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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textile_mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Textile mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_communal_living_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_communal_living_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>American communal living experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spiritualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Honours and tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Owen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Owen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism of Owen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Owen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_Owen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_Owen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Biographies of Owen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_Owen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works_about_Owen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works_about_Owen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other works about Owen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works_about_Owen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روبرت أوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت أوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ouen" title="Robert Ouen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Ouen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="রবার্ট ওয়েন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট ওয়েন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Роберт Оўэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Оўэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Робърт Оуен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Оуен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen_(Unternehmer)" title="Robert Owen (Unternehmer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Owen (Unternehmer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Ρόμπερτ Όουεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Όουεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="رابرت اوون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت اوون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="रोबर्ट ओएन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रोबर्ट ओएन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%98%A4%EC%96%B8" title="로버트 오언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 오언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%95%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռոբերտ Օուեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Օուեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="राबर्ट ओवेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राबर्ट ओवेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רוברט אוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט אוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಓವೆನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಓವೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Роберт Оуэн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Оуэн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Оуэн Роберт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оуэн Роберт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Owen" title="Robertus Owen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Owen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen_(politikus)" title="Robert Owen (politikus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Owen (politikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роберт Овен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роберт Овен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="റോബർട്ട് ഓവൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് ഓവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="روبرت اوين (رجال اعمال) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت اوين (رجال اعمال)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3" title="ロバート・オウエン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・オウエン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਓਵਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਓਵਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Оуэн, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оуэн, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Роберт Оуэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Роберт Оуэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رابرٽ اووين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رابرٽ اووين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڕۆبێرت ئۆین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت ئۆین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роберт Овен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Овен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இராபர்ட்டு ஓவன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராபர்ட்டு ஓவன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="โรเบิร์ต โอเวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรเบิร์ต โอเวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роберт Оуен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Оуен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robert Owen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="罗伯特·欧文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·欧文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="罗伯特·欧文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·欧文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh textile manufacturer and social reformer (1771–1858)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Owen, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Owen (disambiguation)">Robert Owen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Owen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg/220px-Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg/330px-Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg/440px-Robert_Owen_by_William_Henry_Brooke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3035" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Brooke" title="William Henry Brooke">William Henry Brooke</a>, 1834</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1771-05-14</span>)</span>14 May 1771<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Montgomeryshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtown, Montgomeryshire">Newtown, Montgomeryshire</a>, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1858<span style="display:none">(1858-11-17)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operator">Co-operator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reformer">social reformer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mill</a> co-owner</li><li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropic_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropic capitalist">philanthropic capitalist</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ann (or Anne) Caroline Dale</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="30 September 1799">1799</span>, died)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Dale_Owen" title="David Dale Owen">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dale_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Dale Owen">Richard</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Owen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reformer</a>, and a founder of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">co-operative movement</a>. He strove to improve factory working conditions, promoted experimental <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialistic</a> communities, sought a more collective approach to child-rearing, and 'believed in lifelong education, establishing an Institute for the Formation of Character and School for Children that focused less on job skills than on becoming a better person'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained wealth in the early 1800s from a <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, Scotland. Having trained as a <a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">draper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford, Lincolnshire</a> he worked in London before relocating aged 18 to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and textile manufacturing. In 1824, he moved to America and put most of his fortune in an experimental socialistic community at <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a>, as a preliminary for his <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> society. It lasted about two years. Other <a href="/wiki/Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> communities also failed, and in 1828 Owen returned to London, where he continued to champion the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, lead in developing <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">co-operatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade union movement">trade union movement</a>, and support child labour legislation and free co-educational schools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen,_born_June_12th_1771_(1294584).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg/220px-Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg/330px-Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg/440px-Newtown_Parish_Register_for_births_with_an_entry_for_Robert_Owen%2C_born_June_12th_1771_%281294584%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Baptism record of Robert Owen in the Newtown Anglican Parish Register<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Robert Owen was born in <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Powys" title="Newtown, Powys">Newtown</a>, a small market town in <a href="/wiki/Montgomeryshire" title="Montgomeryshire">Montgomeryshire</a>, Wales, on 14 May 1771, to Anne (Williams) and Robert Owen. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironmongery" title="Ironmongery">ironmonger</a> and local postmaster; his mother was the daughter of a Newtown farming family. Young Robert was the sixth of the family's seven children, two of whom died at a young age. His surviving siblings were William, Anne, John and Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen received little formal education, but he was an avid reader. He left school at the age of ten to be an apprentice <a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">draper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford, Lincolnshire</a>, for four years. He also worked in London drapery shops in his teenage years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the age of 18, Owen moved to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, where he spent the next twelve years of his life, employed initially at Satterfield's Drapery in Saint Ann's Square.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Owen%27s_House,_New_Lanark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg/220px-Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg/330px-Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg/440px-Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Robert Owen's house in <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>On a visit to Scotland, Owen met and fell in love with Ann (or Anne) Caroline Dale, daughter of <a href="/wiki/David_Dale" title="David Dale">David Dale</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> philanthropist and the proprietor of the large New Lanark Mills. After their marriage on 30 September 1799, the Owens set up a home in <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, but later moved to Braxfield House in <a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert and Caroline Owen had eight children, the first of whom died in infancy. Their seven survivors were four sons and three daughters: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale</a> (1801–1877), William (1802–1842), Ann (or Anne) Caroline (1805–1831), Jane Dale (1805–1861), <a href="/wiki/David_Dale_Owen" title="David Dale Owen">David Dale</a> (1807–1860), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dale_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Dale Owen">Richard Dale</a> (1809–1890) and Mary (1810–1832).<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen's four sons, Robert Dale, William, David Dale and Richard, and his daughter Jane Dale, followed their father to the United States, becoming US citizens and permanent residents in New Harmony, Indiana. Owen's wife Caroline and two of their daughters, Anne Caroline and Mary, remained in Britain, where they died in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook72_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traces11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_mills">Textile mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textile mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in Manchester, Owen borrowed £100 from his brother William, to enter into a partnership to make <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mules</a>, a new invention for spinning cotton threads, but exchanged his business shares within a few months for six spinning mules that he worked in rented factory space.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792, when Owen was about 21 years old, mill-owner <a href="/wiki/Peter_Drinkwater" title="Peter Drinkwater">Peter Drinkwater</a> made him manager of the <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Mill" title="Piccadilly Mill">Piccadilly Mill</a> at Manchester. However, after two years with Drinkwater, Owen voluntarily gave up his contract of partnership and left the company, and went into partnership with other entrepreneurs to establish and later manage the Chorlton Twist Mills in <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock" title="Chorlton-on-Medlock">Chorlton-on-Medlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1790s, Owen's <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurial</a> spirit and management skills and progressive moral views were emerging. In 1793, he was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> were discussed. He also became a committee member of the Manchester Board of Health, instigated principally by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Thomas Percival</a> to press for improvements in the health and working conditions of factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornber_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornber-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kimberling_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimberling-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1799 Owen and his partners bought the <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> mill from David Dale, and Owen became its manager in January 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged by his management success in Manchester, Owen hoped to conduct the New Lanark mill on higher principles than purely commercial ones. It had been established in 1785 by David Dale and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a>. Its water power provided by the falls of the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a> turned its cotton-spinning operation into one of Britain's largest. About 2,000 individuals were involved, 500 of them children brought to the mill at the age of five or six from the poorhouses and charities of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and Glasgow. Dale, known for his benevolence, treated the children well, but the general condition of New Lanark residents was unsatisfactory, despite efforts by Dale and his son-in-law Owen to improve their workers' lives.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison34_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison34-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the workers were from the lowest social levels: theft, drunkenness and other vices were common and education and sanitation neglected. Most families lived in one room. More respectable people rejected the long hours and demoralising drudgery of the mills.<sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield,_July_22nd_1833_(1294620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg/220px-Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg/330px-Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg/440px-Truck_system_of_payment_by_order_of_Robert_Owen_and_Benj_Woolfield%2C_July_22nd_1833_%281294620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Truck system of payment by order of Robert Owen and Benj Woolfield, National Equitable Labour Exchange, 22 July 1833.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until a series of <a href="/wiki/Truck_Acts" title="Truck Acts">Truck Acts</a> (1831–1887) required employers to pay their employees in common currency, many operated a <a href="/wiki/Truck_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck system">truck system</a>, paying workers wholly or in part with tokens that had no monetary value outside the mill owner's "truck shop", which charged high prices for shoddy goods.<sup id="cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeekesThesis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike others, Owen's truck store offered goods at prices only slightly above their wholesale cost,<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passing on the savings from bulk purchases to his customers and placing alcohol sales under strict supervision. These principles became the basis for Britain's co-operative shops, some of which continue trading in altered forms to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornber_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornber-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloy_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_communal_living_experiments">American communal living experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American communal living experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_harmony_vision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/330px-New_harmony_vision.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/495px-New_harmony_vision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/660px-New_harmony_vision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Moral_World" title="New Moral World">New Moral World</a>, Owen's envisioned successor of <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenites</a> fired bricks to build it, but it was never constructed.</figcaption></figure> <p>To test the viability of his ideas for self-sufficient working communities, Owen began experimenting with communal living in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1825. Among the most famous efforts was the one set up at <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a>, Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 130 identifiable communitarian experiments in the United States before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, at least 16 were <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenite</a> or Owenite-influenced. New Harmony was Owen's earliest and most ambitious of these.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison37_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison37-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen and his son William sailed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in October 1824 to establish an experimental community in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopold21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopold21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1825 Owen used a portion of his funds to purchase an existing town of 180 buildings and several thousand acres of land along the Wabash River in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Rapp" title="George Rapp">George Rapp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Society" title="Harmony Society">Harmony Society</a>, the religious group that owned the property and had founded the communal village of Harmony (or Harmonie) on the site in 1814, decided in 1824 to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Owen renamed it New Harmony and made the village his preliminary model for a Utopian community.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen sought support for his socialist vision among American thinkers, reformers, intellectuals and public statesmen. On 25 February and 7 March 1825, Owen gave addresses in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and others in the US government, outlining his vision for the Utopian community at New Harmony, and his socialist beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience for his ideas included three former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidents</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> – the outgoing US President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, and the President-elect, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His meetings were perhaps the first discussions of socialism in the Americas; they were certainly a big step towards discussion of it in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a>, among the first socialist ideologies active in the United States, can be seen as an instigator of the later socialist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeekesThesis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen convinced <a href="/wiki/William_Maclure" title="William Maclure">William Maclure</a>, a wealthy Scottish scientist and philanthropist living in Philadelphia to join him at New Harmony and become his financial partner. Maclure's involvement went on to attract scientists, educators and artists such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Thomas Say</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_Lesueur" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Alexandre Lesueur">Charles-Alexandre Lesueur</a>, and Madame <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Duclos_Fretageot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Duclos Fretageot (page does not exist)">Marie Duclos Fretageot</a>. These helped to turn the New Harmony community into a centre for educational reform, scientific research and artistic expression.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traces2-25_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces2-25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Owen sought to build a "Village of Unity and Mutual Cooperation" south of the town, his grand plan was never fully realised and he returned to Britain to continue his work. During his long absences from New Harmony, Owen left the experiment under the day-to-day management of his sons, Robert Dale Owen and William Owen, and his business partner, Maclure. However, New Harmony proved to be an economic failure, lasting about two years, although it had attracted over a thousand residents by the end of its first year. The socialistic society was dissolved in 1827, but many of its scientists, educators, artists and other inhabitants, including Owen's four sons, Robert Dale, William, David Dale, and Richard Dale Owen, and his daughter Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy, remained at New Harmony after the experiment ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Traces2-25_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces2-25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other experiments in the United States included communal settlements at Blue Spring, near <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>, Indiana, at <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Springs,_Ohio" title="Yellow Springs, Ohio">Yellow Springs</a>, Ohio, and at <a href="/wiki/Forestville_Commonwealth" title="Forestville Commonwealth">Forestville Commonwealth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Coxsackie (town), New York">Earlton</a>, New York, as well as other projects in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Nearly all of these had ended before New Harmony was dissolved in April 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen's Utopian communities attracted a mix of people, many with the highest aims. They included vagrants, adventurers and other reform-minded enthusiasts. In the words of Owen's son David Dale Owen, they attracted "a heterogeneous collection of Radicals", "enthusiastic devotees to principle", and "honest <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarians">latitudinarians</a>, and lazy theorists", with "a sprinkling of unprincipled sharpers thrown in".<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>, a participant at New Harmony, asserted that it was doomed to failure for lack of <a href="/wiki/Individual_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual sovereignty">individual sovereignty</a> and personal property. In describing the community, Warren explained: "We had a world in miniature – we had enacted the French revolution over again with despairing hearts instead of corpses as a result ... It appeared that it was nature's inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ... our 'united interests' were directly at war with the individualities of persons and circumstances and the instinct of self-preservation".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren's observations on the reasons for the community's failure led to the development of <a href="/wiki/American_individualist_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="American individualist anarchism">American individualist anarchism</a>, of which he was its original theorist.<sup id="cite_ref-JosiahWarren_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JosiahWarren-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have traced the demise of New Harmony to serial disagreements among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social experiments also began in Scotland in 1825, when <a href="/wiki/Abram_Combe" title="Abram Combe">Abram Combe</a>, an Owenite, attempted a utopian experiment at <a href="/wiki/Orbiston,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiston, Scotland">Orbiston</a>, near Glasgow, but this failed after about two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnett_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnett-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s, additional experiments in socialistic co-operatives were made in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and Britain, the most important being at <a href="/wiki/Ralahine" title="Ralahine">Ralahine</a>, established in 1831 in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Ireland, and at <a href="/wiki/East_Tytherley" title="East Tytherley">Tytherley</a>, begun in 1839 in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England. The former proved a remarkable success for three-and-a-half years until the proprietor, having ruined himself by gambling, had to sell his interest. Tytherley, known as Harmony Hall or <a href="/wiki/Queenwood_College" title="Queenwood College">Queenwood College</a>, was designed by the architect Joseph Hansom.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also failed. Another social experiment, <a href="/wiki/Manea,_Cambridgeshire#Manea_Colony" title="Manea, Cambridgeshire">Manea Colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>, Cambridgeshire, launched in the late 1830s by William Hodson, likewise an Owenite, but it failed in a couple of years and Hodson emigrated to the United States. The Manea Colony site has been excavated by the Cambridge Archaeology Unit (CAU) based at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Great_Britain">Return to Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_(1771_-_1858)_by_John_Cranch,_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Owen by <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cranch,_John_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Cranch, John (DNB00)">John Cranch</a>, 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Owen made further brief visits to the United States, London became his permanent home and the centre of his work in 1828. After extended friction with William Allen and some other business partners, Owen relinquished all connections with New Lanark.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often quoted in a comment by Allen at the time, "All the world is queer save thee and me, and even thou art a little queer".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having invested most of his fortune in the failed New Harmony communal experiment, Owen was no longer a wealthy capitalist. However, he remained the head of a vigorous propaganda effort to promote industrial equality, free education for children and adequate living conditions in factory towns, while delivering lectures in Europe and publishing a weekly newspaper to gain support for his ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832 Owen opened the <a href="/wiki/National_Equitable_Labour_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="National Equitable Labour Exchange">National Equitable Labour Exchange</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">time-based currency</a> in which the exchange of goods was effected using labour notes; this system superseded the usual means of exchange and middlemen. The London exchange continued until 1833, with a Birmingham branch operating for just a few months until July 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-UnionHistory_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnionHistory-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen also became involved in trade unionism, briefly leading the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Consolidated_Trades_Union" title="Grand National Consolidated Trades Union">Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU)</a> before its collapse in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socialism first became current in British terminology in discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_all_Classes_of_all_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of all Classes of all Nations">Association of all Classes of all Nations</a>, which Owen formed in 1835 and served as its initial leader.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen's <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> views also gained enough influence among the working classes to cause the <i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a></i> to comment in 1839 that his principles were the creed of many of them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1846, the only lasting result of Owen's agitation for social change, carried on through public meetings, pamphlets, periodicals, and occasional treatises, remained the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Co-operative</a> movement, and for a time even that seemed to have collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeekesThesis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Owen grew older and more radical in his views, his influence began to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen published his memoirs, <i>The Life of Robert Owen</i>, in 1857, a year before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church,_Newtown_(1293839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg/220px-Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg/330px-Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg/440px-Crowd_of_people_congregated_by_the_grave_of_Robert_Owen_at_the_old_parish_church%2C_Newtown_%281293839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Crowds gather to commemorate Robert Owen at his grave in Newtown, Montgomeryshire on 12 July 1902<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although he had spent most of his life in England and Scotland, Owen returned to his native town of Newtown at the end of his life. He died there on 17 November 1858 and was buried there on 21 November. He died penniless apart from an annual income drawn from a trust established by his sons in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_influence">Philosophy and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owen tested his social and economic ideas at New Lanark, where he won his workers' confidence and continued to have success through improved efficiency at the mill. The community also earned an international reputation. Social reformers, statesmen and royalty, including the future Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>, visited New Lanark to study its methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinions of many such visitors were favourable.