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text-4xl font-crimson text-misesGreyDark [text-wrap:balance] md:text-5xl lg:text-6xl"> Ludwig von Mises </h1> </section> <div id="block-mises-content"> <section class="relative w-full clear-both"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Ludwig von Mises" } </script> <div class="relative w-full"> <div class="lg:mr-5 lg:float-left lg:max-w-[240px] relative z-[1]"> <div class="border-t-8 border-misesBlue mb-2 max-w-full bg-misesGreyBlue" style="border-top-style: solid"> <div> <div> <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" data-srcset="https://cdn.mises.org/styles/responsive_650w/s3/static-page/img/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20576x720.jpg.webp?itok=0y40WNpx 650w,https://cdn.mises.org/styles/responsive_870w/s3/static-page/img/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20576x720.jpg.webp?itok=mShU36Vp 870w,https://cdn.mises.org/styles/responsive_1090w/s3/static-page/img/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20576x720.jpg.webp?itok=f_dn2AiY 1090w,https://cdn.mises.org/styles/responsive_1310w/s3/static-page/img/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20576x720.jpg.webp?itok=Kd2RkCTZ 1310w,https://cdn.mises.org/styles/responsive_1530w/s3/static-page/img/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20576x720.jpg.webp?itok=M6ZpKeZm 1530w" loading="lazy" alt="Ludwig von Mises" width="576" height="720" data-multiplier="1x" data-lqp="1" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="font-bold text-misesGrey text-lg mb-2 person-title"></div> <div class="mt-1.5 person-description"> <div class="prose max-w-none prose-headings:text-misesBlueDark first:prose-p:mt-0 first:prose-ol:mt-0 first:prose-ul:mt-0 first:prose-h2:mt-0 first:prose-h3:mt-0 first:prose-figure:mt-0 prose-th:font-bold prose-figure:my-1 prose-img:my-1 hover:prose-a:no-underline" data-component-id="mises:atom-body-copy"> <div><blockquote><p>El problema es siempre el mismo: o el gobierno o el mercado. No hay una tercera vía.</p></blockquote> <p> </p> <h2>Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (1881 – 1973)</h2> <p>Uno de los economistas y filósofos sociales más notables del siglo XX, Ludwig von Mises, en el curso de su larga y muy productiva vida, desarrolló e integró una ciencia deductiva de la economía basada en el axioma fundamental de que los seres humanos actúan intencionadamente para alcanzar objetivos deseados. Aunque su análisis económico estaba en sí mismo “libre de valores” (en el sentido de que eran irrelevantes los valores defendidos por los economistas), Mises concluía que la única política económica viable para la raza humana era una política de laissez faire sin restricciones, de mercados libres y de un ejercicio sin intromisiones del derecho a la propiedad privada, con un gobierno estrictamente limitado a la defensa de la persona y la propiedad dentro de su área territorial.</p> <p>Pues Mises fue capaz de demostrar (a) que la expansión de los mercados libres, la división del trabajo y la inversión de capital privado es la única vía posible para la prosperidad y el florecimiento de la raza humana; (b) que el socialismo sería desastroso para una economía moderna porque la ausencia de propiedad privada de tierra y bienes de capital impide cualquier tipo de precios racionales o estimación de costes, y (c) que la intervención pública, además de obstaculizar y perjudicar al mercado, resultaría contraproducente y acumulativa, llevando inevitablemente al socialismo, salvo que se derogaran toda la gama de intervenciones.</p> <p>Manteniendo estas opiniones, ateniéndose a la verdad indomablemente ante un siglo cada vez más devoto del estatismo y el colectivismo, Mises se hizo famoso por su “intransigencia” en insistir en un patrón oro no inflacionista y en el laissez faire.</p> <p>Excluido en la práctica de cualquier puesto universitario asalariado en Austria y luego en Estados Unidos, Mises siguió su destino valerosamente. Como asesor económico principal del gobierno austriaco en la década de 1920, Mises consiguió por sí solo rebajar la inflación austriaca y desarrolló su propio “seminario privado” que atrajo a los más destacados economistas, sociólogos y filósofos jóvenes de toda Europa. Como fundador de la “Escuela Neoaustriaca” de economía, la teoría del ciclo económico de Mises, que culpaba de la inflación y las depresiones al crédito bancario inflacionista estimulado por los bancos centrales, fue adoptada por la mayoría de los economistas más jóvenes en Inglaterra a principios de 1930 como la mejor explicación de la Gran Depresión.