CINXE.COM
Mission and history | About JSTOR
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/","20210606224221","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1623019341"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-58DMWCL');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta charset="UTF-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:false}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"6406409950",applicationID:"62396429"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var i=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(i.exports,function(e){var i=t[n][1][e];return r(i||e)},i,i.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)r(n[i]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function i(t,e,n){return function(){return o(t,[u.now()].concat(f(arguments)),e?null:this,n),e?void 0:this}}var o=t("handle"),a=t(8),f=t(9),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),u=t("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var d=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],p="api-",l=p+"ixn-";a(d,function(t,e){s[e]=i(p+e,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=i(p+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=i(p+"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,i="function"==typeof e;return o(l+"tracer",[u.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[u.now(),r,i],n),i)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[u.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=i(l+e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),o("err",[t,u.now(),!1,e])}},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return f.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(o=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),o))-a}function i(){return o}var o=(new Date).getTime(),a=o,f=t(10);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=i},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?d("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&d("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function i(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.length>0&&d("lcp",[n[n.length-1]])}function o(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||d("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof m&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=p.now()?n.fid=p.now()-e:e>p.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=p.offset,n.fid=p.now()-e):e=p.now(),g=!0,d("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function f(t){d("pageHide",[p.now(),t])}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,u,s,d=t("handle"),p=t("loader"),l=t(7),m=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){c=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{c.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(v){}u=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(v){}s=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{s.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(v){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,h=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];h.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,!1)})}l(f)}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!i)return!1;if(t!==i)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!o)return!1;for(var n=o.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var i=null,o=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var f=navigator.userAgent,c=f.match(a);c&&f.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&f.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(i="Safari",o=c[1])}e.exports={agent:i,version:o,match:r}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(a&&document[a]?document[a]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&o&&document.addEventListener(o,e,!1)}e.exports=r;var i,o,a;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",o="visibilitychange",a="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",o="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",o="webkitvisibilitychange",a="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",o=0;for(r in t)i.call(t,r)&&(n[o]=e(r,t[r]),o+=1);return n}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,i=n-e||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++r<i;)o[r]=t[e+r];return o}e.exports=r},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function i(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?u(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,i,o,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||o){t&&a&&t(n,r,i);for(var f=e(i),c=v(n),u=c.length,s=0;s<u;s++)c[s].apply(f,r);var p=d[w[n]];return p&&p.push([b,n,r,f]),f}}function o(t,e){y[t]=v(t).concat(e)}function m(t,e){var n=y[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function v(t){return y[t]||[]}function g(t){return p[t]=p[t]||i(n)}function h(t,e){l.aborted||s(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",w[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var y={},w={},b={on:o,addEventListener:o,removeEventListener:m,emit:n,get:g,listeners:v,context:e,buffer:h,abort:f,aborted:!1};return b}function o(t){return u(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function f(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",u=t("gos"),s=t(8),d={},p={},l=e.exports=i();e.exports.getOrSetContext=o,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(i.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(o){}return t[e]=r,r}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){i.buffer([t],r),i.emit(t,e,n)}var i=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=i},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,o,function(){return i++})}var i=1,o="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!R++){var t=M.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(u.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return u.abort();c(E,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();f("mark",["onload",n+M.offset],null,"api"),f("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=l+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function i(){"complete"===v.readyState&&o()}function o(){f("mark",["domContent",a()+M.