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison37_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison37-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Owen's schemes displeased his partners, forcing him to arrange for other investors to buy his share of the business in 1813, for the equivalent of US$800,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new investors, who included <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and the well-known <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a>, were content to accept a £5,000 return on their capital.<sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ownership change also provided Owen with a chance to broaden his <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>, advocating improvements in <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a> and child labour laws, and <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen felt that human character is formed by conditions over which individuals have no control. Thus individuals could not be praised or blamed for their behaviour or situation in life. This principle led Owen to conclude that the correct formation of people's characters called for placing them under proper environmental influences – physical, moral and social – from their earliest years. These notions of inherent irresponsibility in humans and the effect of early influences on an individual's character formed the basis of Owen's system of education and <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relying on his observations, experiences and thoughts, Owen saw his view of human nature as original and "the most basic and necessary constituent in an evolving science of society".<sup id="cite_ref-Curti61_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curti61-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His philosophy was influenced by Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s views on natural law, and his views resembled those of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, among others. Owen did not have the direct influence of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-Curti61_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curti61-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen hoped for a better and more harmonious environment that promoted mutual respect, love and moral values. He believed everyone would have a good education and better living condition to live righteously.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He valued social and educational reforms for the middle class and rejected the capitalist power which elevated the powerful figures at the expense of others.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of his adversaries' attacks, he remained persuasive of his goals. Owen funded kids' schools and advocated for free education, equal rights and freedom. He participated in legislation to improve labourers' wages and working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen believed compassion, kindness and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> corrected bad habits, encouraged self-<a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> and enhanced a person's attitude. Force <a href="/wiki/Oppressed_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppressed people">oppressed people</a> and affected their <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>. In his view, unless people were educated in a proper environment, obtained <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunities" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal opportunities">equal opportunities</a> for jobs and maintained social norms, differences between labour classes, conflicts, and inequalities would persist just as in the British colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without making any changes in the national institutions, he believed that even reorganizing the working classes would bring great benefits. So he opposed the views of radicals seeking to change in the public mentality by expanding voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owen's work at New Lanark continued to have significance in Britain and continental Europe. He was a "pioneer in factory reform, the father of distributive co-operation, and the founder of nursery schools".<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His schemes for educating his workers included opening an Institute for the Formation of Character at New Lanark in 1818. This and other programmes at New Lanark provided free education from infancy to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he zealously supported factory legislation that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Cotton Mills and Factories Act</a> of 1819. Owen also had interviews and communications with leading members of the British government, including its premier, Robert Banks Jenkinson, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>. He also met many of the rulers and leading statesmen of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guru_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guru-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen's biggest success was in support of youth education and early child care.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a pioneer in Britain, notably Scotland, Owen provided an alternative to the "normal <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> approach to child education".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the methods argued that the manners of children brought up under his system were more graceful, genial and unconstrained; health, plenty and contentment prevailed; drunkenness was almost unknown and illegitimacy extremely rare. Owen's relations with his workers remained excellent and operations at the mill proceeded in a smooth, regular and commercially successful way.<sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps one of Robert Owen's most memorable ideas was his silent monitor method. Owen was opposed to common corporal punishment; therefore, to have some form of discipline he developed the "silent monitor". In his mills, he would hang a four-sided block each displaying a different colour representing the behaviour of the employee. The colour for poor performance was black and he believed it aligned with the Scottish term 'black-affronted' meaning to be embarrassed, while the opposite is white to symbolize meritorious conduct. His strategy was successful as employees at the time cared about maintaining a good relationship with Owen to leave a good impression on him since he took a different approach to employee regulation. This idea supports his overall thought that human nature is moulded for better or worse by the environment. Owen had a significant impact on British socialism as well as on unionism which helped him set an example for others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor">Labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owen adopted new principles to raise the standard of goods his workers produced. A cube with faces painted in different colours was installed above each machinist's workplace. The colour of the face showed to all who saw it the quality and quantity of goods the worker completed. The intention was to encourage workers to do their best. Although it was no great incentive in itself, conditions at New Lanark for workers and their families were idyllic for the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Guru_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guru-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen raised the demand for an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> in 1810 and set about instituting the policy at <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>. By 1817 he had formulated the goal of an eight-hour working day with the slogan "eight hours labour, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest".<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1813 Owen authored and published <i>A New View of Society, or Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character</i>, the first of four essays he wrote to explain the principles behind his philosophy of socialistic reform.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this he writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the present arrangement of society is the most <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social</a>, impolitic, and <a href="/wiki/Irrational" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrational">irrational</a> that can be devised; that under its influence all the superior and valuable qualities of the human race are <a href="/wiki/Repressed" title="Repressed">repressed</a> from infancy, and that the most unnatural means are used to bring out the most injurious propensities ...</p></blockquote> <p>Owen had originally been a follower of the classical liberal, <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> Jeremy Bentham, who believed that <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, in particular the right of workers to move and choose their employers, would release workers from the excessive power of capitalists. However, Owen developed his own, pro-<a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> outlook. In addition, Owen as a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a>, criticised organised religion, including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and developed a belief system of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-Traces12_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces12-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Owen_Statue,_Balloon_Street,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/170px-Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/255px-Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/340px-Robert_Owen_Statue%2C_Balloon_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A statue commemorating Owen in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, in front of <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Owen embraced socialism in 1817, a turning point in his life, in which he pursued a "New View of Society".<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison34_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison34-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He outlined his position in a report to the committee of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom House of Commons">House of Commons</a> on the country's <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As misery and trade stagnation after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> drew national attention, the government called on Owen for advice on how to alleviate the industrial concerns. Although he ascribed the immediate misery to the wars, he saw it as the underlying cause of competition of human labour with machinery and recommended setting up self-sufficient communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen appealed to the self-interest of capitalists, pointing out that just as machines need proper care and treatment to guarantee they work smoothly and efficiently, so do humans.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen proposed that communities of some 1,200 people should settle on land from 1,000 to 1,500 acres (405 to 607 ha), all living in one building with a public kitchen and dining halls. (The proposed size may have been influenced by the size of the village of New Lanark.) Owen also proposed that each family have its private apartment and the responsibility for the care of its children up to the age of three. Thereafter children would be raised by the community, but their parents would have access to them at mealtimes and on other occasions. Owen further suggested that such communities be established by individuals, parishes, <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a>, or other governmental units. In each case, there would be effective supervision by qualified persons. Work and enjoyment of its results should be experienced communally. Owen believed his idea would be the best way to reorganise society in general,<sup id="cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called his vision the "New Moral World".<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen's utopian model changed little in his lifetime. His developed model envisaged an association of 500–3,000 people as the optimum for a working community. While mainly agricultural, it would possess the best machinery, offer varied employment, and as far as possible be self-contained. Owen went on to explain that as such communities proliferated, "unions of them federatively united shall be formed in the circle of tens, hundreds and thousands", linked by a common interest.<sup id="cite_ref-BloyVillages_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloyVillages-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen grew to be known as a utopian socialist and his works are considered to reflect this attitude. Although he could be considered a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> his relationship with this class was often complicated. He fought to pass legislation that benefitted workers. He was an advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mills_and_Factories_Act_1819" title="Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819">Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819</a>. He supported socialist ideas so his views did not have an immediate impact in Britain or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spiritualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Owen%27s_tomb,_Newtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg/220px-Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg/330px-Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg/440px-Robert_Owen%27s_tomb%2C_Newtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Robert Owen, <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Powys" title="Newtown, Powys">Newtown</a>, Powys. The <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> railings were a 1902 addition</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1817, Owen publicly claimed that all religions were false.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, aged 83, Owen converted to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a> after a series of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">sittings</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_B._Hayden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria B. Hayden (page does not exist)">Maria B. Hayden</a>, an American medium credited with introducing spiritualism to England. He made a public profession of his new faith in his publication <i>The Rational Quarterly Review</i> and in a pamphlet titled <i>The Future of the Human Race; or great glorious and future revolution to be effected through the agency of departed spirits of good and superior men and women</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence679_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence679-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen claimed to have had medium contact with the spirits of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and others. He explained that the purpose of these was to change "the present, false, disunited and miserable state of human existence, for a true, united and happy state... to prepare the world for universal peace, and to infuse into all the spirit of charity, forbearance and love."