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1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem-label"> Projects </span> </a> </li> <li hidden="hidden" data-menu-item="i4security-tab" data-targets="action-list.items" role="none" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem"> <a tabindex="-1" id="item-0ee09d08-6068-42ab-8f95-9421642d0a3e" href="/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/security" role="menuitem" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListContent ActionListContent--visual16"> <span class="ActionListItem-visual ActionListItem-visual--leading"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem-label"> Security </span> </a> </li> <li hidden="hidden" data-menu-item="i5insights-tab" data-targets="action-list.items" role="none" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem"> <a tabindex="-1" id="item-27018e91-44ac-42dd-b108-d6d933e784b5" href="/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/pulse" role="menuitem" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListContent 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class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMitigating Web Shells\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-mitigating-web-shells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Mitigating Web Shells\" href=\"#mitigating-web-shells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis repository houses a number of tools and signatures to help defend networks against web shell malware. More information about web shells and the analytics used by the tools here is available in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNSA\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.asd.gov.au\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eASD\u003c/a\u003e web shell mitigation guidance \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDetect and Prevent Web Shell Malware\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/News-Features/Feature-Stories/Article-View/Article/2159419/detect-prevent-cyber-attackers-from-exploiting-web-servers-via-web-shell-malware/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNSA press release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cyber.gov.au/advice/detect-and-prevent-web-shell-malware\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eASD press release\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTable of Contents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-table-of-contents\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Table of Contents\" href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#mitigating-web-shells\"\u003eMitigating Web Shells\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#background\"\u003eBackground\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-blocking-web-shells\"\u003eDetecting/Blocking Web Shells\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#known-good-file-comparison\"\u003e\"Known-Good\" file comparison\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#windiff-application\"\u003eWinDiff Application\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison\"\u003ePowerShell utility for known-good comparison\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison\"\u003eLinux Diff utility for known-good comparison\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs\"\u003eDetecting anomalous requests in web server logs\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs\"\u003eSplunk queries for web server logs\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs\"\u003ePowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs\"\u003ePython script for Apache httpd logs\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells\"\u003eDetecting host artifacts of common web shells\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells\"\u003eYARA rules for detecting common web shells\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware\"\u003eDetecting network artifacts of common web shell malware\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware\"\u003eNetwork signatures for common web shell malware\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-unexpected-network-flows\"\u003eDetecting unexpected network flows\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows\"\u003eSnort signatures to detect unexpected network flows\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities\"\u003eEndpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon\"\u003eDetecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd\"\u003eDetecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#preventing-web-shells\"\u003ePreventing Web Shells\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system--hips--rules-to-lock-down-web-directories\"\u003eMcAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#related-content\"\u003eRelated Content\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#license\"\u003eLicense\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contributing\"\u003eContributing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#disclaimer\"\u003eDisclaimer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-background\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Background\" href=\"#background\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWeb shells are malicious files or code snippets that attackers put on compromised web servers to perform arbitrary, attacker-specified actions on the system or return requested data to which the system has access. Web shells are a well-known attacker technique, but they are often difficult to detect because of their proficiency in blending in with an existing web application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting/Blocking Web Shells\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detectingblocking-web-shells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting/Blocking Web Shells\" href=\"#detectingblocking-web-shells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\"Known-Good\" file comparison\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-known-good-file-comparison\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: \u0026quot;Known-Good\u0026quot; file comparison\" href=\"#known-good-file-comparison\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe most effective method of discovering most web shells is to compare files on a production web server with a known-good version of that application, typically a fresh install of the application where available updates have been applied. Administrators can programmatically compare the production site with the known-good version to identify added or changed files. These files can be manually reviewed to verify authenticity. NSA provides instructions below on how to perform the file comparison in either a Windows or Linux environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWinDiff Application\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-windiff-application\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: WinDiff Application\" href=\"#windiff-application\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMicrosoft developed a tool called WinDiff that allows file or directory comparison for ASCII files. In most cases, this simple but powerful tool is sufficient for comparing known-good and production images. Details about using this utility are provided by Microsoft \u003ca href=\"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/159214/how-to-use-the-windiff-exe-utility\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePowerShell utility for known-good comparison\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PowerShell utility for known-good comparison\" href=\"#powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/dirChecker.ps1\"\u003ePowerShell script\u003c/a\u003e will compare two directories, a known-good version and a production image. The script will report any new or modified files in the production version. If a web shell is in the web application, then it will appear on this report. Because of the high likelihood that benign file changes occurring, each result will need to be vetted for authenticity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowerShell v2 or greater\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead access to both the known-good image and the production image\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePS \u0026gt; .\\dirChecker.ps1 -knownGood \"\u0026lt;PATH\u0026gt;\" -productionImage \"\u0026lt;PATH\u0026gt;\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Scanning default IIS website:\n\u003ccode\u003ePS \u0026gt; .\\dirChecker.ps1 -knownGood .\\knownGoodDir\\ -productionImage \"C:\\inetpub\\logs\\\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLinux Diff utility for known-good comparison\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison\" href=\"#linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost distributions of Linux include the \"diff\" utility, which compares the contents of files or directories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ediff utility (typically pre-installed on Linux)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead access to both the known-good image and the production image\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e$ diff -r -q \u0026lt;known-good image\u0026gt; \u0026lt;production image\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Scanning default Apache website:\n\u003ccode\u003e$ diff -r -q /path/to/good/image/ /var/www/html/\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting anomalous requests in web server logs\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs\" href=\"#detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBecause they are often designed to blend in with existing web applications, detecting web shells can be difficult. However, some properties of web shells are difficult to disguise or are commonly overlooked by attackers and can guide defenders to concealed web shells. Of particular interest are the user agent, referrer, and IP address used to access the web shell.