</p> <p>Tras huir de los nazis a Estados Unidos, Mises realizó aquí su trabajo más importante. En más de dos décadas de enseñanza, inspiró una emergente Escuela Austriaca en Estados Unidos. El año después de que Mises muriera en 1973, su seguidor más distinguido, F.A. Hayek recibió el premio Nobel de economía por su trabajo que desarrollaba la teoría del ciclo económico de Mises a finales de la década de 1920 y la de 1930.</p> <p>Mises nació el 29 de septiembre de 1881 en la ciudad de Lemberg (ahora Lviv) en Galitzia, donde residía entonces su padre, un ingeniero civil vienés que trabajaba para los ferrocarriles austriacos. Tanto el padre como la madre de Mises venían de ilustres familias vienesas: el tío de su madre, el Dr. Joachim Landau, fue diputado del Partido Liberal en el parlamento austriaco.</p> <p>Tras entrar en la Universidad de Viena al empezar el siglo como un intervencionista de izquierdas, el joven Mises descubrió los Principios de economía política de Carl Menger, la obra fundadora de la Escuela Austriaca de economía, y se convirtió rápidamente al énfasis austriaco sobre la acción individual, en lugar de las irreales ecuaciones mecánicas como unidades de análisis económico, y a la importancia de una economía de libre mercado.</p> <p>Mises se convirtió en una eminente estudiante de postdoctorado en el famoso seminario de la Universidad de Viena del gran economista austriaco Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk (entre cuyos muchos logros estuvo la devastadora refutación de la teoría marxista del valor trabajo).</p> <p>El escudo de armas del Instituto Mises es el de la familia Mises, concedido en 1881 cuando el bisabuelo de Mises, Mayer Rachmiel Mises fue ennoblecido por el emperador Francisco José I de Austria. En el cuartel superior derecho está el caduceo de Mercurio, dios de comercio y la comunicación (la familia Mises tuvo éxito en ambas cosas: eran comerciantes y banqueros). En el cuartel inferior izquierdo hay una representación de los Diez Mandamientos. Mayer Rachmiel, así como su padre presidieron diversas organizaciones culturales judías en Lemberg, la ciudad en la que nació Ludwig. La banda roja muestra la rosa de Siria, que es la nombrada en la letanía como rosa mística en sus nombres de la Virgen María, así como las estrellas de casa real de David, un símbolo del pueblo judío. El lema de Ludwig durante toda su vida provenía de Virgilio: tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito. <a href="https://cdn.mises.org/misescrest-large.jpg">Aquí</a> se puede ver el escudo.</p> <p>Durante este periodo, en su primera gran obra, La teoría del dinero y del crédito (1912), Mises realizó lo que se había considerado una tarea imposible: integrar la teoría del dinero dentro de la teoría general de la utilidad marginal y el precio (lo que ahora se llamaría integrar la “macroeconomía” en la “microeconomía”). Como Bohm-Bawerk y sus demás colegas austriacos no aceptaron la integración de Mises y permanecieron sin una teoría monetaria, se vio obligado a actuar por sí solo y fundar una escuela “neo-austriaca”.</p> <p>En su teoría monetaria, Mises recuperaba el principio mucho tiempo olvidado de la Escuela Británica de la Divisa, preeminente hasta la década de 1850, de que la sociedad no se beneficia en absoluto de ningún aumento en la oferta monetaria, que una mayor dinero y crédito bancario solo causan inflación y ciclos económicos y que por tanto la política del gobierno debería mantener el equivalente a un patrón oro 100%.</p> <p>Mises añadía a esta idea los elementos de su teoría del ciclo económico: que la expansión del crédito por los bancos, además de crear inflación, hace inevitables las depresiones al causar “malas inversiones”, es decir, induciendo a los empresarios a sobreinvertir en “órdenes superiores” de bienes de capital (máquina herramienta, construcción, etc.) y a infrainvertir en bienes de consumo.</p> <p>El problema es que el crédito bancario inflacionista, cuando se presta a empresas se disfraza como pseudo-ahorro y hace creer a los empresarios que hay más ahorros disponibles para invertir en la producción de bienes de capital de los que los consumidores están dispuestos realmente a ahorrar. Por tanto, un auge inflacionista requiere una recesión, que se convierte en un proceso doloroso pero necesario por el que el mercado liquida inversiones poco sólidas y restablece la estructura de inversión y producción que mejor satisface las preferencias y demandas del consumidor.