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Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="جمهورية الصين (1912–1949) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية الصين (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_China_(1912-1949)" title="República de China (1912-1949) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República de China (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Respublikas%C4%B1_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Çin Respublikası (1912–1949) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin Respublikası (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-ho%C3%A2_B%C3%AEn-kok_(1912%E2%80%931949_n%C3%AE)" title="Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (1912–1949 nî) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok (1912–1949 nî)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Кітайская Рэспубліка (1912—1949) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская Рэспубліка (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(1912_%E2%80%93_1949)" title="Република Китай (1912 – 1949) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Република Китай (1912 – 1949)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sina_(1912-1949)" title="Republik Sina (1912-1949) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Sina (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_la_Xina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="República de la Xina (1912–1949) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República de la Xina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_republika_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Čínská republika (1912–1949) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská republika (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Kina_(1912-1949)" title="Republikken Kina (1912-1949) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Kina (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republik China (1912–1949) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik China (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Vabariik_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Hiina Vabariik (1912–1949) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina Vabariik (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_(1912%E2%80%9349)" title="Δημοκρατία της Κίνας (1912–49) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία της Κίνας (1912–49)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Republic of China (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_China_(1912-1949)" title="República de China (1912-1949) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República de China (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_%C4%88inio_(1912-1949)" title="Respubliko Ĉinio (1912-1949) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko Ĉinio (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Errepublika_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Txinako Errepublika (1912–1949) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Errepublika (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B9%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B2)" title="جمهوری چین (۱۹۴۹–۱۹۱۲) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری چین (۱۹۴۹–۱۹۱۲)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(1912-1949)" title="République de Chine (1912-1949) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République de Chine (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_China_(1912-1949)" title="República da China (1912-1949) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República da China (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0_M%C3%ACn-koet_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Chûng-fà Mìn-koet (1912–1949) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-fà Mìn-koet (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%99_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" title="중화민국 대륙 시기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화민국 대륙 시기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepupalika_o_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Lepupalika o Kina (1912–1949) – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lepupalika o Kina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kina_(1912._%E2%80%93_1949.)" title="Republika Kina (1912. – 1949.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika Kina (1912. – 1949.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Chinia_(1912-1949)" title="Republiko Chinia (1912-1949) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Chinia (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Tiongkok_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_K%C3%ADna_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Lýðveldið Kína (1912–1949) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðveldið Kína (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_di_Cina_(1912-1949)" title="Repubblica di Cina (1912-1949) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica di Cina (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="הרפובליקה הסינית (1912–1949) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסינית (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къытай Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="ჩინეთის რესპუბლიკა (1912–1949) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის რესპუბლიკა (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Қытай Республикасы (1912—1949) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай Республикасы (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Komara Çînê (1912–1949) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Çînê (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Cina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republica de Cina (1912–1949) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica de Cina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດຈີນ (1912–1949) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດຈີນ (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Republika_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Ķīnas Republika (1912—1949) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīnas Republika (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1912-1949)" title="Република Кина (1912-1949) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република Кина (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republik China (1912–1949) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik China (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0_M%C3%ACng-gu%C3%B3k_(1912_ni%C3%A8ng%E2%80%931949_ni%C3%A8ng)" title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók (1912 nièng–1949 nièng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók (1912 nièng–1949 nièng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Дундад Иргэн Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дундад Иргэн Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6_(%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%81%E1%81%82%E2%80%93%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%84%E1%81%89)" title="တရုတ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ (၁၉၁၂–၁၉၄၉) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ (၁၉၁၂–၁၉၄၉)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_China_(1912-1949)" title="Republiek China (1912-1949) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek China (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republikken Kina (1912–1949) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Republikken Kina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="جمہوریہ چین (1912–1949) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمہوریہ چین (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B9-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B2%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="د چين جمهوريت (۱۹۴۹-۱۹۱۲ز کلونه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چين جمهوريت (۱۹۴۹-۱۹۱۲ز کلونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Chin_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Historia Chin (1912–1949) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Chin (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="República da China (1912–1949) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República da China (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Chinez%C4%83_(1912-1949)" title="Republica Chineză (1912-1949) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Chineză (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Китайская республика (1912—1949) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайская республика (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_Cheenae_(1912%E2%80%9349)" title="Republic o Cheenae (1912–49) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o Cheenae (1912–49)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Kin%C3%ABs_(1912-1949)" title="Republika e Kinës (1912-1949) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Kinës (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_(1912%D8%A1%E2%80%931949%D8%A1)" title="جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnska_republika_(1912_%E2%80%93_1949)" title="Čínska republika (1912 – 1949) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínska republika (1912 – 1949)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Република Кина (1912—1949) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република Кина (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republika Kina (1912–1949) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republika Kina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_tasavalta_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Kiinan tasavalta (1912–1949) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan tasavalta (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republiken Kina (1912–1949) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republiken Kina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ng_Tsina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republika ng Tsina (1912–1949) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Republika ng Tsina (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1912%E2%80%931949)" title="สาธารณรัฐจีน (ค.ศ. 1912–1949) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐจีน (ค.