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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ars poetriae</b> är en medeltida form av retoriken som syftade till att lära sig skriva latinsk vers. Ars poetriae är därmed en del av diktkonsten, <a href="/wiki/Ars_poetica" title="Ars poetica">ars poetica</a>, från grekiskans <i><b>Poesis.</b></i> <i>Ars poetriae</i> befinner sig i gränslandet mellan retoriken och grammatiken, som tillsammans med dialektiken skapade <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(utbildning)" title="Trivium (utbildning)">trivium</a>: de tre första delarna av det antika utbildningssystemet, <i><a href="/wiki/De_fria_konsterna" title="De fria konsterna">artes liberales</a></i> (de sju fria konsterna.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I detta gränsland lärde man sig skriva både i obunden form, prosa, och bunden form, poesi. Poesiverk är en typ av kombination mellan retoriska och grammatiska figurer. Figurerna har dock inte samma funktioner och uppgifter som de har enskilt i varje fall. Inom de grammatiska traditionerna har figurerna en beskrivande roll och inom de retoriska har de en generativ roll. Inom <i>ars poetriae</i> är figurernas uppgift att bearbeta de traditionella grundtankarna för att skapa särskilda rim och ljudsymboliker.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diktkonsten ("poesi") är en form av litteratur som använder <a href="/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik">estetiska</a> och rytmiska kvaliteter i språket såsom <a href="/wiki/Eufoni" title="Eufoni">eufoni</a>, ljudsymbolik, och rytm för att framkalla betydelser utöver den prosaiska (vardagliga) meningen. </p><p>Diktkonsten har funnits i alla kulturer och det har varit ett sätt för människan att lära sig och förmedla historia och sagor till nya generationer utan att nödvändigtvis behärska skrivkonsten. Det nya intresset för denna lärokonst växte fram under 1200-talet, då den skriftliga stilen blev framträdande och fick större betydelse. <sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tre_delar">Tre delar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tre delar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tre delar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under medeltiden kom ett växande komplex både inom kyrkovärlden och nationen att kräva effektivare och bättre kommunikation. Högre krav ställdes på skolväsendet för retorik och därför kom retoriken att delas upp i tre olika delar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ars poetriae var en av dessa tre delarna, som kom att känneteckna de medeltida <a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">retoriska</a> (lärande) konsterna.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James J. Murphy delar in dessa in predikokonsten (<i><a href="/wiki/Ars_praedicandi" title="Ars praedicandi">ars praedicandi</a></i>) som behandlade läran och konsten att predika, brevskrivandets konst (<i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">ars dictaminis</a></i>) som avsåg att behandla konsten att skriva brev och diktkonsten (<i>ars poetriae</i>) som behandlade konsten att skriva <a href="/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi">verser</a>. Inom ars poetriae finner vi mycket stränga krav för metoderna att skriva poesi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetria_nova">Poetria nova</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Poetria nova" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Poetria nova"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under medeltiden skrevs flera viktiga verk om skaldekonsten. Ett av de viktigaste av dessa var <i>Poetria nova</i> (1200-1214) ett verk skapat av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galfridus_de_Vinosalvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galfridus de Vinosalvo [inte skriven än]">Galfridus de Vinosalvo</a>. Det är en lärande avhandling som sågs som en uppdatering av den äldre <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_poetica_(Horatius)" title="Ars poetica (Horatius)">Ars poetica</a></i> av <a href="/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius">Horatius</a> och skulle ersätta denna. Poetria nova var den mest omtalade och använda manualen gällande praktik och teori om poesi. Författaren ansågs även vara den viktigaste personen gällande utvecklingen av ars poetriae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den användes flitigt som exempel i skolorna och innehåller grundliga fördjupningar om <a href="/wiki/Exegetik" title="Exegetik">exegetik</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verket är en <a href="/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi">vers</a> och kan tolkas som en lärande användning om hur man skapar en dikt.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den är uppdelad i sju sektioner som består av: </p> <ul><li>Förord</li> <li>Allmänna kommentarer</li> <li>Disposition</li> <li>Förstärkning och förkortning</li> <li>Prydnad av stil</li> <li>Minne och sändning av språket</li> <li>Epilog</li></ul> <p>Geoffrey fokuserar främst på fördjupningen inom poetiskt berättande i Poetria nova, samt föreskrifterna för stil och struktur för dessa. Hans fördelaktiga omdöme och rekommendationer för stilanvändning urskiljer sig inte från vad som ansågs som regelrätt. Dock stack hans starka betoning på hur viktigt det är med en strukturerad presentation av sin berättelse ut. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diktande_kvinnor">Diktande kvinnor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Diktande kvinnor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Diktande kvinnor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I och med de kulturella förändringarna under 1200-talet kom fler kvinnor att börja läsa och skriva. Flera verk blev tack vare det växande intresset publicerade på folkspråk, i stället för <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>. Kvinnor fick inte och kunde inte studera under medeltiden, men tack vare publikationer på andra länders språk än latin var det lättare att vara delaktig, kunnig och påläst i de samtida litterära verken. Just poesi var ett populärt verk för kvinnorna i dåtidens samhälle, och det finns även flera verk och skrifter publicerade av kvinnor. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetik" title="Poetik">Poetik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_poetriae&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJohanesson2005">Johanesson, Kurt (2005). <i><span>Svensk retorik: från medeltiden till våra dagar</span></i>. Stockholm: Norstedt. sid. 54</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+retorik%3A+fr%C3%A5n+medeltiden+till+v%C3%A5ra+dagar&rft.aulast=Johanesson&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Johanesson%2C+Kurt&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B54&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPurcell1996">Purcell, William M. (1996). ”Style”. i Theresa Enos. <i><span>Encyclopedia of rhetoric and composition: communication from ancient times to the information age</span></i>. New York: Garland Publ. sid. 699</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Style&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+rhetoric+and+composition%3A+communication+from+ancient+times+to+the+information+age&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.au=Purcell%2C+William+M.&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B699&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_1-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_1_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHerrick2013">Herrick, James. A (2013). <i><span>The History and Theory of Rhetoric: an introduction</span></i>. Boston: Pearson. sid. 132</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theory+of+Rhetoric%3A+an+introduction&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James.