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eUser agent HTTP header\u003c/em\u003e: Without an established presence within a network, it is unlikely that an attacker will know which user agent strings are common for a particular web server. Therefore, at a minimum, early web shell access is likely to be performed using a user agent that is uncommon on a target network.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferrer HTTP header\u003c/em\u003e: For most web applications, each user request is appended with a referrer header indicating the URL from which the user request originated. The major exception to this is root level pages, which are often bookmarked or accessed directly. Attackers may overlook the referrer tag when disguising their web shell traffic. If so, these requests should appear anomalous in web server logs.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eIP Addresses\u003c/em\u003e: Depending on the attacker’s tactics and the victim environment, IP addresses used to conduct the attack may appear anomalous. For instance, a web application may primarily be visited by internal users from a particular subnet. However, the attacker may access the web shell malware from an IP address outside the normal subnet.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis analytic is likely to produce significant false positives in many environments, so it should be employed cautiously. Additionally, attackers who understand this analytic can easily avoid detection. Therefore, this analytic should only be one part of a broader defense in depth approach to mitigating web shells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSplunk queries for web server logs\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Splunk queries for web server logs\" href=\"#splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/anomolous_uris.splunk.txt\"\u003eSplunk queries\u003c/a\u003e can help to identify Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) accessed by few User Agents, IP addresses, or using uncommon Referer [sic] headers. Results of these queries are likely to include mostly or entirely benign URIs. However, if a web shell is present on the target server, it is likely to be among the returned results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs\" href=\"#powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/LogCheck.ps1\"\u003ePowerShell script\u003c/a\u003e will attempt to identify anomalous entries in IIS web server logs that could indicate the presence of a web shell. The script calculates the URIs successfully handled by the server (status code 200-299) which have been requested by the least number of user agents or IP addresses. This analytic will \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e produce results regardless of whether a web shell is present or not. The URIs in the results should be verified benign.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowerShell v2 or greater\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFull Language Mode of PowerShell enabled (see \u003ca href=\"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/powershell/powershell-constrained-language-mode/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e)\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis is the default mode for most systems\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead access to IIS logs\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePS \u0026gt; .\\LogCheck.ps1 -logDir \"\u0026lt;path to IIS log directory\u0026gt;\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Scanning logs stored at the default IIS location:\n\u003ccode\u003ePS \u0026gt; .\\LogCheck.ps1 -logDir \"C:\\inetpub\\logs\\\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdditionally, the size of the percentile returned can be modified with the ‘-percentile N’ option. The default is to show URIs in the bottom 5 percentile for unique user agent requests and client IP addresses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython script for Apache httpd logs\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Python script for Apache httpd logs\" href=\"#python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/LogCheck.py\"\u003ePython script\u003c/a\u003e will attempt to identify anomalous entries in Apache web server logs that could indicate the presence of a web shell. The script calculates the URIs successfully handled by the server (status code 200-299) which have been requested by the least number of user agents or IP addresses. This analytic will \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e produce results regardless of whether a web shell is present or not. The URIs in the results should be verified benign.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements-3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements-3\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePython 3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRead access to Apache logs\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-3\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e$ LogCheck.py \"\u0026lt;path to Apache log file\u0026gt;\"\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting host artifacts of common web shells\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting host artifacts of common web shells\" href=\"#detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWeb shells are easy to modify without losing functionality and can thus be tailored to avoid host base signatures such as file artifacts. In rare cases, web shells may even run entirely in memory (i.e., fileless execution) making file based detection impossible. However, attackers may make little to no modifications to web shells for a variety of reasons. In these cases, it may be possible to detect common web shells using pattern-matching techniques, such as \u003ca href=\"https://virustotal.github.io/yara/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eYARA rules\u003c/a\u003e. YARA rules can be imported by a variety of security products or can be run using a standalone \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/virustotal/yara/releases/tag/v3.11.0\"\u003eYARA scanning tool\u003c/a\u003e. The instructions below assume use of the standalone YARA scanning tool. For other security products, consult documentation or talk to the vendor to determine if YARA is supported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eYARA rules for detecting common web shells\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: YARA rules for detecting common web shells\" href=\"#yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe YARA rules contain a variety of signatures for common web shells and some heuristic approaches to identifying artifacts typically found in web shells. Two sets of signatures are provided, \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/core.webshell_detection.yara\"\u003ecore\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/core.yara.bin\"\u003ecompiled core rules\u003c/a\u003e) and \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/extended.webshell_detection.yara\"\u003eextended\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/extended.yara.bin\"\u003ecompiled extended rules\u003c/a\u003e). It is recommended to use the compiled versions of the rules, as some host-based security systems will falsely flag the uncompiled rules as malicious.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003ecore\u003c/em\u003e rules include only indicators for common web shells that are unlikely to occur in benign web application files. These rules should return minimal false positive results but are also less likely to detect variations of common shells\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eextended\u003c/em\u003e rules include both indicators for common web shells and indicators of techniques frequently used in web shells, such as obfuscation, dynamic execution, and encoding. Because these techniques are also sometimes used in benign web applications, these rules are likely to produce a significant number of false positive results but are also detect a broader range of web shells.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdministrators should prioritize vetting results from the core rules before investigating results from the extended rules. For some applications, the extended rules will result in too many false positives to be useful.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements-4\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements-4\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ea YARA compatible security application or the standalone YARA tool (v3+)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efile-level, read access to the web directories for the target web application\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-4\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-4\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; .\\yara64.exe -r -C \u0026lt;yara file\u0026gt; \u0026lt;path to web directory\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Scanning default IIS web directories using the base ruleset\n\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; .