.tedersoo@ut.ee">Leho Tedersoo</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Conflict of interest</h3> <p>The authors declare no conflict of interests and confirm full compliance to research ethics.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Electronic supplementary material"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10">Electronic supplementary material</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><p>Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. </p><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 1 (pdf 1367 kb)" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary material 1 (PDF 1367 kb)</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 2 (xlsx 18350 kb)" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary material 2 (XLSX 18350 kb)</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 3 (pl 10 kb)" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_MOESM3_ESM.pl" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary material 3 (PL 10 kb)</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM4"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary material 3 (txt 141 kb)" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0/MediaObjects/13225_2018_401_MOESM4_ESM.txt" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary material 3 (TXT 141 kb)</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=High-level%20classification%20of%20the%20Fungi%20and%20a%20tool%20for%20evolutionary%20ecological%20analyses&author=Leho%20Tedersoo%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs13225-018-0401-0&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=1560-2745&publicationDate=2018-05-16&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U. <i>et al.</i> High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. <i>Fungal Diversity</i> <b>90</b>, 135–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-02-22">22 February 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-05-01">01 May 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-05-16">16 May 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-05">May 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=51%20new%20taxa&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">51 new taxa</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Species%20Hypothesis&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Species Hypothesis</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Taxonomy%20of%20fungi&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Taxonomy of fungi</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Phylogenetic%20classification&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Phylogenetic classification</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Subkingdom&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Subkingdom</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Phylum&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Phylum</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Nucleariae&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Nucleariae</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Ascomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Ascomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Aphelidiomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Aphelidiomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Basidiobolomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Basidiobolomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Basidiomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Basidiomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Blastocladiomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Blastocladiomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Calcarisporiellomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Chytridiomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Chytridiomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Entomophthoromycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Entomophthoromycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Entorrhizomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Entorrhizomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Glomeromycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Glomeromycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Kickxellomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Kickxellomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Monoblepharomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Monoblepharomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Mortierellomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Mortierellomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Mucoromycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Mucoromycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Neocallimastigomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Neocallimastigomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Olpidiomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Olpidiomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Rozellomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Rozellomycota</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Zoopagomycota&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Zoopagomycota</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=13225" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/13225/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s13225-018-0401-0;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>