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(3),f=t("handle"),c=t(8),u=t("ee"),s=t(6),d=t(4),p=t(2),l=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,g="addEventListener",h="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,w=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var x=""+location,E={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1209.min.js"},O=y&&w&&w[g]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),M=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:x,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:s,disabled:b};if(!b){t(1),t(5),v[g]?(v[g]("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),m[g]("load",r,!1)):(v[h]("onreadystatechange",i),m[h]("onload",r)),f("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var R=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,u){function nrWrapper(){var o,a,s,p;try{a=this,o=d(arguments),s="function"==typeof r?r(o,a):r||{}}catch(l){i([l,"",[o,a,c],s],t)}f(n+"start",[o,a,c],s,u);try{return p=e.apply(a,o)}catch(m){throw f(n+"err",[o,a,m],s,u),m}finally{f(n+"end",[o,a,p],s,u)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,o(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,i,o){r||(r="");var f,c,u,s="-"===r.charAt(0);for(u=0;u<e.length;u++)c=e[u],f=t[c],a(f)||(t[c]=n(f,s?c+r:r,i,c,o))}function f(n,r,o,a){if(!m||e){var f=m;m=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,o,e,a)}catch(c){i([c,n,r,o],t)}m=f}}return t||(t=s),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function i(t,e){e||(e=s);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function o(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(o){i([o],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function f(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,o(t,n,s),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=f(r,n)}function u(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var s=t("ee"),d=t(9),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,m=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=f,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=u},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"/> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.2 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Mission and history | About JSTOR</title> <meta name="description" content="JSTOR collaborates with the academic community to provide access to scholarship, including journals, books, and primary sources."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Mission and history | About JSTOR"/> <meta property="og:description" content="JSTOR collaborates with the academic community to provide access to scholarship, including journals, books, and primary sources."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="About JSTOR"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="http://www.facebook.com/JSTOR.org"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-11-16T19:36:03+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/j_logo_widescreen_480.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="480"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="251"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@JSTOR"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/","name":"About JSTOR","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/#webpage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/","name":"Mission and history | About JSTOR","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2017-02-19T19:44:19+00:00","dateModified":"2020-11-16T19:36:03+00:00","description":"JSTOR collaborates with the academic community to provide access to scholarship, including journals, books, and primary sources.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/#webpage"}}]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://s.w.org/"/> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210606224221\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210606224221\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210606224221\/https:\/\/about.jstor.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.7.2"}}; !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([55357,56424,8205,55356,57212],[55357,56424,8203,55356,57212])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="contact-form-7-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.4.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="fetch-tweets-53bfd2bf771bbdfa1de47f8e8d5b1ee8-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/fetch-tweets/template/plain/style.css?ver=5.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="fetch-tweets-5204a781aa969d7f1a987d3a7df4b678-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/fetch-tweets/template/single/style.css?ver=5.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="fetch-tweets-40c7e82e05210e6e8a3d7e23fdba3cd9-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/fetch-tweets/template/sidebar/style.css?ver=5.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="fetch-tweets-ab07c02a9f55e41fb9fe6179b19efafb-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/fetch-tweets/template/twitter/style.css?ver=5.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jm_fts_css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/themes/aboutjstor2017/static/lloyd.css?ver=1.1.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="foundation_icons_css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/themes/aboutjstor2017/static/foundation-icons/foundation-icons.css?ver=1.1.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jm_custom_css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/themes/aboutjstor2017/static/style.css?ver=1.1.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jm_offcanvas_css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/themes/aboutjstor2017/static/offcanvas.css?ver=1.1.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jquery_ui_css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221cs_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.css?ver=1.12.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://about.jstor.org/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/36"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://about.jstor.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"/> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 5.7.2"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/?p=36"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fmission-history%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fmission-history%2F&format=xml"/> <!