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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_hydrometers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_hydrometers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specialized hydrometers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialized_hydrometers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialized hydrometers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialized_hydrometers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcoholometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alcoholometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lactometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saccharometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saccharometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Saccharometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saccharometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermohydrometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermohydrometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Thermohydrometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermohydrometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_hydrometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_hydrometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Battery hydrometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_hydrometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antifreeze_tester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antifreeze_tester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Antifreeze tester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antifreeze_tester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acidometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Acidometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barkometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barkometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Barkometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barkometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salinometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Salinometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urinometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urinometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Urinometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urinometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_soil_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_soil_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use in soil analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_soil_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrometer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%81" title="مكثاف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكثاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometr" title="Areometr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Areometr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বারিমান-যন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারিমান-যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Арэометр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арэометр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ареометър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ареометър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens%C3%ADmetre" title="Densímetre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Densímetre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustom%C4%9Br" title="Hustoměr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hustoměr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A6ometer" title="Aræometer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aræometer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A4ometer" title="Aräometer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aräometer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areomeeter" title="Areomeeter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Areomeeter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Αραιόμετρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραιόμετρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens%C3%ADmetro" title="Densímetro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Densímetro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrometro" title="Hidrometro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrometro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsimetro" title="Dentsimetro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dentsimetro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC" title="آب‌سنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌سنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrom%C3%A8tre" title="Hydromètre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydromètre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%86%8D%EA%B3%84" title="유속계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유속계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Խտաչափ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խտաչափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="द्रवघनत्वमापी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्रवघनत्वमापी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometar" title="Areometar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Areometar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrometro" title="Hidrometro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidrometro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrometer" title="Hidrometer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrometer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotm%C3%A6lir" title="Flotmælir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flotmælir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densimetro" title="Densimetro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Densimetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8" title="הידרומטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרומטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Ареометр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ареометр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Ареометр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ареометр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometras" title="Areometras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Areometras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ареометар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ареометар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုမီတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုမီတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="हाइड्रोमिटर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाइड्रोमिटर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E7%A7%A4" title="浮秤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="浮秤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D" title="ହାଇଡ୍ରୋମିଟର୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାଇଡ୍ରୋମିଟର୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometr" title="Areometr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Areometr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੈਕਟੋਮੀਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਕਟੋਮੀਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုမီတာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုမီတာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometr" title="Areometr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Areometr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens%C3%ADmetro" title="Densímetro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Densímetro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densimetru" title="Densimetru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Densimetru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Ареометр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ареометр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آب پيما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آب