+A&rft.au=Herrick%2C+James.+A&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B132&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMorgan1996">Morgan, Aron (1996). ”Medieval Rhetoric”. i Theresa Enos. <i><span>Encyclopedia of rhetoric and composition: communication from ancient times to the information age</span></i>. New York: Garland Publ. sid. 429</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medieval+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+rhetoric+and+composition%3A+communication+from+ancient+times+to+the+information+age&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Aron&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B429&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCopeland2001">Copeland, Rita (2001). ”Medieval Rhetoric: An overview”. i Thomas. O Sloane. <i><span>Encyclopedia of Rhetoric</span></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. sid. 474</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medieval+Rhetoric%3A+An+overview&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rhetoric&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Copeland%2C+Rita&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B474&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHerrick2013">Herrick, James. A (2013). <i><span>The History and Theory of Rhetoric: an introduction</span></i>. Boston: Pearson. sid. 135-136</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theory+of+Rhetoric%3A+an+introduction&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James.+A&rft.au=Herrick%2C+James.+A&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B135-136&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCopeland2001">Copeland, Rita (2001). ”Medieval Rhetoric: An overview”. i Thomas. O Sloane. <i><span>Encyclopedia of Rhetoric</span></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. sid. 475</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Medieval+Rhetoric%3A+An+overview&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rhetoric&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Copeland%2C+Rita&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B475&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMorgan1996">Morgan, Aron (1996). ”The Three Rhetorical Arts”. i Theresa Enos. <i><span>Encyclopedia of rhetoric and composition: communication from ancient times to the information age</span></i>. New York: Garland Publ. sid. 434</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Three+Rhetorical+Arts&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+rhetoric+and+composition%3A+communication+from+ancient+times+to+the+information+age&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Aron&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B434&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHerrick2013">Herrick, James. A (2013). <i><span>The History and Theory of Rhetoric: an introduction</span></i>. Boston: Pearson. sid. 134</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theory+of+Rhetoric%3A+an+introduction&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James.+A&rft.au=Herrick%2C+James.+A&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B134&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ars_poetriae"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Retorik" title="Mall:Retorik"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Retorik&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">Retorik</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Genrer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Apologetik" title="Apologetik">Apologetik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blixttal" title="Blixttal">Blixttal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brandtal" title="Brandtal">Brandtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Debatt" title="Debatt">Debatt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">Filibuster</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Demagogi" title="Demagogi">Demagogi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sokratisk_metod" title="Sokratisk metod">Sokratisk metod</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplum" title="Exemplum">Exemplum</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rel%C3%A4sning" title="Föreläsning">Föreläsning</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_deliberativum" title="Genus deliberativum">Genus deliberativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_demonstrativum" title="Genus demonstrativum">Genus demonstrativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_judiciale" title="Genus judiciale">Genus judiciale</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Homiletik" title="Homiletik">Homiletik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inledningsanf%C3%B6rande" title="Inledningsanförande">Inledningsanförande</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intr%C3%A4destal" title="Inträdestal">Inträdestal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jungfrutal" title="Jungfrutal">Jungfrutal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Linjetal" title="Linjetal">Linjetal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lovtal" title="Lovtal">Lovtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oration" title="Oration">Oration</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik">Polemik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diatrib" title="Diatrib">Diatrib</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eristik" title="Eristik">Eristik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filippik" title="Filippik">Filippik</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Parentation" title="Parentation">Parentation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Predikan" title="Predikan">Predikan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agitation" title="Agitation">Agitation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spin_(PR)" title="Spin (PR)">Spin</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethopoeia" title="Ethopoeia">Ethopoeia</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/%C3%84reminne" title="Äreminne">Äreminne</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/90px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/135px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/180px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" 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style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptum" title="Aptum">Aptum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Arete_(retorik)" title="Arete (retorik)">Arete</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Argument_(retorik)" title="Argument (retorik)">Argument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entymem" title="Entymem">Entymem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epikirem" title="Epikirem">Epikirem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Argumentationsfel" title="Argumentationsfel">Fallasi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_(retorik)" title="Paradigm (retorik)">Paradigm</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_et_contra" title="Pro et contra">Pro et contra</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Attentum" title="Attentum">Attentum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Benivolum" title="Benivolum">Benivolum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Copia" title="Copia">Copia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Dekorum" title="Dekorum">Dekorum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Disposition</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Exordium" title="Exordium">Exordium</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Narratio" title="Narratio">Narratio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Propositio" title="Propositio">Propositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Argumentatio" title="Argumentatio">Argumentatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Conclusio" title="Conclusio">Conclusio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Docilem" title="Docilem">Docilem</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Endoxa" title="Endoxa">Endoxa</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Fronesis_(retorik)" title="Fronesis (retorik)">Fronesis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Identifikation_(retorik)" title="Identifikation (retorik)">Identifikation</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Imitatio" title="Imitatio">Imitatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(retorik)" title="Locus (retorik)">Locus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Medel_f%C3%B6r_att_%C3%B6vertyga" title="Medel för att övertyga">Medel för att övertyga</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">Pathos</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Minnespalats" title="Minnespalats">Minnespalats</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Partes" title="Partes">Partes</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Intellectio" title="Intellectio">Intellectio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Actio" title="Actio">Actio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasio" title="Persuasio">Persuasio</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retor" title="Retor">Retor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_retoriska_situationen" title="Den retoriska situationen">Den retoriska situationen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statusl%C3%A4ran" title="Statusläran">Statusläran</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Status_coniecturalis" title="Status coniecturalis">Coniecturalis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_definitionis" title="Status definitionis">Definitionis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_qualitatis" title="Status qualitatis">Qualitatis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_translationis" title="Status translationis">Translationis</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Facklitteratur#Stil" title="Facklitteratur">Stil</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5gstil" title="Lågstil">Låg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mellanstil" title="Mellanstil">Mellan</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gstil" title="Högstil">Hög</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Stilfigur" title="Stilfigur">Stilfigur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ornament_(stilistik)" title="Ornament (stilistik)">Ornament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trop_(retorik)" title="Trop (retorik)">Trop</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Talarens tre plikter</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Docere" title="Docere">Docere</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Movere" title="Movere">Movere</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_bonus" title="Vir bonus">Vir bonus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ltalighet" title="Vältalighet">Vältalighet</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Retoriker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> · <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isokrates" title="Isokrates">Isokrates</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lukianos" title="Lukianos">Lukianos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilianus" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilianus">Quintilianus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> ·</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medel- och tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_av_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus av Rotterdam">Erasmus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Ram%C3%A9e" title="Pierre de la Ramée">Ramus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bachtin" title="Michail Bachtin">Bachtin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Booth" title="Wayne Booth">Booth</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Armstrong_Richards" title="Ivor Armstrong Richards">Richards</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;font-style:italic;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Faidros_(dialog)" title="Faidros (dialog)">Faidros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ad_Herennium" title="Ad Herennium">Ad Herennium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_inventione" title="De inventione">De inventione</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_sublima_stilen" title="Den sublima stilen">Perì Hýpsous</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Analys</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dramatismen" title="Dramatismen">Dramatismen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentadanalys" title="Pentadanalys">Pentadanalys</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Fantasy-Themeanalys" title="Fantasy-Themeanalys">Fantasy-Themeanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genreanalys" title="Genreanalys">Genreanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ideologikritik" title="Ideologikritik">Ideologikritik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klusteranalys" title="Klusteranalys">Klusteranalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metaforanalys" title="Metaforanalys">Metaforanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neo-aristotelisk_analys" title="Neo-aristotelisk analys">Neo-aristotelisk analys</a> · <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rl%C3%A4sning" title="Närläsning">Närläsning</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin#Toulminmodellen" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulminmodellen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Historia</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i> · <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ars poetriae</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_praedicandi" title="Ars praedicandi">Ars praedicandi</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(utbildning)" title="Trivium (utbildning)">Trivium</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Etik_(retorik)" title="Etik (retorik)">Etik (retorik)</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rskarteknik" title="Härskarteknik">Härskarteknik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pedagogisk_retorik" title="Pedagogisk retorik">Pedagogisk retorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Psychagogia" title="Psychagogia">Psychagogia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retorikf%C3%B6rlaget" title="Retorikförlaget">Retorikförlaget</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik">Stilistik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stora_retorikpriset" title="Stora retorikpriset">Stora retorikpriset</a> · <a href="/wiki/Talskrivare" title="Talskrivare">Talskrivare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A4ngslan" title="Talängslan">Talängslan</a> · <a href="/wiki/TED_(konferens)" title="TED (konferens)">TED</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsretorik" title="Vetenskapsretorik">Vetenskapsretorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Visuell_retorik" title="Visuell retorik">Visuell retorik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latent_retorik" title="Latent retorik">Latent</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manifest_retorik" title="Manifest retorik">Manifest</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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