-- Favicon Rotator --> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/JSTOR.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/JSTOR_Final_512px.png"/> <!-- End Favicon Rotator --> <link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/j_favicon_512x512-180x180.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/j_favicon_512x512.png" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/j_favicon_512x512-180x180.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/j_favicon_512x512.png"/> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .wp-caption-text { font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 1em 0 2rem; } .badge { text-transform: uppercase; color: #676765; margin-right: 4px; font-size: .875rem!important; line-height: 1.5rem!important; font-weight: 700!important; padding: 2px 4px; border: 1px solid; border-color: inherit; } .dark-green { color: #538329!important; } .custom-label, .module-label{ color: #333333; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; padding-top: .5rem 0; } /* module hollow button on white hover style to match secondary buttons */ .jm-module.none .button.hollow:hover, .jm-module.none .button.hollow:focus { background-color: rgba(0, 97, 121, 0.2); color: #005266; } /* For Librarians custom styling */ .page-id-8429 .content-row { margin-top: 0;} .page-id-8429 .hero { min-height:300px;} .page-id-8429 .librarian-banner { display: flex; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .page-id-8429 .librarian-banner h1 { margin: 30px auto; } .page-id-8429 .librarian-banner-caption { position: absolute; bottom: -100px; right: 0; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: right; } .module-id-11665 { margin-top: 30px; } /*Video borders on Primary Sources page*/ .page-id-10979 iframe { border: 1px solid #e8e8e8; } /* 34.9375em //560px $mobile: 42.79464rem; // 600px $tablet: 59.9375rem; // 840px $laptop: 91.36607rem; // 1280px */ @media screen and (max-width:34.9375em) { } .pubtable tbody td { padding: 1.5rem; font-size: 16px; } .top-margin-xl { margin-top: 80px; } .jred { color: #990000; } h3 span.speaker-title { color: #676765; line-height: 1rem; } .bottom-section ul.social-icons li { margin-right: .5rem; display: inline-block; } .footer .icon-link svg { width: 24px; height: 24px; transition: fill 0.3s ease-in-out; fill: #004152; } .footer .icon-link svg:hover { fill: #1291ae; } </style> <script> // remove no-js and add 'js' to the HTML var doc = document; doc.documentElement.className = doc.documentElement.className.replace("no-js",""); doc.documentElement.className += " js "; </script> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-36" data-template="base.twig"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-58DMWCL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div id="skipNav"><a class="show-on-focus" href="#tocontent">Skip to Main Content</a></div> <div class="off-canvas position-right show-for-small-only" id="offCanvasRight" data-off-canvas> <!-- Close button --> <button class="close-button" aria-label="Close menu" type="button" data-close> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> <div class="primary-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-50 menu-item-has-children"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/">About JSTOR</a> <ul class="menu vertical" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-36 current_page_item menu-item-49"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/">Mission and history</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-466"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/platform-features/">Platform features</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-385"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/library-advisory-group/">Library Advisory Group</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51 menu-item-has-children"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">What's in JSTOR</a> <ul class="menu vertical" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-467"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">Overview</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/journals/">Journals</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/books/">Books</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-54"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/primary-sources/">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3833"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/thematic-collections/">Thematic Collections</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7033"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/open-community-collections/">Open Community Collections</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7164"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/oa-and-free/">Open and free content</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/text-mining-support/">Text-mining support</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/get-jstor/">Get JSTOR</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/news/">News</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-421"> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/webinars/">Webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div><!--/.nav-primary--> <div class="utility-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-727"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/">About</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9940"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/">For Librarians</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9272"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://support.publishers.jstor.org/">For Publishers</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-59"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://support.jstor.org/">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div><!--/.nav-secondary--> </div><!