\\yara64.exe -r -C base.yara.bin C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample: Scanning default Apache web directories using the extended ruleset\n\u003ccode\u003e$ yara -r extended.yara.bin /var/www/html/\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting network artifacts of common web shell malware\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware\" href=\"#detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWeb shells frequently use encryption and encoding to evade network-based detection. Additionally, \"hard-coded\" parameters can easily be modified to further evade signatures. However, if network architectures allow for TLS inspection for web servers (e.g., through a reverse proxy or web application firewall), then administrators may be able to detect unmodified or slightly modified common web shell malware at the network level. Network signatures are, at best, only partially effective at detecting web shells and should be used as one part of a defense-in-depth strategy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNetwork signatures for common web shell malware\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Network signatures for common web shell malware\" href=\"#network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/network_signatures.snort.txt\"\u003eSnort signatures\u003c/a\u003e can be used to detect some common web shells that have not been modified to evade detection. Some intrusion detection/preventions systems and web application firewalls may already implement these or other web shell signatures. Organizations are encouraged to understand their existing network signature posture in this regard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting unexpected network flows\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-unexpected-network-flows\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting unexpected network flows\" href=\"#detecting-unexpected-network-flows\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn some cases, web shell traffic will cause unexpected network flows. For example, when a web shell infected web server is being used proxy requests into a network, the web server would make web requests to internal network nodes. This behavior is abnormal and could be easily recognized in network activity logs. Another example would be for a non-web server node (e.g., a network device) to suddenly be replying to responding to a web requests from outside the network. Administrators should have an intimate network knowledge and understand which protocols that nodes should be using. Contradictions to these norms should be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSnort signatures to detect unexpected network flows\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows\" href=\"#snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe provided Snort signature can aid administrators in identifying unexpected network flows. This signature simply alerts when a node in the targeted subnet responds to an HTTP(s) request. This signature should be tailored for a specific network by targeting only non-web server nodes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ealert tcp 192.168.1.0/24 [443,80] -\u0026gt; any any (msg: \"potential unexpected web server\"; sid 4000921)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote: ensure that the subnet above (192.l68.1.0) is changed to something appropriate for the target subnet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eEndpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities\" href=\"#endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome EDR and enhanced logging solutions may be able to detect web shells based on system call or process lineage abnormalities. These security products monitor each process on the endpoint including invoked system calls. Web shells usually cause the web server process to exhibit unusual behavior. For instance, it is uncommon for most benign web servers to launch the ipconfig utility, but this is a common reconnaissance technique enabled by web shells. EDRs and enhanced logging solutions will have different capabilities, so administrators are encouraged to understand the solutions available for their environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon\" href=\"#detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMicrosoft Sysmon is a logging tool that enhances logging performed on a Windows system. Among other things, Sysmon logs information about how each process is created. This information is valuable for identifying anomalous behavior, such as in the case of malicious web shells. Sysmon can be \u003ca href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eobtained from Microsoft\u003c/a\u003e and must be installed on a system to begin enhanced logging. Ideally, Sysmon and other Windows logging should be mirrored to a central Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) server where it can be aggregated and queried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe query below will report executables launched by an IIS web server process. In many cases, the web application will cause IIS to launch a process for entirely benign functionality. However, there are several executables commonly used by attackers for reconnaissance purposes, which are unlikely to be used by a normal web application. Some of these executables are listed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-powershell-script-to-identify-sysmon-entries-for-iis\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS\" href=\"#powershell-script-to-identify-sysmon-entries-for-iis\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eGet-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{logname=\"Micorosft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\";id=1;} | Where {$_.message -like \"*ParentImage: C:\\Windows\\System32\\inetsrv\\w3wp.exe*\"} | %{$_.properties[4]} | Sort-Object -Property value -Unique\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWindows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-windows-executables-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-iis-applications\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Windows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications\" href=\"#windows-executables-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-iis-applications\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003earp.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eat.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebitsadmin.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecertutil.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecmd.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edsget.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edsquery.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efind.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efindstr.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efsutil.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehostname.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eipconfig.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enbstat.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enet.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enet1.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enetdom.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enetsh.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enetstat.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enltest.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enslookup.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003entdsutil.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epathping.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eping.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epowershell.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eqprocess.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003equery.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eqwinsta.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereg.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003erundll32.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esc.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eschtasks.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esysteminfo.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etasklist.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etracert.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ever.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evssadmin.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewevtutil.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewhoami.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewmic.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewusa.exe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDetecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd\" href=\"#detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAuditd is the userspace component of the Linux Auditing System. Auditd can provide users with insight into process creation logs. The information is valuable for identifying anomalous behavior, such as in the case of malicious web shells. Auditd is available in default repositories for many Linux distributions and must be installed and configured before it can log relevant web server process data. Ideally, auditd and other Linux logging should be mirrored to a central Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) server where it can be aggregated and queried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe query below will report applications launched by an Apache web server process. In many cases, the web application will cause Apache to launch a process for entirely benign functionality. However, there are several applications commonly used by attackers for reconnaissance purposes, which are unlikely to be used by a normal web application. Some of these applications are listed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eConfiguring Auditd\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-configuring-auditd\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Configuring Auditd\" href=\"#configuring-auditd\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDetermine the web server uid\u003c/em\u003e:\nAfter installing auditd (i.e., using \"apt -y install auditd\"), determine the uid of the web server using:\n\u003ccode\u003eapachectl -S\u003c/code\u003e\nThis will return apache details including the user id in a line such as:\n\u003ccode\u003eUser: name=\"www-data\" id=33\u003c/code\u003e\nHere the uid is \"33\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdd the following auditd rules (/etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules) replacing \"XX\" with the uid identified above\u003c/em\u003e:\n\u003ccode\u003e-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -F uid=XX -S execve -k apacheexecve\u003c/code\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003e-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -F uid=XX -S execve -k apacheexecve\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eRestart auditd\u003c/em\u003e:\n\u003ccode\u003eservice auditd restart\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReviewing Auditd Log\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reviewing-auditd-log\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reviewing Auditd Log\" href=\"#reviewing-auditd-log\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIdentify applications launched by Apache with\u003c/em\u003e:\n\u003ccode\u003ecat /var/log/auditd/audit.