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Infrared Astronomical Satellite — Wikipédia

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class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i><span lang="en">Infrared Astronomical Satellite</span></i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 38 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="إراس – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إراس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS_(kosma_observatorio)" title="IRAS (kosma observatorio) – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IRAS (kosma observatorio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ایراس – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایراس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_IRAS" title="טלסקופ החלל IRAS – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלסקופ החלל IRAS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="आईआरएएस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईआरएएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS_(satelit)" title="IRAS (satelit) – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IRAS (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS_kosmin%C4%97_observatorija" title="IRAS kosminė observatorija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IRAS kosminė observatorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS_(satelliet)" title="IRAS (satelliet) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IRAS (satelliet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarde%C4%8Di_astronomski_observatorij" title="Infrardeči astronomski observatorij – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Infrardeči astronomski observatorij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite" title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infrared Astronomical Satellite" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அகச்சிவப்பு வானவியல் செயற்கைக்கோள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகச்சிவப்பு வானவியல் செயற்கைக்கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IRAS" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="紅外線天文衛星 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅外線天文衛星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q724913#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/IRAS_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="IRAS (homonymie)">IRAS (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"> <div>InfraRed Astronomical Satellite<br /><small><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">Télescope spatial</a></i></small></div> </div> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:IRAS_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/IRAS_overview.jpg/290px-IRAS_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/IRAS_overview.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">Vue d'artiste du satellite IRAS.</div><table><caption style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Données générales</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale" title="Agence spatiale">Organisation</a></th> <td> <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a><br /><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Pays-Bas"><img alt="Drapeau des Pays-Bas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NIVR" title="NIVR">NIVR</a>, <br /><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">SERC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Constructeur</th> <td> <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Autres noms</th> <td> IRAS</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Base de lancement</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Base_de_lancement_de_Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Base de lancement de Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Lancement_(astronautique)" title="Lancement (astronautique)">Lancement</a></th> <td> 25 janvier 1983</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Lanceur_(astronautique)" title="Lanceur (astronautique)">Lanceur</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Delta (fusée)">Delta</a> 3910</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Fin de mission</th> <td> 21 novembre 1983</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Désorbitage</th> <td> <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite des précisions supplémentaires." style="cursor:help;">19 novembre 2016</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Quoi&#160;?]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_d%27immatriculation_international_des_objets_spatiaux" title="Numéro d&#39;immatriculation international des objets spatiaux">Identifiant COSPAR</a></th> <td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-004A">1983-004A</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Site_web" title="Site web">Site</a></th> <td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/Missions/iras.html">irsa.ipac.caltech.edu</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table><caption style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Caractéristiques techniques</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Masse au lancement</th> <td> 1 083 kg</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_d%27attitude" title="Contrôle d&#39;attitude">Contrôle d'attitude</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Stabilis%C3%A9_sur_3_axes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilisé sur 3 axes">Stabilisé sur 3 axes</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Source_d%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Source d&#39;énergie">Source d'énergie</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Capteur_solaire_photovolta%C3%AFque" title="Capteur solaire photovoltaïque">Panneaux solaires</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Orbite</caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbite" title="Orbite">Orbite</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Orbite_h%C3%A9liosynchrone" title="Orbite héliosynchrone">Héliosynchrone</a></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riapside" title="Périapside">Périapside</a></th> <td> 879 km</td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Apoapside" title="Apoapside">Apoapside</a></th> <td> 906 km</td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_de_r%C3%A9volution" title="Période de révolution">Période de révolution</a></th> <td> 102,8 min</td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Inclinaison_orbitale" title="Inclinaison orbitale">Inclinaison</a></th> <td> 98,95°</td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Télescope</caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Type</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_Ritchey-Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Télescope Ritchey-Chrétien">Ritchey-Chrétien</a></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Diam%C3%A8tre" title="Diamètre">Diamètre</a></th> <td> 0,57 m</td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Focale" title="Focale">Focale</a></th> <td> 5,45 m</td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde" title="Longueur d&#39;onde">Longueur d'onde</a></th> <td> Infrarouge (12, 25, 60 et 100 <a href="/wiki/Microm%C3%A8tre" title="Micromètre">µm</a>)</td> </tr></tbody></table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#e0e0e0;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Engin_spatial" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Infrared Astronomical Satellite</span></b> (<b>IRAS</b>) était un <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">télescope spatial</a> dont l'objectif de réaliser un <a href="/wiki/Relev%C3%A9_astronomique" title="Relevé astronomique">relevé</a> complet des sources émettant dans les fréquences <a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouges</a> à 12, 25, 60 et 100&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr>. IRAS était un projet associant la <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIVR" title="NIVR">NIVR</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">SERC</a>. Le télescope spatial est placé sur une <a href="/wiki/Orbite_h%C3%A9liosynchrone" title="Orbite héliosynchrone">orbite héliosynchrone</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-01-25" data-sort-value="1983-01-25">25 janvier 1983</time>. Il fonctionne durant dix mois jusqu'à l'épuisement de l'hélium liquide qui refroidit ses détecteurs qui intervient le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-11-21" data-sort-value="1983-11-21">21 novembre 1983</time>. <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite des précisions supplémentaires." style="cursor:help;">Le satellite se désorbite le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11-19" data-sort-value="2016-11-19">19 novembre 2016</time>.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Quoi&#160;?]