پيما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustomer" title="Hustomer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hustomer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometer" title="Areometer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Areometer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ареометар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ареометар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometar" title="Areometar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Areometar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areometri" title="Areometri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Areometri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hydrometer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="திரவமானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரவமானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮโดรมิเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรมิเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Ареометр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ареометр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrometre" title="Hidrometre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrometre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Ареометр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ареометр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_k%E1%BA%BF" title="Phù kế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù kế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">Hygrometer</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Areometer.svg/140px-Areometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Areometer.svg/210px-Areometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Areometer.svg/280px-Areometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Schematic drawing of a hydrometer. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper the weighted float <b>B</b> sinks. The depth is read off the scale <b>A</b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hydrometer</b> or <b>lactometer</b> is an instrument used for measuring density or <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">relative density</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a> based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. They are typically <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation (instrument)">graduated</a> with one or more scales such as <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a>. </p><p>A hydrometer usually consists of a sealed hollow glass tube with a wider bottom portion for <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> for stability, and a narrow stem with graduations for measuring. The liquid to test is poured into a tall container, often a <a href="/wiki/Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">graduated cylinder</a>, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates to relative density. Hydrometers can contain any number of scales along the stem corresponding to properties correlating to the density. </p><p>Hydrometers are calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>. </p><p>The hydrometer makes use of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a>: a solid suspended in a fluid is buoyed by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended solid. The lower the density of the fluid, the deeper a hydrometer of a given weight sinks; the stem is calibrated to give a numerical reading. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrometer6455.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Hydrometer6455.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Hydrometer from <i>Practical Physics</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The hydrometer probably dates back to the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> (3rd century BC) who used its principles to find the density of various liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early description of a hydrometer comes from a Latin poem, written in the 2nd century AD by Remnius, who compared the use of a hydrometer to the method of <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)" title="Displacement (fluid)">fluid displacement</a> used by Archimedes to determine the gold content of <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero II of Syracuse">Hiero II's</a> crown.<sup id="cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensaude-vincent-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypatia of Alexandria">Hypatia of Alexandria</a> <span class="nowrap">(b. <em><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr></em> 350–</span>370; d.<span class="nowrap"> </span>415 CE), an important female Greek mathematician, is the first person traditionally associated with the hydrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensaude-vincent-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter, <a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius of Cyrene</a> asks Hypatia, his teacher, to make a hydrometer for him: </p> <blockquote> <p>The instrument in question is a cylindrical tube, which has the shape of a flute and is about the same size. It has notches in a perpendicular line, by means of which we are able to test the weight of the waters. A cone forms a lid at one of the extremities, closely fitted to the tube. The cone and the tube have one base only. This is called the baryllium. Whenever you place the tube in water, it remains erect. You can then count the notches at your ease, and in this way ascertain the weight of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>According to the <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>, it was used by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a> in the 11th century and described by <a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rediscovered in 1612 by Galileo and his circle of friends, and used in experiments especially at the Accademia del Cimento.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appeared again in the 1675 work of Robert Boyle (who coined the name <i>"hydrometer"</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensaude-vincent-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with types devised by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Baum%C3%A9" title="Antoine Baumé">Antoine Baumé</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scale" title="Baumé scale">Baumé scale</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(chemist)" title="William Nicholson (chemist)">William Nicholson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Alexandre César Charles</a> in the late 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more or less contemporarily with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Sikes">Benjamin Sikes</a>' discovery of the device by which the alcoholic content of a liquid can be automatically determined. The use of the Sikes device was made obligatory by British law in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranges">Ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hydrometer sinks deeper in low-density liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, and less deep in high-density liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>. It is usual for hydrometers to be used with dense liquids to have the mark 1.000 (for water) near the top of the stem, and those for use with lighter liquids to have 1.000 near the bottom. In many industries a set of hydrometers is used (1.0–0.95, 0.95–.) to have instruments covering the range of specific gravities that may be encountered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scales">Scales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg/170px-Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg/255px-Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg/340px-Brine_concentration_measurement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> worker using a hydrometer to measure the <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> density of a salt evaporation pond</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern hydrometers usually measure <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">API gravity</a>, universally used worldwide by the petroleum industry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scale" title="Baumé scale">Baumé scale</a>, formerly used in industrial chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a> scale, primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechsle_scale" title="Oechsle scale">Oechsle scale</a>, used for measuring the density of <a href="/wiki/Grape_must" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape must">grape must</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato scale">Plato scale</a>, primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twaddell_scale" title="Twaddell scale">Twaddell scale</a>, formerly used in the bleaching and dyeing industries<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_hydrometers">Specialized hydrometers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specialized hydrometers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialized hydrometers are