* | grep \"apacheexecve\"\u003c/code\u003e\nThis will return the path to the launched application (see bolded path in the example output below):\ntype=SYSCALL msg=audit(1581519503.841:47): arch=c000003e syscall=59 success=yes exit=0 a0=563e412cbbd8 a1=563e412cbb60 a2=563e412cbb78 a3=7f065d5e5810 items=2 ppid=15483 pid=15484 auid=4294967295 uid=33 gid=33 euid=33 suid=33 fsuid=33 egid=33 sgid=33 fsgid=33 tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm=\"cat\" \u003cstrong\u003eexe=\"/bin/cat\"\u003c/strong\u003e key=\"apacheexecve\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnalyze the results to determine if unusual applications are launched (see list below)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDetailed information, including call arguments, can be obtained using\u003c/em\u003e:\n\u003ccode\u003e/var/log/auditd/audit.* | grep \"msg=audit(1581519503.841:47)\"\u003c/code\u003e\nReplace the value of msg=audit with the value returned in step #1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLinux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-linux-applications-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-apache-applications\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Linux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications\" href=\"#linux-applications-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-apache-applications\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecat\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecrontab\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehostname\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eifconfig\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eip\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eiptables\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003els\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enetstat\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epwd\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eroute\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003euname\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewhoami\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePreventing Web Shells\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-preventing-web-shells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Preventing Web Shells\" href=\"#preventing-web-shells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMcAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system-hips-rules-to-lock-down-web-directories\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories\" href=\"#mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system-hips-rules-to-lock-down-web-directories\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWeb shells almost always rely on modifying existing web application files or creating new files in a web accessible directory. Using a file integrity monitoring system can block file changes to a specific directory or alert when changes occur. The provided \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/hips_file_integrity_rules.txt\"\u003eMcAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System rules\u003c/a\u003e can be tailored for a specific web application to block file system changes that web shell exploitation usually relies on. Other file integrity monitoring systems are likely able to accomplish similar blocking as well; consult documentation or seek vendor guidance for other such products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements-5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements-5\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcAfee Host Based Security System (HBSS)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-5\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHIPS File integrity rules can be added to HBSS through the ePolicy Orchestrator portal. Before adding the rules, administrators should tailor them the target environment. This is initially done by modifying the \"Include\" path to target one or more web applications. Then exceptions to the rule can be added on the signature page under the exception rule tab. Exceptions should include things like allowed file extensions of benign file types that the target web application is required to handle (e.g., \".pdf\", \".jpg\", \".png\"). HIPS rules should be added as an Informational alert (Level 1) for logging purposes to help administrators identify possible exceptions to the rule. Once administrators are confident that exceptions have been added, the rule(s) should be changed to Level 4 to block file changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRelated Content\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-related-content\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Related Content\" href=\"#related-content\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eDate\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003ePress Release\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eReport\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e2021-07-01\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/2677750/nsa-partners-release-cybersecurity-advisory-on-brute-force-global-cyber-campaign/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNSA, Partners Release Cybersecurity Advisory on Brute Force Global Cyber Campaign\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCSA: Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e2021-05-07\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/2599239/nsa-cisa-fbi-and-the-uk-ncsc-further-expose-russian-intelligence-cyber-tactics/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNSA CISA, FBI, and the UK NCSC further expose Russian Intelligence Cyber Tactics\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2021/May/07/2002637232/-1/-1/0/ADVISORY%20FURTHER%20TTPS%20ASSOCIATED%20WITH%20SVR%20CYBER%20ACTORS.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCSA: Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e2021-04-15\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003en/a\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2021/Apr/15/2002621240/-1/-1/0/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCSA: Russian SVR Targets U.S. and Allied Networks\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/LICENSE.md\"\u003eLICENSE\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contributing\" href=\"#contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md\"\u003eCONTRIBUTING\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDisclaimer\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-disclaimer\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Disclaimer\" href=\"#disclaimer\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/DISCLAIMER.md\"\u003eDISCLAIMER\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Mitigating Web Shells","anchor":"mitigating-web-shells","htmlText":"Mitigating Web Shells"},{"level":2,"text":"Table of Contents","anchor":"table-of-contents","htmlText":"Table of Contents"},{"level":2,"text":"Background","anchor":"background","htmlText":"Background"},{"level":2,"text":"Detecting/Blocking Web Shells","anchor":"detectingblocking-web-shells","htmlText":"Detecting/Blocking Web Shells"},{"level":3,"text":"\"Known-Good\" file comparison","anchor":"known-good-file-comparison","htmlText":"\"Known-Good\" file comparison"},{"level":4,"text":"WinDiff Application","anchor":"windiff-application","htmlText":"WinDiff Application"},{"level":4,"text":"PowerShell utility for known-good comparison","anchor":"powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison","htmlText":"PowerShell utility for known-good comparison"},{"level":5,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":5,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":4,"text":"Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison","anchor":"linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison","htmlText":"Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison"},{"level":5,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements-1","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":5,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-1","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs","anchor":"detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs","htmlText":"Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs"},{"level":4,"text":"Splunk queries for web server