</a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-01-30" data-sort-value="2020-01-30">30 janvier 2020</time>, il croise le satellite américain <a href="/w/index.php?title=GGSE-4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GGSE-4 (page inexistante)">GGSE-4</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGSE-4" class="extiw" title="en:GGSE-4"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;GGSE-4&#160;»">(en)</span></a> à moins de 30 mètres de distance, au risque d'une collision entre les deux engins<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La collision n'a finalement pas lieu<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Caractéristiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'optique d'IRAS est un <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_Ritchey-Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Télescope Ritchey-Chrétien">télescope Ritchey-Chrétien</a> doté d'un <a href="/wiki/Miroir" title="Miroir">miroir</a> de 0,57 mètre de diamètre avec une longueur focale de 5,45 m (f/9,56). Les instruments qui analysent la lumière collectée analysent le rayonnement lumineux dans quatre bandes spectrales infrarouges centrées sur les longueurs d'onde de 12 <a href="/wiki/Microm%C3%A8tre" title="Micromètre">µm</a>, 25 µm, 60 µm et 100&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr>. La résolution spatiale va de 0,5 <a href="/wiki/Minute_et_seconde_d%27arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute et seconde d&#39;arc">minute d'arc</a> à 12&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr> à 2 minutes d'arc à 100&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr>. </p><p>Comme beaucoup de télescopes spatiaux infrarouges, la durée de vie d'IRAS est limitée par son <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_refroidissement" title="Système de refroidissement">système de refroidissement</a>&#160;: pour pouvoir observer efficacement à ces longueurs d'onde, le satellite doit être refroidi à des températures très basses. Dans le cas d'IRAS, un réservoir de 720 litres d'<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_liquide" title="Hélium liquide">hélium superfluide</a> (soit 77 kg) permet de maintenir le satellite à une température de 1,6 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>. La température est maintenue grâce à l'évaporation progressive de l'hélium. Quand la totalité de l'hélium est épuisée, le satellite devient incapable de se maintenir à une température adéquate d'observation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Résultats"><span id="R.C3.A9sultats"></span>Résultats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Résultats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Résultats"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IRAS découvre environ 500&#160;000 sources dont de nombreuses ne sont pas encore identifiées. Environ 75&#160;000 d'entre elles sont soupçonnées d'être des <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_%C3%A0_sursauts_de_formation_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Galaxie à sursauts de formation d&#39;étoiles">galaxies à sursauts de formation d'étoiles</a>. La plupart des autres sources sont probablement des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a> entourées de <a href="/wiki/Disque_de_d%C3%A9bris" title="Disque de débris">disques de débris</a>, éventuellement en train d'évoluer en <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Système planétaire">système planétaire</a>. Les découvertes d'IRAS incluent entre autres la découverte d'un disque de débris autour de l'étoile <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a> et les premières images du <a href="/wiki/Centre_galactique" title="Centre galactique">centre galactique</a>, impossible à observer dans le <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">domaine visible</a> du fait de l'<a href="/wiki/Absorption_(optique)" title="Absorption (optique)">absorption</a> considérable du <a href="/wiki/Milieu_interstellaire" title="Milieu interstellaire">milieu interstellaire</a>. </p><p>Cette cartographie, obtenue à partir d'un instrument optimisé pour détecter des sources ponctuelles, est une réussite, donnant une nouvelle vision de l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a> dans une fenêtre presque impossible à observer depuis le sol. Ainsi, environ 350&#160;000 sources infrarouges sont cataloguées, la plupart étant nouvelles. Rappelons que, en astronomie, l'infrarouge permet d'observer des sources froides (à quelques dizaines de kelvins), ce qui correspond le plus souvent à de la <a href="/wiki/Poussi%C3%A8re_interstellaire" title="Poussière interstellaire">poussière interstellaire</a>, précurseur ou fin d'étoiles. </p><p>Parmi les observations et les résultats scientifiques d'IRAS, on note les premières observations&#160;: </p> <ul><li>d'un disque de débris autour de l'étoile <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a>.</li> <li>des nuages (nommés <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_infrarouge" title="Cirrus infrarouge">cirrus</a>) de poussières d'avant-plan (dans <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">notre Galaxie</a>), omniprésents.</li> <li>du cœur de notre galaxie, la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>, est obscurcie par la poussière.</li> <li>une émission infrarouge émise par des <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> en interaction.</li></ul> <p>En plus de sa mission première, IRAS découvre également trois <a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Astéroïde">astéroïdes</a>, dont <a href="/wiki/(3200)_Pha%C3%A9ton" title="(3200) Phaéton">3200 Phaéton</a> (un astéroïde <a href="/wiki/Objet_g%C3%A9ocroiseur" title="Objet géocroiseur">géocroiseur</a> responsable de la pluie d'étoiles filantes des <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9minides" title="Géminides">Géminides</a>), ainsi que la <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A8te_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Comète périodique">comète périodique</a> <a href="/wiki/126P/IRAS" title="126P/IRAS">126P/IRAS</a>. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Astéroïde">Astéroïdes</a> découverts&#160;: 3</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/(3200)_Pha%C3%A9ton" title="(3200) Phaéton">(3200) Phaéton</a></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-10-11" data-sort-value="1983-10-11">11 octobre 1983</time> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/(3728)_IRAS" title="(3728) IRAS">(3728) IRAS</a></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-08-23" data-sort-value="1983-08-23">23 août 1983</time> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/(10714)_1983_QG" title="(10714) 1983 QG">(10714) 1983 QG</a></td> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="1983-08-31" data-sort-value="1983-08-31">31 août 1983</time> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Le succès d'IRAS pousse l'<a href="/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Agence spatiale européenne">Agence spatiale européenne</a> à décider de son successeur <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a>, et la <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> celui de <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)">Sirtf/Spitzer</a>, qui prend de nombreuses années de retard sur le calendrier initial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.numerama.com/sciences/602119-deux-satellites-en-orbite-autour-de-la-terre-pourraient-bientot-entrer-en-collision.html">https://www.numerama.com/sciences/602119-deux-satellites-en-orbite-autour-de-la-terre-pourraient-bientot-entrer-en-collision.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/sciences/espace/deux-vieux-satellites-vont-se-froler-au-dessus-des-etats-unis-6712889">https://www.ouest-france.fr/sciences/espace/deux-vieux-satellites-vont-se-froler-au-dessus-des-etats-unis-6712889</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Astronomie infrarouge</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_Astronomical_Satellite&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/iras/">Site IRAS à la NASA</a>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/iras.html">Description d'IRAS par IPAC</a>, laboratoire à CalTech.