frequently named for their use: a lactometer, for example, is a hydrometer designed especially for use with dairy products. They are sometimes referred to by this specific name, sometimes as hydrometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholometer">Alcoholometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alcoholometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alcoholmeter is a hydrometer that indicates the alcoholic strength of liquids which are essentially a mixture of alcohol and water. It is also known as a <i>proof and Tralles hydrometer</i> (after <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Tralles" title="Johann Georg Tralles">Johann Georg Tralles</a>, but commonly misspelled as <b>traille</b> and <b>tralle</b>). It measures the density of the fluid. Where no sugar or other dissolved substances are present, the specific gravity of a solution of ethanol in water can be directly correlated to the concentration of alcohol. Saccharometers for measuring sugar-water mixtures measure densities greater than water. Many have scales marked with volume percents of "potential alcohol", based on a pre-calculated specific gravity. A higher "potential alcohol" reading on this scale is caused by a greater specific gravity, assumed to be caused by the introduction of dissolved sugars or carbohydrate based material. A reading is taken before and after fermentation and approximate alcohol content is determined by subtracting the post fermentation reading from the pre-fermentation reading.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These were important instruments for determining tax, and specific maker's instruments could be specified. <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Sikes" title="Bartholomew Sikes">Bartholomew Sikes</a> had a monopoly in the UK and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dicas" title="Mary Dicas">Mary Dicas</a> and her family enjoyed a similar monopoly in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactometer">Lactometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lactometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lactometer is used to check purity of cow's milk. The specific gravity of milk does not give a conclusive indication of its composition since milk contains a variety of substances that are either heavier or lighter than water. Additional tests for fat content are necessary to determine overall composition. The instrument is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. If the milk sample is pure, the lactometer floats higher than if it is adulterated or impure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saccharometer">Saccharometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Saccharometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the hydrometer. For the optical instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Saccharimeter" title="Saccharimeter">Saccharimeter</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharometer,_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg/220px-Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg/330px-Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg/440px-Saccharometer%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A 20th century saccharometer</figcaption></figure> <p>A saccharometer is a type of hydrometer used for determining the amount of sugar in a solution, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used primarily by <a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">winemakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it can also be used in making <a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">sorbets</a> and ice-creams.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first brewers' saccharometer was constructed by Benjamin Martin (with distillation in mind), and initially used for brewing by James Baverstock Sr in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Thrale adopted its use and it was later popularized by John Richardson in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It consists of a large weighted glass bulb with a thin stem rising from the top with calibrated markings. The sugar level can be determined by reading the value where the surface of the liquid crosses the scale. The higher the sugar content, the denser the solution, and thus the higher the bulb will float. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermohydrometer">Thermohydrometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermohydrometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that has a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> enclosed in the float section. For measuring the density of petroleum products, such as fuel oils, the specimen is usually heated in a temperature jacket with a thermometer placed behind it since density is dependent on temperature. Light oils are placed in cooling jackets, typically at 15 °C. Very light oils with many volatile components are measured in a variable volume container using a floating <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> sampling device to minimize light end losses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_hydrometer">Battery hydrometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battery hydrometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of charge of a <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid">lead-acid</a> battery can be estimated from the density of the <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> solution used as <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>. A hydrometer calibrated to read specific gravity relative to water at 60 °F (16 °C) is a standard tool for servicing <a href="/wiki/Car_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Car battery">automobile batteries</a>. Tables are used to correct the reading to the standard temperature. Hydrometers are also used for maintenance of wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries to ensure the electrolyte is of the proper strength for the application; for this battery chemistry the specific gravity of the electrolyte is not related to the state of charge of the battery. </p><p>A battery hydrometer with thermometer (thermohydrometer) measures the temperature-compensated specific gravity and electrolyte temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antifreeze_tester">Antifreeze tester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antifreeze tester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another automotive use of hydrometers is testing the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> solution used for engine cooling. The degree of freeze protection can be related to the density (and so concentration) of the antifreeze; different types of antifreeze have different relations between measured density and freezing point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acidometer">Acidometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acidometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An acidometer, or acidimeter, is a hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of an <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barkometer">Barkometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Barkometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A barkometer is calibrated to test the strength of tanning liquors used in tanning <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinometer">Salinometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Salinometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A salinometer is a hydrometer used to measure the salt content of the feed water to a marine steam boiler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urinometer">Urinometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Urinometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Urinometer" title="Urinometer">urinometer</a> is a medical hydrometer designed for <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a>. As urine's specific gravity is dictated by its ratio of solutes (wastes) to water, a urinometer makes it possible to quickly assess a patient's overall level of hydration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrometer_in_a_still_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcohol meter to measure ethanol concentration of a water/ethanol mixture, shown in the "parrot head" of a still"><img alt="Alcohol meter to measure ethanol concentration of a water/ethanol mixture, shown in the "parrot head" of a still" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hydrometer_in_a_still_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alcohol meter to measure ethanol concentration of a water/ethanol mixture, shown in the "parrot head" of a still</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lactometer to measure the density of milk, indicating its fat content"><img alt="Lactometer to measure the density of milk, indicating its fat content" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg/165px-Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg/247px-Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg/330px-Densimetro_o_galattometro_con_custodia_-_Musei_del_cibo_-_Parmigiano_-_314a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lactometer to measure the density of milk, indicating its fat content </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_condition_indicator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery condition indicator to measure electrolyte density in a lead–acid battery, indicating its state of charge (~1985)"><img alt="Battery condition indicator to measure electrolyte density in a lead–acid battery, indicating its state of charge (~1985)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battery_condition_indicator.jpg/242px-Battery_condition_indicator.