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualists</a> claimed after Owen's death that his spirit had dictated to the medium <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Emma Hardinge Britten</a> in 1871 the "<a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Seven Principles of Spiritualism</a>", used by their National Union as "the basis of its religious philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owen was a reformer, philanthropist, community builder, and spiritualist who spent his life seeking to improve the lives of others. An advocate of the working class, he improved working conditions for factory workers, which he demonstrated at New Lanark, Scotland, became a leader in trade unionism, promoted social equality through his experimental Utopian communities, and supported the passage of child labour laws and free education for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these reforms he was ahead of his time. He envisioned a <a href="/wiki/Communal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal society">communal society</a> that others could consider and apply as they wished.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race</i> (1849), he went on to say that character is formed by a combination of Nature or God and the circumstances of the individual's experience.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing beneficial results at New Lanark, Scotland, during 30 years of work there, Owen concluded that a person's "character is not made <i>by</i>, but <i>for</i> the individual,"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that nature and society are responsible for each person's character and conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen's agitation for social change, along with the work of the Owenites and his children, helped to bring lasting social reforms in women's and workers' rights, establish free public libraries and museums, child care and public, co-educational schools, and pre-Marxian communism, and develop the Co-operative and trade union movements. New Harmony, Indiana, and New Lanark, Scotland, two towns with which he is closely associated, remain as reminders of his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-GS269-70_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen's legacy of public service continued with his four sons, Robert Dale, William, David Dale, and Richard Dale, and his daughter, Jane, who followed him to America to live in New Harmony, Indiana: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale Owen</a> (1801–1877), an able exponent of his father's doctrines, managed the New Harmony community after his father returned to Britain in 1825. He wrote articles and co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Frances Wright</a> the <i>New-Harmony Gazette</i> in the late 1820s in Indiana and the <i>Free Enquirer</i> in the 1830s in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Owen returned to New Harmony in 1833 and became active in Indiana politics. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a> (1836–1839 and 1851–1853) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> (1843–1847) and was appointed chargé d'affaires in Naples in 1853–1858. While serving as a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, he drafted and helped to secure passage of a bill founding the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1846. He was elected a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitutional_Convention_2" title="Constitution of Indiana">Indiana Constitutional Convention</a> in 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook72-74_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook72-74-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued in support of widows and married women's property and divorce rights. He also favoured legislation for Indiana's tax-supported public school system.<sup id="cite_ref-Traces12_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces12-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his father, he believed in <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a>, authoring two books on the subject: <i>Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World</i> (1859) and <i>The Debatable Land Between this World and the Next</i> (1872).<sup id="cite_ref-Estabrook72_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estabrook72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>William Owen (1802–1842) moved to the United States with his father in 1824. His business skill, notably his knowledge of cotton goods manufacturing, allowed him to remain at New Harmony after his father returned to Scotland, and serve as an adviser to the community. He organised New Harmony's Thespian Society in 1827 but died of unknown causes at the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Traces11_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traces11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy (1805–1861) arrived in the United States in 1833 and settled in New Harmony. She was a musician and educator who set up a school in her home. In 1835 she married Robert Henry Fauntleroy, a civil engineer from Virginia living in New Harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PL25_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL25-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dale_Owen" title="David Dale Owen">David Dale Owen</a> (1807–1860) moved to the United States in 1827 and resided at New Harmony for several years. He trained as a geologist and natural scientist and earned a medical degree. He was appointed a United States geologist in 1839. His work included geological surveys in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, more specifically the states of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a>. His brother Richard succeeded him as state geologist of Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leopold50-51_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopold50-51-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dale_Owen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Dale Owen">Richard Dale Owen</a> (1810–1890) emigrated to the United States in 1827 and joined his siblings at New Harmony. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1847, taught natural science at Western Military Institute in Tennessee from 1849 to 1859, and earned a medical degree in 1858. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> he was a <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> and served as a commandant of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Morton" title="Camp Morton">Camp Morton</a>, a prisoner-of-war camp for <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Indiana. After the war, Owen served as Indiana's second state geologist. In addition, he was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> and chaired its natural science department from 1864 to 1879. He helped plan <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> and was appointed its first president in 1872–1874, but resigned before its classes began and resumed teaching at Indiana University. He spent his retirement years on research and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopold50-51_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopold50-51-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours_and_tributes">Honours and tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg/170px-RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg/255px-RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg/340px-RobertOwenKensalGreen01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Robert Owen Memorial (left), next to The Reformers Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A simple slate tomb for Owen was installed in St Mary's Churchyard in Newtown. In 1902 the co-operative movement erected <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> railings around the tomb as a monument to him.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1956 a bronze statue of Owen by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bayes" title="Gilbert Bayes">Gilbert Bayes</a> was installed in a small garden dedicated to Owen in Newtown.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Welsh people donated a bust of Owen by Welsh sculptor Sir <a href="/wiki/Goscombe_John" title="Goscombe John">William Goscombe John</a> to the International Labour Office library in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1994 the Co-operative Bank installed a copy of the Newtown statue in front of its headquarters on Balloon Street, Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Owen">Criticism of Owen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism of Owen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owen's project was considered unachievable because he did not establish a guideline that stipulated the administration of properties and the conditions of memberships. As a result, some critics found his plans unsatisfactory and ineffective because the overpopulation and shortage of supply created antagonism within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen's opponents view him as a dictator, and a blasphemer of Christianity because he rejected sacred beliefs and defied anyone who differed from his views.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen perceived religion as a source of fear and ignorance. Therefore, people were unable to think rationally if they stayed attached to "fallacious testimonies" of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable critics of Owen include <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, even though they viewed his work as a precursor to their own.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recognized in Owen the important understanding, developed by Marx in <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital"><i>Capital</i></a>, that it is the working class that is responsible for creating the unparalleled wealth in capitalist societies.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, Owen also recognized that under the existing economic system, the working class did not automatically receive the benefits of that newly created wealth. Marx and Engels, differentiated, however, their scientific conception of socialism from Owen's societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued that Owen's plan, to create a model socialist utopia to coexist with contemporary society and prove its superiority over time, was insufficient to create a new society. In their view, Owen's "socialism" was utopian, since to Owen and the other utopian socialists "socialism is the expression of absolute truth, reason and justice, and has only to be discovered to conquer all the world by its power."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx and Engels believed that the overthrow of the capitalist system could only occur once the working class was organized into a revolutionary socialist political party of the working class that was completely independent of all capitalist class influence, whereas the utopians sought the assistance and the co-operation of the capitalists to achieve the transition to socialism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_published_works">Selected published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i> A New View of Society: Or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice</i> (London, 1813). Retitled, <i>A New View of Society: Or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for Gradually Ameliorating the Condition of Mankind</i>, for the second edition, 1816</li> <li><i> Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System</i>. London, 1815</li> <li><i> Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor</i> (1817)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i> Two Memorials on Behalf of the Working Classes</i> (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1818)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i> An Address to the Master Manufacturers of Great Britain: On the Present Existing Evils in the Manufacturing System</i> (Bolton, 1819)</li> <li><i> Report to the County of Lanark of a Plan for relieving Public Distress</i> (Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1821)</li> <li><i> An Explanation of the Cause of Distress which pervades the civilised parts of the world</i> (London and Paris, 1823)</li> <li><i> An Address to All Classes in the State</i>. London, 1832</li> <li><i> The Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race</i>. London, 1849</li></ul> <p>Collected works: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/owennewviewsocietyandotherwritings">A New View of Society and Other Writings</a></i>, introduction by G. D. H. Cole. London and New York: J. M. Dent & Sons, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1927</li> <li><i>A New View of Society and Other Writings</i>, G. Claeys, ed. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1991</li> <li><i>The Selected Works of Robert Owen</i>, G. Claeys, ed., 4 vols. London: Pickering and Chatto, 1993</li></ul> <p>Archival collections: </p> <ul><li>Robert Owen Collection, National Co-operative Archive, United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Harmony, Indiana, Collection, 1814–1884, 1920, 1964, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Historical_Society" title="Indiana Historical Society">Indiana Historical Society</a>, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Harmony Series III Collection, Workingmen's Institute, New Harmony, Indiana, United States<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Owen family collection, 1826–1967, bulk 1830–1890, Indiana University Archives, Bloomington, Indiana, United States<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">José María Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Owenite_communities_in_the_United_States" title="List of Owenite communities in the United States">List of Owenite communities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenstown" title="Owenstown">Owenstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gunderman2021" class="citation web cs1">Richard Gunderman (11 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060231/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Robert-Owen-born-250-years-ago-tried-to-use-his-16167787.php">"Robert Owen, born 250 years ago, tried to use his wealth to perfect humanity in a radically equal society"</a>. <i>New Haven Register</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Robert-Owen-born-250-years-ago-tried-to-use-his-16167787.php">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Haven+Register&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen%2C+born+250+years+ago%2C+tried+to+use+his+wealth+to+perfect+humanity+in+a+radically+equal+society&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.au=Richard+Gunderman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhregister.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FRobert-Owen-born-250-years-ago-tried-to-use-his-16167787.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jlb2011.co.uk/walespic/churches/newtown8.htm">"John's Homepage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John%27s+Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlb2011.co.uk%2Fwalespic%2Fchurches%2Fnewtown8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_F._Dowd" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Douglas F. Dowd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Owen">"Robert Owen"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online academic ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online+academic&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.au=Douglas+F.+Dowd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRobert-Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_H._Estabrook1923" class="citation journal cs1">Arthur H. Estabrook (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/6280">"The Family History of Robert Owen"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>19</b> (1). Bloomington: Indiana University: 63 and 69<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Family+History+of+Robert+Owen&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63+and+69&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Arthur+H.+Estabrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fimh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Podmore1907" class="citation book cs1">Frank Podmore (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-sJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR18"><i>Robert Owen: A Biography</i></a>. Vol. I. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 2, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2%2C+4&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Frank+Podmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-sJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 63; Podmore, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_James_Frederick_Rees2007" class="citation web cs1">Sir James Frederick Rees (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-OWEN-ROB-1771.html">"Owen, Robert (1771–1858), Utopian Socialist"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Welsh Biography</i>. National Library of Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Welsh+Biography&rft.atitle=Owen%2C+Robert+%281771%E2%80%931858%29%2C+Utopian+Socialist&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Sir+James+Frederick+Rees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbo.llgc.org.uk%2Fen%2Fs-OWEN-ROB-1771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span> (online version)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podmore, pp. 23 and 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A memorial plaque marks the firm's location.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201133421/https://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/1305183/robert-owen-blue-plaque/?search_hash=08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e&search_offset=0&search_limit=100&search_sort_by=">"Owen Blue Plaque"</a>. 6 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/1305183/robert-owen-blue-plaque/?search_hash=08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e&search_offset=0&search_limit=100&search_sort_by=">the original</a> on 1 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Owen+Blue+Plaque&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotolibra.com%2Fgallery%2F1305183%2Frobert-owen-blue-plaque%2F%3Fsearch_hash%3D08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e%26search_offset%3D0%26search_limit%3D100%26search_sort_by%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010123944/http://robert-owen-museum.org.uk/time_line">"Robert Owen Timeline"</a>. Robert Owen Museum. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robert-owen-museum.org.uk/time_line">the original</a> on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+Timeline&rft.pub=Robert+Owen+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobert-owen-museum.org.uk%2Ftime_line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estabrook64-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook64_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Dale_Owen1874" class="citation book cs1">Robert Dale Owen (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threadingmyway00unkngoog"><i>Threading My Way, Twenty-seven Years of Autobiography</i></a>. New York and London: G. W. Carleton and Company; Trubner and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threadingmyway00unkngoog/page/n72">56</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threading+My+Way%2C+Twenty-seven+Years+of+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=G.+W.+Carleton+and+Company%3B+Trubner+and+Company&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Robert+Dale+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreadingmyway00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, pp. 72, 80 and 83<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Lincoln_Albjerg1946" class="citation book cs1">Victor Lincoln Albjerg (March 1946). <i>Richard Owen: Scotland 1810, Indiana 1890</i>. The Archives of Purdue, no. 2. Lafayette, Indiana. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Owen%3A+Scotland+1810%2C+Indiana+1890&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.series=The+Archives+of+Purdue%2C+no.+2&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1946-03&rft.au=Victor+Lincoln+Albjerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> See also<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/idoa/2783.htm">"Richard Owen"</a>. Indiana Department of Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Owen&rft.pub=Indiana+Department+of+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fidoa%2F2783.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estabrook72-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook72_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook72_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traces11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traces11_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traces11_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitzer, "Why New Harmony is World Famous," in <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podmore, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podmore, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornber-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornber_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornber_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornber" class="citation web cs1">Thornber, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thornber.net/cheshire/ideasmen/percival.html">"Thomas Percival, 1740-1804"</a>. Cheshire Antiquities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Percival%2C+1740-1804&rft.pub=Cheshire+Antiquities&rft.aulast=Thornber&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thornber.net%2Fcheshire%2Fideasmen%2Fpercival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimberling-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kimberling_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberling" class="citation web cs1">Kimberling, Clark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/robtowen.html">"Robert Owen (1771-1858) social reformer, founder of New Harmony"</a>. University of Evansville<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+%281771-1858%29+social+reformer%2C+founder+of+New+Harmony&rft.pub=University+of+Evansville&rft.aulast=Kimberling&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.evansville.edu%2Fck6%2Fbstud%2Frobtowen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison34-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison34_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison34_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. C. Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_E._Pitzer1972" class="citation book cs1">Donald E. Pitzer, ed. (1972). <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy: Proceedings of the Robert Owen Bicentennial Conference</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/578923">578923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%27s+American+Legacy%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Robert+Owen+Bicentennial+Conference&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F578923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdventuresSocialism-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdventuresSocialism_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcullen1891" class="citation web cs1">cullen, Alex (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030362721/cu31924030362721_djvu.txt">"Adventures in Socialism New Lanark establishment and Orbiston community"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventures+in+Socialism+New+Lanark+establishment+and+Orbiston+community&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=cullen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924030362721%2Fcu31924030362721_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeekesThesis-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeekesThesis_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekes2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Weekes, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/2932/1/Weekes_2004.pdf"><i>The British retail co-operative movement</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MSa). University of Central Lancashire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+British+retail+co-operative+movement&rft.inst=University+of+Central+Lancashire&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclok.uclan.ac.uk%2F2932%2F1%2FWeekes_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloy-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloy_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy2016" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjie (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/economic/owencoop.htm">"Robert Owen and the Co-operative movement"</a>. A web of English History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+and+the+Co-operative+movement&rft.pub=A+web+of+English+History&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Feconomic%2Fowencoop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison37-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison37_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison37_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopold21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leopold21_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_William_Leopold1940" class="citation book cs1">Richard William Leopold (1940). <i>Robert Dale Owen, A Biography</i>. Harvard Historical Studies. Vol. 45. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774894">774894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Dale+Owen%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard+Historical+Studies&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774894&rft.au=Richard+William+Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS269-70-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS269-70_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuginSt._Clair2015" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E., eds. (2015). <i>Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 269–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+200%3A+The+People+Who+Shaped+the+Hoosier+State&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=269-70&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-387-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_J._R._Arndt1965" class="citation book cs1">Karl J. R. Arndt (1965). <i>George Rapp's Harmony Society 1785–1847</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Rapp%27s+Harmony+Society+1785%E2%80%931847&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Karl+J.+R.+Arndt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel1971" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, Henry William (1971). <i>The Growth of Economic Thought</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. pp. 441–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Economic+Thought&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=441-442&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Henry+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 66. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Owen1840" class="citation book cs1">Robert Owen (1840). <i>Manifesto of Robert Owen: The discoverer, Founder, and Promulgator, of the Rational System of Society, and the Rational Religion</i>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+Robert+Owen%3A+The+discoverer%2C+Founder%2C+and+Promulgator%2C+of+the+Rational+System+of+Society%2C+and+the+Rational+Religion&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Robert+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland_Hill_Harvey1947" class="citation book cs1">Rowland Hill Harvey (1947). <i>Robert Owen: Social Idealist</i>. University of California Press. pp. 99–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+Social+Idealist&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Rowland+Hill+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traces2-25-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traces2-25_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traces2-25_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrydenWeinzapfel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bryden, Amanda S.; Weinzapfel, Connie A. (Spring 2014). "Editors' Page: 'That Wonder of the West'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Editors%27+Page%3A+%27That+Wonder+of+the+West%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Amanda+S.&rft.au=Weinzapfel%2C+Connie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Baldus2014" class="citation journal cs1">Heather Baldus (Spring 2014). "A Broad Stroke: New Harmony's Artistic Legacy". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=A+Broad+Stroke%3A+New+Harmony%27s+Artistic+Legacy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Heather+Baldus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Branigin, "Robert Owen's New Harmony: An American Heritage", in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forestville Commonwealth was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1974. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 13 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Clayton1908" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Clayton (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuspAAAAYAAJ&q=%22a+heterogeneous+collection+of+radicals%22&pg=PA43"><i>Robert Owen: Pioneer of Social Reforms</i></a>. London: A.C. Fifield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+Pioneer+of+Social+Reforms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.C.+Fifield&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Joseph+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuspAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522a%2Bheterogeneous%2Bcollection%2Bof%2Bradicals%2522%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, <i>Periodical Letter II</i> (1856)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JosiahWarren-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JosiahWarren_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggenbach2011" class="citation web cs1">Riggenbach, Jeff (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/josiah-warren-first-american-anarchist">"Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist"</a>. Mises Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josiah+Warren%3A+The+First+American+Anarchist&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.aulast=Riggenbach&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fjosiah-warren-first-american-anarchist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estabrook68-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook68_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnett-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnett_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1972" class="citation book cs1">Garnett, Ronald (1972). <i>Co-operation and the Owenite Socialist Communities in Britain, 1825–45</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-operation+and+the+Owenite+Socialist+Communities+in+Britain%2C+1825%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Penelope (2010). <i>The Architectural Achievement of Joseph Aloysius Hansom (1803–1882), Designer of the Hansom Cab, Birmingham Town Hall, and Churches of the Catholic Revival</i>. The Edwin Mellen Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-3851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-3851-4"><bdi>978-0-7734-3851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architectural+Achievement+of+Joseph+Aloysius+Hansom+%281803%E2%80%931882%29%2C+Designer+of+the+Hansom+Cab%2C+Birmingham+Town+Hall%2C+and+Churches+of+the+Catholic+Revival&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=The+Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-3851-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittain2017" class="citation report cs1">Brittain, Marcus (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34742897">Ouse Washland Archaeology: Manea Colony Investigations</a> (Report). Excavation Report No. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ouse+Washland+Archaeology%3A+Manea+Colony+Investigations&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34742897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1828?cat=technology#human_rights_social_justice">"1828: Information from"</a>. Answers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1828%3A+Information+from&rft.pub=Answers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2F1828%3Fcat%3Dtechnology%23human_rights_social_justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/forums/showthread.php?t=18866">"Who said this: "all strange but thee and Me" – Literature Network Forums"</a>. Online-literature.