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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Menander and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menander_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Menander and Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Menander_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Milinda_Panha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Milinda_Panha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The <i>Milinda Panha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Milinda_Panha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Indian_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Indian_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other Indian accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Indian_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_constructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_constructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Buddhist constructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_constructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menander_the_Just" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menander_the_Just"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Menander the Just</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menander_the_Just-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menander's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menander's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Menander's death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menander's_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Menander's death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Menander's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories_of_Menander's_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_Menander's_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theories of Menander's successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_Menander's_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_of_the_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_of_the_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Representation of the Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_of_the_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Menander I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="ميناندر الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميناندر الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রথম মেনান্দ্রোস সোতের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম মেনান্দ্রোস সোতের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Менандр Сатэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менандр Сатэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_I" title="Менандър I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менандър I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandre_I" title="Menandre I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menandre I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros_I._S%C3%B3t%C3%A9r" title="Menandros I. Sótér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menandros I. Sótér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros_(K%C3%B6nig)" title="Menandros (König) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menandros (König)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μένανδρος ο Δίκαιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μένανδρος ο Δίκαιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro_I" title="Menandro I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menandro I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro_la_1-a" title="Menandro la 1-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menandro la 1-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="مناندر یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مناندر یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nandre_Ier" title="Ménandre Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ménandre Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%82%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="메난드로스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메난드로스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menander I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro_I" title="Menandro I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menandro I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BC_I" title="മെനാൻഡർ I – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെനാൻഡർ I" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE)" title="मिलिंद (मिनँडर पहिला) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिलिंद (मिनँडर पहिला)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ميناندر الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميناندر الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိလိန္ဒမင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိလိန္ဒမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menander I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96" title="メナンドロス1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メナンドロス1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menander I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro_I" title="Menandro I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menandro I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Менандр I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менандр I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandar_I" title="Menandar I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menandar I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros_(Intia)" title="Menandros (Intia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menandros (Intia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menander I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மெனாண்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெனாண்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้ามิลินท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้ามิลินท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Менандр I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менандр I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros_I" title="Menandros I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Menander I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_I,_portrait_from_coinage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg/225px-Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg/338px-Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg/450px-Menander_I%2C_portrait_from_coinage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Menander I Soter, from his coinage</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> King</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">165/155–130 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a> (Agathoclea as regent)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180 BC</span><br />Kalisi (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a>, Afghanistan)<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sagala</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Magill_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magill_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">130 BC (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sagala</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">Stupas</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathoclea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek polytheism">Greek polytheism</a> (until circa 150 BCE) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> (from circa 150 BCE)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Menander I Soter</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μένανδρος Σωτήρ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ménandros Sōtḗr</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Menander the Saviour</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi">Milinda</i>; sometimes called <b>Menander the Great</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> King (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 165</span>/155<sup id="cite_ref-Bopearachchi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –130 BC) who administered a large territory in the Northwestern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menander might have initially been a king of Bactria. After conquering the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as far as <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, he established an empire which stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_River" title="Kabul River">Kabul River in</a> the west to the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Indus River</a> in the east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Swat_River" title="Swat River">Swat River valley</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a>). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">Numismatist</a> Joe Cribb and archaeologist Rachel Mairs, the accounts of Menander’s kingdom stretching as far as Sialkot, is hard to believe, as there is no numismatic evidence of him east of Taxila, even more hard is to believe is stretching even further east as thought earlier by historians based upon Indian references, which most likely are referring to <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of Menander’s <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> have been unearthed, attesting to both the flourishing commerce and longevity of his realm. Menander was also a patron of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and his conversations with the Buddhist sage <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a> are recorded in the important Buddhist work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a></i> ("The Questions of King Milinda"; <i>panha</i> meaning "question" in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>). After his death in 130 BC, he was succeeded by his wife <a href="/wiki/Agathoclea_(Indo-Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathoclea (Indo-Greek)">Agathocleia</a>, perhaps the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a>, who ruled as regent for his son <a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist tradition relates that he handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world, but <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> says that he died in camp while on a military campaign, and that his remains were divided equally between the cities to be enshrined in monuments, probably <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a>, across his realm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagala is located in South Asia"><img alt="Sagala is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/300px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/450px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/600px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.32%;left:38.208%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sagala"><img alt="Sagala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Sagala</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of Euthymedia (Sagala) capital city of Menander I.</div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg/300px-Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg/450px-Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Menander_Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Attic Tetradrachm of Menander I in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> style (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria of the Caucasus">Alexandria-Kapisa</a> mint).<br /> <i>Obv:</i> Menander throwing a spear.<br /> <i>Rev:</i> <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> with thunderbolt. Greek legend: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ</span></span> (BASILEOS <a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">SOTEROS</a> MENANDROU), "Of King Menander, the Saviour".</figcaption></figure> <p>Menander was born into a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a village called Kalasi adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria of the Caucasus">Alexandria of the Caucasus</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a>, Afghanistan),<sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although another source says he was born near Sagala (modern <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a> in the Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Magill_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magill_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His territories covered <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh Province</a>) and extended to India (modern-day regions of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Punjab">Greater Punjab</a>. </p><p>His capital is supposed to have been <a href="/wiki/Sagala" title="Sagala">Sagala</a>, a prosperous city in northern <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> (believed to be modern <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of Ariana, but also of India, as Apollodorus of Artemita says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander-- by Menander in particular (at least if he actually crossed the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Hypanis</a> towards the east and advanced as far as the <a href="/wiki/Ima%C3%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaüs">Imaüs</a>), for some were subdued by him personally and others by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus</a> the king of the Bactrians; and they took possession, not only of <a href="/wiki/Patalene_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patalene (region)">Patalena</a>, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Saraostus" title="Saraostus">Saraostus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigerdis" title="Sigerdis">Sigerdis</a>. In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of Ariana as a whole; and, more than that, they extended their empire even as far as the <a href="/wiki/Serica" title="Serica">Seres</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phryni" title="Phryni">Phryni</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Strabo, <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MenanderCoin.jpg/300px-MenanderCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/MenanderCoin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>2. Silver <a href="/wiki/Drachm" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachm">drachm</a> of Menander I (155-130 BC).<br /><i>Obv:</i> <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU) lit. "Of Saviour King Menander".<br /> <i>Rev:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA MENAMDRASA "Saviour King Menander". <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> mint mark.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_I_Drachm,_Sear7604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="silver drachm of Menander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg/299px-Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg/449px-Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg/598px-Menander_I_Drachm%2C_Sear7604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Another silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160-145 BC. Obverse: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to the left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left. Reference: Sear 7604.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenandrosCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenandrosCoin.jpg/220px-MenandrosCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenandrosCoin.jpg/330px-MenandrosCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MenandrosCoin.jpg/440px-MenandrosCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><small>Silver coin of Menander<br /><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> legend: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ</span></span><br />(BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU)<br />lit. "Of Saviour King Menander". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Accounts describe Indo-Greek campaigns to <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>, and potentially <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>. The sage <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> around 150 BC, describes Menander campaigning as far as Mathura. The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> inscribed by <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> the King of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> also places the Yavanas, or Indo-Greeks, in Mathura. Kharavela states to have forced the demoralized Yavana army to retreat back to Mathura: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Then in the eighth year, (Kharavela) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (<a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a>). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King [ta] retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hathigumpha inscription, lines 7-8, probably in the 1st century BCE-1st century CE. The original text is in Brahmi script.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Menander may have campaigned as far as the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> resulting in a conflict. The religious scripture <a href="/wiki/Yuga_Purana" title="Yuga Purana">Yuga Purana</a>, which describes events in the form of a prophecy, states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathuras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavanas</a> (Greeks), wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja. The thick mud-fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without a doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gargi-Samhita, <i>Yuga Purana</i>, ch. 5</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Strabo also suggests that Indo-Greek conquests went up to the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> in northeastern India (today <a href="/wiki/Patna,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna, India">Patna</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who came after Alexander went to the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, 15.698</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The events and results of these campaigns are unknown. Surviving epigraphical inscriptions during this time such as the Hathigumpha inscription states that Kharavela sacked Pataliputra. Furthermore, numismatics from the <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra dynasty</a> are concurrently placed in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> during the time of Menander. Their relationship is unclear, but the Mithra may potentially be vassals. </p><p>In the West, Menander seems to have repelled the invasion of the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> usurper <a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a>, and pushed them back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>, thereby consolidating the rule of the Indo-Greek kings in the northwestern part of the Indian Subcontinent. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a></i> gives some glimpses of his military methods:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>– Has it ever happened to you, O king, that rival kings rose up against you as enemies and opponents?<br /> – Yes, certainly.<br /> – Then you set to work, I suppose, to have moats dug, and ramparts thrown up, and watch towers erected, and strongholds built, and stores of food collected?<br /> – Not at all. All that had been prepared beforehand.<br /> – Or you had yourself trained in the management of war elephants, and in horsemanship, and in the use of the war chariot, and in archery and fencing?<br /> – Not at all. I had learnt all that before.<br /> – But why?<br /> – With the object of warding off future danger. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Milinda Panha</i>, Book III, ch. 7</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Generous findings of coins testify to the prosperity and extent of his empire: (with finds as far as Britain)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Precise dates of his reign, as well as his origin, remain elusive, however. Guesses among historians have been that Menander was either a nephew or a former general of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a>, but the two kings are now thought to be separated by at least thirty years. Menander's predecessor in Punjab seems to have been the king <a href="/wiki/King_Apollodotus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a>. </p><p>Menander's empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last Greek king <a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a> disappeared around 10 AD. </p><p>The 1st-2nd century AD <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> further testifies to the reign of Menander and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To the present day ancient drachmae are current in <a href="/wiki/Barygaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barygaza">Barygaza</a>, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodorus</a>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and Menander.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Periplus, ch. 47.<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menander_and_Buddhism">Menander and Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Menander and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Milinda_Panha">The <i>Milinda Panha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Milinda Panha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg/220px-King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg/330px-King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg/440px-King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>King Milinda asks questions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg/220px-Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg/330px-Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg/440px-Menander_Soter_wheel_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Indian-standard coinage of Menander I. <b>Obv</b> ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander". <b>Rev</b> Palm of victory, <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> legend <i>Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa</i>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to tradition, Menander embraced the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> faith, as described in the <i>Milinda Panha</i>, a classical <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist text</a> on the discussions between Milinda and the Buddhist sage <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nāgasena</a>. He is described as constantly accompanied by an elite guard of 500 Greek ("<a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yavana</a>") soldiers, and two of his counsellors are named Demetrius and Antiochus. </p><p>In the <i>Milinda Panha</i>, Menander is introduced as </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>King of the city of Euthymedia in India, Milinda by name, learned, eloquent, wise, and able; and a faithful observer, and that at the right time, of all the various acts of devotion and ceremony enjoined by his own sacred hymns concerning things past, present, and to come. Many were the arts and sciences he knew--<a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sânkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyâya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> systems of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>; <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>; the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purânas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihâsas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (paranormal)">magic spells</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">art of war</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">conveyancing</a> in a word, the whole nineteen. As a disputant he was hard to equal, harder still to overcome; the acknowledged superior of all the founders of the various schools of thought. And as in wisdom so in strength of body, swiftness, and valour there was found none equal to Milinda in all India. He was rich too, mighty in wealth and prosperity, and the number of his armed hosts knew no end.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">The Questions of King Milinda</a>, Translation by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">T. W. Rhys Davids</a>, 1890</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Buddhist tradition relates that, following his discussions with Nāgasena, Menander adopted the Buddhist faith: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>May the venerable Nâgasena accept me as a supporter of the faith, as a true convert from to-day onwards as long as life shall last!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">The Questions of King Milinda</a>, Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He then handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the houseless state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arahatship</a>!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">The Questions of King Milinda</a>, Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg/220px-Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg/330px-Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg/440px-Shinkot_relic_casket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shinkot_casket" title="Shinkot casket">Shinkot casket</a> containing Buddhist relics was dedicated "in the reign of the Great King Menander".<sup id="cite_ref-SB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There is however little besides this testament to indicate that Menander in fact abdicated his throne in favour of his son. Based on numismatic evidence, William Tarn believed that he in fact died, leaving his wife Agathocleia to rule as a regent, until his son Strato could rule properly in his stead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarn1951226_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarn1951226-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the success of his reign, it is clear that after his death, his "loosely hung" empire splintered into a variety of Indo-Greek successor kingdoms, of various sizes and stability. </p><p>His legacy as a Buddhist arhat reached the Greco-Roman world and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Moralia</i> 28.6</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The above seems to corroborate the claim: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is unlikely that Menander’s support of Buddhism was a pious reconstruction of a Buddhist legend, for his deification by later traditions resonates with Macedonian religious trends that granted divine honours to monarchs and members of their family and worshipped them, like Alexander, as gods. It is no coincidence that similar motifs highlight the Buddha’s deification and his funereal rituals are commensurate with those of Macedonian kings and universal monarchs. The evidence is in favour of the conversion of King Menander to Buddhism, which is neither an isolated historical incident nor an invention of later traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Indian_accounts">Other Indian accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Indian accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/170px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/255px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/340px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bharhut_Yavana" title="Bharhut Yavana">Bharhut Yavana</a>. Indian relief of a figure with the flowing head band of a Greek king, northern tunic with Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">pleats</a>, and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Triratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratana">triratana</a> symbol on his sword. <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, 2nd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A 2nd century BC relief from a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (today at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bharhut_Yavana" title="Bharhut Yavana">Bharhut Yavana</a>, represents a foreign soldier with the curly hair of a Greek and the royal headband with flowing ends of a Greek king, and maybe a depiction of Menander. In his right hand, he holds a branch of <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a>, a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>. Also, parts of his dress, with rows of geometrical folds, are characteristically Hellenistic in style. On his sword appears the Buddhist symbol of the three jewels, or <a href="/wiki/Triratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratana">Triratana</a>.