-- /.off-canvas --> <div class="off-canvas-content" data-off-canvas-content> <header aria-label="header"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="primary" class="nav row"> <div class="logo" role="banner"> <a class="logo-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/" rel="JSTOR"><div class="logo_img"></div></a> <span class="show-for-sr">JSTOR.org</span> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="show-for-small-only"> <button type="button" class="button hollow primary float-right off-canvas-menu-button" data-toggle="offCanvasRight">Menu</button> <div class="home-link-mobile-wrapper"><a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/" class="home-link-mobile">About JSTOR</a></div> </div> <div class="nav-secondary show-for-medium"> <ul class="list-horizontal no-bullet m0" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-727"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/">About</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9940"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/">For Librarians</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9272"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://support.publishers.jstor.org/">For Publishers</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-59"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://support.jstor.org/">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div><!--/.nav-secondary--> <div class="nav-primary show-for-medium"> <ul class="nav-primary--menu dropdown menu" data-dropdown-menu data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-50 menu-item-has-children"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/">About JSTOR</a> <ul class="nav-primary--menu dropdown menu" data-dropdown-menu data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-36 current_page_item menu-item-49"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/">Mission and history</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-466"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/platform-features/">Platform features</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-385"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/library-advisory-group/">Library Advisory Group</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51 menu-item-has-children"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">What's in JSTOR</a> <ul class="nav-primary--menu dropdown menu" data-dropdown-menu data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-467"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">Overview</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/journals/">Journals</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/books/">Books</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-54"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/primary-sources/">Primary Sources</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3833"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/thematic-collections/">Thematic Collections</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7033"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/open-community-collections/">Open Community Collections</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7164"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/oa-and-free/">Open and free content</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/text-mining-support/">Text-mining support</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/get-jstor/">Get JSTOR</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/news/">News</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-421"> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/webinars/">Webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div><!--/.nav-primary--> </div> </nav> </header> <main> <div class="content-row row layout-right-sidebar"> <div class="small-12 columns" data-sc="content:header"> <div class="article-header"> <h1 class="article-h1 main-title header">Mission and history</h1> </div> </div> <div id="tocontent" class="content medium-8 small-12 columns"> <div class="content-wrapper" data-sc="content:page"> <article class="post-type-page" id="post-36"> <section class="article-content"> <div class="article-body"> <h2>Mission</h2> <p>JSTOR is a digital library for the intellectually curious. We provide a platform for discovering and connecting <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">research, images, and primary sources</a>. As a not-for-profit, we partner with libraries, museums, and publishers to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians/fees/">reduce costs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/get-jstor/">extend access</a>, and preserve scholarship for the future. We do this because we believe in the power of knowledge to change the world for the better.</p> <h3>Free or low-cost access for the developing world</h3> <p>We provide free or very low-cost access to more than 1,500 institutions in a number of nations elsewhere in the world. This is made possible through a combination of philanthropic support and the fees paid by libraries in other countries around the world, as well as publishers’ eagerness to support this work. More information is available about our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.jstor.org/librarians/fees/jai">JSTOR Access Initiative program</a>.</p> <h3>Preservation</h3> <p>We understand that future accessibility to scholarship is essential. JSTOR pursues long-term preservation in several ways:</p> <ul> <li>We work with experts to preserve the original print publications underlying the archives to keep them available for re-digitization and other unanticipated needs.</li> <li>JSTOR creates digital content that can be readily converted to newer formats as they are developed in the future. To protect against loss, we have established redundant data centers each housing a complete copy of the JSTOR Digital Library. Digital files for the entire archive are also preserved using the approach and infrastructure developed by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.portico.org/our-work/preservation-approach/">Portico</a>.</li> <li>In the extremely unlikely event that JSTOR should ever cease operations, funds may be transferred to a third-party steward to ensure the archives will continue to be preserved.</li> </ul> <h3>Open Access to Early Journal Content</h3> <p>All journal content in JSTOR published prior to 1924 in the United States and prior to 1876 elsewhere is <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/ejc/">freely available to anyone, anywhere in the world</a>. We encourage broad use of the Early Journal Content, including for non-commercial purposes.