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Toponimi - Vikipedi

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page-Toponimi rootpage-Toponimi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">İçeriğe atla</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ana menü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ana menü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ana menü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gezinti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" title="Anasayfayı ziyaret et [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Anasayfa</span></a></li><li id="n-Hakkımızda" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Hakk%C4%B1nda"><span>Hakkımızda</span></a></li><li id="n-İçindekiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:G%C3%B6z_at"><span>İçindekiler</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Rastgele" title="Rastgele bir sayfaya gidin [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rastgele madde</span></a></li><li id="n-Seçkin-içerik" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Se%C3%A7kin_i%C3%A7erik"><span>Seçkin içerik</span></a></li><li id="n-Yakınımdakiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Yak%C4%B1n%C4%B1mdakiler"><span>Yakınımdakiler</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Katılım" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Katılım" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Katılım </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Deneme_tahtas%C4%B1"><span>Deneme tahtası</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:K%C3%B6y_%C3%A7e%C5%9Fmesi" title="Güncel olaylarla ilgili son bilgiler"><span>Köy çeşmesi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SonDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler" title="Vikide yapılmış son değişikliklerin listesi [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Son değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Y%C3%BCkle"><span>Dosya yükle</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Topluluk_portali" title="Proje hakkında, neler yapabilirsiniz, ne nerededir"><span>Topluluk portali</span></a></li><li id="n-shop-text" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org"><span>Wikimedia dükkânı</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:%C4%B0%C3%A7indekiler" title="Yardım almak için"><span>Yardım</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-tr.svg" style="width: 6.6875em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Özgür Ansiklopedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tr.svg" width="104" height="13" style="width: 6.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Ara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ara</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" aria-label="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Özel:Ara"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ara</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Kişisel araçlar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Sayfanın yazı tipi boyutunun, genişliğinin ve renginin görünümünü değiştirin" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Görünüm" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Görünüm</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=tr" class=""><span>Bağış yapın</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&amp;returnto=Toponimi" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir" class=""><span>Hesap oluştur</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&amp;returnto=Toponimi" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Oturum aç</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Kişisel araçlar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kişisel araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kullanıcı menüsü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=tr"><span>Bağış yapın</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&amp;returnto=Toponimi" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hesap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&amp;returnto=Toponimi" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Oturum aç</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Çıkış yapmış editörler için sayfalar <a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Giri%C5%9F" aria-label="Değişiklik yapma hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinin"><span>daha fazla bilgi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Katk%C4%B1lar%C4%B1m" title="Bu IP adresinden yapılmış değişiklikler listesi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Katkılar</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="İçindekiler" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">İçindekiler</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponimistler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponimistler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponimistler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponimistler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayrıca_bakınız"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ayrıca bakınız</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ayrıca bakınız alt bölümünü aç/kapa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-İlgili_kavramlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#İlgili_kavramlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>İlgili kavramlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-İlgili_kavramlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Toponimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bölgesel_toponimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bölgesel_toponimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bölgesel toponimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bölgesel_toponimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toponimi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 78 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie - Afrikaanca" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Aragonca" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86" title="علم أسماء الأماكن - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم أسماء الأماكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="توپونیمیکا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپونیمیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топонимия - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топонимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="टोपोनिमी - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोपोनिमी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lec%27hanvadurezh" title="Lec&#039;hanvadurezh - Bretonca" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lec&#039;hanvadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-m%C3%ACng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-mìng-hŏk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-mìng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymeg" title="Toponymeg - Galce" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toponymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Galce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stednavn" title="Stednavn - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stednavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastik" title="Toponomastik - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toponomastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toponymy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika" title="Toponüümika - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toponüümika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جای‌نام‌شناسی - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جای‌نام‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikannimitutkimus" title="Paikannimitutkimus - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikannimitutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Arpitanca" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimy" title="Toponimy - Batı Frizcesi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toponimy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Batı Frizcesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופונימיה - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופונימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थान नामिकी - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थान नामिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղանվանաբանություն - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղանվանաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymia" title="Toponymia - İnterlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toponymia" data-language-autonym="İnterlingua" data-language-local-name="İnterlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İnterlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rnefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örnefnafræði - İzlandaca" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örnefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="İzlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastica" title="Toponomastica - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toponomastica" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტოპონიმიკა - Gürcüce" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპონიმიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gürcüce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika - Karakalpakça" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%ED%95%99" title="지명학 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie - Lüksemburgca" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lüksemburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика - Lezgice" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie - Limburgca" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika - Litvanca" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C4%ABmija" title="Toponīmija - Letonca" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toponīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Топоним - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം - Malayalam dili" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponim" title="Toponim - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toponim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym" title="Toponym - Aşağı Almanca" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toponym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Aşağı Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadnamn" title="Stadnamn - Norveççe Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stadnamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymi" title="Toponymi - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toponymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Oksitan dili" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Топонимикæ - Osetçe" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Топонимикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia - Arnavutça" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Arnavutça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топономастика - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топономастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi - Sunda dili" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortnamnsforskning" title="Ortnamnsforskning - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortnamnsforskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูมินามวิทยา - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมินามวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika - Türkmence" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Türkmence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика - Tuvaca" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топоніміка - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топоніміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika - Özbekçe" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Özbekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa danh học - Vietnamca" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa danh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimeye" title="Toponimeye - Valonca" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toponimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="地名學 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地名學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toponimi" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Toponimi" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya 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sayfadan nasıl kaynak göstereceği hakkında bilgi"><span>Bu sayfayı kaynak göster</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToponimi"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToponimi"><span>Karekodu indir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yazdır/dışa aktar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kitap&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Toponimi"><span>Bir kitap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Toponimi&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF olarak indir</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toponymy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762" title="Veri havuzundaki ilgili ögeye bağlantı [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiveri ögesi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Col_de_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Col_de_Port.jpg/220px-Col_de_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Col_de_Port.jpg/330px-Col_de_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Col_de_Port.jpg/440px-Col_de_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Col de Port'ta otlayan inekler. Col de Port, Fransız Pireneleri'nde Ariège bölgesinde bulunan bir dağ geçididir.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Toponimi</b> veya <b>yer adı bilimi</b>, yer isimlerinin (toponimlerin), onların orijinlerinin, anlamlarının, kullanımlarının ve tiplendirmesinin bilimsel araştırmasıdır. Toponimi sözcüğü <a href="/wiki/Yunanca" title="Yunanca">Yunanca</a> <i>tópos</i> (τόπος) ('yer') ve <i>ónoma</i> (ὄνομα) ('ad') sözcüklerinden kaynaklanır. Toponimi, her türlü adın bilimi olan <a href="/wiki/Onomastik" title="Onomastik">onomastik</a> bilminin bir alt dalıdır. Toponimi, sözcüklerin kökenini araştıran <a href="/wiki/Etimoloji" title="Etimoloji">etimolojiden</a> farklıdır ama çoğu zaman onunla karıştırılır. Bu konu ile uğraşanlara toponimist denir. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponimistler">Toponimistler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Toponimistler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Toponimistler"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toponimi sözcüğü İngilizcede ilk 1876'da kullanıldı<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ve ondan sonra diğer dillere yayıldı. O zamandan beri bu konuyla uğraşanlar arasındaki mesleki yayınlarda "yer ismi" terimi yerine kullanılır oldu. İlk toponimistler muhtemelen destan yazarları ve şairlerdi, bunlar hikâyelerinde belli yer isimlerine açıklama getirirlerdi. Bazen yer isimleri etimolojik efsanelerin kökeni olurdu, bazen bir adın yapısı veya sesine dayanarak hatalı bir anlam çıkarılırdı. Örneğin Hellespont'un (günümüzdeki adıyla <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Bo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1" title="Çanakkale Boğazı">Çanakkale Boğazı</a>'nın) adı, Yunan şairlere göre, uçan bir altın koç üzerinde uçmaktayken düşüp boğulan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helle (sayfa mevcut değil)">Helle</a>'ye atfen adlandırılmıştı. Bu ad aslında muhtemelen <a href="/wiki/Pelasglar" title="Pelasglar">Pelasg dili</a> gibi daha eski bir dilden türemiştir ve bu açıklamayı yapanlar bunu bilmiyordu. <i>Hellespont</i> adının, orijinde "dar Pontus" veya "Pontus girişi" gibi bir anlama sahip olduğu öne sürülmüştür, burada Pontus, <a href="/wiki/Karadeniz" title="Karadeniz">Karadeniz</a> bölgesi ve Karadeniz'in kendisinin eski çağlardaki adıydı.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yer adları yararlı bir coğrafi referans sistemidir. Bir yerden bahsederken tutarlı ve hatasız olmak gündelik hayatta akıl karışıklığına yol açmamak için şarttır. Bir toponimist, genel kabul görmüş yerel esaslar ve yöntemleri kullanarak resmî coğrafi adları belirler. Bu yapılırken <a href="/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler_Co%C4%9Frafi_Adlar_i%C3%A7in_Uzmanlar_Grubu" class="mw-redirect" title="Birleşmiş Milletler Coğrafi Adlar için Uzmanlar Grubu">Birleşmiş Milletler Coğrafi Adlar için Uzmanlar Grubu</a>'nun ortaklığı veya istişaresi de olabilir. Bir toponimist harita ve yerel tarihe bakar, ayrıca oranın yerlileri ile görüşerek yerleşik yerel kullanımı da belirlemeye çalışır. Ad araştırması sırasında bir toponimin nasıl kullanıldığı, hangi dile ait olduğu, telaffuzu, kökeni ve anlamı, kaydedilmesi gereken önemli unsurlardır. </p><p>Araştırmacılar, bir yörenin tarihî coğrafyasının anlaşılmasında, toponimlerin önemli bir katkısı olduğunu gözlemlemişlerdir. 1954'te F. M. Powicke yer adı araştırması hakkında "<a href="/wiki/Arkeoloji" title="Arkeoloji">arkeoloji</a> ve tarih keşiflerini kullanır, onları zenginleştirir ve onların doğruluğunu sınar" demiştir.