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ball.com/aerospace/iras.html">Site IRAS de Ball Aerospace</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_T%C3%A9lescopes_et_observatoires_spatiaux" title="Modèle:Palette Télescopes et observatoires spatiaux"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_T%C3%A9lescopes_et_observatoires_spatiaux&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">Télescopes et observatoires spatiaux</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_gamma" title="Astronomie gamma">Rayonnement gamma</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2"><i>SAS 2</i></a> (1972-1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i> (1975-1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3">HEAO-3</a></i> (1979-1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i> (1989-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)"><i>Gamma</i></a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma-Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory</a></span></i> (1991-2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEGRI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="LEGRI (page inexistante)"><i>LEGRI</i></a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEGRI" class="extiw" title="en:LEGRI"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;LEGRI&#160;»">(en)</span></a> (1997-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" title="High Energy Transient Explorer"><i>HETE</i></a> (2000-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory"><i>INTEGRAL</i></a> (2002-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></i> (2007-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a></i>/<i>GLAST</i> (2008-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS"><i>Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter</i></a> (2010-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></i> (2015-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)"><i>Hitomi</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-H</i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GECAM" title="GECAM">GECAM</a></i> (2020-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_Multi-band_Variable_astronomical_Objects_Monitor" title="Space-based Multi-band Variable astronomical Objects Monitor"><i>SVOM</i></a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager"><i>COSI</i></a> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_en_rayons_X" title="Astronomie en rayons X">Rayonnement X</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)"><i>Uhuru</i></a> (1970-1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariel_V" title="Ariel V">Ariel V</a></i> (1974-1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet"><i>ANS</i></a> (1974-1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/COS-B" title="COS-B">COS-B</a></i> (1975-1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3"><i>SAS-C</i></a> (1975-1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho"><i>CORSA</i></a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-1" title="HEAO-1">HEAO-1</a></i> (1977-1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-2" title="HEAO-2">HEAO-2</a></i>/<i>Einstein</i> (1978-1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho</a></i>/<i>CORSA-b</i> (1979-1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HEAO-3" title="HEAO-3">HEAO-3</a></i> (1979-1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-B" title="ASTRO-B"><i>Tenma</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-B</i> (1983-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a> (1983-1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a></i> (1983-1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)"><i>Ginga</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-C</i> (1987-1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></i> (1989-1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a></i> (1990-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics"><i>ASCA</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-D</i> (1993-2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></i> (1995-2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)"><i>Aryabhata</i></a> (1975-1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a></i> (1996-2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></i> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Chandra (télescope spatial)"><i>Chandra</i></a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gamma-Ray_Astrophysics_Laboratory" title="International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory"><i>INTEGRAL</i></a> (2002-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)"><i>Suzaku</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-E</i> (2005-2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></i> (2007-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array"><i>NuSTAR</i></a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)"><i>Hitomi</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-H</i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HXMT" title="HXMT">HXMT</a></i> (2017-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></i> (2019-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GECAM" title="GECAM">GECAM</a> (2020-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer">IXPE</a> (2021-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission"><i>XRISM</i></a> (2023-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_Multi-band_Variable_astronomical_Objects_Monitor" title="Space-based Multi-band Variable astronomical Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_X-ray_Timing_and_Polarimetry_mission" title="Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission"><i>eXTP</i></a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATHENA" title="ATHENA">ATHENA</a> (2037)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_dans_l%27ultraviolet" title="Astronomie dans l&#39;ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OAO-2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OAO-2 (page inexistante)">OAO-2</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" class="extiw" title="en:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2&#160;»">(en)</span></a> (1968-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory"><i>OAO</i></a> (1972-1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nederlandse_Satelliet" title="Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet">ANS</a> (1974-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer"><i>IUE</i></a> (1978-1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)"><i>Astron</i></a> (1983-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a> (1990-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer"><i>EUVE</i></a> (1992-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALEXIS_(satellite)" title="ALEXIS (satellite)"><i>ALEXIS</i></a> (1993-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUSE_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="FUSE (télescope spatial)"><i>FUSE</i></a> (1999-2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer"><i>GALEX</i></a> (2003-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STSAT-1" title="STSAT-1"><i>Kaistsat 4</i></a> (2003-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a></i> (2003-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph"><i>IRIS</i></a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hisaki" title="Hisaki">Hisaki</a></i>/<i>SPRINT-A</i> (2013-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet"><i>WSO-UV</i></a>¹ (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory"><i>HWO</i></a> (vers 2040)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_optique" title="Astronomie optique">Lumière visible</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" title="MOST (satellite)"><i>MOST</i></a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)"><i>Swift</i></a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)"><i>Hinode</i></a> (2006-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a></i> (2006-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Kepler (télescope spatial)"><i>Kepler</i></a> (2009-2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(satellite)" title="Gaia (satellite)"><i>Gaia</i></a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><b>TESS</b></a> (2018-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Euclid (télescope spatial)"><i>Euclid</i></a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="PLATO (télescope spatial)"><i>PLATO</i></a> (~2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Grace-Roman_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Nancy-Grace-Roman (télescope spatial)"><i>Nancy-Grace-Roman</i></a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Remote-Sensing_Infrared_Exoplanet_Large-survey" title="Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey"><i>ARIEL</i></a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Two" title="Earth Two">Earth Two</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory"><i>HWO</i></a> (vers 2040)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Infrarouge</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>IRAS</i></a> (1983-1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory"><i>ISO</i></a> (1995-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit" title="Space Flyer Unit"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Infrared Telescope in Space</span></i></a> (1995-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment"><i>MSX</i></a> (1996-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite"><i>SWAS</i></a> (1998-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer"><i>WIRE</i></a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)"><i>Spitzer</i></a> (2003-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Akari (télescope spatial)"><i>Akari</i></a>/<i>ASTRO-F</i> (2006-2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer"><i>WISE</i></a> (2009-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Herschel (télescope spatial)"><i>Herschel</i></a> (2009-2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial)"><i>JWST</i></a> (2021-)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></span></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Grace-Roman_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Nancy-Grace-Roman (télescope spatial)"><i>Nancy-Grace-Roman</i></a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Remote-Sensing_Infrared_Exoplanet_Large-survey" title="Atmospheric Remote-Sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey"><i>ARIEL</i></a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomie_millim%C3%A9trique_et_submillim%C3%A9trique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomie millimétrique et submillimétrique (page inexistante)">Ondes millimétriques<br />et submillimétriques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer"><i>COBE</i></a> (1989-1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)"><i>Odin</i></a> (2001-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe"><i>WMAP</i></a> (1999-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Planck (télescope spatial)"><i>Planck</i></a>¹ (2009-2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Radioastronomie" title="Radioastronomie">Ondes radio</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Radiot%C3%A9lescope" title="Radiotélescope">radiotélescopes</a>)</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highly_Advanced_Laboratory_for_Communications_and_Astronomy" title="Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy"><i>HALCA</i></a> (1997-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadioAstron" title="RadioAstron"><i>Spektr-R</i></a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao#Radio_télescope_NCLE" title="Queqiao"><i>NCLE</i></a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovering_the_Sky_at_the_Longest_Wavelength" title="Discovering the Sky at the Longest Wavelength"><i>DSL</i></a> (~2030)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Lomonossov_(satellite)" title="Mikhaïl Lomonossov (satellite)"><i>Mikhaïl Lomonossov</i></a> (2016-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna"><i>LISA</i></a>² (2034)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projets</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:90px;">À l'étude</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresnel_Imager&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresnel Imager (page inexistante)"><i>Fresnel Imager</i></a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="extiw" title="en:Fresnel Imager"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Fresnel Imager&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPICA" title="SPICA">SPICA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=THEIA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="THEIA (page inexistante)"><i>THEIA</i></a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" class="extiw" title="en:Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/THESEUS" title="THESEUS">THESEUS</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds" title="New Worlds">New Worlds</a></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_UV/Optical/Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor"><i>LUVOIR</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASTOR_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="CASTOR (télescope spatial)"><i>CASTOR</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TianQin" title="TianQin">TianQin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanet Observatory"><i>HabEx</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_rayons_X_Lynx" title="Observatoire rayons X Lynx"><i>Lynx</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope"><i>OST</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-by_Habitable_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Close-by Habitable Exoplanet Survey"><i>CHES</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:90px;">Abandonnés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Darwin (télescope spatial)"><i>Darwin</i></a></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism_SMEX" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX"><i>GEMS</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-G" title="ASTRO-G">ASTRO-G</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SIMBOL-X" title="SIMBOL-X">SIMBOL-X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Observatory_For_X-ray_Timing" title="Large Observatory For X-ray Timing"><i>LOFT</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Characterisation_Observatory" title="Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory"><i>EChO</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page inexistante)">XIPE</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer"><i>FINESSE</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATLAST&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ATLAST (page inexistante)"><i>ATLAST</i></a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Large-Aperture_Space_Telescope" class="extiw" title="en:Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">Télescope spatial</a></li> <li>Catégories&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Observatoire_spatial" title="Catégorie:Observatoire spatial">Observatoire spatial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Type_de_t%C3%A9lescopes" title="Catégorie:Type de télescopes">Type de télescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_infrarouge" title="Astronomie infrarouge">Infrarouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_en_rayons_X" title="Astronomie en rayons X">Rayons X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie_gamma" title="Astronomie gamma">Gamma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">La première date est celle du lancement, la deuxième celle de la fin de la mission. ¹ Programme international. ² Projet.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Modèle:Palette Programme spatial américain"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_am%C3%A9ricain&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Programme spatial des États-Unis">Programme spatial américain</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lanceurs</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I"><abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" title="Ares IV"><abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></a> (abandonné)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V"><abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></a> (abandonné)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Antares (fusée)">Antares</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Athena (fusée)">Athena</a> (1995-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Atlas (fusée)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Atlas (fusée)"><abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a> (1990-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Atlas (fusée)"><abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> (1991-2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Atlas (fusée)"><abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> (2000-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V"><abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></a> (2002-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Conestoga (fusée)">Conestoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Delta (fusée)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II"><abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> (1989-2018) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III"><abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> (1998-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV"><abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></a> (2002-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy"><abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Heavy</span></a> (2004-2024)</li></ul></li> <li>Falcon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> (2006-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">9</a> (2010-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Heavy</span></a> (2018-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Alpha</a> (2021-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a> (2025-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a> (1958-1959) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I"><abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> (1958-1961)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a> (2020-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Minotaur (fusée)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Minotaur</span></a> (1994-) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">Minotaur-C</a> (1994-2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Pegasus (fusée)">Pegasus</a> (1990-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Rocket (fusée)">Rocket 3</a> (2018-2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Electron (fusée)">Electron</a> (2018-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Neutron (fusée)">Neutron</a> (2024-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="RS1 (fusée)">RS1</a> (2023-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Saturn (fusée)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Saturn</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Saturn</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a> (1961-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB"><abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>B</a> (1966-1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V"><abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></a> (1967-1973) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-21" title="Saturn INT-21">INT-21</a> (1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Scout (fusée)">Scout</a> (1965-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> (2022-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Starship (fusée)">Starship</a> (2023-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space" title="Relativity Space">Terran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a> (2023-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a> (2024-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Thor (fusée)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> (1959-1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> (1965-1976)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Titan (fusée)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGM-25C_Titan_II" title="LGM-25C Titan II"><abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> (1964-1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Titan (fusée)"><abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> (1964-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Titan (fusée)"><abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>B</a> (1966-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Titan (fusée)">34D</a> (1982-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV"><abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></a> (1989-2005)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Vanguard" title="Programme Vanguard">Vanguard</a> (1957-1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Vulcan (fusée)">Vulcan</a> (2024-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programme spatial habité</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mercury" title="Programme Mercury"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mercury</span></a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Gemini" title="Programme Gemini">Gemini</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Apollo" title="Programme Apollo">Apollo</a> (1967–1972) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyouz" title="Apollo-Soyouz">Apollo-Soyouz</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navette_spatiale_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Navette spatiale américaine">Navette spatiale</a> (1981–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programme Shuttle-Mir">Shuttle-Mir</a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a> (depuis 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Constellation" title="Programme Constellation">Constellation</a> (abandonné)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Artemis" title="Programme Artemis">Artemis</a> (en cours)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Engins spatiaux</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Mercury (vaisseau spatial)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mercury</span></a> (1961-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Gemini (vaisseau spatial)">Gemini</a> (1964-1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Apollo (vaisseau spatial)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Module_de_commande_et_de_service_Apollo" title="Module de commande et de service Apollo">module de commande et de service</a> (1966-1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_lunaire_Apollo" title="Module lunaire Apollo">module lunaire</a> (1968-1972) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="Cygnus (véhicule spatial)">Cygnus</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon"><sup>1</sup></a> (2010-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" title="Crew Dragon"><sup>2</sup></a> (2020-)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="Orion (véhicule spatial)">Orion</a> (2014-)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CST-100_Starliner" title="Boeing CST-100 Starliner">Boeing CST-100 Starliner</a></span> (2019-)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></span> (2023-)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Missions</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Programme_Mercury" title="Catégorie:Programme Mercury">Missions <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mercury</span></a> (1958-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Programme_Gemini" title="Catégorie:Programme Gemini">Missions Gemini</a> (1964-1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Mission_Apollo" title="Catégorie:Mission Apollo">Missions Apollo</a> (1961-1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Programme_Skylab" title="Catégorie:Programme Skylab">Missions Skylab</a> (1973-1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat%C3%A9gorie:Missions_des_navettes_spatiales_am%C3%A9ricaines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catégorie:Missions des navettes spatiales américaines (page inexistante)">Missions de la navette spatiale américaine</a> (1981-2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Exp%C3%A9dition_ISS" title="Catégorie:Expédition ISS">Expéditions de la Station spatiale internationale</a> (1998-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Satellites scientifiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Exploration du<br />système solaire</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Pioneer" title="Programme Pioneer"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Pioneer</span></a> (1958–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Ranger" title="Programme Ranger"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ranger</span></a> (1961–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mariner" title="Programme Mariner"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mariner</span></a> (1962–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Lunar_Orbiter" title="Programme Lunar Orbiter"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lunar Orbiter</span></a> (1966–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Surveyor" title="Programme Surveyor">Surveyor</a> (1966–1968) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Viking" title="Programme Viking">Viking</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Voyager" title="Programme Voyager"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Voyager</span></a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3">ICE</a> (1978)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></span> (1978)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></span> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Galileo (sonde spatiale)">Galileo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Magellan (sonde spatiale)">Magellan</a> (1989)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></span> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine" title="Clementine">Clementine</a> (1994)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></span> (1996)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></span> (1996) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></span> (1996)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></span> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini-Huygens</a> (1997) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></span> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Deep Space</span></a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Stardust (sonde spatiale)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Stardust</span></a> (1999) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></span> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Genesis (sonde spatiale)">Genesis</a> (2001) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></span> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> (2002)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></span> (Spirit) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Deep Impact</span></a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> (2004)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></span> (2005)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></span> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Phoenix (sonde spatiale)">Phoenix</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Dawn (sonde spatiale)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dawn</span></a> (2007) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></span> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Observation_and_Sensing_Satellite" title="Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite">LCROSS</a> (2009)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></span> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Juno (sonde spatiale)">Juno</a> (2011) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer" title="Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer">LADEE</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020_(mission_spatiale)" title="Mars 2020 (mission