CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Virtual community - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"da08bd11-7d62-4ede-afec-87fab3b2c772","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Virtual_community","wgTitle":"Virtual community","wgCurRevisionId":1258314243,"wgRevisionId":1258314243,"wgArticleId":176320,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2011","All articles with style issues","Articles that may contain original research from January 2016","All articles that may contain original research","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Virtual reality","Community building","Social information processing", "Community websites","Social software","Internet","Community","Virtual communities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Virtual_community","wgRelevantArticleId":176320,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q210980","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/1200px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="719"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/800px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/640px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="384"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Virtual community - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Virtual_community rootpage-Virtual_community skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virtual+community" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virtual+community" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Virtual+community" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Virtual+community" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_experience_testing_to_determine_social_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_experience_testing_to_determine_social_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>User experience testing to determine social codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_experience_testing_to_determine_social_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>On health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_civic_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_civic_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>On civic participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_civic_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>On communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>On identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internet-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_message_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_message_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Internet message boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_message_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_chat_rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_chat_rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Online chat rooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_chat_rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Virtual worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_network_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_network_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Social network services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_network_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_information_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_information_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Specialized information communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_information_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Howard_Rheingold's_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Howard_Rheingold's_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Howard Rheingold's study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Howard_Rheingold's_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_Internet_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_Internet_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Advantages of Internet communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_Internet_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_Internet_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_Internet_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disadvantages of Internet communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_Internet_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual community</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="مجتمع افتراضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع افتراضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunid%C3%A1_virtual" title="Comunidá virtual – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunidá virtual" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_icma" title="Virtual icma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Virtual icma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Віртуальная супольнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віртуальная супольнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Виртуална общност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виртуална общност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat_virtual" title="Comunitat virtual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat virtual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_komunita" title="Virtuální komunita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virtuální komunita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuaalne_kogukond" title="Virtuaalne kogukond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Virtuaalne kogukond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Εικονικές κοινότητες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εικονικές κοινότητες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_virtual" title="Comunidad virtual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad virtual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuala_komunumo" title="Virtuala komunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virtuala komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitate_birtual" title="Komunitate birtual – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunitate birtual" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_virtuelle" title="Communauté virtuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté virtuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_virtual" title="Comunidade virtual – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade virtual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="가상 공동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가상 공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիրտուալ հանրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրտուալ հանրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualna_zajednica" title="Virtualna zajednica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virtualna zajednica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitas_maya" title="Komunitas maya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunitas maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_virtuale" title="Comunità virtuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità virtuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="קהילה מקוונת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קהילה מקוונת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Виртуелна заедница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виртуелна заедница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuniti_maya" title="Komuniti maya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komuniti maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuele_gemeenschap" title="Virtuele gemeenschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virtuele gemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="仮想共同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮想共同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_hamjamiyat" title="Virtual hamjamiyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Virtual hamjamiyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_virtual" title="Comunidade virtual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade virtual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitate_virtual%C4%83" title="Comunitate virtuală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunitate virtuală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Виртуальное сообщество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виртуальное сообщество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virtual community" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualna_skupnost" title="Virtualna skupnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virtualna skupnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualna_zajednica" title="Virtualna zajednica – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Virtualna zajednica" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualna_zajednica" title="Virtualna zajednica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virtualna zajednica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuaaliyhteis%C3%B6" title="Virtuaaliyhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtuaaliyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ชุมชนเสมือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมชนเสมือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanal_topluluk" title="Sanal topluluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanal topluluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Віртуальна спільнота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віртуальна спільнота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_%E1%BA%A3o" title="Cộng đồng ảo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng đồng ảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4" title="虛擬社群 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虛擬社群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Virtual_community" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Virtual_community" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Virtual_community" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&oldid=1258314243" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Virtual_community&id=1258314243&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirtual_community"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirtual_community"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Virtual_community&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virtual_communities" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210980" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social network of individuals who interact through specific social media</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virtual community (disambiguation)">Virtual community (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of a virtual meeting held by a biodiversity community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/247px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/371px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg/494px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>A virtual meeting held by a biodiversity community</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>virtual community</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> of individuals who connect through specific <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communities are <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online communities</a> operating under <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a> discussed virtual communities in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtual_Community_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Virtual Community (book)">The Virtual Community</a></i>, published in 1993. The book's discussion ranges from Rheingold's adventures on <a href="/wiki/The_WELL" title="The WELL">The WELL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a>, social groups and information science. Technologies cited include <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUDs</a> (Multi-User Dungeon) and their derivatives <a href="/wiki/MUSH" title="MUSH">MUSHes</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOO" title="MOO">MOOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC), <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a>. Rheingold also points out the potential benefits for personal psychological well-being, as well as for society at large, of belonging to a virtual community. At the same time, it showed that job engagement positively influences virtual communities of practice engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtual communities all encourage interaction, sometimes focusing around a particular interest or just to communicate. Some virtual communities do both. Community members are allowed to interact over a shared passion through various means: <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">message boards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networking</a> World Wide Web sites, or virtual worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members usually become attached to the community world, logging in and out on sites all day every day, which can certainly become an addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_(01012521)_(50922442821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an image of an ongoing virtual meeting as a medium of interaction in a virtual community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg/220px-Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg/330px-Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg/440px-Virtual_Meeting_with_Dr_Fatih_Birol_%2801012521%29_%2850922442821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Exchange of information and support in a virtual space</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional definition of a community is of geographically circumscribed entity (neighborhoods, villages, etc.). Virtual communities are usually dispersed geographically, and therefore are not communities under the original definition. Some online communities are linked geographically, and are known as community websites. However, if one considers communities to simply possess boundaries of some sort between their members and non-members, then a virtual community is certainly a community.<sup id="cite_ref-Pears-1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pears-1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtual communities resemble real life <i><a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a></i> in the sense that they both provide support, information, friendship and acceptance between strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in a virtual community space, users may be expected to feel a sense of belonging and a mutual attachment among the members that are in the space. </p><p>One of the most influential part about virtual communities is the opportunity to communicate through several media platforms or networks. Now that virtual communities exists, this had leveraged out the things we once did prior to virtual communities, such as postal services, fax machines, and even speaking on the telephone. Early research into the existence of media-based communities was concerned with the nature of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">reality</a>, whether communities actually could exist through the media, which could place virtual community research into the social sciences definition of ontology. In the seventeenth century, scholars associated with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London formed a community through the exchange of letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pears-1998_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pears-1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Community without propinquity", coined by urban planner <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Webber" class="mw-redirect" title="Melvin Webber">Melvin Webber</a> in 1963 and "community liberated", analyzed by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a> in 1979 began the modern era of thinking about non-local community.