</p> <h2>History</h2> <p>JSTOR was conceived in 1994 by William G. Bowen, then-president of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://mellon.org/">The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a>, to help university and college libraries provide adequate space for an ever-increasing amount of published scholarship. Bowen’s solution: convert printed scholarly journals into electronic form and store them in a centralized digital archive. Participating libraries and their institutions could free physical space, reduce capital and other costs associated with collection storage, and vastly improve access to scholarly research.</p> <p>In 1995, following a pilot launched under the direction of the University of Michigan, JSTOR was established as an independent not-for-profit organization. In 2009, JSTOR merged with and became a service of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.ithaka.org/">ITHAKA</a>, a not-for-profit organization that works to advance and preserve knowledge and to improve teaching and learning through the use of digital technologies.</p> <p>JSTOR currently offers more than 12 million academic journal articles, 85,000 books, and 2 million primary source documents in 75 disciplines. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.jstor.org/">Start your research</a> now.</p> </div> </section> </article> </div><!-- /content-wrapper --> </div><!--/.content--> <aside class="sidebar-right medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class=" " data-sc="content:module"> <div class="callout featured jm-module module-id-7096 module-type-regular media-object stack lighter-gray module-no-date" data-equalizer-watch="" data-sc-name="open and free"> <div class="h2" style="margin-bottom: 0.8rem; color: #007f9d;">JSTOR offers millions of open articles, images, and books</div> <p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/oa-and-free/"><span class="h2">learn more</span></a></p> </div><!--/.callout--> </div> <div class=" " data-sc="content:module"> <div class="jm-module module-id-2645 module-type-regular media-object stack lighter-gray module-w-image module-no-date" data-equalizer-watch="" data-sc-name="Labs-DigMonograph-final"> <div class="media-object-section thumbnail"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://labs.jstor.org/monograph" data-category="module" data-action="Labs-DigMonograph-final | image-click"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/JSTOR-About-Modules-DigMono2-20170612.png" alt="module image: JSTOR Labs"></a> </div> <div class="media-object-section"> <h2 class="module-title">JSTOR Labs</h2> <div class="module-subtitle">Reimagining the digital monograph: design thinking to build new tools for researchers</div> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Community-driven research and recommendations for improving the user experience of digital monographs</span></p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://labs.jstor.org/monograph" class="hollow button" data-sc="but click:module:cta" data-category="module" data-action="Labs-DigMonograph-final | cta hollow button">Download the white paper</a> </div> </div><!--/.media-object--> </div> <div class=" " data-sc="content:module"> <div class="jm-module module-id-340 module-type-regular media-object stack lighter-gray module-w-image top-image module-no-date" data-equalizer-watch="" data-sc-name="Ithaka-jobs"> <div class="media-object-section thumbnail"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.ithaka.org/career-opportunities" data-category="module" data-action="Ithaka-jobs | image-click"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221im_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/careers-600x312.jpg" alt="module image: Careers"></a> </div> <div class="media-object-section"> <h2 class="module-title">Careers</h2> <div class="module-subtitle">ITHAKA is hiring</div> <p>Come work with us!</p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.ithaka.org/career-opportunities" class="button" data-sc="but click:module:cta" data-category="module" data-action="Ithaka-jobs | cta button">View job openings</a> </div> </div><!--/.media-object--> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <footer class="footer" aria-label="footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="h2 heading mb1">Explore JSTOR</div> </div> </div> <div class="row bottom-section"> <div class="medium-12 large-9 columns"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 large-9 columns"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-6 columns"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-6 columns"> <ul class="no-bullet bottom-margin-s"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/subjects">By Subject</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title">By Title</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/publishers">By Publisher</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/action/showAdvancedSearch">Advanced Search</a> </li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/dfr/">Data for Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <ul class="no-bullet bottom-margin-s"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/360000313328">Get Access</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://support.jstor.org/">Support</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://guides.jstor.org/">LibGuides</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://guides.jstor.org/researchbasics">Research Basics</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 medium-6 columns"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-6 columns column-divider"> <ul class="no-bullet bottom-margin-s"> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/">About JSTOR</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/">Mission and History</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/">What's in JSTOR</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/get-jstor/">Get JSTOR</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/news/">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/webinars/">Webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <ul class="no-bullet bottom-margin-s"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://labs.jstor.org/" target="_blank" title="This link opens in a new window">JSTOR Labs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://daily.jstor.org/" target="_blank" title="This link opens in a new window">JSTOR