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battery_condition_indicator.jpg/363px-Battery_condition_indicator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battery_condition_indicator.jpg/484px-Battery_condition_indicator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery condition indicator to measure electrolyte density in a lead–acid battery, indicating its state of charge (~1985)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coolant_indicator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antifreeze tester to measure engine coolant density, indicating its freezing point."><img alt="Antifreeze tester to measure engine coolant density, indicating its freezing point." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coolant_indicator.jpg/167px-Coolant_indicator.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coolant_indicator.jpg/250px-Coolant_indicator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coolant_indicator.jpg/334px-Coolant_indicator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antifreeze tester to measure engine coolant density, indicating its freezing point.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_soil_analysis">Use in soil analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use in soil analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, are graded. Hydrometer analysis is performed if the grain sizes are too small for <a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">sieve analysis</a>. The basis for this test is <a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes' Law">Stokes' Law</a> for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grain in suspension and of the fluid. The grain diameter thus can be calculated from a knowledge of the distance and time of fall. The hydrometer also determines the specific gravity (or density) of the suspension, and this enables the fraction of particles of a certain equivalent particle diameter to be calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Density_meter" title="Density meter">Density meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densitometer" title="Densitometer">Densitometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasymeter" title="Dasymeter">Dasymeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_paradox_(physics)" title="Elevator paradox (physics)">Elevator paradox (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_hydrometer" title="Fahrenheit hydrometer">Fahrenheit hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity (beer)">Gravity (beer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_bubbles" title="Hydrostatic bubbles">Hydrostatic bubbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">Hygrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillating_U-tube" title="Oscillating U-tube">Oscillating U-tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyknometer">Pyknometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractometer" title="Refractometer">Refractometer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHornsey2003" class="citation book cs1">Hornsey, Ian S. (2003). <i>A history of beer and brewing</i>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0"><bdi>978-0-85404-630-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+beer+and+brewing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-630-0&rft.aulast=Hornsey&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendick2011" class="citation book cs1">Bendick, Jeanne (2011) [1962]. <i>Archimedes And The Door Of Science</i>. Literary Licensing, LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781258014889" title="Special:BookSources/9781258014889"><bdi>9781258014889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archimedes+And+The+Door+Of+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781258014889&rft.aulast=Bendick&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bensaude-vincent-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bensaude-vincent_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensaude-Vincent2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Bensaude-Vincent" title="Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent">Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Frederic_L._Holmes" title="Frederic L. Holmes">Holmes, Frederic L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Levere" title="Trevor H. Levere">Levere, Trevor H.</a> (eds.). <i>Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262082822" title="Special:BookSources/9780262082822"><bdi>9780262082822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instruments+and+Experimentation+in+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262082822&rft.aulast=Bensaude-Vincent&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald1926" class="citation book cs1">FitzGerald, Augustine (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015008616180?urlappend=%3Bseq=105%3Bownerid=13510798888320432-109">"Letter 15 - To the Philosopher (Hypatia)"</a>. <i>The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008616180?urlappend=%3Bseq=105">2027/mdp.39015008616180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+15+-+To+the+Philosopher+%28Hypatia%29&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Synesius+of+Cyrene&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015008616180%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D105&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015008616180%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D105%253Bownerid%3D13510798888320432-109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozhanskayaLevinova1996" class="citation book cs1">Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy897SeErOQC&pg=PA614">"Statics"</a>. In Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 614–642 [ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy897SeErOQC&pg=PA639">639</a> ]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12411-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12411-9"><bdi>978-0-415-12411-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statics&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=614-642+639+&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12411-9&rft.aulast=Rozhanskaya&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Levinova%2C+I.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDy897SeErOQC%26pg%3DPA614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/Hydrometer.html">"In-depth Hydrometer"</a>. <i>Museo Galileo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Académie d'Orléans: 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Publications+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C+Agriculture%2C+Sciences%2C+Belles-lettres+et+Arts&rft.atitle=Un+enfant+illustre+de+Beaugency+%3A+le+physicien+et+a%C3%A9ronaute+Jacques+Charles+%281746-1823%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blondel&rft.aufirst=Claude-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k65454933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenison1955" class="citation book cs1">Denison, Merrill (1955). <i>The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barley+and+the+Stream%3A+The+Molson+Story&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Denison&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick1975" class="citation book cs1">Dick, William Brisbane (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chestofbooks.com/reference/Encyclopedia-Of-Practical-Receipts-And-Processes/Degrees-of-Baum-e.html">"Degrees of Baum'e"</a>. <i>Dick's Encyclopedia of Practical Receipts and Processes</i>. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780308101579" title="Special:BookSources/9780308101579"><bdi>9780308101579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Degrees+of+Baum%27e&rft.btitle=Dick%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Practical+Receipts+and+Processes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dick+and+Fitzgerald%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780308101579&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=William+Brisbane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Freference%2FEncyclopedia-Of-Practical-Receipts-And-Processes%2FDegrees-of-Baum-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinForget1998" class="citation book cs1">Rabin, Dan; Forget, Carl (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRyxWu8rRnQC&q=Alcoholometer&pg=PA12"><i>The dictionary of beer and brewing</i></a>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579580780" title="Special:BookSources/9781579580780"><bdi>9781579580780</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+beer+and+brewing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781579580780&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Forget%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRyxWu8rRnQC%26q%3DAlcoholometer%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison-Low2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morrison-Low, A. D. (2004-09-23). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-49542">"Dicas [married name Arstall], Mary (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49542">10.1093/ref:odnb/49542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dicas+%5Bmarried+name+Arstall%5D%2C+Mary+%28fl.+1800%E2%80%931815%29%2C+maker+of+scientific+instruments&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49542&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Morrison-Low&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-49542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisler1891" class="citation journal cs1">Geisler, Joseph F. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02124a009">"Signification of Lactometer Tests"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02124a009">10.1021/ja02124a009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Signification+of+Lactometer+Tests&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02124a009&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fja02124a009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co154299/glass-lactometer-england-1875-1900-hydrometer-lactometer">"Glass lactometer, England, 1875-1900"</a>. <i>Science Museum Group Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group+Collection&rft.atitle=Glass+lactometer%2C+England%2C+1875-1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco154299%2Fglass-lactometer-england-1875-1900-hydrometer-lactometer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1840" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Thomas (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bUoAQAAMAAJ&q=Thomas+Thomson+saccharometer"><i>Explanation of Allan's Saccharometer: Appointed by Act of Parliament for the Use of Distillers, & C</i></a>. D. & W. Millar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explanation+of+Allan%27s+Saccharometer%3A+Appointed+by+Act+of+Parliament+for+the+Use+of+Distillers%2C+%26+C&rft.pub=D.+%26+W.+Millar&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bUoAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThomas%2BThomson%2Bsaccharometer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSambrook1996" class="citation book cs1">Sambrook, Pamela (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDEwIR0ZHGYC&q=Saccharometer&pg=PA64"><i>Country House Brewing in England, 1500-1900</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852851279" title="Special:BookSources/9781852851279"><bdi>9781852851279</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+House+Brewing+in+England%2C+1500-1900&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781852851279&rft.aulast=Sambrook&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDEwIR0ZHGYC%26q%3DSaccharometer%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneman1993" class="citation book cs1">Hanneman, Leonard J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6YuI15dT74C&q=Saccharometer&pg=PA250"><i>Patisserie</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750604307" title="Special:BookSources/9780750604307"><bdi>9780750604307</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patisserie&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780750604307&rft.aulast=Hanneman&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6YuI15dT74C%26q%3DSaccharometer%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathias1959" class="citation book cs1">Mathias, Peter (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyU9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71"><i>The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830</i></a>. University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brewing+Industry+in+England+1700-1830&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyU9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudWarnerChaplinJohnston1998" class="citation book cs1">Bud, Robert; Warner, Deborah Jean; Chaplin, Simon; Johnston, Stephen; Peterson, Betsy Bahr (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&q=Saccharometer+John+Richardson&pg=RA1-PA312"><i>Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815315612" title="Special:BookSources/9780815315612"><bdi>9780815315612</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instruments+of+Science%3A+An+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Science+Museum%2C+London%2C+and+National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780815315612&rft.aulast=Bud&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Warner%2C+Deborah+Jean&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Simon&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Betsy+Bahr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AsFdUxOwu8C%26q%3DSaccharometer%2BJohn%2BRichardson%26pg%3DRA1-PA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéla_G._LiptákKriszta_Venczel2017" class="citation book cs1">Béla G. Lipták; Kriszta Venczel, eds. (2017). <i>Instrument and automation engineers' handbook: measurement and safety</i> (Fifth ed.). United States: Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press. p. 1314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2764-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2764-8"><bdi>978-1-4987-2764-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instrument+and+automation+engineers%27+handbook%3A+measurement+and+safety&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=1314&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group%2C+CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-2764-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/acidometer">"Acidometer"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>. Farlex. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Acidometer&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Facidometer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1897" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Charles Thomas (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manufactureoflea00davi"><i>The manufacture of leather: being a description of all of the processes for the tanning and tawing with bark, extracts, chrome and all modern tannages in general use</i></a>. H. C. Baird & co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>. <q>Barkometer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+manufacture+of+leather%3A+being+a+description+of+all+of+the+processes+for+the+tanning+and+tawing+with+bark%2C+extracts%2C+chrome+and+all+modern+tannages+in+general+use&rft.pub=H.+C.+Baird+%26+co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Charles+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanufactureoflea00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip Elmer LaMoreaux, Travis H. Hughes (ed.), <i> Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540408827" title="Special:BookSources/3540408827">3540408827</a>, p.299</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrometer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br />and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br />software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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