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></i> in 1983, described how different technologies, such as national newspapers, contributed to the development of national and regional consciousness among early nation-states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors that built their theories on Anderson's imagined communities have been critical of the concept, claiming that all communities are based on communication and that virtual/real dichotomy is disintegrating, making use of the word "virtual" problematic or even obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platovterm1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/170px-Platovterm1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/255px-Platovterm1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Platovterm1981.jpg/340px-Platovterm1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A PLATO V terminal in 1981 displaying RankTrek application</figcaption></figure> <p>Virtual communities are used for a variety of social and professional groups; interaction between community members vary from personal to purely formal. For example, an email distribution list could serve as a personal means of communicating with family and friends, and also formally to coordinate with coworkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_experience_testing_to_determine_social_codes">User experience testing to determine social codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: User experience testing to determine social codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a> is the ultimate goal for the program or software used by an internet community, because user experience will determine the software's success.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software for social media pages or virtual communities is structured around the users' experience and designed specifically for online use. User experience testing is utilized to reveal something about the personal experience of the human being using a product or system.<sup id="cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tullis-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it comes to testing user experience in a software interface, three main characteristics are needed: a user who is engaged, a user who is interacting with a product or interface, and defining the users' experience in ways that are and observable or measurable.<sup id="cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tullis-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User experience metrics are based on a reliability and repeatability, using a consistent set of measurements to result in comparable outcomes. User experience metrics are based on user retention, using a consistent set of measurements to collect data on user experience. The widespread use of the Internet and virtual communities by millions of diverse users for socializing is a phenomenon that raises new issues for researchers and developers. The vast number and diversity of individuals participating in virtual communities worldwide makes it a challenge to test usability across platforms to ensure the best overall user experience. Some well-established measures applied to the usability framework for online communities are speed of learning, productivity, user satisfaction, how much people remember using the software, and how many errors they make.<sup id="cite_ref-Preece-2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preece-2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human computer interactions that are measured during a usability experience test focus on the individuals rather than their social interactions in the online community. The success of online communities depend on the integration of usability and social semiotics. Usability testing metrics can be used to determine social codes by evaluating a user's habits when interacting with a program. Social codes are established and reinforced by the regular repetition of behavioral patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People communicate their social identities or <a href="/wiki/Culture_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture code">culture code</a> through the work they do, the way they talk, the clothes they wear, their eating habits, domestic environments and possessions, and use of leisure time. Usability testing metrics can be used to determine social codes by evaluating a user's habits when interacting with a program.The information provided during a usability test can determine demographic factors and help define the semiotic social code. Dialogue and social interactions, support information design, navigation support, and accessibility are integral components specific to online communities. As virtual communities grow, so do the diversity of their users. However, the technologies are not made to be any more or less intuitive. Usability tests can ensure users are communicating effectively using social and semiotic codes while maintaining their social identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Preece-2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preece-2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efficient communication requires a common set of signs in the minds of those seeking to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As technologies evolve and mature, they tend to be used by an increasingly diverse set of users. This kind of increasing complexity and evolution of technology does no necessarily mean that the technologies are becoming easier to use.<sup id="cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tullis-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usability testing in virtual communities can ensure users are communicating effectively through social and semiotic codes and maintenance of social realities and identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_health">On health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an image of an ongoing virtual therapy session for PTSD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg/220px-Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg/330px-Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg/440px-Virtual_reality_PTSD_therapy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A Virtual therapy session for PTSD</figcaption></figure> <p>Recent studies have looked into development of health related communities and their impact on those already suffering health issues. These forms of social networks allow for open conversation between individuals who are going through similar experiences, whether themselves or in their family.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such sites have so grown in popularity that now many health care providers form groups for their patients by providing web areas where one may direct questions to doctors. These sites prove especially useful when related to rare medical conditions. People with rare or debilitating disorders may not be able to access support groups in their physical community, thus online communities act as primary means for such support. Online health communities can serve as supportive outlets as they facilitate connecting with others who truly understand the disease, as well as offer more practical support, such as receiving help in adjusting to life with the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each patient on online health communities are on there for different reasons, as some may need quick answers to questions they have, or someone to talk to.Involvement in social communities of similar health interests has created a means for patients to develop a better understanding and behavior towards treatment and health practices.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these users could have very serious life-threatening issues which these personal contexts could become very helpful to these users, as the issues are very complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Huh-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huh-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients increasingly use such outlets, as this is providing personalized and emotional support and information, that will help them and have a better experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Huh-2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huh-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which these practices have effects on health are still being studied. </p><p>Studies on health networks have mostly been conducted on groups which typically suffer the most from extreme forms of diseases, for example cancer patients, HIV patients, or patients with other life-threatening diseases. It is general knowledge that one participates in online communities to interact with society and develop relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who suffer from rare or severe illnesses are unable to meet physically because of distance or because it could be a risk to their health to leave a secure environment. Thus, they have turned to the internet. </p><p>Some studies have indicated that virtual communities can provide valuable benefits to their users. Online health-focused communities were shown to offer a unique form of emotional support that differed from event-based realities and informational support networks. Growing amounts of presented material show how online communities affect the health of their users. Apparently the creation of health communities has a positive impact on those who are ill or in need of medical information.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_civic_participation">On civic participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On civic participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civic_Engagement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of young citizens involved in civic engagement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Civic_Engagement.jpg/252px-Civic_Engagement.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Civic_Engagement.jpg/378px-Civic_Engagement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Civic_Engagement.jpg/504px-Civic_Engagement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Young citizens involved in civic engagement</figcaption></figure> <p>It was found that young individuals are more bored with politics and history topics, and instead are more interested in celebrity dramas and topics. Young individuals claim that "voicing what you feel" does not mean "being heard", so they feel the need to not participate in these engagements, as they believe they are not being listened to anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, things have changed, as new forms of civic engagement and citizenship have emerged from the rise of social networking sites. Networking sites act as a medium for expression and discourse about issues in specific user communities. Online content-sharing sites have made it easy for youth as well as others to not only express themselves and their ideas through digital media, but also connect with large networked communities. Within these spaces, young people are pushing the boundaries of traditional forms of engagement such as voting and joining political organizations and creating their own ways to discuss, connect, and act in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civic engagement through <a href="/wiki/Online_volunteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Online volunteering">online volunteering</a> has shown to have positive effects on personal satisfaction and development. Some 84 percent of online volunteers found that their online volunteering experience had contributed to their personal development and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_communication">On communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a></i> from 2006, <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> suggests that virtual communities would "come to represent a new form of human communal existence, providing new scope for building a shared experience of human interaction".<sup id="cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkler-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Benkler's prediction has not become entirely true, clearly communications and social relations are extremely complex within a virtual community. The two main effects that can be seen according to Benkler are a "thickening of preexisting relations with friends, family and neighbours" and the beginnings of the "emergence of greater scope for limited-purpose, loose relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkler-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being acknowledged as "loose" relationships, Benkler argues that they remain meaningful. </p><p>Previous concerns about the effects of Internet use on community and family fell into two categories: 1) sustained, intimate human relations "are critical to well-functioning human beings as a matter of psychological need" and 2) people with "<a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>" are better off than those who lack it. It leads to better results in terms of political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkler-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Benkler argues that unless Internet connections actually displace direct, unmediated, human contact, there is no basis to think that using the Internet will lead to a decline in those nourishing connections we need psychologically, or in the useful connections we make socially. Benkler continues to suggest that the nature of an individual changes over time, based on social practices and expectations. There is a shift from individuals who depend upon locally embedded, unmediated and stable social relationships to networked individuals who are more dependent upon their own combination of strong and weak ties across boundaries and weave their own fluid relationships. Manuel Castells calls this the "networked society".<sup id="cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkler-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_identity">On identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: On identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/MCI_Communications" title="MCI Communications">MCI Communications</a> released the "Anthem" advertisement, heralding the internet as a utopia without age, race, or gender. <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nakamura" title="Lisa Nakamura">Lisa Nakamura</a> argues in chapter 16 of her 2002 book <i>After/image of identity: Gender, Technology, and Identity Politics</i>, that technology gives us iterations of our age, race and gender in virtual spaces, as opposed to them being fully extinguished. Nakamura uses a metaphor of "after-images" to describe the cultural phenomenon of expressing identity on the internet. The idea is that any performance of identity on the internet is simultaneously present and past-tense, "posthuman and projectionary", due to its immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Turkle" title="Sherry Turkle">Sherry Turkle</a>, professor of Social Studies of Science and Technology at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, believes the internet is a place where actions of discrimination are less likely to occur. In her 1995 book <i>Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet</i>, she argues that discrimination is easier in reality as it is easier to identify as face value, what is contrary to one's norm. The internet allows for a more fluid expression of identity and thus people become more accepting of inconsistent personae within themselves and others. For these reasons, Turkle argues users existing in online spaces are less compelled to judge or compare themselves to their peers, allowing people in virtual settings an opportunity to gain a greater capacity for acknowledging diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakamura argues against this view, coining the term <a href="/wiki/Identity_tourism" title="Identity tourism">identity tourism</a> in her 1999 article "Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet". Identity tourism, in the context of cyberspace, is a term used to the describe the phenomenon of users donning and doffing other-race and other-gender personae. Nakamura finds that performed behavior from these identity tourists often perpetuate stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1998 book <i>Communities in Cyberspace</i>, authors <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Smith" title="Mark A. Smith">Marc A. Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kollock" title="Peter Kollock">Peter Kollock</a>, perceives the interactions with strangers are based upon with whom we are speaking or interacting with. People use everything from clothes, voice, <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a>, and power to identify others, which plays a role with how they will speak or interact with them. Smith and Kollock believes that online interactions breaks away of all of the face-to-face gestures and signs that people tend to show in front of one another. Although this is difficult to do online, it also provides space to play with one's identity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gaming community is extremely vast and accessible to a wide variety of people, However, there are negative effects on the relationships "gamers" have with the medium when expressing identity of gender. <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Shaw" title="Adrienne Shaw">Adrienne Shaw</a> notes in her 2012 article "Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity", that gender, perhaps subconsciously, plays a large role in identifying oneself as a "gamer".