logs","anchor":"splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs","htmlText":"Splunk queries for web server logs"},{"level":4,"text":"PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs","anchor":"powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs","htmlText":"PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs"},{"level":5,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements-2","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":5,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-2","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":4,"text":"Python script for Apache httpd logs","anchor":"python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs","htmlText":"Python script for Apache httpd logs"},{"level":5,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements-3","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":5,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-3","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Detecting host artifacts of common web shells","anchor":"detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells","htmlText":"Detecting host artifacts of common web shells"},{"level":4,"text":"YARA rules for detecting common web shells","anchor":"yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells","htmlText":"YARA rules for detecting common web shells"},{"level":5,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements-4","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":5,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-4","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware","anchor":"detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware","htmlText":"Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware"},{"level":4,"text":"Network signatures for common web shell malware","anchor":"network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware","htmlText":"Network signatures for common web shell malware"},{"level":3,"text":"Detecting unexpected network flows","anchor":"detecting-unexpected-network-flows","htmlText":"Detecting unexpected network flows"},{"level":4,"text":"Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows","anchor":"snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows","htmlText":"Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows"},{"level":3,"text":"Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities","anchor":"endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities","htmlText":"Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities"},{"level":4,"text":"Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon","anchor":"detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon","htmlText":"Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon"},{"level":5,"text":"PowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS","anchor":"powershell-script-to-identify-sysmon-entries-for-iis","htmlText":"PowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS"},{"level":5,"text":"Windows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications","anchor":"windows-executables-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-iis-applications","htmlText":"Windows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications"},{"level":4,"text":"Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd","anchor":"detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd","htmlText":"Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd"},{"level":5,"text":"Configuring Auditd","anchor":"configuring-auditd","htmlText":"Configuring Auditd"},{"level":5,"text":"Reviewing Auditd Log","anchor":"reviewing-auditd-log","htmlText":"Reviewing Auditd Log"},{"level":5,"text":"Linux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications","anchor":"linux-applications-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-apache-applications","htmlText":"Linux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications"},{"level":2,"text":"Preventing Web Shells","anchor":"preventing-web-shells","htmlText":"Preventing Web Shells"},{"level":3,"text":"McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories","anchor":"mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system-hips-rules-to-lock-down-web-directories","htmlText":"McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories"},{"level":4,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements-5","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":4,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-5","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":2,"text":"Related Content","anchor":"related-content","htmlText":"Related Content"},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"},{"level":2,"text":"Contributing","anchor":"contributing","htmlText":"Contributing"},{"level":2,"text":"Disclaimer","anchor":"disclaimer","htmlText":"Disclaimer"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnsacyber%2FMitigating-Web-Shells"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE.md","repoName":"Mitigating-Web-Shells","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE.md","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"License","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnsacyber%2FMitigating-Web-Shells"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Mitigating Web Shells</h1><a id="user-content-mitigating-web-shells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Mitigating Web Shells" href="#mitigating-web-shells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This repository houses a number of tools and signatures to help defend networks against web shell malware. More information about web shells and the analytics used by the tools here is available in <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/" rel="nofollow">NSA</a> and <a href="https://www.asd.gov.au" rel="nofollow">ASD</a> web shell mitigation guidance <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF" rel="nofollow">Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware</a>.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/News-Features/Feature-Stories/Article-View/Article/2159419/detect-prevent-cyber-attackers-from-exploiting-web-servers-via-web-shell-malware/" rel="nofollow">NSA press release</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cyber.gov.au/advice/detect-and-prevent-web-shell-malware" rel="nofollow">ASD press release</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Table of Contents</h2><a id="user-content-table-of-contents" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Table of Contents" href="#table-of-contents"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#mitigating-web-shells">Mitigating Web Shells</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#background">Background</a></li> <li><a href="#detecting-blocking-web-shells">Detecting/Blocking Web Shells</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#known-good-file-comparison">"Known-Good" file comparison</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#windiff-application">WinDiff Application</a></li> <li><a href="#powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison">PowerShell utility for known-good comparison</a></li> <li><a href="#linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison">Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs">Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs">Splunk queries for web server logs</a></li> <li><a href="#powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs">PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs</a></li> <li><a href="#python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs">Python script for Apache httpd logs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells">Detecting host artifacts of common web shells</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells">YARA rules for detecting common web shells</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware">Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware">Network signatures for common web shell malware</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#detecting-unexpected-network-flows">Detecting unexpected network flows</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows">Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities">Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon">Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon</a></li> <li><a href="#detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd">Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#preventing-web-shells">Preventing Web Shells</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system--hips--rules-to-lock-down-web-directories">McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#related-content">Related Content</a></li> <li><a href="#license">License</a></li> <li><a href="#contributing">Contributing</a></li> <li><a href="#disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Background</h2><a id="user-content-background" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Background" href="#background"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Web shells are malicious files or code snippets that attackers put on compromised web servers to perform arbitrary, attacker-specified actions on the system or return requested data to which the system has access. Web shells are a well-known attacker technique, but they are often difficult to detect because of their proficiency in blending in with an existing web application.