spatiale)">Mars 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars_2020_(mission_spatiale)" title="Mars 2020 (mission spatiale)">Perseverance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(h%C3%A9licopt%C3%A8re)" title="Ingenuity (hélicoptère)">Ingenuity</a>) (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Lucy (sonde spatiale)">Lucy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Psyché (sonde spatiale)">Psyché</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(astromobile)" title="VIPER (astromobile)">VIPER</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Return" title="Mars Sample Return">Mars Sample Return</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Dragonfly (sonde spatiale)">Dragonfly</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(sonde_spatiale)" title="VERITAS (sonde spatiale)">VERITAS</a> (~2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI%2B" title="DAVINCI+">DAVINCI+</a> (~2031)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Science et technologie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Explorer" title="Programme Explorer">Programme Explorer</a> (depuis 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAGEOS" title="LAGEOS">LAGEOS</a> (1976–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRRES" title="CRRES">CRRES</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Technology_5" title="Space Technology 5">ST5</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_History_of_Events_and_Macroscale_Interactions_during_Substorms" title="Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms">THEMIS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Astronomie</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-2</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(satellite)" title="Copernicus (satellite)">Copernicus</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_V" title="Ariel V">Ariel <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEAO-1" title="HEAO-1">HEAO-1</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_VI" title="Ariel VI">Ariel <abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr></a> (1979)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRAS</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">Hubble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma-Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory">GCRO</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALEXIS_(satellite)" title="ALEXIS (satellite)">ALEXIS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Chandra (télescope spatial)">Chandra</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUSE_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="FUSE (télescope spatial)">FUSE</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Spitzer (télescope spatial)">Spitzer</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer">GALEX</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Swift (télescope spatial)">Swift</a> (2004) <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bon article"><img alt="Bon article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/10px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/20px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">GLAST</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Kepler (télescope spatial)">Kepler</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array">NuSTAR</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="James Webb (télescope spatial)">James-Webb</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer">IXPE</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Euclid (télescope spatial)">Euclid</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy-Grace-Roman_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Nancy-Grace-Roman (télescope spatial)">télescope Roman</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Ultraviolet Explorer">Ultraviolet Explorer</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a> (vers 2040)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Étude du Soleil</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO</a> (1962–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Pioneer" title="Programme Pioneer"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Pioneer</span> 6, 7, 8 et 9</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_ISEE" title="Programme ISEE">ICE</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">SolarMax</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Ulysses (sonde spatiale)">Ulysses</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(satellite)" title="Wind (satellite)">GGS WIND</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_solaire_et_h%C3%A9liosph%C3%A9rique" title="Observatoire solaire et héliosphérique">SoHO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (2006)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_la_dynamique_solaire" title="Observatoire de la dynamique solaire">SDO</a></span> (2010)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Parker_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Parker (sonde spatiale)">Parker</a></span> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Mapping_and_Acceleration_Probe" title="Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe">IMAP</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Cosmologie et physique<br />fondamentale</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> (1989)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a></span> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Observation de la Terre</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Vanguard" title="Programme Vanguard">Vanguard</a> (1957–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Geophysical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Geophysical Observatory">OGO</a> (1964–1969)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Programme_ISEE" title="Programme ISEE">ISEE</a></span> (1977–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite" title="Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite">UARS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOTAIL" title="GEOTAIL">GEOTAIL</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(satellite)" title="Wind (satellite)">WIND</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(satellite)" title="Polar (satellite)">POLAR</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission">TRMM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Cavity_Radiometer_Irradiance_Monitor_Satellite" title="Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite">ACRIMSAT</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMED" title="TIMED">TIMED</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-train_(satellite)" title="A-train (satellite)">A-train</a> (2002–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOlar_Radiation_and_Climate_Experiment" title="SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment">SORCE</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICESat" title="ICESat">ICESat</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(satellite)" title="Aura (satellite)">Aura</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(satellite)" title="Jason (satellite)">Jason</a> (2001–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudSat" title="CloudSat">CloudSat</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALIPSO" title="CALIPSO">CALIPSO</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere">AIM</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(satellite)" title="Glory (satellite)">GLORY</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAC-D" title="SAC-D">SAC-D</a> (2011)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></span> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement_Core_Observatory" title="Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory">GPM</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMAP_(satellite)" title="SMAP (satellite)">SMAP</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE-FO</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer" title="Ionospheric Connection Explorer">ICON</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water Ocean Topography">SWOT</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_(satellite)" title="PACE (satellite)">PACE</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ISRO_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" title="NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar">NISAR</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospace_Dynamics_Constellation" title="Geospace Dynamics Constellation">GDC</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRACE-C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GRACE-C (page inexistante)">GRACE-C</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGIC_(satellite)" title="MAGIC (satellite)">MAGIC</a></li> <li>voir aussi <a href="/wiki/Classe_Earth_Venture" title="Classe Earth Venture">Classe Earth Venture</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Expériences scientifiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPHERES" title="SPHERES">SPHERES</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrom%C3%A8tre_magn%C3%A9tique_Alpha" title="Spectromètre