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lisa Nakamura, representation in video games has become a problem, as the minority of players from different backgrounds who are not just the stereotyped white teen male gamer are not represented.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura-2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura-2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet-based">Internet-based</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internet-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The explosive diffusion<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Internet since the mid-1990s fostered the proliferation of virtual communities in the form of social networking services and online communities. Virtual communities may synthesize <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> technologies with the community, and therefore have been described as Community 2.0, although strong community bonds have been forged online since the early 1970s on timeshare systems like <a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">PLATO</a> and later on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>. Online communities depend upon social interaction and exchange between users online. This interaction emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">reciprocity</a> element of the unwritten <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> between community members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_message_boards">Internet message boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet message boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png/300px-Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png/450px-Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png/600px-Phpbb_3.0_prosilver.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>An Internet forum powered by <a href="/wiki/PhpBB" title="PhpBB">phpBB</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An online <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">message board</a> is a forum where people can discuss thoughts or ideas on various topics or simply express an idea. Users may choose which thread, or board of discussion, they would like to read or contribute to. A user will start a discussion by making a post.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other users who choose to respond can follow the discussion by adding their own posts to that thread at any time. Unlike in spoken <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversations</a>, message boards do not usually have instantaneous responses; users actively go to the website to check for responses. </p><p>Anyone can register to participate in an online message board. People can choose to participate in the virtual community, even if or when they choose not to contribute their thoughts and ideas. Unlike chat rooms, at least in practice, message boards can accommodate an almost infinite number of users. </p><p>Internet users' urges to talk to and reach out to strangers online is unlike those in real-life encounters where people are hesitant and often unwilling to step in to help strangers. Studies have shown that people are more likely to intervene when they are the only one in a situation. With Internet message boards, users at their computers are alone, which might contribute to their willingness to reach out. Another possible explanation is that people can withdraw from a situation much more easily online than off. They can simply click exit or log off, whereas they would have to find a physical exit and deal with the repercussions of trying to leave a situation in real life. The lack of status that is presented with an online identity also might encourage people, because, if one chooses to keep it private, there is no associated label of gender, age, ethnicity or lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_chat_rooms">Online chat rooms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Online chat rooms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xaric_screen_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Xaric_screen_shot.jpg/220px-Xaric_screen_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Xaric_screen_shot.jpg/330px-Xaric_screen_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Xaric_screen_shot.jpg/440px-Xaric_screen_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>An example of an IRC chat session on Xaric, a text-based client. Shown are two IRC channels and a private conversation.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Shortly after the rise of interest in message boards and forums, people started to want a way of communicating with their "communities" in real time. The downside to message boards was that people would have to wait until another user replied to their posting, which, with people all around the world in different time frames, could take a while. The development of online <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a> allowed people to talk to whoever was online at the same time they were. This way, messages were sent and online users could immediately respond. </p><p>The original development by <a href="/wiki/CB_Simulator" title="CB Simulator">CompuServe CB</a> hosted forty channels in which users could talk to one another in real time. The idea of forty different channels led to the idea of chat rooms that were specific to different topics. Users could choose to join an already existent chat room they found interesting, or start a new "room" if they found nothing to their liking. Real-time chatting was also brought into virtual games, where people could play against one another and also talk to one another through text. Now, chat rooms can be found on all sorts of topics, so that people can talk with others who share similar interests. Chat rooms are now provided by <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) and other individual websites such as <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. </p><p>Chat room users communicate through text-based messaging. Most chat room providers are similar and include an input box, a message window, and a participant list. The input box is where users can type their text-based message to be sent to the providing server. The server will then transmit the message to the computers of anyone in the chat room so that it can be displayed in the message window. The message window allows the conversation to be tracked and usually places a time stamp once the message is posted. There is usually a list of the users who are currently in the room, so that people can see who is in their virtual community. </p><p>Users can communicate as if they are speaking to one another in real life. This "simulated reality" attribute makes it easy for users to form a virtual community, because chat rooms allow users to get to know one another as if they were meeting in real life. The individual "room" feature also makes it more likely that the people within a chat room share a similar interest; an interest that allows them to bond with one another and be willing to form a friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_worlds">Virtual worlds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Virtual worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Party_in_Hyrule,_Second_Life,_picture_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png/220px-Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png/330px-Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png/440px-Party_in_Hyrule%2C_Second_Life%2C_picture_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>A party scene from <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i> set in <a href="/wiki/Hyrule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrule">Hyrule</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual worlds</a> are the most interactive of all virtual community forms. In this type of virtual community, people are connected by living as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatar</a> in a computer-based world. Users create their own avatar character (from choosing the avatar's outfits to designing the avatar's house) and control their character's life and interactions with other characters in the 3D virtual world. It is similar to a computer game; however, there is no objective for the players. A virtual world simply gives users the opportunity to build and operate a fantasy life in the virtual realm. Characters within the world can talk to one another and have almost the same interactions people would have in reality. For example, characters can socialize with one another and hold intimate relationships online. </p><p>This type of virtual community allows for people to not only hold conversations with others in real time, but also to engage and interact with others. The avatars that users create are like humans. Users can choose to make avatars like themselves, or take on an entirely different personality than them. When characters interact with other characters, they can get to know one another through text-based talking and virtual experience (such as having avatars go on a date in the virtual world). A virtual community chat room may give real-time conversations, but people can only talk to one another. In a virtual world, characters can do activities together, just like friends could do in reality. Communities in virtual worlds are most similar to real-life communities because the characters are physically in the same place, even if the users who are operating the characters are not.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i> is one of the most popular virtual worlds on the Internet. <a href="/wiki/Whyville" title="Whyville">Whyville</a> offers an alternative for younger audiences where safety and privacy are a concern. In Whyville, players use the virtual world's simulation aspect to experiment and learn about various phenomena. </p><p>Another use for virtual worlds has been in business communications. Benefits from virtual world technology such as photo realistic avatars and positional sound create an atmosphere for participants that provides a less fatiguing sense of presence. Enterprise controls that allow the meeting host to dictate the permissions of the attendees such as who can speak, or who can move about allow the host to control the meeting environment. <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>, is a popular platform that has grown over the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Where those who host meetings on this platform, can dictate who can or cannot speak, by muting or unmuting them, along with who is able to join. Several companies are creating business based virtual worlds including <i>Second Life</i>. These business based worlds have stricter controls and allow functionality such as muting individual participants, desktop sharing, or access lists to provide a highly interactive and controlled virtual world to a specific business or group. Business based virtual worlds also may provide various enterprise features such as Single Sign on with third party providers, or Content Encryption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_network_services">Social network services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social network services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad-tech_London_2010_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/220px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/330px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG/440px-Ad-tech_London_2010_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Facebook on the Ad-tech 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a> are the most prominent type of virtual community. They are either a website or software platform that focuses on creating and maintaining relationships. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> are all virtual communities. With these sites, one often creates a profile or account, and adds friends or follow friends. This allows people to connect and look for support using the social networking service as a gathering place. These websites often allow for people to keep up to date with their friends and acquaintances' activities without making much of an effort.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On several of these sites you may be able to video chat, with several people at once, making the connections feel more like you are together. On Facebook, for example, one can upload photos and videos, chat, make friends, reconnect with old ones, and join groups or causes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_information_communities">Specialized information communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Specialized information communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participatory culture plays a large role in online and virtual communities. In participatory culture, users feel that their contributions are important and that by contributing, they are forming meaningful connections with other users. The differences between being a producer of content on the website and being a consumer on the website become blurred and overlap. According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a>, "Members believe their contributions matter and feel some degree of social connection with one another "(Jenkins, et al. 2005). The exchange and consumption of information requires a degree of "<a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">digital literacy</a>", such that users are able to "archive, annotate, appropriate, transform and recirculate media content" (Jenkins). Specialized information communities centralizes a specific group of users who are all interested in the same topic. For example, TasteofHome.com, the website of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Taste_of_Home" title="Taste of Home">Taste of Home</a></i>, is a specialized information community that focuses on baking and cooking. The users contribute consumer information relating to their hobby and additionally participate in further specialized groups and forums. Specialized Information Communities are a place where people with similar interests can discuss and share their experiences and interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Howard_Rheingold's_study"><span id="Howard_Rheingold.27s_study"></span>Howard Rheingold's study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Howard Rheingold's study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a>'s <i>Virtual Community</i> could be compared with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a>'s ground-breaking "strength of weak ties" article published twenty years earlier in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. Rheingold translated, practiced and published Granovetter's conjectures about strong and weak ties in the online world. His comment on the first page even illustrates the social networks in the virtual society: "My seven year old daughter knows that her father congregates with a family of invisible friends who seem to gather in his computer. Sometimes he talks to them, even if nobody else can see them. And she knows that these invisible friends sometimes show up in the flesh, materializing from the next block or the other side of the world" (page 1). Indeed, in his revised version of <i>Virtual Community</i>, Rheingold goes so far to say that had he read <a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a>'s work earlier, he would have called his book "online <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>". </p><p>Rheingold's definition contains the terms "social aggregation and personal relationships" (page 3). Lipnack and Stamps (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Lipnack-1997_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipnack-1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mowshowitz (1997) point out how virtual communities can work across space, time and organizational boundaries; Lipnack and Stamps (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Lipnack-1997_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipnack-1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mention a common purpose; and Lee, Eom, Jung and Kim (2004) introduce "desocialization" which means that there is less frequent interaction with humans in traditional settings, e.g. an increase in virtual socialization. Calhoun (1991) presents a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a> argument, asserting the impersonality of virtual networks. He argues that IT has a negative influence on offline interaction between individuals because virtual life takes over our lives. He believes that it also creates different personalities in people which can cause frictions in offline and online communities and groups and in personal contacts. (Wellman & Haythornthwaite, 2002). Recently, Mitch Parsell (2008) has suggested that virtual communities, particularly those that leverage Web 2.0 resources, can be pernicious by leading to attitude polarization, increased prejudices and enabling sick individuals to deliberately indulge in their diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_of_Internet_communities">Advantages of Internet communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Advantages of Internet communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internet communities offer the advantage of instant information exchange that is not possible in a real-life community. This interaction allows people to engage in many activities from their home, such as: shopping, paying bills, and searching for specific information. Users of online communities also have access to thousands of specific discussion groups where they can form specialized relationships and access information in such categories as: politics, technical assistance, social activities, health (see above) and recreational pleasures. Virtual communities provide an ideal medium for these types of relationships because information can easily be posted and response times can be very fast. Another benefit is that these types of communities can give users a feeling of membership and belonging. Users can give and receive support, and it is simple and cheap to use.