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Toponimler etnik yerleşme biçimlerini gösterir ve belli göç dönemlerinin tespitini sağlar.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toponimistler bir bölgedeki yer adları aracılığıyla oranın kültürünü korurlar. Tipik olarak, bir coğrafi veri tabanı oluştururlar, onunla ilişkili bilimsel yayınlar yaparlar. Toponimistler, toponimik verileri gerek matbu gerek de sayısal (<a href="/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_Bilgi_Sistemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi">Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> formatında) haritalar şeklinde kaydedip yayınlarlar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayrıca_bakınız"><span id="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z"></span>Ayrıca bakınız</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ayrıca bakınız" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Ayrıca bakınız"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="İlgili_kavramlar"><span id=".C4.B0lgili_kavramlar"></span>İlgili kavramlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: İlgili kavramlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: İlgili kavramlar"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnonim" title="Etnonim">Etnonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etimoloji" title="Etimoloji">Etimoloji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastik" title="Onomastik">Onomastik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponimi">Toponimi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Toponimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Toponimi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aşağıda 'etimoloji', 'toponimi' anlamına gelmektedir. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yer_ismi_k%C3%B6kenleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yer ismi kökenleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">Yer ismi kökenleri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_adland%C4%B1rma_sistemi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet adlandırma sistemi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Planet adlandırma sistemi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1ta_ismi_etimolojileri_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıta ismi etimolojileri listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kıta ismi etimolojileri listesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clke_ismi_etimolojileri_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ülke ismi etimolojileri listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Ülke ismi etimolojileri listesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clke_alt_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCmleri_etimolojileri_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ülke alt bölümleri etimolojileri listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Ülke alt bölümleri etimolojileri listesi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidronimi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidronimi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Hidronimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avrupa_nehirlerinin_Latince_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avrupa nehirlerinin Latince adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Avrupa nehirlerinin Latince adları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehirlerin_Latince_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehirlerin Latince adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nehirlerin Latince adları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehir_adlar%C4%B1_etimolojilerinin_listesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehir adları etimolojilerinin listesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nehir adları etimolojilerinin listesi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bölgesel_toponimi"><span id="B.C3.B6lgesel_toponimi"></span>Bölgesel toponimi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Bölgesel toponimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Bölgesel toponimi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k%27ta_toponimi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Birleşik Krallık&#39;ta toponimi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Birleşik Krallık'ta toponimi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarihsel_Afrika_yer_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarihsel Afrika yer adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Tarihsel Afrika yer adları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japon_yer_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Japon yer adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Japon yer adları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alman_yer_adlar%C4%B1_etimolojisi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alman yer adları etimolojisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Alman yer adları etimolojisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avrupa%27da_Latince_yer_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avrupa&#39;da Latince yer adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Avrupa'da Latince yer adları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avrupa_%C5%9Fehirlerinin_di%C4%9Fer_dillerdeki_adlar%C4%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avrupa şehirlerinin diğer dillerdeki adları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Avrupa şehirlerinin diğer dillerdeki adları</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/">Gana Yer Adları</a> 12 Nisan 2011 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412172840/https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/">arşivlendi</a>.(<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ngilizce" title="İngilizce">İngilizce</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notlar">Notlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50254564">"Toponymy"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Ağustos 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Toponymy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50254564&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AToponimi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak kitap">Stewart, George Rippey (7 Ağustos 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namesonglobe0000stew"><i>Names on the Globe</i></a> (1 bas.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-0195018950" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-0195018950">978-0195018950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Names+on+the+Globe&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1975-08-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195018950&amp;rft.aulast=Stewart&amp;rft.aufirst=George+Rippey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamesonglobe0000stew&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AToponimi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Powicke, reviewing Armstrong, Mawer, Stenton and Dickins <i>The Place-Names of Cumberland</i> (1950-53) in <i>The English Historical Review</i> <b>69</b> (April 1954), p 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">McDavid, R.I. (1958). "Linguistic Geographic and Toponymic Research". <i>Names</i>, <i>6</i>. ss.&#160;65-73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Linguistic+Geographic+and+Toponymic+Research&amp;rft.pages=65-73&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.aulast=McDavid&amp;rft.aufirst=R.I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AToponimi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Kaups, M. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jstor.org/stable/212463">"Finnish Place Names in Minnesota: A Study in Cultural Transfe"</a>. <i>The Geographical Review</i>. <b>56</b> (56). Geographical Review, Vol. 56, No. 3. ss.&#160;377-397. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/212463">10.2307/212463</a>. 7 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041249/http://www.jstor.org/stable/212463">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 23 Ağustos 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Finnish+Place+Names+in+Minnesota%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Transfe&amp;rft.pages=377-397&amp;rft.pub=Geographical+Review%2C+Vol.+56%2C+No.+3&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F212463&amp;rft.aulast=Kaups&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2F212463&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AToponimi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485762&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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