magnétique Alpha">Spectromètre magnétique Alpha</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass">CREAM</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global-scale_Observations_of_the_Limb_and_Disk" title="Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk">GOLD</a> (2018)</li> <li>voir aussi <a href="/wiki/Classe_Earth_Venture" title="Classe Earth Venture">Classe Earth Venture</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Satellites d'application</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(satellite)" title="Echo (satellite)">Echo</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_1B" title="Courier 1B">Courier 1B</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_1" title="Telstar 1">Telstar 1</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_(satellite)" title="Relay (satellite)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Relay</span></a> (1962–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncom" title="Syncom">Syncom</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_I" title="Intelsat I">Intelsat <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westar" title="Westar">Westar 1</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marisat" title="Marisat">Marisat</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstar" title="Comstar">Comstar</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satcom_(satellite)" title="Satcom (satellite)">Satcom</a> (1975–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite">TDRS</a> (1983–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_(t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phonie_par_satellite)" title="Iridium (téléphonie par satellite)">Iridium</a> (depuis 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm" title="Orbcomm">Orbcomm</a> (depuis 1995)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></span> (depuis 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" title="OneWeb">OneWeb</a> (depuis 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeoSat" title="LeoSat">LeoSat</a> (depuis 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> (depuis 2019)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Météorologie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite">TIROS</a> (depuis 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-1" title="ESSA-1">ESSA-1</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Meteorological_Satellite" title="Synchronous Meteorological Satellite">SMS</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">GOES</a> (depuis 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoXO" title="GeoXO">GeoXO</a> (2032)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Nimbus" title="Programme Nimbus">Nimbus</a> (1964–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_POES" title="NOAA POES">NOAA POES</a> (1998–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">Suomi NPP</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System">CYGNSS</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Polar_Satellite_System" title="Joint Polar Satellite System">JPSS</a> (depuis 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Follow_On-Lagrange_1" title="Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1">Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Observation de la Terre</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Landsat" title="Programme Landsat">Landsat</a> (depuis 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalGlobe" title="DigitalGlobe">DigitalGlobe</a> (depuis 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Carbon_Observatory" title="Orbiting Carbon Observatory">OCO</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Carbon_Cycle_Observatory" title="Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory">GeoCARB</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_Measuring_Mission" title="Precipitation Measuring Mission">Precipitation Measuring Mission</a> (2030) avec Japon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOS-Sky" title="AOS-Sky">AOS-Sky</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_polaR_Ice_and_Snow_Topography_ALtimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus polaR Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter">CRISTAL</a> (2027) avec ESA</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat_Next&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Landsat Next (page inexistante)">Landsat Next</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SERT-1" title="SERT-1">SERT-1</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Applications_Technology_Satellite" title="Applications Technology Satellite">Applications Technology Satellite</a></span> (1966–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing-1" title="Earth Observing-1">EO-1</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Communications_Relay_Demonstration" title="Laser Communications Relay Demonstration">LCRD</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restore-L" title="Restore-L">Restore-L</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Satellites militaires</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Reconnaissance</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corona_(satellite)" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona</a> (KH-1 à KH-4) (1959–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">Samos</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela</a> (1963–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Experimental_Satellite" title="Lincoln Experimental Satellite">LES</a> (1965–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Hole" title="Key Hole">Key Hole</a> (KH-5 à KH-11) (1966–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-7" title="KH-7">KH-7</a> et <a href="/wiki/KH-8" title="KH-8">KH-8 Gambit</a> (1963–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-9" title="KH-9">KH-9 <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Hexagon</span></a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Ocean_Surveillance_System" title="Naval Ocean Surveillance System">NOSS</a> (depuis 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-11" title="KH-11">KH-11 Kennen/Crystal</a> (depuis 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_(satellite)" title="Lacrosse (satellite)">Lacrosse</a> (1988–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture" title="Future Imagery Architecture">FIA Radar Topaz</a> (depuis 2010)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Écoute électronique</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Radiation_and_Background" title="Galactic Radiation and Background">GRAB</a> (1960–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos-F" title="Samos-F">Samos-F</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_(satellite)" title="Poppy (satellite)">Poppy</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_(satellite)" title="Canyon (satellite)">Canyon</a> (1968–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquacade_(satellite)" title="Aquacade (satellite)">Aquacade</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpseat_(satellite)" title="Jumpseat (satellite)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Jumpseat</span></a> (1971–1983)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Naval_Ocean_Surveillance_System" title="Naval Ocean Surveillance System">Naval Ocean Surveillance System</a></span> (depuis 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalet_(satellite)" title="Chalet (satellite)">Chalet</a> (1978–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(satellite)" title="Magnum (satellite)">Magnum</a>/Orion (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(satellite)" title="Mercury (satellite)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mercury</span></a> (1994–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_(satellite)" title="Mentor (satellite)">Mentor</a>/<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Advanced Orion</span> (depuis 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet_(satellite)" title="Trumpet (satellite)">Trumpet</a> (depuis 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(satellite)" title="Nemesis (satellite)">Nemesis</a> (2009–2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHARP_(satellite)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SHARP (satellite) (page inexistante)">SHARP</a> (depuis 2014)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Alerte précoce</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">MIDAS</a> (1960–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">DSP</a> (1970–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">SBIRS</a> (depuis 2011) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">SBIRS-GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Tracking_and_Surveillance_System" title="Space Tracking and Surveillance System">STSS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SBIRS_HEO&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SBIRS HEO (page inexistante)">SBIRS HEO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SBIRS-LADS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SBIRS-LADS (page