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economically, virtual communities can be commercially successful, making money through membership fees, subscriptions, usage fees, and advertising commission. Consumers generally feel very comfortable making transactions online provided that the seller has a good reputation throughout the community. Virtual communities also provide the advantage of <a href="/wiki/Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">disintermediation</a> in commercial transactions, which eliminates vendors and connects buyers directly to suppliers. Disintermediation eliminates pricey mark-ups and allows for a more direct line of contact between the consumer and the manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages_of_Internet_communities">Disadvantages of Internet communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of Internet communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While instant communication means fast access, it also means that information is posted without being reviewed for correctness. It is difficult to choose reliable sources because there is no editor who reviews each post and makes sure it is up to a certain degree of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In theory, online identities can be kept anonymous which enables people to use the virtual community for fantasy role playing as in the case of <i>Second Life</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s use of avatars. Some professionals urge caution with users who use online communities because predators also frequent these communities looking for victims who are vulnerable to online <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Online_predator" title="Online predator">online predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also issues surrounding bullying on internet communities. With users not having to show their face, people may use threatening and discriminating acts towards other people because they feel that they would not face any consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are standing issues with gender and race on the online community as well, where only the majority is represented on the screen, and those of different background and genders are underrepresented.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura-2013_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura-2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battleboarding" title="Battleboarding">Battleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_(video_games)" title="Clan (video games)">Clan (video games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">Comparison of online dating services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating search engine">Dating search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism#Digital_altruism" title="Altruism">Digital altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number" title="Dunbar's number">Dunbar's number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_village" title="Global village">Global village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-based_genetic_algorithm" title="Human-based genetic algorithm">Human-based genetic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion (virtual reality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_influences_on_communities" title="Internet influences on communities">Internet influences on communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_think_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet think tanks">Internet think tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learner-generated_context" title="Learner-generated context">Learner-generated context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities" title="List of virtual communities">List of virtual communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivations_of_Wikipedia_contributors" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivations of Wikipedia contributors">Motivations of Wikipedia contributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_practice" title="Network of practice">Network of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">Online community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_community_manager" title="Online community manager">Online community manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_deliberation" title="Online deliberation">Online deliberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_research_community" title="Online research community">Online research community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtual_Community" title="The Virtual Community">The Virtual Community</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(internet)" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe (internet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_culture" title="Video game culture">Video game culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_airline_(hobby)" title="Virtual airline (hobby)">Virtual airline (hobby)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community_of_practice" title="Virtual community of practice">Virtual community of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_trust" title="Web of trust">Web of trust</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaasAbonneauBorzilloGuillaume2021" class="citation journal cs1">Haas, Aurore; Abonneau, David; Borzillo, Stefano; Guillaume, Louis-Pierre (3 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704">"Afraid of engagement? Towards an understanding of engagement in virtual communities of practice"</a>. <i>Knowledge Management Research & Practice</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 169–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14778238.2020.1745704">10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8238">1477-8238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216178181">216178181</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205432/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14778238.2020.1745704">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+Management+Research+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Afraid+of+engagement%3F+Towards+an+understanding+of+engagement+in+virtual+communities+of+practice&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-180&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216178181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-8238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14778238.2020.1745704&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Aurore&rft.au=Abonneau%2C+David&rft.au=Borzillo%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Guillaume%2C+Louis-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14778238.2020.1745704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHof,_R._D.Browder,_S.Elstrom,_P.1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Hof, R. D.; Browder, S.; Elstrom, P. (5 May 1997). "hacking Communities". <i>Business Week</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=hacking+Communities&rft.date=1997-05-05&rft.au=Hof%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Browder%2C+S.&rft.au=Elstrom%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidingsGefen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ridings, Catherine M.; Gefen, David (23 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x">"Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 00. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-6101">1083-6101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21854835">21854835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117173521/https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/10/1/JCMC10110/4614455">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=Virtual+Community+Attraction%3A+Why+People+Hang+Out+Online&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=00&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21854835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1083-6101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x&rft.aulast=Ridings&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rft.au=Gefen%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2004.tb00229.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pears-1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pears-1998_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pears-1998_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPears1998" class="citation book cs1">Pears, Iain (1998). <i>An Instance of the Fingerpost</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Instance+of+the+Fingerpost&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pears&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman1999" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, B (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512105935/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhuOBRPS-pUC&q=impacts+of+virtual+communities&pg=PA331"><i>Networks in the global village: life in contemporary communities</i></a>. Avalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813368214" title="Special:BookSources/9780813368214"><bdi>9780813368214</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhuOBRPS-pUC&q=impacts+of+virtual+communities&pg=PA331">the original</a> on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+in+the+global+village%3A+life+in+contemporary+communities&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780813368214&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhuOBRPS-pUC%26q%3Dimpacts%2Bof%2Bvirtual%2Bcommunities%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1963" class="citation book cs1">Webber, Melvin (1963). "Order in Diversity: Community without Propinquity". In J. Lowdon Wingo (ed.). <i>Cities and Space: The Future Use of Urban Land</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 23–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+in+Diversity%3A+Community+without+Propinquity&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Space%3A+The+Future+Use+of+Urban+Land&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=23-54&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman1979" class="citation journal cs1">Wellman, Barry (March 1979). "The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>84</b> (5): 1201–31. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778222">2778222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Community+Question%3A+The+Intimate+Networks+of+East+Yorkers&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1201-31&rft.date=1979-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2778222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benedict (1991). <i>Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism</i>. London: Verso.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Communities%3A+Reflections+on+the+Origin+and+Spread+of+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdnik2012" class="citation book cs1">Prodnik, Jernej (2012). "Post-Fordist Communities and Cyberspace". In H. Breslow; A. Mousoutzanis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/111293835/Prodnik-Jernej-Post-Fordist-Communities-and-Cyberspace-A-Critical-Approach"><i>Cybercultures: Mediations of Community, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. pp. 75–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174341/https://www.scribd.com/doc/111293835/Prodnik-Jernej-Post-Fordist-Communities-and-Cyberspace-A-Critical-Approach">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Fordist+Communities+and+Cyberspace&rft.btitle=Cybercultures%3A+Mediations+of+Community%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+New+York&rft.pages=75-100&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Prodnik&rft.aufirst=Jernej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F111293835%2FProdnik-Jernej-Post-Fordist-Communities-and-Cyberspace-A-Critical-Approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieckenius_de_SouzaPreece2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sieckenius de Souza, Clarisse; Preece, Jenny (June 2004). "A framework for analyzing and understanding online communities". <i>Interacting with Computers</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 579–610.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interacting+with+Computers&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+analyzing+and+understanding+online+communities&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=579-610&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Sieckenius+de+Souza&rft.aufirst=Clarisse&rft.au=Preece%2C+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tullis-2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tullis-2016_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullisAlbert2016" class="citation book cs1">Tullis, Thomas; Albert, William (2016). <i>Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics</i>. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415781-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415781-1"><bdi>978-0-12-415781-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+User+Experience%3A+Collecting%2C+Analyzing%2C+and+Presenting+Usability+Metrics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-12-415781-1&rft.aulast=Tullis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Albert%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preece-2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preece-2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preece-2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreece2001" class="citation journal cs1">Preece, Jenny (2001). "Socialility and Usability in Online Communities: Determining and Measuring Success". <i>Behaviour & Information Technology</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 347–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01449290110084683">10.1080/01449290110084683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14120302">14120302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour+%26+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Socialility+and+Usability+in+Online+Communities%3A+Determining+and+Measuring+Success&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=347-356&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01449290110084683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14120302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler-2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler-2007_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2007" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Daniel (2007). <i>Semiotics: The Basics</i> (3 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semiotics%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEysenbach2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eysenbach, G (2008). "The Impact of the Internet on Cancer Outcomes". <i>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians</i>. <b>53</b> (6): 356–371. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.526.4309">10.1.1.526.4309</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.53.6.356">10.3322/canjclin.53.6.356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15224975">15224975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10192148">10192148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Internet+on+Cancer+Outcomes&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=356-371&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.526.4309%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10192148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15224975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.53.6.356&rft.aulast=Eysenbach&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135106113/patients-with-rare-diseases-connect-online">"Web Communities Help Patients With Rare Diseases"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018152136/http://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135106113/patients-with-rare-diseases-connect-online">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Web+Communities+Help+Patients+With+Rare+Diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2F135106113%2Fpatients-with-rare-diseases-connect-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealLindgagarrdOakleyHansen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Neal, L.; Lindgagarrd, G.; Oakley, K.; Hansen, D.; Kogan, S.; Leimeister, J.M.; Selker, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb7/ibwl/leimeister/pub/JML_109.pdf">"Online Health Communities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CHI</i>: 444–447. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712151749/http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb7/ibwl/leimeister/pub/JML_109.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CHI&rft.atitle=Online+Health+Communities&rft.pages=444-447&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Lindgagarrd%2C+G.&rft.au=Oakley%2C+K.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+D.&rft.au=Kogan%2C+S.&rft.au=Leimeister%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Selker%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Ffb7%2Fibwl%2Fleimeister%2Fpub%2FJML_109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoccioloMineoMeier" class="citation web cs1">Cocciolo, A.; Mineo, C.; Meier, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkingprojects.org/bhc_paper.pdf">"Using Online Social Networks to Build Healthy Communities: A Design-based Research Investigation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 1–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015141134/http://www.thinkingprojects.org/bhc_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Online+Social+Networks+to+Build+Healthy+Communities%3A+A+Design-based+Research+Investigation&rft.pages=1-10&rft.aulast=Cocciolo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Mineo%2C+C.&rft.au=Meier%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkingprojects.org%2Fbhc_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huh-2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huh-2016_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huh-2016_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuhKwonKimLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Huh, Jina; Kwon, Bum Chul; Kim, Sung-Hee; Lee, Sukwon; Choo, Jaegul; Kim, Jihoon; Choi, Min-Je; Yi, Ji Soo (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5268468">"Personas in online health communities"</a>. <i>Journal of Biomedical Informatics</i>. <b>63</b>: 212–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2016.08.019">10.1016/j.jbi.2016.08.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-0464">1532-0464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5268468">5268468</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27568913">27568913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Informatics&rft.atitle=Personas+in+online+health+communities&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=212-225&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5268468%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1532-0464&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27568913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbi.2016.08.019&rft.aulast=Huh&rft.aufirst=Jina&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Bum+Chul&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sung-Hee&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sukwon&rft.au=Choo%2C+Jaegul&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jihoon&rft.au=Choi%2C+Min-Je&rft.au=Yi%2C+Ji+Soo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5268468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoccioloMineoMeier" class="citation web cs1">Cocciolo, A.; Mineo, C.; Meier, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkingprojects.org/bhc_paper.pdf">"Using Online Social Networks to Build Healthy Communities: A Design-based Research Investigation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 1–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015141134/http://www.thinkingprojects.org/bhc_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Online+Social+Networks+to+Build+Healthy+Communities%3A+A+Design-based+Research+Investigation&rft.pages=1-10&rft.aulast=Cocciolo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Mineo%2C+C.&rft.au=Meier%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkingprojects.org%2Fbhc_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelbourneBlanchardBoughton2009" class="citation book cs1">Welbourne, Jennifer L.; Blanchard, Anita L.; Boughton, Marla D. (2009). "Supportive communication, sense of virtual community and health outcomes in online infertility groups". <i>Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Communities and Technologies</i>. C&T '09. New York: ACM. pp. 31–40. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.589.9656">10.1.1.589.9656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1556460.1556466">10.1145/1556460.1556466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605587134" title="Special:BookSources/9781605587134"><bdi>9781605587134</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8243700">8243700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supportive+communication%2C+sense+of+virtual+community+and+health+outcomes+in+online+infertility+groups&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Conference+on+Communities+and+Technologies&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=C%26T+%2709&rft.pages=31-40&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.589.9656%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8243700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1556460.1556466&rft.isbn=9781605587134&rft.aulast=Welbourne&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+Anita+L.&rft.au=Boughton%2C+Marla+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheingold2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rheingold, Howard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuelab.org/resources/881/881.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Using Participatory Media and Public Voice to Encourage Civic Engagement." Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027153406/https://www.issuelab.org/resources/881/881.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+D.+And+Catherine+T.+MacArthur+Foundation+Series+on+Digital+Media+and+Learning.&rft.atitle=%22Using+Participatory+Media+and+Public+Voice+to+Encourage+Civic+Engagement.%22+Civic+Life+Online%3A+Learning+How+Digital+Media+Can+Engage+Youth.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rheingold&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.issuelab.org%2Fresources%2F881%2F881.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvin2006" class="citation web cs1">Carvin, A. (1 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2006/12/understanding_the_impact_of_on.html">"Understanding the impact of online communities on civic engagement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102081959/http://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2006/12/understanding_the_impact_of_on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+impact+of+online+communities+on+civic+engagement&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Carvin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fteachers%2Flearning.now%2F2006%2F12%2Funderstanding_the_impact_of_on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unv.org/annual-report-2014/index.html">"UNV Annual Report 2014, Innovation and Knowledge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624015400/http://www.unv.org/annual-report-2014/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNV+Annual+Report+2014%2C+Innovation+and+Knowledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unv.org%2Fannual-report-2014%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benkler-2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benkler-2006_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkler2006" class="citation book cs1">Benkler, Yochai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks_Chapter_10.pdf"><i>The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910191017/http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks_Chapter_10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Networks%3A+How+Social+Production+Transforms+Markets+and+Freedom&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Benkler&rft.aufirst=Yochai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benkler.org%2FBenkler_Wealth_Of_Networks_Chapter_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2002" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Lisa (2002). <i>After/Images of Identity: Gender, Technology, and Identity Politics</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 121–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After%2FImages+of+Identity%3A+Gender%2C+Technology%2C+and+Identity+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=121-131&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkle1995" class="citation book cs1">Turkle, Sherry (1995). <i>Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+on+the+Screen%3A+Identity+in+the+Age+of+the+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Turkle&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura1999" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Lisa (1999). "Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet". <i>Works and Days: Essays in the Socio-Historical Dimensions of Literature & the Arts</i>. New York: Allyn and Bacon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race+In%2FFor+Cyberspace%3A+Identity+Tourism+and+Racial+Passing+on+the+Internet&rft.btitle=Works+and+Days%3A+Essays+in+the+Socio-Historical+Dimensions+of+Literature+%26+the+Arts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollockSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Kollock, Peter; Smith, Marc, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203194959/communities-cyberspace-peter-kollock-marc-smith"><i>Communities in Cyberspace</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203194959">10.4324/9780203194959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203194959" title="Special:BookSources/9780203194959"><bdi>9780203194959</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154281450">154281450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027153413/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203194959/communities-cyberspace-peter-kollock-marc-smith">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+in+Cyberspace&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154281450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203194959&rft.isbn=9780203194959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203194959%2Fcommunities-cyberspace-peter-kollock-marc-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Adrienne (2012). "Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity". <i>New Media & Society</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 28–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444811410394">10.1177/1461444811410394</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206727217">206727217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Do+you+identify+as+a+gamer%3F+Gender%2C+race%2C+sexuality%2C+and+gamer+identity&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-44&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461444811410394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206727217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakamura-2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nakamura-2013_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakamura-2013_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2013" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Lisa (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203699188"><i>Cybertypes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203699188">10.4324/9780203699188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203699188" title="Special:BookSources/9780203699188"><bdi>9780203699188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybertypes&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203699188&rft.isbn=9780203699188&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203699188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2004" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Constance Elise (1 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/10/1/JCMC1011/4614445">"A Typology of Virtual Communities: a Multi-Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 00. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2004.tb00228.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00228.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227145613/https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/10/1/JCMC1011/4614445">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=A+Typology+of+Virtual+Communities%3A+a+Multi-Disciplinary+Foundation+for+Future+Research&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=00&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2004.tb00228.x&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Constance+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjcmc%2Farticle%2F10%2F1%2FJCMC1011%2F4614445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marone, Vittorio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fojcmt%2F2499">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Keep in mind that I will be improving": The opening post as a request for absolution"</a>. <i>Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 136–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fojcmt%2F2499">10.29333/ojcmt/2499</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Communication+and+Media+Technologies&rft.atitle=%22Keep+in+mind+that+I+will+be+improving%22%3A+The+opening+post+as+a+request+for+absolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-158&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29333%2Fojcmt%2F2499&rft.aulast=Marone&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29333%252Fojcmt%252F2499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman1999" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512105935/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhuOBRPS-pUC&q=impacts+of+virtual+communities&pg=PA331"><i>Networks in the global village: life in contemporary communities</i></a>. Avalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813368214" title="Special:BookSources/9780813368214"><bdi>9780813368214</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhuOBRPS-pUC&q=impacts+of+virtual+communities&pg=PA331">the original</a> on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+in+the+global+village%3A+life+in+contemporary+communities&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780813368214&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhuOBRPS-pUC%26q%3Dimpacts%2Bof%2Bvirtual%2Bcommunities%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2010" class="citation web cs1">Phelps, Alan (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcomputing.com/articles/archive/R0502/18R02/18R02.pdf">"How Chat Rooms Work"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Smartcomputing.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044723/http://www.smartcomputing.com/articles/archive/R0502/18R02/18R02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Chat+Rooms+Work&rft.pub=Smartcomputing.com&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcomputing.com%2Farticles%2Farchive%2FR0502%2F18R02%2F18R02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos,_Dave2010" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/social-networking/information/chat-room.htm">"HowStuffWorks: How Chat Rooms Work"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815072450/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/social-networking/information/chat-room.