</li> <li>A Buddhist reliquary found in Bajaur, the <a href="/wiki/Shinkot_casket" title="Shinkot casket">Shinkot casket</a>, bears a dedicatory inscription referring to "the 14th day of the month of Kārttika" of a certain year in the reign of "Mahārāja Minadra" ("Great King Menander"):</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Minadrasa maharajasa Katiassa divasa 4 4 4 11 pra[na]-[sa]me[da]... (prati)[thavi]ta pranasame[da]... Sakamunisa </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>On the 14th day of Kārttika, in the reign of Mahārāja Minadra, (in the year ...), (the corporeal relic) of <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakyamuni</a>, which is endowed with life... has been established<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>According to an ancient Sri Lankan source, the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, Greek monks seem to have been active proselytizers of Buddhism during the time of Menander: the <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a> (Greek) <a href="/wiki/Mahadharmaraksita" title="Mahadharmaraksita">Mahadhammarakkhita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">Mahadharmaraksita</i>) is said to have come from "Alasandra" (thought to be <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria of the Caucasus">Alexandria of the Caucasus</a>, the city founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, near today’s <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>) with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa ("Great <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>") at <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, during the 2nd century BC:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From Alasanda the city of the <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yonas</a> came the Thera ("Elder") Yona Mahadhammarakkhita with thirty thousand <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, 29<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_constructions">Buddhist constructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhist constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Butkara_stupa_2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Butkara_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Butkara stupa">Butkara stupa</a> as expanded during the reign of Menander I.</figcaption></figure> <p>A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the <a href="/wiki/Butkara_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Butkara stupa">Butkara stupa</a> suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander.<sup id="cite_ref-HB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These elements tend to indicate the importance of Buddhism within Greek communities in northwestern India, and the prominent role Greek Buddhist monks played in them, probably under the sponsorship of Menander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderAndReverse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MenanderAndReverse.JPG/220px-MenanderAndReverse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MenanderAndReverse.JPG/330px-MenanderAndReverse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MenanderAndReverse.JPG/440px-MenanderAndReverse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>4. Silver coin of Menander, with Athena on reverse. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menander has left behind an immense corpus of silver and bronze coins, more so than any other Indo-Greek king. During his reign, the fusion between Indian and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek coin</a> standards reached its apogee. The coins feature the legend (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU</i></span> / <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a>: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA). </p> <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a>, his silver coinage begins with a rare series of drachma depicting on the obverse <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and on the reverse her attribute the owl. The weight and monograms of this series match those of earlier king <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a>, indicating that Menander succeeded Antimachus II.</li> <li>On the next series, Menander introduces his own portrait, a hitherto unknown custom among Indian rulers. The reverse features his dynastical trademark: the so-called Athena Alkidemos throwing a thunderbolt, an emblem used by many of Menander's successors and also the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid</a> kings of Macedonia.</li> <li>In a further development, Menander changed the legends from circular orientation to the arrangement seen on coin 4 to the right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This modification ensured that the coins could be read without being rotated, and was used without exception by all later Indo-Greek kings.</li></ul> <p>These alterations were possibly an adaption on Menander's part to the Indian coins of the Bactrian <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a>, who had conquered the westernmost parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and are interpreted by Bopearachchi as an indication that Menander recaptured these western territories after the death of Eucratides. </p> <ul><li>Menander also struck very rare Attic standard coinage with monolingual inscriptions (coin 5),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which were probably intended for use in Bactria (where they have been found), perhaps thought to demonstrate his victories against the Bactrian kings, as well as Menander's own claim to the kingdom.</li> <li>There exist bronze coins of Menander featuring a manifold variation of Olympic, Indian, and other symbols. It seems as though Menander introduced a new weight standard for bronzes.</li></ul> <p>Menander was the first Indo-Greek ruler to introduce the representation of <a href="/wiki/Athena_Alkidemos" title="Athena Alkidemos">Athena Alkidemos</a> ("Athena, saviour of the people") on his coins, probably in reference to a similar statue of Athena Alkidemos in <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. This type was subsequently used by most of the later Indo-Greek kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menander_the_Just">Menander the Just</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Menander the Just"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg/330px-Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg/495px-Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Menander_II_with_nimbate_Nike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>. Greek legend: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ</span></span>, "Of King Menander, the Just".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg/330px-Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg/495px-Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg/660px-Menander_I_and_Menander_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the portraits of Menander I (left) and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>A king named Menander with the epithet <i>Dikaios</i>, "the Just", ruled in Punjab after 100 BC. Earlier scholars, such as A. Cunningham and W. W. Tarn, believed there was only one Menander, and assumed that the king had changed his epithet and/or was expelled from his western dominions. A number of coincidences led them to this assumption: </p> <ul><li>The portraits are relatively similar, and Menander II usually looks older than Menander I.</li> <li>The coins of Menander II feature several Buddhist symbols, which were interpreted as proof of the conversion mentioned in the <i>Milinda Panha</i>.</li> <li>The epithet <i>Dikaios</i> of Menander II was translated into Kharosthi as <i>Dharmikasa</i> on the reverse of his coins, which means "Follower of the Dharma" and was interpreted likewise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>However, modern numismatists such as Bopearachchi and R.C. Senior have shown, by differences in coin findings, style, and monograms, that there were two distinct rulers. The second Menander could have been a descendant of the first, and his Buddhist symbols may have been a means of alluding to his ancestor's conversion. However, Menander I struck a rare bronze series with a Buddhist wheel (coin 3).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menander's_death"><span id="Menander.27s_death"></span>Menander's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Menander's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports that Menander died in camp while on campaign, thereby differing with the version of the Milindapanha. Plutarch gives Menander as an example of benevolent rule, contrasting him with disliked tyrants such as <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius</a>, and goes on to explain that his subject towns fought over the honour of his burial, ultimately sharing his ashes among them and placing them in "monuments" (possibly <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>), in a manner reminiscent of the funerals of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plutarch, <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a>: Praecepta gerendae reipublicae<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Despite his many successes, Menander's last years may have been fraught with another civil war, this time against <a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a> who reigned in Gandhara. This is indicated by the fact that Menander probably overstruck a coin of Zoilos. </p><p>The Milinda Panha might give some support to the idea that Menander's position was precarious, since it describes him as being somewhat cornered by numerous enemies into a circumscribed territory: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Agathokleia_%26_Strato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coin_of_Agathokleia_%26_Strato.jpg/300px-Coin_of_Agathokleia_%26_Strato.