</p> <p>Mises y seguidor Hayek desarrollaron esta teoría del ciclo durante la década de 1920, sobre la cual Mises fue capaz de alertar a un mundo despreocupado de que la muy proclamada “nueva era” de prosperidad permanente de la década de 1920 era una impostura y de que su inevitable resultado sería el pánico bancario y la depresión. Cuando Hayek fue invitado a enseñar en la London School of Economics en 1931 por un influyente exalumno del seminario privado de Mises, Lionel Robbins, Hayek fue capaz de convertir a la mayoría de los jóvenes economistas ingleses a esta perspectiva. En un rumbo hacia el enfrentamiento con John Maynard Keynes y sus discípulos en Cambridge, Hayek demolía el Tratado sobre el dinero de Keynes, pero perdió la batalla y la mayoría de sus seguidores ante la marea de la Revolución Keynesiana que arrasó el mundo académico después de la publicación de la Teoría general de Keynes en 1936.</p> <p>Las prescripciones políticas para los ciclos económicos de Mises-Hayek y de Keynes son absolutamente opuestas. Durante un periodo de auge, Mises aconsejaba el fin inmediato de toda expansión del crédito bancario y la moneda y, durante una recesión, aconsejaba un estricto laissez faire, permitiendo a las fuerzas de reajuste de la recesión trabajar por sí mismas tan rápido como sea posible.</p> <p>No solo eso: para Mises la peor forma de intervención sería impulsar al alza precios o salarios, causando desempleo, aumentar la oferta monetaria o aumentar el gasto público para estimular el consumo. Para Mises, la recesión era un problema de escasez de ahorro y exceso de consumo y era por tanto importante estimular el ahorro y la economización en lugar de lo contrario, de recortar el gasto público en lugar de aumentarlo. Está claro que a partir de 1936 Mises estaba totalmente en contra de la moda mundial en política macroeconómica.</p> <p>El socialismo-comunismo había triunfado en Rusia y buena parte de Europa durante y después de la Primera Guerra Mundial y Mises se vio obligado a publicar su famoso artículo “El cálculo económico en la comunidad socialista” (1920), en el que demostraba que a un consejo planificador socialista le sería imposible planear un sistema económico moderno; además, no funcionaría ningún intento de “mercados” artificiales, ya que un verdadero sistema de precios y costes requiere intercambio de títulos de propiedad y por tanto de propiedad privada de los medios de producción.</p> <p>Mises desarrollaba el artículo en su libro Socialismo (1922), una crítica completa filosófica y sociológica, además de económica, que sigue siendo la demolición más completa y devastadora del socialismo nunca escrita. Socialismo de Mises convenció a muchos eminentes economistas y filósofos sociales para que abandonaran el socialismo, incluyendo a Hayek, el alemán Wilhelm Ropke y el inglés Lionel Robbins.</p> <p>En Estados Unidos, la publicación de la traducción al inglés de Socialismo en 1936 atrajo la admiración del eminente periodista económico Henry Hazlitt, que lo reseñó en el New York Times y convirtió a uno de los más más conspicuos y eruditos compañeros de viajes de los comunistas estadounidenses del momento, J.B. Matthews, a una postura misesiana y una oposición a todas las formas de socialismo.</p> <p>A los socialistas en toda Europa y Estados Unidos les preocupó el problema del cálculo económico bajo el socialismo durante unos quince años, declarando finalmente el problema resuelto con la promulgación del modelo de “socialismo de mercado” del economista polaco Oskar Lange en 1936. Lange volvió a Polonia después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial para ayudar a planificar el comunismo polaco. El colapso de la planificación socialista, en Polonia y los demás países comunistas, en 1989, dejó enormemente avergonzados a los economistas del poder de todo el espectro ideológico, que habían aceptado la “solución” de Lange.</p> <p>Algunos socialistas importantes, como Robert Heilbroner, tuvieron la dignidad de admitir públicamente “Mises tenía razón” todo el tiempo (la frase “Mises tenía razón” fue el título de un panel en la reunión anual de 1990 de la Southern Economic Association en Nueva Orleáns).</p> <p>Si el socialismo era una catástrofe económica, la intervención pública no podía funcionar y tendería a llevar inevitablemente al socialismo. Mises desarrolló estas ideas en su Crítica del intervencionismo (1929) y expondría su filosofía política de liberalismo de laissez faire en su Liberalismo (1927).