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting/Blocking Web Shells</h2><a id="user-content-detectingblocking-web-shells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting/Blocking Web Shells" href="#detectingblocking-web-shells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">"Known-Good" file comparison</h3><a id="user-content-known-good-file-comparison" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: "Known-Good" file comparison" href="#known-good-file-comparison"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The most effective method of discovering most web shells is to compare files on a production web server with a known-good version of that application, typically a fresh install of the application where available updates have been applied. Administrators can programmatically compare the production site with the known-good version to identify added or changed files. These files can be manually reviewed to verify authenticity. NSA provides instructions below on how to perform the file comparison in either a Windows or Linux environment.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">WinDiff Application</h4><a id="user-content-windiff-application" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: WinDiff Application" href="#windiff-application"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Microsoft developed a tool called WinDiff that allows file or directory comparison for ASCII files. In most cases, this simple but powerful tool is sufficient for comparing known-good and production images. Details about using this utility are provided by Microsoft <a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/159214/how-to-use-the-windiff-exe-utility" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PowerShell utility for known-good comparison</h4><a id="user-content-powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PowerShell utility for known-good comparison" href="#powershell-utility-for-known-good-comparison"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/dirChecker.ps1">PowerShell script</a> will compare two directories, a known-good version and a production image. The script will report any new or modified files in the production version. If a web shell is in the web application, then it will appear on this report. Because of the high likelihood that benign file changes occurring, each result will need to be vetted for authenticity.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h5><a id="user-content-requirements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>PowerShell v2 or greater</li> <li>Read access to both the known-good image and the production image</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h5><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>PS > .\dirChecker.ps1 -knownGood "<PATH>" -productionImage "<PATH>"</code></p> <p dir="auto">Example: Scanning default IIS website: <code>PS > .\dirChecker.ps1 -knownGood .\knownGoodDir\ -productionImage "C:\inetpub\logs\"</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison</h4><a id="user-content-linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Linux Diff utility for known-good comparison" href="#linux-diff-utility-for-known-good-comparison"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Most distributions of Linux include the "diff" utility, which compares the contents of files or directories.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h5><a id="user-content-requirements-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>diff utility (typically pre-installed on Linux)</li> <li>Read access to both the known-good image and the production image</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h5><a id="user-content-usage-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>$ diff -r -q <known-good image> <production image></code></p> <p dir="auto">Example: Scanning default Apache website: <code>$ diff -r -q /path/to/good/image/ /var/www/html/</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs</h3><a id="user-content-detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting anomalous requests in web server logs" href="#detecting-anomalous-requests-in-web-server-logs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Because they are often designed to blend in with existing web applications, detecting web shells can be difficult. However, some properties of web shells are difficult to disguise or are commonly overlooked by attackers and can guide defenders to concealed web shells. Of particular interest are the user agent, referrer, and IP address used to access the web shell.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><em>User agent HTTP header</em>: Without an established presence within a network, it is unlikely that an attacker will know which user agent strings are common for a particular web server. Therefore, at a minimum, early web shell access is likely to be performed using a user agent that is uncommon on a target network.</li> <li><em>Referrer HTTP header</em>: For most web applications, each user request is appended with a referrer header indicating the URL from which the user request originated. The major exception to this is root level pages, which are often bookmarked or accessed directly. Attackers may overlook the referrer tag when disguising their web shell traffic. If so, these requests should appear anomalous in web server logs.</li> <li><em>IP Addresses</em>: Depending on the attacker’s tactics and the victim environment, IP addresses used to conduct the attack may appear anomalous. For instance, a web application may primarily be visited by internal users from a particular subnet. However, the attacker may access the web shell malware from an IP address outside the normal subnet.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">This analytic is likely to produce significant false positives in many environments, so it should be employed cautiously. Additionally, attackers who understand this analytic can easily avoid detection. Therefore, this analytic should only be one part of a broader defense in depth approach to mitigating web shells.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Splunk queries for web server logs</h4><a id="user-content-splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Splunk queries for web server logs" href="#splunk-queries-for-web-server-logs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/anomolous_uris.splunk.txt">Splunk queries</a> can help to identify Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) accessed by few User Agents, IP addresses, or using uncommon Referer [sic] headers. Results of these queries are likely to include mostly or entirely benign URIs. However, if a web shell is present on the target server, it is likely to be among the returned results.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs</h4><a id="user-content-powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PowerShell script for Microsoft IIS logs" href="#powershell-script-for-microsoft-iis-logs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/LogCheck.ps1">PowerShell script</a> will attempt to identify anomalous entries in IIS web server logs that could indicate the presence of a web shell. The script calculates the URIs successfully handled by the server (status code 200-299) which have been requested by the least number of user agents or IP addresses. This analytic will <em>always</em> produce results regardless of whether a web shell is present or not. The URIs in the results should be verified benign.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h5><a id="user-content-requirements-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>PowerShell v2 or greater</li> <li>Full Language Mode of PowerShell enabled (see <a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/powershell/powershell-constrained-language-mode/" rel="nofollow">here</a>) <ul dir="auto"> <li>This is the default mode for most systems</li> </ul> </li> <li>Read access to IIS logs</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h5><a id="user-content-usage-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>PS > .\LogCheck.ps1 -logDir "<path to IIS log directory>"</code></p> <p dir="auto">Example: Scanning logs stored at the default IIS location: <code>PS > .\LogCheck.ps1 -logDir "C:\inetpub\logs\"</code></p> <p dir="auto">Additionally, the size of the percentile returned can be modified with the ‘-percentile N’ option. The default is to show URIs in the bottom 5 percentile for unique user agent requests and client IP addresses.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Python script for Apache httpd logs</h4><a id="user-content-python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Python script for Apache httpd logs" href="#python-script-for-apache-httpd-logs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/LogCheck.py">Python script</a> will attempt to identify anomalous entries in Apache web server logs that could indicate the presence of a web shell. The script calculates the URIs successfully handled by the server (status code 200-299) which have been requested by the least number of user agents or IP addresses. This analytic will <em>always</em> produce results regardless of whether a web shell is present or not. The URIs in the results should be verified benign.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h5><a id="user-content-requirements-3" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements-3"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Python 3</li> <li>Read access to Apache logs</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h5><a id="user-content-usage-3" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-3"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>$ LogCheck.py "<path to Apache log file>"</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting host artifacts of common web shells</h3><a id="user-content-detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting host artifacts of common web shells" href="#detecting-host-artifacts-of-common-web-shells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Web shells are easy to modify without losing functionality and can thus be tailored to avoid host base signatures such as file artifacts. In rare cases, web shells may even run entirely in memory (i.e., fileless execution) making file based detection impossible. However, attackers may make little to no modifications to web shells for a variety of reasons. In these cases, it may be possible to detect common web shells using pattern-matching techniques, such as <a href="https://virustotal.github.io/yara/" rel="nofollow">YARA rules</a>. YARA rules can be imported by a variety of security products or can be run using a standalone <a href="https://github.com/virustotal/yara/releases/tag/v3.11.0">YARA scanning tool</a>. The instructions below assume use of the standalone YARA scanning tool. For other security products, consult documentation or talk to the vendor to determine if YARA is supported.