inexistante)">SBIRS-LADS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_of_View" title="Wide Field of View">WFOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Overhead_Persistent_InfraRed" title="Next-Generation Overhead Persistent InfraRed">NG-OPIR</a> (2023-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_Layer" title="Tracking Layer">Tracking Layer</a> (2023-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Navigation</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(syst%C3%A8me_de_positionnement_par_satellites)" title="Transit (système de positionnement par satellites)">Transit</a> (1960–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR" title="SECOR">SECOR</a> (1962–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Navstar (GPS)</a> (depuis 1978)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a> (1970–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Data_System" title="Satellite Data System">SDS</a> (depuis 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Fleet Satellite Communications System">FLTSATCOM</a> (1978–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncom" title="Syncom">Leasat</a> (1984–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_Follow-On_System" title="UHF Follow-On System">UFO</a> (depuis 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milstar" title="Milstar">Milstar</a> (1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a> (depuis 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Extremely_High_Frequency" title="Advanced Extremely High Frequency">AEHF</a> (depuis 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System" title="Mobile User Objective System">MUOS</a> (depuis 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Broadcast_Augmenting_SATCOM" title="Continuous Broadcast Augmenting SATCOM">CBAS</a> (depuis 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_Strategic_Satellite" title="Evolved Strategic Satellite">ESS</a> (depuis 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer" title="Transport Layer">Transport Layer</a> (2024-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Météorologie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">DMSP</a> (1962–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_System_Follow-on_Microwave" title="Weather System Follow-on Microwave">WSF-M</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-Optical_Infrared_Weather_System" title="Electro-Optical Infrared Weather System">EWS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MiTex" title="MiTex">MiTex</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TacSat" title="TacSat">TacSat</a> (depuis 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a> (depuis 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPA_Augmented_Geostationary_Laboratory_Experiment" title="ESPA Augmented Geostationary Laboratory Experiment">EAGLE</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Surveillance de l'espace</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Based_Space_Surveillance" title="Space Based Space Surveillance">SBSS 1</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORS-5" title="ORS-5">ORS-5</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odyssey_(satellite)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Odyssey (satellite) (page inexistante)">Odyssey</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Space_Situational_Awareness_Program" title="Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program">GSSAP</a> (2014-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silentbarker" title="Silentbarker">Silentbarker</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Bases de lancement</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_spatial_Kennedy" title="Centre spatial Kennedy">Centre spatial Kennedy</a> (1962-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_de_lancement_de_Cap_Canaveral" title="Base de lancement de Cap Canaveral">Cap Canaveral</a> (1949-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a> (1941-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Wallops Island</span></a> (1945-)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></span> (1998-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mars</a> (1995-)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a></span> (2006-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_d%27essai_balistique_Ronald-Reagan" title="Site d&#39;essai balistique Ronald-Reagan">Site d'essai balistique Ronald-Reagan</a> (1945-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> (2023-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Établissements</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_spatial_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Centre spatial Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_recherche_Langley" title="Centre de recherche Langley">Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_vol_spatial_Marshall" title="Centre de vol spatial Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Neil_A._Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center">Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames</a></li> <li>su <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">John C. Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_d%27assemblage_de_Michoud" title="Centre d&#39;assemblage de Michoud">Michoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility" title="White Sands Test Facility">White Sands Test Facility</a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">En cours</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Artemis" title="Programme Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" title="Commercial Crew Development">CCDeV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Discovery" title="Programme Discovery"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Discovery</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Earth Observing System</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Science" title="NASA Earth Science">NASA Earth Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Explorer" title="Programme Explorer"><i>Explorer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_large_strategic_science_missions" title="NASA large strategic science missions"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Flagship</span></i></a></li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Lunar_Precursor_Robotic" title="Programme Lunar Precursor Robotic"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lunar Precursor Robotic</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_New_Frontiers" title="Programme New Frontiers"><i>New Frontiers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships" title="Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships">NextSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Power_Exploratory_Research_and_Technology_program" title="Space Solar Power Exploratory Research and Technology program">SERT</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Passés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Apollo" title="Programme Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Constellation" title="Programme Constellation"><i>Constellation</i></a> (abandonné)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_des_Grands_Observatoires" title="Programme des Grands Observatoires">Grands observatoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Grand_Tour" title="Programme Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mars_Scout" title="Programme Mars Scout"><i>Mars Scout</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mars_Surveyor" title="Programme Mars Surveyor">Mars Surveyor</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_New_Millennium" title="Programme New Millennium">New Millennium</a> (1998–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Planetary_Observer" title="Programme Planetary Observer"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Planetary Observer</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915–1958)</li> <li><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_la_D%C3%A9fense_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Département de la Défense des États-Unis">Département de la Défense des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insigne_de_mission_spatiale" title="Insigne de mission spatiale">Insigne de mission spatiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operationally_Responsive_Space_Office" title="Operationally Responsive Space Office">Operationally Responsive Space Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindar_tones" title="Quindar tones">Quindar tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_analogique_Scott_Carpenter" title="Station spatiale analogique Scott Carpenter">Station spatiale analogique Scott Carpenter</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">La première date est celle du lancement du lancement (du premier lancement s'il y a plusieurs exemplaires). Lorsqu'elle existe la deuxième date indique la date de lancement du dernier exemplaire. Si d'autres exemplaires doivent lancés la deuxième date est remplacée par un -. 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