</p> <p>Además de posicionarse en contra de todas las tendencias políticas del siglo XX, Mises combatió con igual fervor y elocuencia las que consideraban desastrosas tendencias filosóficas y metodológicas dominantes en la economía y otras disciplinas. Estas incluían positivismo, relativismo, historicismo y polilogismo (la idea de que cada raza y género tiene su propia “lógica” y por tanto no puede comunicarse con otros grupos) y todas las formas de irracionalismo y negación de la verdad objetiva. Mises también desarrolló lo que consideraba la metodología apropiada de la deducción económica teórico-lógica a partir de axiomas evidentes, a la que llamó “praxeología” y realizó críticas mordaces hacia la creciente tendencia en la economía y otras disciplinas a remplazar la praxeología y la comprensión histórica con modelos matemáticos y manipulaciones estadísticas no realistas.</p> <p>Tras emigrar a Estados Unidos en 1940, los dos primeros libros de Mises en inglés fueron importantes e influyentes. Su Gobierno omnipotente (1944) fue el primer libro que se enfrentó a la visión marxista entonces prevaleciente de que el fascismo y el nazismo fueron impuestos a sus naciones por las grandes empresas y la “clase capitalista”. Su Burocracia (1944) fue un análisis todavía no superado de por qué el funcionamiento del gobierno debe ser necesariamente “burocrático” y sufrir todos los males de dicha burocracia.</p> <p>El logro más monumental de Mises fue La acción humana (1949), el primer tratado completo sobre teoría económica escrito desde la Primera Guerra Mundial. En él Mises asumía el reto de su propia metodología y programa de investigación y desarrollaba una estructura integrada y masiva de teoría económica sobre sus propios principios “praxeológicos” deductivos. Publicado en una época en la que economistas y gobiernos generalmente estaban totalmente dedicados al estatismo y la inflación keynesiana, La acción humana no fue leída por la profesión económica. Finalmente, en 1957, Mises publicaba su última gran obra, Teoría e historia, que, además de refutaciones del marxismo y el historicismo, planteaba las diferencias y funciones básicas de la teoría y la historia en la economía, así como en todas las diversas disciplinas de la acción humana.</p> <p>Hoy nos vamos del bar arregladas como siempre y mañana será otro mañana llena de historias a escuchar y miradas a esperar. Así empieza nuestra jornada, aunque luego en el trabajo todo el entusiasmo por el bello día soleado acaba en la habitual sala del consultorio fría y rancia que hemos conseguido obtener con tanto esfuerzo para poder trabajar con nuestros ordenadores portátiles teniendo al menos una silla y una mesa sobre la que apoyarnos. Hoy es el día del curso preparatorio para el parto y por eso ya a las nueve la entrada está llena de mujeres con ropa de gimnasia con sus grandes barrigas. Unas se acarician la barriga y otras buscan un lugar donde poder sentarse para relajar los primeros dolores de espalda. La mayor parte de ellas lleva un botellín de agua en una mano y una toalla en la otra. Muchas ya se conocen y por eso hay un vocerío de consejos y opiniones entre las que están viviendo más o menos los mismos momentos que luego desembocarán en el gran cambio de su vida al traer al mundo algo nuevo que las reflejará, al menos en parte. Muchas de ellas han visto cambiar su cuerpo, dejándose llevar también un poco, mientras que otras parecen listas para un desfile de premamás con ropa a la última moda y pelo y uñas bien arreglados. Atravesamos la sala con algo de dificultad, porque no queremos molestar al grupo de gestantes, que esperan a las obstetras que están allí por ellas. Por fin en nuestro despacho, cerramos la puerta a nuestras espaldas lanzando un suspiro de alivio, aunque con un poco de amargura y deseo de estar también en aquella sala antes o después. Sería bonito tener hijos a la vez, para enfrentarnos juntas y en el mismo momento a todo, siempre nos lo decimos, aunque seguramente no sea precisamente la cosa más probable y fácil el mundo.</p> <p>En Estados Unidos, como en su Austria natal, Mises no pudo encontrar un puesto asalariado la universidad. La Universidad de Nueva York, donde enseñó desde 1945 hasta su jubilación con 88 años en 1969, solo le nombró profesor visitante y su salario tuvieron que pagarlo el conservador-libertario Fondo William Volker hasta 1962 y después un consorcio de fundaciones y empresarios a favor del libre mercado. A pesar del clima desfavorable, Mises inspiró a un creciente grupo de alumnos y admiradores, animados alegremente por su erudición y él mismo continuó con su notable productividad.