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">YARA rules for detecting common web shells</h4><a id="user-content-yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: YARA rules for detecting common web shells" href="#yara-rules-for-detecting-common-web-shells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The YARA rules contain a variety of signatures for common web shells and some heuristic approaches to identifying artifacts typically found in web shells. Two sets of signatures are provided, <em><a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/core.webshell_detection.yara">core</a></em> (<a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/core.yara.bin">compiled core rules</a>) and <em><a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/extended.webshell_detection.yara">extended</a></em> (<a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/extended.yara.bin">compiled extended rules</a>). It is recommended to use the compiled versions of the rules, as some host-based security systems will falsely flag the uncompiled rules as malicious.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><em>core</em> rules include only indicators for common web shells that are unlikely to occur in benign web application files. These rules should return minimal false positive results but are also less likely to detect variations of common shells</li> <li><em>extended</em> rules include both indicators for common web shells and indicators of techniques frequently used in web shells, such as obfuscation, dynamic execution, and encoding. Because these techniques are also sometimes used in benign web applications, these rules are likely to produce a significant number of false positive results but are also detect a broader range of web shells.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Administrators should prioritize vetting results from the core rules before investigating results from the extended rules. For some applications, the extended rules will result in too many false positives to be useful.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h5><a id="user-content-requirements-4" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements-4"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>a YARA compatible security application or the standalone YARA tool (v3+)</li> <li>file-level, read access to the web directories for the target web application</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h5><a id="user-content-usage-4" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-4"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>> .\yara64.exe -r -C <yara file> <path to web directory></code></p> <p dir="auto">Example: Scanning default IIS web directories using the base ruleset <code>> .\yara64.exe -r -C base.yara.bin C:\inetpub\wwwroot\</code></p> <p dir="auto">Example: Scanning default Apache web directories using the extended ruleset <code>$ yara -r extended.yara.bin /var/www/html/</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware</h3><a id="user-content-detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting network artifacts of common web shell malware" href="#detecting-network-artifacts-of-common-web-shell-malware"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Web shells frequently use encryption and encoding to evade network-based detection. Additionally, "hard-coded" parameters can easily be modified to further evade signatures. However, if network architectures allow for TLS inspection for web servers (e.g., through a reverse proxy or web application firewall), then administrators may be able to detect unmodified or slightly modified common web shell malware at the network level. Network signatures are, at best, only partially effective at detecting web shells and should be used as one part of a defense-in-depth strategy.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Network signatures for common web shell malware</h4><a id="user-content-network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Network signatures for common web shell malware" href="#network-signatures-for-common-web-shell-malware"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/network_signatures.snort.txt">Snort signatures</a> can be used to detect some common web shells that have not been modified to evade detection. Some intrusion detection/preventions systems and web application firewalls may already implement these or other web shell signatures. Organizations are encouraged to understand their existing network signature posture in this regard.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting unexpected network flows</h3><a id="user-content-detecting-unexpected-network-flows" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting unexpected network flows" href="#detecting-unexpected-network-flows"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In some cases, web shell traffic will cause unexpected network flows. For example, when a web shell infected web server is being used proxy requests into a network, the web server would make web requests to internal network nodes. This behavior is abnormal and could be easily recognized in network activity logs. Another example would be for a non-web server node (e.g., a network device) to suddenly be replying to responding to a web requests from outside the network. Administrators should have an intimate network knowledge and understand which protocols that nodes should be using. Contradictions to these norms should be investigated.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows</h4><a id="user-content-snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Snort signatures to detect unexpected network flows" href="#snort-signatures-to-detect-unexpected-network-flows"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The provided Snort signature can aid administrators in identifying unexpected network flows. This signature simply alerts when a node in the targeted subnet responds to an HTTP(s) request. This signature should be tailored for a specific network by targeting only non-web server nodes.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>alert tcp 192.168.1.0/24 [443,80] -> any any (msg: "potential unexpected web server"; sid 4000921)</code></p> <p dir="auto">Note: ensure that the subnet above (192.l68.1.0) is changed to something appropriate for the target subnet</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities</h3><a id="user-content-endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) capabilities" href="#endpoint-detection-and-response-edr-capabilities"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Some EDR and enhanced logging solutions may be able to detect web shells based on system call or process lineage abnormalities. These security products monitor each process on the endpoint including invoked system calls. Web shells usually cause the web server process to exhibit unusual behavior. For instance, it is uncommon for most benign web servers to launch the ipconfig utility, but this is a common reconnaissance technique enabled by web shells. EDRs and enhanced logging solutions will have different capabilities, so administrators are encouraged to understand the solutions available for their environment.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon</h4><a id="user-content-detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting Web Shells in Windows with Sysmon" href="#detecting-web-shells-in-windows-with-sysmon"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Microsoft Sysmon is a logging tool that enhances logging performed on a Windows system. Among other things, Sysmon logs information about how each process is created. This information is valuable for identifying anomalous behavior, such as in the case of malicious web shells. Sysmon can be <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon" rel="nofollow">obtained from Microsoft</a> and must be installed on a system to begin enhanced logging. Ideally, Sysmon and other Windows logging should be mirrored to a central Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) server where it can be aggregated and queried.</p> <p dir="auto">The query below will report executables launched by an IIS web server process. In many cases, the web application will cause IIS to launch a process for entirely benign functionality. However, there are several executables commonly used by attackers for reconnaissance purposes, which are unlikely to be used by a normal web application. Some of these executables are listed below.