ศ. 1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Cumhuriyeti_(1912-1949)" title="Çin Cumhuriyeti (1912-1949) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Cumhuriyeti (1912-1949)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(1912%E2%80%941949)" title="Республіка Китай (1912—1949) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіка Китай (1912—1949)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(1912%D8%A1%E2%80%931949%D8%A1)" title="جمہوریہ چین (1912ء–1949ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ چین (1912ء–1949ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Hoa_D%C3%A2n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (1912–1949) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="中華民國 (1912–1949) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中華民國 (1912–1949)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中華民國大陸時期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of China</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國</span></span></span><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Zhonghua Minguo</span></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1912–1949</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Races_Under_One_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Races Under One Union (not yet started)">Top: Flag<br />(1912–1928)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Bottom: Flag<br />(1928–now)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top: Emblem (1913–1928) Bottom: Emblem (1928–1949) of China"><img alt="Top: Emblem (1913–1928) Bottom: Emblem (1928–1949) of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelve Symbols national emblem (not yet started)">Top: Emblem<br />(1913–1928)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun (not yet started)">Bottom: Emblem<br />(1928–1949)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《五族共和歌》</span></span></li><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song of Five Races Under One Union (not yet started)">Song of Five Races Under One Union</a>" <br />(1912–1913)<br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="五族共和歌_(Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union).flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C_%28Song_of_Five_Races_Under_One_Union%29.flac&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《卿雲歌》</span></span></li><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud (not yet started)">Song to the Auspicious Cloud</a>"<br />(1913–1915) <br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Qing_Yun_Ge_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Qing_Yun_Ge_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Qing_Yun_Ge_1.ogg/Qing_Yun_Ge_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></center><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《中華雄立宇宙間》</span></span></li><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Heroically Stands in the Universe (not yet started)">China Heroically Stands in the Universe</a>"<br />(1915–1921)<br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="中國雄立宇宙間_(China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe).flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%93_%28China_Heroically_Stands_in_the_Universe%29.flac&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《卿雲歌》</span></span></li><li>"Song to the Auspicious Cloud"<br />(modified version)<br />(1921–1928) <br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-卿雲歌-Modified_from_1921-1928_(Beiyang_government)_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASong-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASong-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《中華民國國歌》</span></span></li><li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a>"</li></ul></div> (1937–1949)<br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source 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srclang="yue" label="粵語 ‪(yue)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_%28Taiwan%29_%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_%28Taiwan%29_%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_%28Taiwan%29_%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China_%28Taiwan%29_%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_anthem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag anthem (not yet started)">Flag anthem</a>:</b> <br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">《中華民國國旗歌》</span></span><br />"<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China (not yet started)">National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China</a>"<br />(1937–1949)<br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="72" data-mwtitle="National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China中華民國國旗歌_(演奏版).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_(orthographic_projection,_historical).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location and maximum extent of the territory claimed by the Republic of China (1945)."><img alt="Location and maximum extent of the territory claimed by the Republic of China (1945)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/250px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/375px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/500px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location and maximum extent of the territory claimed by the Republic of China (1945).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (1912–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (1927–1949)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1937–1946)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised national languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Chagatai/Uighur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a><br />and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of China (not yet started)">other languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan alphabet (not yet started)">Tibetan alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyghur_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyghur alphabets (not yet started)">Uyghur alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formosan languages (not yet started)">Formosan pinyin</a> (from 1945)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beiyang_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beiyang government (not yet started)">Beiyang rule</a> (1912–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> (1928–1946)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> (1946–1949)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Presidents of the Republic of China (not yet started)">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (first, provisional)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1950 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a> (last in Chinese mainland, acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_premiers_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of premiers of the Republic of China (not yet started)">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Shaoyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Shaoyi (not yet started)">Tang Shaoyi</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Yingqin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Yingqin (not yet started)">He Yingqin</a> (last in Chinese mainland)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">Parliament</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Assembly (Republic of China) (not yet started)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1911<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–12 February 1912<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912) (not yet started)"> Republic of China proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beiyang_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beiyang government (not yet started)">Beiyang government</a> in Peking </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1912–1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Expedition (not yet started)">Northern Expedition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1926–1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> in Nanking </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1936,<br />1946–1950<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1937<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2 September 1945<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• People's Republic of China proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_China_retreat_to_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of China retreat to Taiwan (not yet started)">moved to Taipei</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1912</th><td class="infobox-data">11,077,380 km<sup>2</sup> (4,277,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1946</th><td class="infobox-data">9,676,204 km<sup>2</sup> (3,736,003 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">432,375,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">472,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1930 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">489,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">535,418,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">541,670,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan (currency) (not yet started)">Chinese yuan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+5:30 to +8:30</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_time_zones_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical time zones of China (not yet started)">Kunlun to Changpai Standard Times</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:TW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:TW (not yet started)">TW</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">People's Republic of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">Populations from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.populstat.info/Asia/chinac.htm">http://www.populstat.info/Asia/chinac.htm</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Republic of China</b> (<b>ROC</b>) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. It was created in January 1912 after the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The Republic's first president was <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. Sun's party, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912. </p><p>But Sun soon gave the position to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia). </p><p>Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Protection_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Protection War (not yet started)">National protection war</a>). </p><p>After Yuan died in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty. Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> and fought with each other during the <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlord</a> Era. </p><p>In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> (CPC), </p><p>North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)</a> became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Expedition (not yet started)">Northern Expedition</a> in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> and massacred Communists in Shanghai. With the support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>. The CPC into armed rebellion, starting the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. </p><p>China experienced <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanjing, the CPC, warlords, and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. </p><p>Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> invaded China in 1937. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> began. </p><p>In August of 1945, Japan surrendered at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted. </p><p>In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC). </p><p>Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As wartime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional capital (not yet started)">provisional capital</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuchang Uprising (not yet started)">Wuchang Uprising</a> started.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The last monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyi#Abdication" title="Puyi">Xuantong Emperor abdicated</a>, Qing dynasty formally ended.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Communist Revolution (not yet started)">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident (not yet started)">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> started.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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