</p> <p>La oficina conseguida está oscura y hoy me falta ese rayo de sol que he dejado a la entrada. Aquí todas las estaciones son iguales y si no fuera por el gran frío del invierno y el calor del verano no podríamos saber en qué periodo del año nos encontramos. Cuando salimos a las seis es horrible entrar con la luz y salir fuera cuando ya está oscuro. Parece como si hubiéramos perdido una parte de nuestra vida entre documentos y estadísticas poco útiles para nuestra existencia. Poco después de que llegamos desciende el silencio sobre todo el consultorio: en cuanto empieza el curso las futuras mamás se sumergen completamente en los ejercicios de respiración y en la gimnasia de parto en la sala adyacente a la entrada y solo se oye a lo lejos la débil voz de Anna, nuestra obstetra preferida, que con su voz dulce y suave guía a las mujeres en el momento más bello de su vida. Así podemos también nosotras empezar a encender los ordenadores y a preparar las cosas, ya que mañana será la reunión con la responsable de todos los consultores familiares de zona y esta quiere tener todos los datos al alcance la mano, con muchas estadísticas demográficas y los nombres de quienes han prestado servicios en los últimos seis meses.</p> <p>Mises también era sostenido y trabajaba con admiradores libertarios y de libre mercado. Desde su fundación en 1946 hasta su muerte, Mises fue miembro a tiempo parcial del personal de la Foundation for Economic Education en Irvington-on-Hudson, Nueva York, y fue en la década de 1950 asesor económico de la National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) trabajando con la rama de laissez faire, que finalmente perdió ante la marea de estatismo “ilustrado”.</p> <p>Como librecambista y liberal clásico en la tradición de Cobden, Bright y Spencer, Mises era un libertario que defendía la razón y la libertad individual tanto en asuntos personales como económicos. Como racionalista y opositor al estatismo en todas sus formas, Mises nunca se había calificado a sí mismo como “conservador”, sino más bien como un liberal en el sentido del siglo XIX.</p> <p>De hecho, Mises era políticamente un radical de laissez faire, que denunciaba los aranceles, las restricciones a la inmigración o los intentos del gobierno por aplicar preceptos morales. Por otro lado, Mises era decididamente un conservador cultural y sociológico que atacaba el igualitarismo y denunciaba con firmeza el feminismo político como una faceta del socialismo. Contrariamente a muchos críticos conservadores del capitalismo, Mises sostenía que la moralidad personal y la familia nuclear al mismo tiempo eran esenciales y estimuladas por un sistema de capitalismo de libre mercado.</p> <p>La influencia de Mises fue notable, considerando la falta de popularidad de sus opiniones epistemológicas y políticas. Sus alumnos de la década de 1920, incluso quienes posteriormente se convirtieron en keynesianos, estuvieron marcados permanentemente por una visible influencia miesesiana. Estos alumnos incluían, además de Hayek y Robbins, a Fritz Machlup, Gottfried von Haberler, Oskar Morgenstern, Alfred Schutz, Hugh Gaitskell, Howard S. Ellis, John Van Sickle y Erich Voegelin.</p> <p>En Francia, el principal asesor económico del general De Gaulle, que ayudó a Francia a alejarse del socialismo, fue Jacques Rueff, un viejo amigo y admirador de Mises. Y parte del alejamiento del socialismo de Italia tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial se debió a su presidente, Luigi Einaudi, un distinguido economista y amigo por mucho tiempo y colega librecambista de Mises. En Estados Unidos, Mises no fue tan influyente. Bajo condiciones académicas menos prometedoras, sus alumnos y admiradores incluyeron a Henry Hazlitt, Lawrence Fertig, Percy Greaves, Jr., Bettina Bien Graeves, Hans F. Sennholz, William H. Peterson, Louis M. Spadaro, Israel M. Kirzner, Ralph Raico, George Reisman y Murray N. Rothbard. Pero Mises fue capaz de crear un seguimiento notablemente fuerte y leal entre empresarios y otras personas fuera de la universidad: su masivo y complejo La acción humana se ha vendido extraordinariamente bien desde los años de su publicación original.</p> <p>Desde la muerte de Mises en Nueva York el 10 de octubre de 1973 con 92 años, la doctrina e influencia misesianas han experimentado un renacimiento. El año siguiente no solo vio el premio Nobel de Hayek por su teoría misesiana del ciclo, sino también la primera de muchas conferencias de la Escuela Austriaca en Estados Unidos. Se han reimpreso los libros de Mises y se han traducido y publicado recopilaciones de sus artículos. Se han impartido y creado cursos y programas de economía austriaca en todo el país.