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS</h5><a id="user-content-powershell-script-to-identify-sysmon-entries-for-iis" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PowerShell script to identify Sysmon entries for IIS" href="#powershell-script-to-identify-sysmon-entries-for-iis"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{logname="Micorosft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational";id=1;} | Where {$_.message -like "*ParentImage: C:\Windows\System32\inetsrv\w3wp.exe*"} | %{$_.properties[4]} | Sort-Object -Property value -Unique</code></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Windows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications</h5><a id="user-content-windows-executables-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-iis-applications" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Windows executables commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign IIS applications" href="#windows-executables-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-iis-applications"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>arp.exe</li> <li>at.exe</li> <li>bitsadmin.exe</li> <li>certutil.exe</li> <li>cmd.exe</li> <li>dsget.exe</li> <li>dsquery.exe</li> <li>find.exe</li> <li>findstr.exe</li> <li>fsutil.exe</li> <li>hostname.exe</li> <li>ipconfig.exe</li> <li>nbstat.exe</li> <li>net.exe</li> <li>net1.exe</li> <li>netdom.exe</li> <li>netsh.exe</li> <li>netstat.exe</li> <li>nltest.exe</li> <li>nslookup.exe</li> <li>ntdsutil.exe</li> <li>pathping.exe</li> <li>ping.exe</li> <li>powershell.exe</li> <li>qprocess.exe</li> <li>query.exe</li> <li>qwinsta.exe</li> <li>reg.exe</li> <li>rundll32.exe</li> <li>sc.exe</li> <li>schtasks.exe</li> <li>systeminfo.exe</li> <li>tasklist.exe</li> <li>tracert.exe</li> <li>ver.exe</li> <li>vssadmin.exe</li> <li>wevtutil.exe</li> <li>whoami.exe</li> <li>wmic.exe</li> <li>wusa.exe</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd</h4><a id="user-content-detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Detecting Web Shells in Linux with Auditd" href="#detecting-web-shells-in-linux-with-auditd"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Auditd is the userspace component of the Linux Auditing System. Auditd can provide users with insight into process creation logs. The information is valuable for identifying anomalous behavior, such as in the case of malicious web shells. Auditd is available in default repositories for many Linux distributions and must be installed and configured before it can log relevant web server process data. Ideally, auditd and other Linux logging should be mirrored to a central Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) server where it can be aggregated and queried.</p> <p dir="auto">The query below will report applications launched by an Apache web server process. In many cases, the web application will cause Apache to launch a process for entirely benign functionality. However, there are several applications commonly used by attackers for reconnaissance purposes, which are unlikely to be used by a normal web application. Some of these applications are listed below.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Configuring Auditd</h5><a id="user-content-configuring-auditd" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Configuring Auditd" href="#configuring-auditd"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Determine the web server uid</em>: After installing auditd (i.e., using "apt -y install auditd"), determine the uid of the web server using: <code>apachectl -S</code> This will return apache details including the user id in a line such as: <code>User: name="www-data" id=33</code> Here the uid is "33"</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Add the following auditd rules (/etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules) replacing "XX" with the uid identified above</em>: <code>-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -F uid=XX -S execve -k apacheexecve</code> <code>-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -F uid=XX -S execve -k apacheexecve</code></p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Restart auditd</em>: <code>service auditd restart</code></p> </li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reviewing Auditd Log</h5><a id="user-content-reviewing-auditd-log" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reviewing Auditd Log" href="#reviewing-auditd-log"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Identify applications launched by Apache with</em>: <code>cat /var/log/auditd/audit.* | grep "apacheexecve"</code> This will return the path to the launched application (see bolded path in the example output below): type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1581519503.841:47): arch=c000003e syscall=59 success=yes exit=0 a0=563e412cbbd8 a1=563e412cbb60 a2=563e412cbb78 a3=7f065d5e5810 items=2 ppid=15483 pid=15484 auid=4294967295 uid=33 gid=33 euid=33 suid=33 fsuid=33 egid=33 sgid=33 fsgid=33 tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm="cat" <strong>exe="/bin/cat"</strong> key="apacheexecve"</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Analyze the results to determine if unusual applications are launched (see list below)</em></p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><em>Detailed information, including call arguments, can be obtained using</em>: <code>/var/log/auditd/audit.* | grep "msg=audit(1581519503.841:47)"</code> Replace the value of msg=audit with the value returned in step #1</p> </li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Linux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications</h5><a id="user-content-linux-applications-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-apache-applications" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Linux applications commonly used by attackers and rarely launched by benign Apache applications" href="#linux-applications-commonly-used-by-attackers-and-rarely-launched-by-benign-apache-applications"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>cat</li> <li>crontab</li> <li>hostname</li> <li>ifconfig</li> <li>ip</li> <li>iptables</li> <li>ls</li> <li>netstat</li> <li>pwd</li> <li>route</li> <li>uname</li> <li>whoami</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Preventing Web Shells</h2><a id="user-content-preventing-web-shells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Preventing Web Shells" href="#preventing-web-shells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories</h3><a id="user-content-mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system-hips-rules-to-lock-down-web-directories" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) rules to lock down web directories" href="#mcafee-host-intrusion-prevention-system-hips-rules-to-lock-down-web-directories"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Web shells almost always rely on modifying existing web application files or creating new files in a web accessible directory. Using a file integrity monitoring system can block file changes to a specific directory or alert when changes occur. The provided <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells/blob/master/hips_file_integrity_rules.txt">McAfee Host Intrusion Prevention System rules</a> can be tailored for a specific web application to block file system changes that web shell exploitation usually relies on. Other file integrity monitoring systems are likely able to accomplish similar blocking as well; consult documentation or seek vendor guidance for other such products.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h4><a id="user-content-requirements-5" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements-5"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>McAfee Host Based Security System (HBSS)</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h4><a id="user-content-usage-5" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-5"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">HIPS File integrity rules can be added to HBSS through the ePolicy Orchestrator portal. Before adding the rules, administrators should tailor them the target environment. This is initially done by modifying the "Include" path to target one or more web applications. Then exceptions to the rule can be added on the signature page under the exception rule tab. Exceptions should include things like allowed file extensions of benign file types that the target web application is required to handle (e.g., ".pdf", ".jpg", ".png"). HIPS rules should be added as an Informational alert (Level 1) for logging purposes to help administrators identify possible exceptions to the rule. Once administrators are confident that exceptions have been added, the rule(s) should be changed to Level 4 to block file changes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Related Content</h2><a id="user-content-related-content" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Related Content" href="#related-content"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th align="left">Date</th> <th align="left">Press Release</th> <th align="left">Report</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left">2021-07-01</td> <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/2677750/nsa-partners-release-cybersecurity-advisory-on-brute-force-global-cyber-campaign/" rel="nofollow">NSA, Partners Release Cybersecurity Advisory on Brute Force Global Cyber Campaign</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF" rel="nofollow">CSA: Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">2021-05-07</td> <td align="left"><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/2599239/nsa-cisa-fbi-and-the-uk-ncsc-further-expose-russian-intelligence-cyber-tactics/" rel="nofollow">NSA CISA, FBI, and the UK NCSC further expose Russian Intelligence Cyber Tactics</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/May/07/2002637232/-1/-1/0/ADVISORY%20FURTHER%20TTPS%20ASSOCIATED%20WITH%20SVR%20CYBER%20ACTORS.PDF" rel="nofollow">CSA: Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">2021-04-15</td> <td align="left">n/a</td> <td align="left"><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Apr/15/2002621240/-1/-1/0/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF" rel="nofollow">CSA: Russian SVR Targets U.S. and Allied Networks</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 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