Daily</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.ithaka.org/careers/" target="_blank" title="This link opens in a new window">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/contact-us/" target="_blank" title="This link opens in a new window">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="medium-12 large-3 end columns"> <ul class="no-bullet bottom-margin-s"> <li> <a class="button secondary" href="/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a class="button secondary" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://support.publishers.jstor.org/">For Publishers</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="medium-12 large-3 end columns"> <ul class="no-bullet list-horizontal social-icons compact-bottom"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://twitter.com/JSTOR" class="icon-link"> <span class="show-for-sr">Twitter</span> <i class="fi-social-twitter"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.facebook.com/JSTOR.org" class="icon-link"> <span class="show-for-sr">Facebook</span> <i class="fi-social-facebook"></i> </a> </li> </ul> <p> <small> JSTOR is part of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.ithaka.org/">ITHAKA</a>, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. </small> </p> <p class="compact-bottom"> <small> ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. All Rights Reserved. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™, and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. </small> </p> </div> </div> <div class="expanded row"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 large-9 columns"> <ul class="list-horizontal no-bullet" data-close-on-click-inside="false"> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-887"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/http://www.jstor.org/">JSTOR.org</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-74"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/terms/">Terms and Conditions of Use</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4070"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.ithaka.org/privacypolicy">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4059"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://www.ithaka.org/cookies">Cookie Policy</a> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-77"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/accessibility/">Accessibility</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="medium-12 large-3 columns"> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script> // Used by Gallery Custom Links to handle tenacious Lightboxes jQuery(document).ready(function () { function mgclInit() { if (jQuery.fn.off) { jQuery('.no-lightbox, .no-lightbox img').off('click'); // jQuery 1.7+ } else { jQuery('.no-lightbox, .no-lightbox img').unbind('click'); // < jQuery 1.7 } jQuery('a.no-lightbox').click(mgclOnClick); if (jQuery.fn.off) { jQuery('a.set-target').off('click'); // jQuery 1.7+ } else { jQuery('a.set-target').unbind('click'); // < jQuery 1.7 } jQuery('a.set-target').click(mgclOnClick); } function mgclOnClick() { if (!this.target || this.target == '' || this.target == '_self') window.location = this.href; else window.open(this.href,this.target); return false; } // From WP Gallery Custom Links // Reduce the number of conflicting lightboxes function mgclAddLoadEvent(func) { var oldOnload = window.onload; if (typeof window.onload != 'function') { window.onload = func; } else { window.onload = function() { oldOnload(); func(); } } } mgclAddLoadEvent(mgclInit); mgclInit(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=7.4.4" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-polyfill-js-after"> ( 'fetch' in window ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-fetch.min.js?ver=3.0.0"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( document.contains ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-node-contains.min.js?ver=3.42.0"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( window.DOMRect ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-dom-rect.min.js?ver=3.42.0"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( window.URL && window.URL.prototype && window.URLSearchParams ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-url.min.js?ver=3.6.4"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( window.FormData && window.FormData.prototype.keys ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-formdata.min.js?ver=3.0.12"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( Element.prototype.matches && Element.prototype.closest ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-element-closest.min.js?ver=2.0.2"></scr' + 'ipt>' );( 'objectFit' in document.documentElement.style ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-object-fit.min.js?ver=2.3.4"></scr' + 'ipt>' ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210606224221\/https:\/\/about.jstor.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.4.1" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.1.1/jquery.min.js?ver=3.1.1" id="jquery_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/foundation/6.3.0/js/foundation.min.js?ver=6.3.0" id="foundation_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.8.3/modernizr.min.js?ver=2.8.3" id="modernizr_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js?ver=1.12.1" id="jquery_ui_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/themes/aboutjstor2017/static/site.js?ver=1.1.2" id="jm_custom_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224221js_/https://about.jstor.org/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=5.7.2" id="wp-embed-js"></script> </div><!-- /.off-canvas-content --> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"6406409950","applicationID":"62396429","transactionName":"NFEBYBNZVksEUhJZDA0bIlcVUVdWSkEHVwY=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":298,"atts":"GBYCFltDRUU=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 22:42:21 Jun 06, 2021 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 10:19:32 Nov 28, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.62 exclusion.robots: 0.026 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.016 esindex: 0.013 cdx.remote: 7.689 LoadShardBlock: 182.165 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 110.556 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 161.278 (3) load_resource: 134.627 -->