</p> <p>A la cabeza de esta recuperación de Mises y del estudio y expansión de la doctrina misesiana ha estado el Instituto Ludwig von Mises, fundado por Llewellyn Rockwell, Jr. en 1982 y con sede en Auburn, Alabama. El Instituto Mises publica revistas y libros de investigación y ofrece cursos de economía austriaca básica, media y avanzada, que atraen a cada vez más alumnos y profesores. Sin duda, el colapso del socialismo y el creciente atractivo del libre mercado han contribuido enormemente a este aumento de popularidad.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="my-5 person-latest-work clear-both"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-crimson mb-2">Latest work</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-person-articles view-id-person_articles view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-a0a50482bd0c5f9c7b0db3347aeec9cd15ea4577857ca62c375ed284ea33a97b"> <div class="view-content"> <article class="card-title-teaser border-b border-b-misesGreyLight pb-5 my-5 last:border-0 last:pb-0 last:mb-0" data-component-id="mises:card-title-teaser"> <div class="flex gap-2 flex-col"> <div class="font-myriad text-lg font-semibold mb-0 leading-tight"> <a href="/es/mises-daily/salarios-desempleo-e-inflacion" data-component-id="mises:atom-link" class="text-misesBlue no-underline hover:underline focus:underline"> Salarios, desempleo e inflación</a> </div> <div data-component-id="mises:element-article-details" class="font-myriad flex flex-row flex-wrap gap-1 mb-1.5 font-semibol"> <span> <time datetime="2024-06-20T13:00:00Z">06/20/2024</time> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"> <a href="/es/mises-daily" hreflang="es">Mises Daily</a> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"><a href="/es/profile/ludwig-von-mises" hreflang="es">Ludwig von Mises</a></span> </div> <div class="font-myriad text-base"> There is only one way that leads to an improvement of the standard of living for the wage-earning masses, viz., the increase in the amount of capital invested. All other methods, however popular they may be, are not only futile, but are actually detrimental to the well-being of those they allegedly want to benefit. </div> </div> </article> <article class="card-title-teaser border-b border-b-misesGreyLight pb-5 my-5 last:border-0 last:pb-0 last:mb-0" data-component-id="mises:card-title-teaser"> <div class="flex gap-2 flex-col"> <div class="font-myriad text-lg font-semibold mb-0 leading-tight"> <a href="/es/mises-daily/la-nacionalizacion-del-credito" data-component-id="mises:atom-link" class="text-misesBlue no-underline hover:underline focus:underline"> ¿La nacionalización del crédito?</a> </div> <div data-component-id="mises:element-article-details" class="font-myriad flex flex-row flex-wrap gap-1 mb-1.5 font-semibol"> <span> <time datetime="2023-03-01T06:00:00Z">03/01/2023</time> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"> <a href="/es/mises-daily" hreflang="es">Mises Daily</a> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"><a href="/es/profile/ludwig-von-mises" hreflang="es">Ludwig von Mises</a></span> </div> <div class="font-myriad text-base"> Arthur Travers-Borgstroem, escritor finlandés, publica un libro titulado Mutualismo que aborda ideas de reforma social y culmina con un alegato a favor de la nacionalización del crédito. En 1923... </div> </div> </article> <article class="card-title-teaser border-b border-b-misesGreyLight pb-5 my-5 last:border-0 last:pb-0 last:mb-0" data-component-id="mises:card-title-teaser"> <div class="flex gap-2 flex-col"> <div class="font-myriad text-lg font-semibold mb-0 leading-tight"> <a href="/es/mises-daily/el-mercado-parte-2" data-component-id="mises:atom-link" class="text-misesBlue no-underline hover:underline focus:underline"> El mercado, parte 2</a> </div> <div data-component-id="mises:element-article-details" class="font-myriad flex flex-row flex-wrap gap-1 mb-1.5 font-semibol"> <span> <time datetime="2022-11-28T06:00:00Z">11/28/2022</time> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"> <a href="/es/mises-daily" hreflang="es">Mises Daily</a> </span> <span aria-hidden="true">•</span> <span class="mises-link"><a href="/es/profile/ludwig-von-mises" hreflang="es">Ludwig von Mises</a></span> </div> <div class="font-myriad text-base"> [Este artículo es un extracto del capítulo 15 de Acción humana. Este artículo sigue a « El mercado, parte 1».] 8. 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