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Coin_of_Agathokleia_%26_Strato.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Strato I and Agathokleia.<br /><b>Obv:</b> Conjugate busts of Strato and Agathokleia. Greek legend: BASILEOS SOTEROS STRATONOS KAI AGATOKLEIAS "Of King Strato the Saviour and Agathokleia".<br /><b>Rev:</b> <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> throwing thunderbolt. <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> legend: MAHARAJASA TRATASARA DHARMIKASA STRATASA "King Strato, Saviour and Just (="of the Dharma")".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After their long discussion Nagasaka asked himself "though king Milinda is pleased, he gives no signs of being pleased". Menander says in reply: "As a lion, the king of beasts, when put in a cage, though it were of gold, is still facing outside, even so, do I live as the master in the house but remain facing outside. But if I were to go forth from home into homelessness I would not live long, so many are my enemies".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quoted in Bopearachchi, <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>, Book III, Chapter 7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi199133_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi199133-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_Menander's_successors"><span id="Theories_of_Menander.27s_successors"></span>Theories of Menander's successors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theories of Menander's successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menander was the last Indo-Greek king mentioned by ancient historians, and developments after his death are therefore difficult to trace. </p><p><b>a)</b> The traditional view, supported by W.W. Tarn and Bopearachchi, is that Menander was succeeded by his queen Agathoclea, who acted as regent to their infant son <a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a> until he became an adult and took over the crown. Strato I used the same reverse as Menander I, Athena hurling a thunderbolt, and also the title Soter. </p><p>According to this scenario, Agathoclea and Strato I only managed to maintain themselves in the eastern parts of the kingdom, Punjab, and at times <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> were taken over by <a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a>, perhaps because some of Agathokleia's subjects may have been reluctant to accept an infant king with a queen regent. </p><p><b>b)</b> On the other hand, R.C. Senior and other numismatics such as David Bivar have suggested that Strato I ruled several decades after Menander: they point out that Strato's and Agathoclea's monograms are usually different from Menander's, and overstrikes and hoard findings also associate them with later kings. </p><p>In this scenario, Menander was briefly succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Thrason" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrason">Thrason</a>, of whom a single coin is known. After Thrason was murdered, competing kings such as <a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a> or <a href="/wiki/King_Lysias" class="mw-redirect" title="King Lysias">Lysias</a> may have taken over Menander's kingdom. Menander's dynasty was thus dethroned and did not return to power until later, though his relative <a href="/wiki/King_Niciuas" class="mw-redirect" title="King Niciuas">Nicias</a> may have ruled a small principality in the Kabul valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IGMudras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/150px-IGMudras.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/225px-IGMudras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IGMudras.jpg/300px-IGMudras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Vitarka Mudra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a> on Indo-Greek coinage. Top: Divinities <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. Bottom: Depiction of Indo-Greek kings <a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the reign of Menander I, <a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a> and several subsequent Indo-Greek rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a>, Nicias, <a href="/wiki/Peucolaus" title="Peucolaus">Peucolaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Hermaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippostratus" title="Hippostratus">Hippostratus</a>, depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a symbolic <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gesture</a> identical to the Buddhist vitarka <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of the Buddha's teaching. At the same time, right after the death of Menander, several Indo-Greek rulers also started to adopt on their coins the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> title of "Dharmikasa", meaning "follower of the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>" (the title of the great Indian Buddhist king <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> was <i>Dharmaraja</i> "King of the Dharma"). This usage was adopted by Strato I, Zoilos I, <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_II" title="Heliocles II">Heliocles II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilus</a>, Peucolaus and <a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menander_with_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Menander_with_elephant.jpg/220px-Menander_with_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Menander_with_elephant.jpg/330px-Menander_with_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Menander_with_elephant.jpg/440px-Menander_with_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Menander coin with elephant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Altogether, the conversion of Menander to Buddhism suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a> seems to have triggered the use of Buddhist symbolism in one form or another on the coinage of close to half of the kings who succeeded him. Especially, all the kings after Menander who are recorded to have ruled in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (apart from the little-known <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a>) display Buddhist symbolism in one form or another. </p><p>Both because of his conversion and because of his unequaled territorial expansion, Menander may have contributed to the expansion of Buddhism in Central Asia. Although the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and Northern Asia is usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, a century or two later, there is a possibility that it may have been introduced in those areas from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> "even earlier, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>" (Puri, "Buddhism in Central Asia"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/220px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/330px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/440px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6765" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> period, 2nd or 1st century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>A frieze in <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> executed during or soon after the reign of Menander depicts Buddhist devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headband</a> of the type commonly seen on Greek coins. The clothing too is Greek, complete with <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a>, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>. Also visible are <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">horns</a>. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would probably be nearby <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a> from northwest India visiting the Stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_of_the_Buddha">Representation of the Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Representation of the Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/120px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/180px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/240px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>One of the first known representations of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/150px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/225px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/300px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Asia in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy world map">Ptolemy world map</a>. The "Menander Mons" are in the center of the map, at the east of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, right above the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Peninsula">Malaysian Peninsula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The anthropomorphic representation of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> is absent from Indo-Greek coinage, suggesting that the Indo-Greek kings may have respected the Indian an-iconic rule for depictions of the Buddha, limiting themselves to symbolic representation only. Consistently with this perspective, the actual depiction of the Buddha would be a later phenomenon, usually dated to the 1st century, emerging from the sponsorship of the syncretic <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> and executed by Greek, and, later, Indian and possibly Roman artists. Datation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist">Greco-Buddhist</a> statues is generally uncertain, but they are at least firmly established from the 1st century. </p><p>Another possibility is that just as the Indo-Greeks routinely represented philosophers in statues (but certainly not on coins) in Antiquity, the Indo-Greek may have initiated anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha in statuary only, possibly as soon as the 2nd-1st century BC, as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Foucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred A. Foucher">Foucher</a> and suggested by Chinese murals depicting <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> worshipping Buddha statues brought from Central Asia in 120 BC (<i><a href="/wiki/File:HanWudiBuddhas.jpg" title="File:HanWudiBuddhas.jpg">See picture</a></i>). An Indo-Chinese tradition also explains that <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a>, also known as Menander's Buddhist teacher, created in 43 BC in the city of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> a statue of the Buddha, the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Buddha" title="Emerald Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a>, which was later brought to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p><p>Stylistically, Indo-Greek coins generally display a very high level of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> artistic realism, which declined drastically around 50 BC with the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthians</a>. The first known statues of the Buddha are also very realistic and Hellenistic in style and are more consistent with the pre-50 BC artistic level seen on coins. </p><p>This would tend to suggest that the first statues were created between 130 BC (death of Menander) and 50 BC, precisely at the time when Buddhist symbolism appeared on Indo-Greek coinage. From that time, Menander and his successors may have been the key propagators of Buddhist ideas and representations: "the spread of Gandhari Buddhism may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may have the development and spread of Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" (Mcevilley, "The Shape of Ancient Thought", p. 378). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Milind_College" title="Milind College">Milind College</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, is named after King Menander I using the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> translation of his name, <i>Milind</i>. The college was founded in part by <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar</a>, an Indian leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a> and writer to the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Classical Antiquity, from at least the 1st century, the "Menander Mons", or "Mountains of Menander", came to designate the mountain chain at the extreme east of the Indian subcontinent, today's <a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills" title="Naga Hills">Naga Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Arakan</a>, as indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy world map">Ptolemy world map</a> of the 1st century geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374659/Menander">"Menander"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menander&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F374659%2FMenander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazel_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazel_2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazel2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazel, John (2013). <i>Who's Who in the Greek World</i>. Routledge. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134802241" title="Special:BookSources/9781134802241"><bdi>9781134802241</bdi></a>. <q>Menander king in India, known locally as Milinda, born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda (Alexandria-in-the-Caucasus), and who was himself the son of a king. After conquering the Punjab, where he made Sagala his capital, he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna, the capital of the Mauraya empire, though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north-west frontier with Eucratides.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Greek+World&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134802241&rft.aulast=Hazel&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magill_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magill_2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magill_2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2003" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank Northen (2003). <i>Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579580407" title="Special:BookSources/9781579580407"><bdi>9781579580407</bdi></a>. <q>MENANDER Born: c. 210 B.C.; probably Kalasi, Afghanistan Died: c. 135 B.C.; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement: Government and religion Contribution: Menander extended the Greco-Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler. He became a legendary figure as a great patron of Buddhism in the Pali book the Milindapanha. Early Life – Menander (not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropamisadae or the present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan. The only reference to this location is in the semi-legendary Milindapanha (first or second century A.D.), which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda, some two hundred yojanas (about eighteen miles) from the town of Sagala (probably Sialkot in Punjab). The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+World+Biography%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781579580407&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+Northen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḌār2006" class="citation book cs1">Ḍār, Saifurraḥmān (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXxNAQAAIAAJ&q=Menander+the+Great+shifted+his+capital+to+a+more+central+place+of+his+empire+than+Taxila.+His+new+capital,+named"><i>Historical Routes Through Gandhara (Pakistan): 200 B.C-200 A.D</i></a>. National College of Arts. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9799690020351" title="Special:BookSources/9799690020351"><bdi>9799690020351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Routes+Through+Gandhara+%28Pakistan%29%3A+200+B.C-200+A.D&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=National+College+of+Arts&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9799690020351&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%8C%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=Saifurra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXxNAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DMenander%2Bthe%2BGreat%2Bshifted%2Bhis%2Bcapital%2Bto%2Ba%2Bmore%2Bcentral%2Bplace%2Bof%2Bhis%2Bempire%2Bthan%2BTaxila.%2BHis%2Bnew%2Bcapital%2C%2Bnamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarJan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dar, Saifur Rahman; Jan, Zakirullah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.uop.edu.pk/ancientpakistan/article/view/50">"Three Seasons of Excavations at Pir Manakrai, Haripur: Preliminary Report"</a>. <i>Ancient Pakistan</i>. <b>26</b>: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2708-4590">2708-4590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Three+Seasons+of+Excavations+at+Pir+Manakrai%2C+Haripur%3A+Preliminary+Report&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2708-4590&rft.aulast=Dar&rft.aufirst=Saifur+Rahman&rft.au=Jan%2C+Zakirullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.uop.edu.pk%2Fancientpakistan%2Farticle%2Fview%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bopearachchi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a> and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Indo-Greek-king">"Menander | Indo-Greek king"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Menander+%7C+Indo-Greek+king&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMenander-Indo-Greek-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairs2020" class="citation book cs1">Mairs, Rachel (2020). <i>The Graeco bactrians and Indo Greeks world</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 654. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351610278" title="Special:BookSources/9781351610278"><bdi>9781351610278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Graeco+bactrians+and+Indo+Greeks+world&rft.pages=654&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781351610278&rft.aulast=Mairs&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. 1970. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa/page/406">406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23448-1"><bdi>978-0-521-23448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23448-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeancient02edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2013" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen; Accampo, Elinor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TALAAAAQBAJ"><i>Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-50020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-50020-1"><bdi>978-1-285-50020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Beyond+Boundaries&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-50020-1&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rft.au=Osheim%2C+Duane&rft.au=Neuschel%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Accampo%2C+Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TALAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strabo (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+11.11.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0197">"11.11.1"</a>. In Meineke, A. (ed.). <i>Geographica</i> (in Greek). Leipzig: Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.11.1&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DStrab.%2B11.11.1%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1924" class="citation book cs1">Jones, H. L., ed. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+11.11.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198">"11.11.1"</a>. <i>Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 11, section 1</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.11.1&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+Book+11%2C+chapter+11%2C+section+1&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DStrab.%2B11.11.1%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1903" class="citation book cs1">Jones, H. L., ed. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1">"11.11.1"</a>. <i>Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER XI., section 1</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.11.1&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+BOOK+XI.%2C+CHAPTER+XI.%2C+section+1&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0239%253Abook%253D11%253Achapter%253D11%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span> At the Perseus Project.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sourcebook-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">Full text, Schoff's 1912 translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p.50 and Pl. XII-7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SB_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaums2017" class="citation book cs1">Baums, Stefan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181"><i>A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"</i></a>. Archaeopress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+framework+for+Gandharan+chronology+based+on+relic+inscriptions%2C+in+%22Problems+of+Chronology+in+Gandharan+Art%22&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Baums&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopressShop%2FPublic%2Fdownload.asp%3Fid%3D%7B51184689-60EE-4F62-A6D5-8A95D4D53181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span>}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarn1951226-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarn1951226_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarn1951">Tarn 1951</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures">Halkias (2014: 94)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi1991">Bopearachchi 1991</a>, p. 19, quoting the analysis of N.G. Majumdar, D.C. Sicar, S.Konow</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 29 of the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap029.html">Text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA49">Handbuch der Orientalistik, Kurt A. Behrendt, BRILL, 2004, p.49 sig</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"King Menander, who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE, was an Indo-Greek."in <i>Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Albinia" title="Alice Albinia">Alice Albinia</a>, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A passage in the "Mahā-parinibbâna sutta" of the "<a href="/wiki/Dighanikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighanikaya">Dighanikaya</a>" relates the dispute of Indian kings over the ashes of the Buddha, which they finally shared between themselves and enshrined in a series of stupas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardakis1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernardakis, Gregorius N., ed. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0332%3Astephpage%3D821d">"821d"</a>. <i>Moralia: Praecepta gerendae reipublicae</i> (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Teubner" class="mw-redirect" title="Teubner">Teubner</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=821d&rft.btitle=Moralia%3A+Praecepta+gerendae+reipublicae&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0332%253Astephpage%253D821d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1936" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Harold North, ed. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0333%3Asection%3D28">"28, 6"</a>. <i>Plutarch, Praecepta gerendae reipublicae, section 28</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28%2C+6&rft.btitle=Plutarch%2C+Praecepta+gerendae+reipublicae%2C+section+28&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0333%253Asection%253D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1874" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, William W., ed. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0334%3Asection%3D28">"28, 6"</a>. <i>Plutarch, Praecepta gerendae reipublicae, section 28</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28%2C+6&rft.btitle=Plutarch%2C+Praecepta+gerendae+reipublicae%2C+section+28&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0334%253Asection%253D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span> At the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi199133-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi199133_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi1991">Bopearachchi 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare, Saikat K Bose, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT222">p.222</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1994" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1994). <i>The diffusion of classical art in antiquity</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2"><bdi>0-691-03680-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diffusion+of+classical+art+in+antiquity&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-691-03680-2&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a> (1991). <i>Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques : catalogue raisonné</i>. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7177-1825-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7177-1825-7"><bdi>2-7177-1825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnaies+gr%C3%A9co-bactriennes+et+indo-grecques+%3A+catalogue+raisonn%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=2-7177-1825-7&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi1993" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00lmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins in the Smithsonian Institution</i></a>. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Greek%2C+Indo-Scythian+and+Indo-Parthian+Coins+in+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.pub=National+Numismatic+Collection%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00lmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchiSachs2003" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund; Sachs, Christian (2003). <i>De l'Indus à l'Oxus : archéologie de l'Asie centrale : catalogue de l'exposition</i>. Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2"><bdi>2-9516679-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27Indus+%C3%A0+l%27Oxus+%3A+arch%C3%A9ologie+de+l%27Asie+centrale+%3A+catalogue+de+l%27exposition.&rft.place=Lattes&rft.pub=Association+imago-mus%C3%A9e+de+Lattes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-9516679-2-2&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonCribbClaringbull1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (1992). <i>The Crossroads of Asia : transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</i>. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518399-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9518399-1-8"><bdi>0-9518399-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia+%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9518399-1-8&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft.au=Claringbull%2C+Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). <i>A dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9"><bdi>0-19-860560-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860560-9&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubica2023" class="citation book cs1">Kubica, Olga (2023). <i>Greco-Buddhist relations in the Hellenistic Far East : sources and contexts</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003258575" title="Special:BookSources/9781003258575"><bdi>9781003258575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greco-Buddhist+relations+in+the+Hellenistic+Far+East+%3A+sources+and+contexts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781003258575&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation book cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies</i>. New York: Allworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5"><bdi>1-58115-203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shape+of+ancient+thought+%3A+comparative+studies+in+Greek+and+Indian+philosophies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58115-203-5&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1987" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1987). <i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i> (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0372-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0372-8"><bdi>81-208-0372-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-208-0372-8&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn1951" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, W. W. (1951). <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menander_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Menander_(Milinda)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Menander (Milinda)">Menander I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+I&Thumb=1">Coins of King Menander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/menander/t.html">More coins of Menander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=42937&AucID=46&Lot=537">Kapisa coinage of Menander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/milinda.pdf">The Debate of King Milinda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815103245/http://www.as.miami.edu/phi/bio/Buddha/Milinda.htm">The Questions of King Milinda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-menander.html">Catalogue of the coins of Menander</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II of India</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek ruler</a> <br /> (in <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>) </b><br />155/150 – 130 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a><br />(in <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a><br />(in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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<a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> kings, territories and chronology</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Based on <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wikitable wraplinks" style="width:100%; margin:2px 0 0 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf; font-size: 100%;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kings </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf; font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> kings </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th>West <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th>East <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Paropamisade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paropamisade">Paropamisade</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Western Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Eastern Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>326-325 BCE </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>312 BCE </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;">Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>305 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Mauryan war</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>280 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>255–239 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddcdcd;">Independence of the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" align="center">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (268-232 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>239–223 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>230–200 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200–190 BCE </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sunga_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunga Empire">Sunga Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>190-185 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>190–180 BCE </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>185–170 BCE </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>180–160 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>175–170 BCE </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–155 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>170–145 BCE </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>155–130 BCE </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> occupation,<br />loss of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menander I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130–120 BCE </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> occupation</i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Zoilus_I" title="Zoilus I">Zoilus I</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Agathoclea_(Indo-Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathoclea (Indo-Greek)">Agathoclea</a> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Yavanarajya_inscription" title="Yavanarajya inscription">Yavanarajya<br />inscription</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120–110 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110–100 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_II" title="Heliocles II">Heliocles II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Polyxenus_Epiphanes_Soter" title="Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenus</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100–95 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>95–90 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilus</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Peucolaus" title="Peucolaus">Peucolaus</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90–85 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros_Aniketos" title="Artemidoros Aniketos">Artemidorus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90–70 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> occupation</i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a>)</i> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75–70 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_of_Indo-Scythia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vonones of Indo-Scythia">Vonones</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephus</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65–55 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spalirises" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalirises">Spalirises</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Hippostratus" title="Hippostratus">Hippostratus</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysius</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55–35 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Azes_I" title="Azes I">Azes I</a> (Indo-Scythians)</i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Zoilus_II" title="Zoilus II">Zoilus II</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55–35 BCE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Vijayamitra" title="Vijayamitra">Vijayamitra</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Azilises" title="Azilises">Azilises</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 BCE – 10 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#fc9;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zeionises" title="Zeionises">Zeionises</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kharahostes" title="Kharahostes">Kharahostes</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cdcdcd;"><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:#fc9;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthian</a>)</i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Rajuvula" title="Rajuvula">Rajuvula</a> (Indo-Scythian)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcc;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>)</i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bhadayasa" title="Bhadayasa">Bhadayasa</a><br />(Indo-Scythian)</i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center;background-color:#adcdcd;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a><br />(Indo-Scythian)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2019" class="citation web cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA9">"History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE"</a>. BRILL – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenander+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic_rulers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template talk:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic_rulers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347878#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347878#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000101355805">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150922909">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/412159474196227662050">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1834338/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1559655/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119489015">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90707640">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120155514">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120155514">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069243816">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/327000">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299307705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05059077?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119489015">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028289552">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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