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HowStuffWorks%3A+How+Chat+Rooms+Work&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.au=Roos%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Finternet%2Fsocial-networking%2Finformation%2Fchat-room.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkle,_Sherry2010" class="citation web cs1">Turkle, Sherry (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726150252/http://hevra.haifa.ac.il/~soc/lecturers/talmud/files/547.htm">"Virtuality and Its Discontents"</a>. <i>The American Prospect</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hevra.haifa.ac.il/~soc/lecturers/talmud/files/547.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Virtuality+and+Its+Discontents&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.au=Turkle%2C+Sherry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhevra.haifa.ac.il%2F~soc%2Flecturers%2Ftalmud%2Ffiles%2F547.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuan-HasseYoung2010" class="citation journal cs1">Quan-Hasse, A.; Young, A. L. (2010). "Uses and Gratifications of Social Media: A Comparison of Facebook and Instant Messaging". <i>Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 350–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467610380009">10.1177/0270467610380009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Science%2C+Technology+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Uses+and+Gratifications+of+Social+Media%3A+A+Comparison+of+Facebook+and+Instant+Messaging&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=350-361&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0270467610380009&rft.aulast=Quan-Hasse&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Young%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaisanen2010" class="citation conference cs1">Waisanen, D. (2010). <i>Facebook, Diasporic-Virtual Publics, and Networked Argumentation</i>. Alta Conference on Argumentation. Conference Proceedings – National Communication Association/American Forensic Association. pp. 550–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Facebook%2C+Diasporic-Virtual+Publics%2C+and+Networked+Argumentation&rft.pages=550-557&rft.pub=Conference+Proceedings+%E2%80%93+National+Communication+Association%2FAmerican+Forensic+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Waisanen&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipnack-1997-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipnack-1997_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipnack-1997_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipnack1997" class="citation book cs1">Lipnack, Jessica (1997). Stamps, Jeffrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virtualteamsreac00lipn"><i>Virtual teams: reaching across space, time, and organizations with technology</i></a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471165538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471165538"><bdi>978-0471165538</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36138326">36138326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+teams%3A+reaching+across+space%2C+time%2C+and+organizations+with+technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36138326&rft.isbn=978-0471165538&rft.aulast=Lipnack&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvirtualteamsreac00lipn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsell,_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parsell, M. (2008). "Pernicious virtual communities: Identity, polarisation and the Web 2.0". <i>Ethics and Information Technology</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 41–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-008-9153-y">10.1007/s10676-008-9153-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33207414">33207414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Pernicious+virtual+communities%3A+Identity%2C+polarisation+and+the+Web+2.0&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-56&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10676-008-9153-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33207414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Parsell%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardMarkus2002" class="citation conference cs1">Blanchard, A.L.; Markus, M.L. (2002). <i>Sense of virtual community—maintaining the experience of belonging</i>. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.9800">10.1.1.11.9800</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Sense+of+virtual+community%E2%80%94maintaining+the+experience+of+belonging&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.11.9800%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft.au=Markus%2C+M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothaermelSugiyama2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rothaermel, F.T.; Sugiyama, S. (2001). "Virtual internet communities and commercial success: individual and community-level theory grounded in the atypical case of timezone.com". <i>Journal of Management</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 297–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014920630102700305">10.1177/014920630102700305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220594818">220594818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=Virtual+internet+communities+and+commercial+success%3A+individual+and+community-level+theory+grounded+in+the+atypical+case+of+timezone.com&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-312&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014920630102700305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220594818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rothaermel&rft.aufirst=F.T.&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKollock1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.A.; Kollock, P. (1999). <i>Communities in cyberspace</i>. New York, New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+in+cyberspace&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Kollock%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2000" class="citation web cs1">Foster, D. (18 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045700/http://services.exeter.ac.uk/cmit/media/texts/porter1996/foster1996_community_and_identity/">"Community and identity in the electronic village"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.exeter.ac.uk/cmit/media/texts/porter1996/foster1996_community_and_identity/">the original</a> on 17 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+and+identity+in+the+electronic+village&rft.date=2000-12-18&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.exeter.ac.uk%2Fcmit%2Fmedia%2Ftexts%2Fporter1996%2Ffoster1996_community_and_identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2011" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Lee (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01570.x">"Who's Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance"</a>. <i>Journal of Communication</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 575–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.2011.01570.x">10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01570.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9916">0021-9916</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117173558/https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/61/4/575/4098465?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Watching+Whom%3F+A+Study+of+Interactive+Technology+and+Surveillance&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-595&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.2011.01570.x&rft.issn=0021-9916&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.2011.01570.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict R. O'G.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mmoZFtCpuoC"><i>Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism</i></a>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-546-1"><bdi>978-0-86091-546-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/239999655">239999655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+communities%3A+reflections+on+the+origin+and+spread+of+nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F239999655&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-546-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict+R.+O%27G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mmoZFtCpuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilai,_G.2003" class="citation book cs1">Barzilai, G. (2003). <i>Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities</i>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+and+Law%3A+Politics+and+Cultures+of+Legal+Identities&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Barzilai%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse,_LizTurkle,_Sherry2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Else, Liz; Turkle, Sherry (20 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125691.600">"Living online: I'll have to ask my friends"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. No. 2569.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Living+online%3A+I%27ll+have+to+ask+my+friends%22&rft.issue=2569&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft.au=Else%2C+Liz&rft.au=Turkle%2C+Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19125691.600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> (interview)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbner,_W.Leimeister,_J._M.Krcmar,_H.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ebner, W.; Leimeister, J. M.; Krcmar, H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/219699/1/JML_173.pdf">"Community Engineering for Innovations – The Ideas Competition as a method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>R&D Management</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 342–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9310.2009.00564.x">10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00564.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16316321">16316321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=R%26D+Management&rft.atitle=Community+Engineering+for+Innovations+%E2%80%93+The+Ideas+Competition+as+a+method+to+nurture+a+Virtual+Community+for+Innovations&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=342-356&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9310.2009.00564.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16316321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ebner%2C+W.&rft.au=Leimeister%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Krcmar%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.unisg.ch%2F219699%2F1%2FJML_173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer,_F._R.1993" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, F. R. (1993). "Social Dimensions of Habitat's Citizenry". In C. Loeffler (ed.). <i>Virtual Realities: An Anthology of Industry and Culture</i>. Tokyo, Japan: Gijutsu Hyoron Sha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Dimensions+of+Habitat%27s+Citizenry&rft.btitle=Virtual+Realities%3A+An+Anthology+of+Industry+and+Culture&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Gijutsu+Hyoron+Sha&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Farmer%2C+F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouvêa,_Mario_de_Paula_Leite2000" class="citation conference cs1">Gouvêa, Mario de Paula Leite (18–21 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/inet2000/cdproceedings/8j/8j_2.htm"><i>The Challenges of Building an International Virtual Community Using Internet Technologies</i></a>. Internet Society INET 2000 conference proceedings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Challenges+of+Building+an+International+Virtual+Community+Using+Internet+Technologies&rft.pub=Internet+Society+INET+2000+conference+proceedings&rft.date=2000-07-18%2F2000-07-21&rft.au=Gouv%C3%AAa%2C+Mario+de+Paula+Leite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Finet2000%2Fcdproceedings%2F8j%2F8j_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner,_K.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hafner" title="Katie Hafner">Hafner, K.</a> (2001). <i>The WELL: A Story of Love, Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community</i>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0846-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0846-8"><bdi>0-7867-0846-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WELL%3A+A+Story+of+Love%2C+Death+and+Real+Life+in+the+Seminal+Online+Community&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7867-0846-8&rft.au=Hafner%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagel,_J.Armstrong,_A.1997" class="citation book cs1">Hagel, J.; Armstrong, A. (1997). <i>Net Gain: Expanding Markets through Virtual Communities</i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87584-759-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87584-759-5"><bdi>0-87584-759-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Net+Gain%3A+Expanding+Markets+through+Virtual+Communities&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87584-759-5&rft.au=Hagel%2C+J.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRafaeli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, G. Ravid; <a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Rafaeli, S.</a> (2004). "Information Overload and the Message Dynamics of Online Interaction Spaces: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Exploration". <i>Information Systems Research</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 194–210. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.127.6976">10.1.1.127.6976</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fisre.1040.0023">10.1287/isre.1040.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207227328">207227328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=Information+Overload+and+the+Message+Dynamics+of+Online+Interaction+Spaces%3A+A+Theoretical+Model+and+Empirical+Exploration&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-210&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.127.6976%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207227328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fisre.1040.0023&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.+Ravid&rft.au=Rafaeli%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_A.J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Kim, A.J. (2000). <i>Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities</i>. London: Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-87484-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-87484-9"><bdi>0-201-87484-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Building+on+the+Web%3A+Secret+Strategies+for+Successful+Online+Communities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-201-87484-9&rft.au=Kim%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_A._J.2004" class="citation web cs1">Kim, A. J. (24 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchitect.typepad.com/musings/2004/01/emergent_purpos.html">"Emergent Purpose"</a>. <i>Musings of a Social Architect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musings+of+a+Social+Architect&rft.atitle=Emergent+Purpose&rft.date=2004-01-24&rft.au=Kim%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialarchitect.typepad.com%2Fmusings%2F2004%2F01%2Femergent_purpos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollock,_Peter1999" class="citation book cs1">Kollock, Peter (1999). "The Economies of Online Cooperation: Gifts and Public Goods in Cyberspace". In Marc Smith; Peter Kollock (eds.). <i>Communities in Cyberspace</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economies+of+Online+Cooperation%3A+Gifts+and+Public+Goods+in+Cyberspace&rft.btitle=Communities+in+Cyberspace&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Kollock%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>The author has made available an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connectedaction.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/2001-peter-kollock-economies-of-online-cooperation.htm">"Online working draft"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+working+draft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectedaction.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F05%2F2001-peter-kollock-economies-of-online-cooperation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosorukoff,_A.Goldberg,_D._E.2002" class="citation conference cs1">Kosorukoff, A.; Goldberg, D. E. (2002). <i>Genetic algorithm as a form of organization</i>. Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2002. pp. 965–972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Genetic+algorithm+as+a+form+of+organization&rft.pages=965-972&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Kosorukoff%2C+A.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeimeister,_J._M.Ebner,_W.Krcmar,_H.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leimeister, J. M.; Ebner, W.; Krcmar, H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623070807/http://www.jmis-web.org/articles/v21_n4_p101/index.html">"Design, Implementation and Evaluation of Trust-supporting Components in Virtual Communities for Patients"</a>. <i>Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS)</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 101–136. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmis-web.org/articles/v21_n4_p101/index.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Information+Systems+%28JMIS%29&rft.atitle=Design%2C+Implementation+and+Evaluation+of+Trust-supporting+Components+in+Virtual+Communities+for+Patients&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101-136&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Leimeister%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Ebner%2C+W.&rft.au=Krcmar%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmis-web.org%2Farticles%2Fv21_n4_p101%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeimeister,_J._M.Sidiras,_P.Krcmar,_H.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Leimeister, J. M.; Sidiras, P.; Krcmar, H. (2006). "Exploring Success Factors of Virtual Communities: The Perspectives of Members and Operators". <i>Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce (JoCEC)</i>. <b>16</b> (3&4): 277–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organizational+Computing+%26+Electronic+Commerce+%28JoCEC%29&rft.atitle=Exploring+Success+Factors+of+Virtual+Communities%3A+The+Perspectives+of+Members+and+Operators&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%264&rft.pages=277-298&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Leimeister%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Sidiras%2C+P.&rft.au=Krcmar%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorningstar,_C.F._R._Farmer1990" class="citation conference cs1">Morningstar, C.; F. R. Farmer (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fudco.com/chip/lessons.html"><i>The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat</i></a>. The First International Conference on Cyberspace. Austin, TX, US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Lessons+of+Lucasfilm%27s+Habitat&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX%2C+US&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Morningstar%2C+C.&rft.au=F.+R.+Farmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fudco.com%2Fchip%2Flessons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaone,_Erica2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Naone, Erica (July–August 2008). "Who Owns Your Friends?: Social-networking sites are fighting over control of users' personal information". <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+Your+Friends%3F%3A+Social-networking+sites+are+fighting+over+control+of+users%27+personal+information&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-08&rft.au=Naone%2C+Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeus,_A.2001" class="citation conference cs1">Neus, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816150722/http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/neus.pdf"><i>Managing Information Quality in Virtual Communities of Practice; Lessons learned from a decade's experience with exploding internet communication</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IQ 2001: The 6th International Conference on Information Quality at MIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/neus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Managing+Information+Quality+in+Virtual+Communities+of+Practice%3B+Lessons+learned+from+a+decade%27s+experience+with+exploding+internet+communication&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Neus%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensource.mit.edu%2Fpapers%2Fneus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parsell, Mitch (2008). "Pernicious virtual communities: Identity, polarisation and the Web 2.0". <i>Ethics and Information Technology</i>. <b>10</b>: 41–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-008-9153-y">10.1007/s10676-008-9153-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33207414">33207414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=Pernicious+virtual+communities%3A+Identity%2C+polarisation+and+the+Web+2.0&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=41-56&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10676-008-9153-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33207414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parsell&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreece,_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Preece, J. (2000). <i>Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-80599-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-80599-8"><bdi>0-471-80599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Online+Communities%3A+Supporting+Sociability%2C+Designing+Usability&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-471-80599-8&rft.au=Preece%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdnik,_Jernej2012" class="citation book cs1">Prodnik, Jernej (2012). "Post-Fordist Communities and Cyberspace, A Critical Approach". In H. Breslow; A. Mousoutzanis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/111293835/Prodnik-Jernej-Post-Fordist-Communities-and-Cyberspace-A-Critical-Approach"><i>Cybercultures: Mediations of Community, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. pp. 75–100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Fordist+Communities+and+Cyberspace%2C+A+Critical+Approach&rft.btitle=Cybercultures%3A+Mediations+of+Community%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+New+York&rft.pages=75-100&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Prodnik%2C+Jernej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F111293835%2FProdnik-Jernej-Post-Fordist-Communities-and-Cyberspace-A-Critical-Approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheingold,_H.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Rheingold, H.</a> (2000). <i>The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier</i>. London: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68121-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68121-8"><bdi>0-262-68121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Community%3A+Homesteading+on+the+Electronic+Frontier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-262-68121-8&rft.au=Rheingold%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>The author has made available an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/intro.html">online copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenkranz,_C.Feddersen,_C.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenkranz, C.; Feddersen, C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103202659/http://inderscience.metapress.com/link.asp?id=j2888h3537761355">"Managing viable virtual communities: an exploratory case study and explanatory model"</a>. <i>International Journal of Web Based Communities</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJWBC.2010.030014">10.1504/IJWBC.2010.030014</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inderscience.metapress.com/link.asp?id=j2888h3537761355">the original</a> on 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Web+Based+Communities&rft.atitle=Managing+viable+virtual+communities%3A+an+exploratory+case+study+and+explanatory+model&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJWBC.2010.030014&rft.au=Rosenkranz%2C+C.&rft.au=Feddersen%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finderscience.metapress.com%2Flink.asp%3Fid%3Dj2888h3537761355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook,_J.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Seabrook" title="John Seabrook">Seabrook, J.</a> (1997). <i>Deeper: My Two-Year Odyssey in Cyberspace</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80175-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80175-2"><bdi>0-684-80175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deeper%3A+My+Two-Year+Odyssey+in+Cyberspace&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-80175-2&rft.au=Seabrook%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_M." class="citation web cs1">Smith, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903180302/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/csoc/papers/voices/Voices.htm">"Voices from the WELL: The Logic of the Virtual Commons"</a>. UCLA Department of Sociology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/csoc/papers/voices/Voices.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+WELL%3A+The+Logic+of+the+Virtual+Commons&rft.pub=UCLA+Department+of+Sociology&rft.au=Smith%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsoc%2Fcsoc%2Fpapers%2Fvoices%2FVoices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudweeks,_F.McLaughlin,_M.L.Rafaeli,_S.1998" class="citation book cs1">Sudweeks, F.; McLaughlin, M.L.; <a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Rafaeli, S.</a> (1998). <i>Network and Netplay Virtual Groups on the Internet</i>. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+and+Netplay+Virtual+Groups+on+the+Internet&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Sudweeks%2C+F.&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Rafaeli%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Portions available online as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2/issue4/">Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Crabben,_Jan" class="citation web cs1">Van der Crabben, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531092715/http://www.vandercrabben.com/?p=30">"Performed Intimacy in Virtual Worlds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vandercrabben.com/?p=30">the original</a> on 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performed+Intimacy+in+Virtual+Worlds&rft.au=Van+der+Crabben%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vandercrabben.com%2F%3Fp%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Wellman1997" class="citation book cs1">Barry Wellman (1997). "An Electronic Group is Virtually a Social Network". In Sara Kiesler (ed.). <i>Culture of the Internet</i>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 179–205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Electronic+Group+is+Virtually+a+Social+Network&rft.btitle=Culture+of+the+Internet&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=179-205&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Barry+Wellman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span> Translated into German as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdo_Thiedeke2000" class="citation book cs1">Udo Thiedeke, ed. (2000). "Die elektronische Gruppe als soziales Netzwerk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203140803/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Ewellman/"><i>Virtuelle Gruppen</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag. pp. 134–67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Ewellman/">the original</a> on 3 December 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+elektronische+Gruppe+als+soziales+Netzwerk&rft.btitle=Virtuelle+Gruppen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=134-67&rft.pub=Westdeutscher+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chass.utoronto.ca%2F%257Ewellman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrier,_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Trier, M. (2007). <i>Virtual Knowledge Communities – IT-supported Visualization and Analysis</i>. Saarbrücken, Germany: <a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">VDM Verlag Dr. Müller</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-1540-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-1540-8"><bdi>978-3-8364-1540-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+Knowledge+Communities+%E2%80%93+IT-supported+Visualization+and+Analysis&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+Germany&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag+Dr.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8364-1540-8&rft.au=Trier%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrstadt,_Bryant2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Urstadt, Bryant (July–August 2008). "Social Networking Is Not a Business: Web 2.0—the dream of the user-built, user-centered, user-run Internet—has delivered on just about every promise except profit. Will its most prominent example, social networking, ever make any money?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Networking+Is+Not+a+Business%3A+Web+2.0%E2%80%94the+dream+of+the+user-built%2C+user-centered%2C+user-run+Internet%E2%80%94has+delivered+on+just+about+every+promise+except+profit.+Will+its+most+prominent+example%2C+social+networking%2C+ever+make+any+money%3F%22&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-08&rft.au=Urstadt%2C+Bryant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+community" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_networking_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking_services" title="Template talk:Social networking services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networking_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">Personal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23snaps" title="23snaps">23snaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anobii" title="Anobii">anobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are.na" title="Are.na">Are.na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badoo" title="Badoo">Badoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeReal" title="BeReal">BeReal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BharatMatrimony" title="BharatMatrimony">BharatMatrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondee" title="Bondee">Bondee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumble" title="Bumble">Bumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_(app)" title="Cara (app)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubhouse_(app)" title="Clubhouse (app)">Clubhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohost" title="Cohost">Cohost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoz" title="Convoz">Convoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_(social_network)" title="Display (social network)">display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugiem.lv" title="Draugiem.lv">Draugiem.lv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide" title="Foursquare City Guide">Foursquare City Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Swarm" title="Foursquare Swarm">Foursquare Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapo" title="Gapo">Gapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_(app)" title="Gas (app)">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi5" title="Hi5">Hi5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_Social" title="Hive Social">Hive Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddles_(app)" title="Huddles (app)">Huddles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idka" title="Idka">Idka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC-Galleria" title="IRC-Galleria">IRC-Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumu_(social_network)" title="Kumu (social network)">Kumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterboxd" title="Letterboxd">Letterboxd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likee" title="Likee">Likee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeevansathi.com" title="Jeevansathi.com">Jeevansathi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimony.com" title="Matrimony.com">Matrimony.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meet_Group" title="The Meet Group">The Meet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetup" title="Meetup">Meetup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWe" title="MeWe">MeWe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaopai" title="Miaopai">Miaopai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro.blog" title="Micro.blog">micro.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player#MX_TakaTak" title="MX Player">MX TakaTak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_World@Mail.Ru" title="My World@Mail.Ru">My World@Mail.Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_(social_network)" title="Peach (social network)">Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixnet" title="Pixnet">Pixnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promo.com" title="Promo.com">Promo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">Qzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readgeek" title="Readgeek">Readgeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renren" title="Renren">Renren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaadi.com" title="Shaadi.com">Shaadi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(social_network)" title="Spaces (social network)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_(website)" title="Tagged (website)">Tagged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Canal" title="Tal Canal">Tal Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triller_(app)" title="Triller (app)">Triller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuenti" title="Tuenti">Tuenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Time" title="TV Time">TV Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untappd" title="Untappd">Untappd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_(app)" title="Vero (app)">Vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaohongshu" title="Xiaohongshu">Xiaohongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainly" title="Brainly">Brainly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">HCL Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services" title="List of defunct social networking services">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsianAve" title="AsianAve">AsianAve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_United" title="Avatars United">Avatars United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(website)" title="Bolt (website)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BranchOut" title="BranchOut">BranchOut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capazoo" title="Capazoo">Capazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EConozco" title="EConozco">eConozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ello_(social_network)" title="Ello (social network)">Ello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emojli" title="Emojli">Emojli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWorld" title="EWorld">eWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyegroove" title="Eyegroove">Eyegroove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitFinder" title="FitFinder">FitFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriendFeed" title="FriendFeed">FriendFeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Google Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grono.net" title="Grono.net">Grono.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_(social_network)" title="Hello (social network)">Hello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlight_(application)" title="Highlight (application)">Highlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseparty_(app)" title="Houseparty (app)">Houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IdeaPlane" title="IdeaPlane">IdeaPlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Ping" title="ITunes Ping">iTunes Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWiW" title="IWiW">iWiW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keek" title="Keek">Keek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo_(social_network)" title="Koo (social network)">Koo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeknot" title="Lifeknot">Lifeknot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunarStorm" title="LunarStorm">LunarStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miiverse" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixBit" title="MixBit">MixBit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobli" title="Mobli">Mobli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply_(website)" title="Multiply (website)">Multiply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlog" title="Netlog">Netlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK.pl" title="NK.pl">NK.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(social_network)" title="Path (social network)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheed" title="Pheed">Pheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piczo" title="Piczo">Piczo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciencescape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencescape">Sciencescape</a> (Meta<sup>α</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(social_network_site)" title="Skyrock (social network site)">Skyrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So.cl" title="So.cl">So.cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_Live" title="Spotify Live">Spotify Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring.me" title="Spring.me">Spring.me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetlife_(website)" title="Streetlife (website)">Streetlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudiVZ" title="StudiVZ">StudiVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfbook" title="Surfbook">Surfbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkbits" title="Talkbits">Talkbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taringa!" title="Taringa!">Taringa!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbh" title="Tbh">tbh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Voice" title="Third Voice">Third Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe.net" title="Tribe.net">tribe.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvtag" title="Tvtag">tvtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretch_(website)" title="Wretch (website)">Wretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0" title="Yahoo 360°">Yahoo! 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Yahoo! Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Mash" title="Yahoo Mash">Yahoo! Mash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Yahoo! Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(app)" title="Yo (app)">Yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software" title="Comparison of social networking software">Software comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">White-label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall.fm" title="Wall.fm">Wall.fm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_page" title="Confessions page">Confessions page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst_trap" title="Thirst trap">Thirst trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">Online dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">Social network hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_page" title="Brand page">Brand page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)" title="Group (online social networking)">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">Like button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_poll" title="Open-access poll">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_(social_media)" title="Story (social media)">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use in investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">User gender differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Social Networking Protocol">Decentralized Social Networking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol" title="Distributed Social Networking Protocol">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">Pump.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking" title="Template:Social networking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking" title="Template talk:Social networking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_network" title="Sexual network">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_network" title="Value network">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Corporate social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking"><i>list</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">Enterprise social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_knowledge_networking" title="Personal knowledge networking">Personal knowledge networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br /> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mixing" title="Assortative mixing">Assortative mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">Interpersonal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">Social exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_endogamy" title="Structural endogamy">Structural endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models and<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">Account verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_change_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network change detection">Change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Global_Graph" title="Giant Global Graph">Giant Global Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_communication" title="Lateral communication">Lateral communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">Reputation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking potential">Social networking potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_economy" title="Creator economy">Creator economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sorting" title="Social sorting">Social sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_recognition" title="Community recognition">Community recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Complex contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_strangers" title="Consequential strangers">Consequential strangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_a_friend" title="Friend of a friend">Friend of a friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">Friending and following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_paradox" title="Friendship paradox">Friendship paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet addiction">Internet addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">Overchoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">Six degrees of separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media addiction">Social media addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">Social invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_game" title="Social network game">Social network game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(internet)" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_recession" title="Friendship recession">Friendship recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_network_researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social network researchers">Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(user_experience)" title="Persona (user experience)">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral messages">Viral messages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulletin_board_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulletin_board_system" title="Template:Bulletin board system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulletin_board_system" title="Template talk:Bulletin board system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulletin_board_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulletin board system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulletin_board_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bulletin_board_systems" title="List of bulletin board systems">List of bulletin board systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bulletin_board_system_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bulletin board system software">List of bulletin board system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_art" title="ANSI art">ANSI art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">Chat room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_transfer_protocols#Serial_protocols" title="Comparison of file transfer protocols">Protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysop" title="Sysop">Sysop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_(bulletin_board_system)" title="Door (bulletin board system)">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_outdial" title="Internet outdial">Internet outdial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Imaging_Protocol" title="Remote Imaging Protocol">Remote Imaging Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skypix" title="Skypix">Skypix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RelayNet" title="RelayNet">RelayNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWIVnet" title="WWIVnet">WWIVnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boardwatch" title="Boardwatch">Boardwatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Shopper_(US_magazine)" title="Computer Shopper (US magazine)">Computer Shopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textfiles.com" title="Textfiles.com">textfiles.com</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BBS:_The_Documentary" title="BBS: The Documentary">BBS: The Documentary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Christensen" title="Ward Christensen">Ward Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Suess" title="Randy Suess">Randy Suess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Forsberg" title="Chuck Forsberg">Chuck Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Jennings" title="Tom Jennings">Tom Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Punter" title="Steve Punter">Steve Punter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Scott" title="Jason Scott">Jason Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&oldid=1258314243">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&oldid=1258314243</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality" title="Category:Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_building" title="Category:Community building">Community building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_information_processing" title="Category:Social information processing">Social information processing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_websites" title="Category:Community websites">Community websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_software" title="Category:Social software">Social software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet" title="Category:Internet">Internet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community" title="Category:Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_communities" title="Category:Virtual communities">Virtual communities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_March_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2011">Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2016">Articles that may contain original research from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 01:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_community&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rf9q5","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.980","walltime":"1.178","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4430,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":209119,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2011,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":267026,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 957.665 1 -total"," 39.51% 378.421 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.54% 215.836 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.54% 158.351 32 Template:Cite_book"," 10.91% 104.462 3 Template:Navbox"," 10.49% 100.417 1 Template:Online_social_networking"," 7.41% 70.954 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.81% 65.177 2 Template:Ambox"," 6.53% 62.561 13 Template:Cite_web"," 5.41% 51.788 1 Template:Essay-like"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.639","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6557520,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g6cgs","timestamp":"20241124175237","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Virtual community","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtual_community","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210980","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210980","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-29T17:04:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T01:35:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_-_Annual_Meeting_2021_-_Consortium_Members.jpg","headline":"social network of individuals who interact through specific social media"}</script> </body> </html>