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+said+this%3A+%22all+strange+but+thee+and+Me%22+%E2%80%93+Literature+Network+Forums&rft.pub=Online-literature.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D18866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnionHistory-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnionHistory_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionhistory.info/timeline/Tl_Display.php?Where=Dc1Title+contains+%27National+Equitable+Labour+Exchange+notes%2C+1832+%28front%29%27+">"Timeline"</a>. TUC History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline&rft.pub=TUC+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionhistory.info%2Ftimeline%2FTl_Display.php%3FWhere%3DDc1Title%2Bcontains%2B%2527National%2BEquitable%2BLabour%2BExchange%2Bnotes%252C%2B1832%2B%2528front%2529%2527%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Royle1998" class="citation book cs1">Edward Royle (1998). <i>Robert Owen and the Commencement of the Millennium</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5426-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5426-5"><bdi>0-7190-5426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+and+the+Commencement+of+the+Millennium&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7190-5426-5&rft.au=Edward+Royle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, <i>Robert Owen</i>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.1839" class="citation journal cs1">A. (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sthMAQAAMAAJ">"A letter to the Earl of Durham on Reform in Parliament, by Paying the Elected"</a>. <i>London and Westminster Review</i>. <b>32</b>: 475–508<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+and+Westminster+Review&rft.atitle=A+letter+to+the+Earl+of+Durham+on+Reform+in+Parliament%2C+by+Paying+the+Elected&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=475-508&rft.date=1839&rft.au=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsthMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowd-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd" class="citation web cs1">Dowd, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Owen">"Robert Owen: British Social Reformer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+British+Social+Reformer&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRobert-Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/814892553/">"Robert Owen the Socialist; Memorial Unveiled at Newtown; Glowing Eulogy by Mr. G. J. 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"New Harmony, Indiana: Three Great Community Experiments". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=New+Harmony%2C+Indiana%3A+Three+Great+Community+Experiments&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Kent+Schuette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merle Curti, "Robert Owen in American Thought," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curti61-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curti61_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curti61_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curti, "Robert Owen in American Thought", in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Panel Discussion", <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmonyElliott1980" class="citation journal cs1">Carmony, Donald F.; Elliott, Josephine M. 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"chapter 8". <i>A Little History of Economics</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300206364" title="Special:BookSources/9780300206364"><bdi>9780300206364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+8&rft.btitle=A+Little+History+of+Economics&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780300206364&rft.aulast=Kishtainy&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Krishan (1990). "Utopian Thought and Communal Practice: Robert Owen and the Owenite Communities". <i>Theory and Society</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 18–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00148452">10.1007/BF00148452</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/657761">657761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141338548">141338548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Utopian+Thought+and+Communal+Practice%3A+Robert+Owen+and+the+Owenite+Communities&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141338548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F657761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00148452&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAybay2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aybay, Rona (2005). <i>Sosyalizmin öncülerinden Robert Owen: Yaşamı, öğretisi, eylemi</i> [<i>Robert Owen, one of the pioneers of socialism: His life, teachings, actions</i>] (in Turkish). İstanbul: YKY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sosyalizmin+%C3%B6nc%C3%BClerinden+Robert+Owen%3A+Ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1%2C+%C3%B6%C4%9Fretisi%2C+eylemi&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=YKY&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Aybay&rft.aufirst=Rona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guru-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guru_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/2008/10/31/robert-owen">"Robert Owen"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F10%2F31%2Frobert-owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America", <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2017" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Marguerite (3 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/03/how-the-8-hour-workday-changed-how-americans-work.html">"A brief history of the 8-hour workday, which changed how Americans work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+8-hour+workday%2C+which+changed+how+Americans+work&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F05%2F03%2Fhow-the-8-hour-workday-changed-how-americans-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traces12-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traces12_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traces12_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_E._Pitzer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Donald E. Pitzer (Spring 2014). "Why New Harmony is World Famous". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Why+New+Harmony+is+World+Famous&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Donald+E.+Pitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Rokicki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan Rokicki (Spring 2014). "Science in Utopia: New Harmony's Naturalistic Legacy". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Science+in+Utopia%3A+New+Harmony%27s+Naturalistic+Legacy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Ryan+Rokicki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1817" class="citation web cs1">Owen, Robert (12 March 1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516182501/http://la.utexas.edu/users/hcleaver/368/368owenrptcom.html">"To the Chairman of The Committee on the Nation's Poor Laws"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://la.utexas.edu/users/hcleaver/368/368owenrptcom.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span> – via University of Texas. <q>Human labour, hitherto the great source of wealth in nations, being thus diminished in value at the rate of not less than from two to three millions sterling per week in Great Britain alone, that sum, or whatever more or less it may be, has consequently been withdrawn from the circulation of the country, and this has necessarily been the means by which the farmer, tradesman, manufacturer, and merchant, have been so greatly impoverished. A little reflection will show that the working classes have now no adequate means of contending with mechanical power; one of three results must therefore ensue: 1. The use of mechanism must be greatly diminished; or, 2. Millions of human beings must be starved, to permit its existence to the present extent; or, 3. Advantageous occupation must be found for the poor and unemployed working classes, to whose labour mechanism must be rendered subservient, instead of being applied, as at present, to supersede it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+the+Chairman+of+The+Committee+on+the+Nation%27s+Poor+Laws&rft.date=1817-03-12&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fla.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2Fhcleaver%2F368%2F368owenrptcom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Selected Works of Robert Owen</i>. Vol. I. Taylor & Francis. 2021. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selected+Works+of+Robert+Owen&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloyVillages-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BloyVillages_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy2016" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjie (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/ruralife/owenvill.htm">"Robert Owen and 'villages of co-operation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>A web of English History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+web+of+English+History&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen+and+%27villages+of+co-operation%27&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fruralife%2Fowenvill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishmaritimemuseum.org/3d_collections/silent-monitor/">"Silent Monitor"</a>. <i>Scottish Maritime Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Maritime+Museum&rft.atitle=Silent+Monitor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishmaritimemuseum.org%2F3d_collections%2Fsilent-monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_William_Leopold1940" class="citation book cs1">Richard William Leopold (1940). <i>Robert Dale Owen, A Biography</i>. Harvard Historical Studies. Vol. 45. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774894">774894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Dale+Owen%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard+Historical+Studies&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774894&rft.au=Richard+William+Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence679-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spence679_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_Spence2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis Spence (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology</i>. Kessinger Publishing Company. p. 679.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+and+Parapsychology&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Lewis+Spence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Podmore" class="citation book cs1">Frank Podmore. <i>Robert Owen: A Biography</i>. Vol. II. pp. 604–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=604-5&rft.au=Frank+Podmore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snui.org/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=9">"History of Spiritualism"</a>. SNU international<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Spiritualism&rft.pub=SNU+international&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snui.org%2Findex.php%3Fact%3DviewDoc%26docId%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Owen1849" class="citation book cs1">Robert Owen (1849). <i>Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race, or, The Coming Change from Irrationality to Rationality</i>. London: Effingham Wilson. pp. 1 & 9. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11756751">11756751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+the+Mind+and+Practice+of+the+Human+Race%2C+or%2C+The+Coming+Change+from+Irrationality+to+Rationality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1+%26+9&rft.pub=Effingham+Wilson&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11756751&rft.au=Robert+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, <i>Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race</i>, p. 29. See also: Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, <i>Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race</i>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Branigin, "Robert Owen's New Harmony" in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estabrook72-74-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estabrook72-74_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000152">"Owen, Robert Dale (1801–1877)"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. U.S. Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Owen%2C+Robert+Dale+%281801%E2%80%931877%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancoast and Lincoln, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PL25-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PL25_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPancoastLincoln1940" class="citation book cs1">Pancoast, Elinor; Lincoln, Anne E. (1940). <i>The Incorrigible Idealist: Robert Dale Owen in America</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Principia Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2000563">2000563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incorrigible+Idealist%3A+Robert+Dale+Owen+in+America&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Principia+Press&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2000563&rft.aulast=Pancoast&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.au=Lincoln%2C+Anne+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephine_Mirabella_Elliott1964" class="citation journal cs1">Josephine Mirabella Elliott (December 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/9072/11858">"The Owen Family Papers"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>60</b> (4). Bloomington: Indiana University: 343<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Owen+Family+Papers&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343&rft.date=1964-12&rft.au=Josephine+Mirabella+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fimh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9072%2F11858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopold50-51-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leopold50-51_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leopold50-51_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold, <i>Robert Dale Owen, A Biography</i>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, pp. 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estabrook, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianweb.org/sculpture/bayes/76.html">"Robert Owen (1771-1858) by Gilbert Bayes (1872-1953)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Web" title="Victorian Web">Victorian Web</a></i>. 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen+%281771-1858%29+by+Gilbert+Bayes+%281872-1953%29&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictorianweb.org%2Fsculpture%2Fbayes%2F76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2015" class="citation news cs1">Coyle, Simon (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/nostalgia/manchester-public-art-robert-owen-8816468">"Manchester public art: Robert Owen on the corner of Balloon Street and Corporation Street"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Manchester+public+art%3A+Robert+Owen+on+the+corner+of+Balloon+Street+and+Corporation+Street&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2Fmanchester-public-art-robert-owen-8816468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeller1998" class="citation journal cs1">Feller, Daniel (1998). "The Spirit Of Improvement: The America of William Maclure and Robert Owen". <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 92–93. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27792086">27792086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Spirit+Of+Improvement%3A+The+America+of+William+Maclure+and+Robert+Owen&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-93&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27792086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Feller&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddenMadden1982" class="citation journal cs1">Madden, Edward H.; Madden, Dennis W. (1982). "The Great Debate: Alexander Campbell vs. Robert Owen". <i>Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 221. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40319966">40319966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Charles+S.+Peirce+Society&rft.atitle=The+Great+Debate%3A+Alexander+Campbell+vs.+Robert+Owen&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40319966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft.au=Madden%2C+Dennis+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1848" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (February 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010707033317/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch03.htm">"Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>. Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch03.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Socialist and Communist systems, properly so called, those of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and others, spring into existence in the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie ... although the originators of these systems were, in many respects, revolutionary, their disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary sects ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critical-Utopian+Socialism+and+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1848-02&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2Fch03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Robert. <i>The revolution in the mind and practice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revolution+in+the+mind+and+practice&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaden2002" class="citation journal cs1">Paden, Roger (2002). "Marx's Critique of the Utopian Socialists". <i>Utopian Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 67–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20718467">20718467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+Critique+of+the+Utopian+Socialists&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-91&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20718467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paden&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1880" class="citation web cs1">Engels, Friedrich (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001017160533/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm">"Socialism: Utopian and Scientific"</a>. Marx/Engels Internet Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Utopians' mode of thought has for a long time governed the Socialist ideas of the 19th century, and still governs some of them. Until very recently, all French and English Socialists did homage to it. The earlier German Communism, including that of Weitling, was of the same school. To all these, Socialism is the expression of absolute truth, reason and justice, and has only to be discovered to conquer all the world by its power. And as an absolute truth is independent of time, space, and the historical development of man, it is a mere accident when and where it is discovered. With all this, absolute truth, reason, and justice are different from the founder of each different school. And as each one's special kind of absolute truth, reason, and justice is again conditioned by his subjective understanding, his conditions of existence, the measure of his knowledge and his intellectual training, there is no other ending possible in this conflict of absolute truths than that they shall be mutually exclusive of one another. Hence, from this, nothing could come but a kind of eclectic, average Socialism, which, has up to the present time dominated the minds of most of the socialist workers in France and England ... a mish-mash allowing of the most manifold shades of opinion: a mishmash of such critical statements, economic theories, pictures of future society by the founders of different sects, as excite a minimum of opposition; a mish-mash which is the more easily brewed the more definite sharp edges of the individual constituents are rubbed down in the stream of the debate, like rounded pebbles in a brook.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+Utopian+and+Scientific&rft.pub=Marx%2FEngels+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1880%2Fsoc-utop%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, "Robert Owen's Quest for the New Moral World in America," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Owen1818" class="citation book cs1">Robert Owen (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUNBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Two Memorials Behalf of the Working Classes</i></a>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Memorials+Behalf+of+the+Working+Classes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Robert+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUNBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The collection includes papers and letters as well as pamphlets and books. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061003041336/http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/">"National Co-operative Archive"</a>. Archive.co-op.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/">the original</a> on 3 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Co-operative+Archive&rft.pub=Archive.co-op.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.co-op.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The collection includes a letter describing Owen's views and documents related to the New Harmony community. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729053341/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf">"New Harmony Collection, 1814–1884, Collection Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indiana Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Harmony+Collection%2C+1814%E2%80%931884%2C+Collection+Guide&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianahistory.org%2Four-collections%2Fcollection-guides%2Fnew-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bound records of the New Harmony community. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://workingmensinstitute.org/archives-3/">"New Harmony Series II"</a>. Workingmen's Institute. 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Harmony+Series+II&rft.pub=Workingmen%27s+Institute&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworkingmensinstitute.org%2Farchives-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The collection includes the correspondence, speeches, and publications of Robert Owens and his descendants. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/archives/InU-Ar-VAA1364">"Owen family collection, 1826-1967, bulk 1830-1890"</a>. Archives Online at Indiana University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Owen+family+collection%2C+1826-1967%2C+bulk+1830-1890&rft.pub=Archives+Online+at+Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fiudl%2Ffindingaids%2Farchives%2FInU-Ar-VAA1364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1828?cat=technology#human_rights_social_justice">"1828"</a>. 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Lafayette, Indiana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Owen%3A+Scotland+1810%2C+Indiana+1890&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.series=The+Archives+of+Purdue%2C+no.+2&rft.date=1946-03&rft.aulast=Albjerg&rft.aufirst=Victor+Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArndt,_Karl_J._R.1965" class="citation book cs1">Arndt, Karl J. R. (1965). <i>George Rapp's Harmony Society 1785–1847</i>. 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Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 2–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Editors%27+Page%3A+%27That+Wonder+of+the+West%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Amanda+S.&rft.au=Weinzapfel%2C+Connie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton,_Joseph1908" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Joseph (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuspAAAAYAAJ"><i>Robert Owen: Pioneer of Social Reforms</i></a>. London: A. C. Fifield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+Pioneer+of+Social+Reforms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+C.+Fifield&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuspAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd,_Douglas_F." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dowd, Douglas F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Owen">"Robert Owen"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Why+New+Harmony+is+World+Famous&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-15&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitzer,_Donald_E." class="citation book cs1">Pitzer, Donald E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/forums/showthread.php?t=18866"><i>Robert Owen's American Legacy: Proceedings of the Robert Owen Bicentennial Conference</i></a>. Indiana Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%27s+American+Legacy%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Robert+Owen+Bicentennial+Conference&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D18866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokicki,_Ryan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rokicki, Ryan (Spring 2014). "Science in Utopia: New Harmony's Naturalistic Legacy". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 50–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=Science+in+Utopia%3A+New+Harmony%27s+Naturalistic+Legacy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-55&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Rokicki%2C+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodmore,_Frank1907" class="citation book cs1">Podmore, Frank (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenabiog02podmgoog"><i>Robert Owen: A Biography Vol I</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+A+Biography+Vol+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Podmore%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertowenabiog02podmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodmore,_Frank1907" class="citation book cs1">Podmore, Frank (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenabiog01podmgoog"><i>Robert Owen: A Biography Vol II</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%3A+A+Biography+Vol+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Podmore%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertowenabiog01podmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees,_Sir_James_Frederick2007" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Sir James Frederick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-OWEN-ROB-1771.html">"Owen, Robert (1771–1858), Utopian Socialist"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Welsh Biography</i>. National Library of Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Welsh+Biography&rft.atitle=Owen%2C+Robert+%281771%E2%80%931858%29%2C+Utopian+Socialist&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Rees%2C+Sir+James+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbo.llgc.org.uk%2Fen%2Fs-OWEN-ROB-1771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span> (online version)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201133421/https://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/1305183/robert-owen-blue-plaque/?search_hash=08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e&search_offset=0&search_limit=100&search_sort_by=">"Robert Owen Blue Plaque"</a>. 6 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotolibra.com/gallery/1305183/robert-owen-blue-plaque/?search_hash=08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e&search_offset=0&search_limit=100&search_sort_by=">the original</a> on 1 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+Blue+Plaque&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotolibra.com%2Fgallery%2F1305183%2Frobert-owen-blue-plaque%2F%3Fsearch_hash%3D08d9e595273a2a1b7220a0782576815e%26search_offset%3D0%26search_limit%3D100%26search_sort_by%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010123944/http://robert-owen-museum.org.uk/time_line">"Robert Owen Timeline"</a>. Robert Owen Museum. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robert-owen-museum.org.uk/time_line">the original</a> on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+Timeline&rft.pub=Robert+Owen+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobert-owen-museum.org.uk%2Ftime_line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023017/http://www.archive.coop/collections/personal-papers/roc-robert-owen">"ROC–Robert Owen"</a>. National Co-operative Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.coop/collections/personal-papers/roc-robert-owen">the original</a> on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROC%E2%80%93Robert+Owen&rft.pub=National+Co-operative+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.coop%2Fcollections%2Fpersonal-papers%2Froc-robert-owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle,_Edward1998" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Edward (1998). <i>Robert Owen and the Commencement of the Millennium</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5426-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5426-5"><bdi>0-7190-5426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen+and+the+Commencement+of+the+Millennium&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7190-5426-5&rft.au=Royle%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuette,_Kent2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schuette, Kent (Spring 2014). "New Harmony, Indiana: Three Great Community Experiments". <i>Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 44–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+Indiana+and+Midwestern+History&rft.atitle=New+Harmony%2C+Indiana%3A+Three+Great+Community+Experiments&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-49&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Schuette%2C+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence,_Lewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Lewis (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology</i>. Kessinger Publishing Company. p. 679.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+and+Parapsychology&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Spence%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/forums/showthread.php?t=18866">"Who said this: "all strange but thee and Me"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Literature Network Forums<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+said+this%3A+%22all+strange+but+thee+and+Me%22&rft.pub=Literature+Network+Forums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D18866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen,_Robert1920" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Robert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertowen00owenuoft"><i>The Life of Robert Owen</i></a>. London: G. Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Robert+Owen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Owen%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofrobertowen00owenuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_Owen">Biographies of Owen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biographies of Owen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. J. Booth, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenfound00bootgoog">Robert Owen, the Founder of Socialism in England</a></i> (London, 1869)</li> <li>G. D. H. Cole, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Cole1930TheLifeOfRobertOwen/Cole_1930_The_Life_of_Robert_Owen.pdf">Life of Robert Owen</a></i>. London, Ernest Benn Ltd., 1925; second edition Macmillan, 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Jones_(socialist)" title="Lloyd Jones (socialist)">Lloyd Jones</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesandlab00jonegoog">The Life, Times, and Labours of Robert Owen</a></i>. London, 1889</li> <li>A. L. Morton, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LifeIdeasRobertOwen">The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen</a></i>. New York, International Publishers, 1969</li> <li>W. H. Oliver, "Robert Owen and the English Working-Class Movements", <i>History Today</i> (November 1958) 8–11, pp. 787–796</li> <li>F. A. Packard, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertowen00pack">Life of Robert Owen</a></i>. Philadelphia: Ashmead & Evans, 1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenbiogra01podm">Robert Owen: A Biography</a></i>. London: Hutchinson and Company, 1906</li> <li>David Santilli, <i>Life of the Mill Man</i>. London, B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucas_Sargant" title="William Lucas Sargant">William Lucas Sargant</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenandhi00sarggoog">Robert Owen and his social philosophy </a></i>. London, 1860</li> <li>Richard Tames, <i>Radicals, Railways & Reform</i>. London, B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works_about_Owen">Other works about Owen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other works about Owen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bestor" title="Arthur Bestor">Arthur Bestor</a>, <i>Backwoods Utopias</i>. The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950, 2nd edition, 1970</li> <li>John Butt (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertowenaspectslifework">Robert Owen: Aspects of his Life and Work</a></i>. Humanities Press, 1971</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtDonnachieHume1971" class="citation journal cs1">Butt, J.; Donnachie, I.; Hume, J. R. (May 1971). "Robert Owen of New Lanark (1771-1858". <i>Industrial Archaeology</i>. <b>8</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Robert+Owen+of+New+Lanark+%281771-1858&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1971-05&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Donnachie%2C+I.&rft.au=Hume%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gregory Claeys, <i>Citizens and Saints. Politics and Anti-Politics in Early British Socialism</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Claeys" title="Gregory Claeys">Gregory Claeys</a>, <i>Machinery, Money and the Millennium: From Moral Economy to Socialism 1815–1860</i>. Princeton University Press, 1987</li> <li>R. E. Davies, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertowen00daviuoft">The Life of Robert Owen, Philanthropist and Social Reformer, An Appreciation</a></i>. Robert Sutton, 1907</li> <li>R. E. Davis and F. J. O'Hagan, <i>Robert Owen</i>. London: Continuum Press, 2010</li> <li>I. Donnachie, <i>Robert Owen. Owen of New Lanark and New Harmony</i>. 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._C._Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. C. Harrison">John F. C. Harrison</a>, <i>Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: Quest for the New Moral World</i>. New York, 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a>, <i>My Past and Thoughts</i> (University of California Press, 1982). (One chapter is devoted to Owen.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._J._Holyoake" class="mw-redirect" title="G. J. Holyoake">G. J. Holyoake</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924092563570">The History of Co-operation in England: Its Literature and Its Advocates</a></i> V. 1. London, 1906</li> <li>G. J. Holyoake, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyofcoopera02holy" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofcoopera02holy">The History of Co-operation in England: Its Literature and Its Advocates</a></i> V. 2. London, 1906</li> <li>The National Library of Wales, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofro00natirich">A Bibliography of Robert Owen, The Socialist</a></i>. 1914</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard,_SidneyJohn_Salt1971" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Sidney; John Salt, eds. (1971). <i>Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor; Essays in Honor of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth</i> (1st American ed.). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838779522" title="Special:BookSources/0838779522"><bdi>0838779522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Owen%2C+Prophet+of+the+Poor%3B+Essays+in+Honor+of+the+Two+Hundredth+Anniversary+of+His+Birth&rft.place=Lewisburg%2C+PA&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0838779522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chris Rogers, "Robert Owen, utopian socialism and social transformation." <i>Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences</i> 54.4 (2018): 256-271. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/113052/1/WRAP-Robert-Owen-utopian-socialism-transformation-Rogers-2018.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>O. Siméon, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319642260">Robert Owen's Experiment at New Lanark. From Paternalism to Socialism</a></i>. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017</li> <li>Ophélie, Siméon. "Robert Owen: The Father of British Socialism?" <i>Books and Ideas</i> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01574714/file/Robert_Owen_The_Father_of_British_Social.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Owen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Owen_(1771-1858)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Owen (1771-1858)">Robert Owen</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/owen/index.htm">Essays by Owen</a> at the Marxists Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newlanark.org/robertowen.shtml">Brief biography at the New Lanark World Heritage Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531170650/http://www.newlanark.org/robertowen.shtml">Archived</a> 31 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robert-owen-museum.org.uk/">The Robert Owen Museum</a>, Newtown, Wales</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Socialist_paradise">Video of Owen's wool mill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/oweno.htm">Brief biography at Cotton Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207060312/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/oweno.htm">Archived</a> 7 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/robtowen.html">"Robert Owen (1771-1858) social reformer, founder of New Harmony"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Evansville" title="University of Evansville">University of Evansville</a>, Indiana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/economic/owencoop.htm">"Robert Owen and the Co-operative movement"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/owen.html">Brief biography at <i>The History Guide</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/robert_owen.html">Brief biography at age-of-the-sage.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/leaders_thinkers.html"><i>Heaven On Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism</i> at PBS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019012734/http://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/leaders_thinkers.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> {dead link 2021-02-22}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Owen, Robert"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Owen,_Robert">"Owen, Robert" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Owen%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Owen, Robert"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Owen,_Robert">"Owen, Robert" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Owen%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Owen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-owned_company" title="Agent-owned company">Agent-owned company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template talk:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools of economic thought</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern philosophy">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham School (economics)">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">German historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Marxian critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />(20th and<br />21st centuries)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_School" title="Carnegie School">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">Modern Monetary Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes–Marx_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Keynes–Marx synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">Neo-Schumpeterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater/freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralist_economics" title="Structuralist economics">Structuralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy" title="Virginia school of political economy">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">History of macroeconomic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lancashire_cotton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template talk:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lancashire_cotton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bellhouse" title="David Bellhouse">David Bellhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whittaker_Dixon" title="Frederick Whittaker Dixon">F.W. Dixon & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_(architect)" title="Edward Potts (architect)">Edward Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott" title="Stott">Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_and_Sons" title="Stott and Sons">Stott and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Stott" title="Philip Sidney Stott">Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/80px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/120px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/160px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Adamson" title="Daniel Adamson">Daniel Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashton Frost (page does not exist)">Ashton Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashworth_%26_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashworth & Parker (page does not exist)">Ashworth & Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateman_%26_Sherratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateman & Sherratt (page does not exist)">Bateman & Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton & Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browett,_Lindley_%26_Co" title="Browett, Lindley & Co">Browett, Lindley & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_%26_Taylor" title="Buckley & Taylor">Buckley & Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carels_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Carels Frères">Carels Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Goodfellow_%26_Co._Ltd" title="Clayton, Goodfellow & Co. Ltd">Clayton, Goodfellow & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnshaw_%26_Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnshaw & Holt (page does not exist)">Earnshaw & Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn_%26_Sons" title="William Fairbairn & Sons">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_%26_J_Galloway_%26_Sons" title="W & J Galloway & Sons">W & J Galloway & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Goodfellow_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Goodfellow (engineer) (page does not exist)">Benjamin Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Hick_and_Sons" title="B. Hick and Sons">B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Musgrave_%26_Sons" title="John Musgrave & Sons">John Musgrave & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McNaught_(Rochdale)" title="William McNaught (Rochdale)">J & W McNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_of_Rochdale" title="Petrie of Rochdale">Petrie of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_%26_Co_of_Nelson" title="William Roberts & Co of Nelson">William Roberts & Co of Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Saxon_%26_Co" title="George Saxon & Co">George Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_%26_Hodgson_Ltd" title="Scott & Hodgson Ltd">Scott & Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmson_%26_Thompson" title="Urmson & Thompson">Urmson & Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_and_Thom" title="Yates and Thom">Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willans_%26_Robinson" title="Willans & Robinson">Willans & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Wood" title="J & E Wood">J & E Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolstenhulmes_%26_Rye" title="Woolstenhulmes & Rye">Woolstenhulmes & Rye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Doxey" title="Brooks & Doxey">Brooks & Doxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_%26_Dickinson" title="Butterworth & Dickinson">Butterworth & Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Curtis, Parr & Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobson_%26_Barlow" title="Dobson & Barlow">Dobson & Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hetherington_%26_Sons" title="John Hetherington & Sons">John Hetherington & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert_(manufacturer)" title="Joseph Hibbert (manufacturer)">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pilling_and_Sons" title="John Pilling and Sons">John Pilling and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harling_%26_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harling & Todd (page does not exist)">Harling & Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_%26_Bullough" title="Howard & Bullough">Howard & Bullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo._Hattersley" title="Geo. Hattersley">Geo. Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Lees" title="Asa Lees">Asa Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_%26_Platt" title="Mather & Platt">Mather & Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Parr, Curtis & Madely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">British Northrop Loom Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberton_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberton & Co (page does not exist)">Pemberton & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Brothers" title="Platt Brothers">Platt Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Lang_%26_Co" title="Taylor, Lang & Co">Taylor, Lang & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Machinery_Makers_Ltd" title="Textile Machinery Makers Ltd">Textile Machinery Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweedales_%26_Smalley" title="Tweedales & Smalley">Tweedales & Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Wildman_%26_Sons" title="T. Wildman & Sons">T. Wildman & Sons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mill owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Armitage" title="Elkanah Armitage">Elkanah Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashworth_(nonconformist)" title="Henry Ashworth (nonconformist)">Henry Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Birley" title="Hugh Birley">Hugh Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hornby_Birley" title="Hugh Hornby Birley">Hugh Hornby Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brotherton" title="Joseph Brotherton">Joseph Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(millowner)" title="James Burton (millowner)">James Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drinkwater" title="Peter Drinkwater">Peter Drinkwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eckersley" title="Nathaniel Eckersley">Nathaniel Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gray_(Conservative_politician)" title="William Gray (Conservative politician)">William Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Greg" title="Hannah Greg">Hannah Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greg" title="Samuel Greg">Samuel Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haworth_Ltd" title="Richard Haworth Ltd">Richard Howarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(manufacturer)" title="John Kennedy (manufacturer)">John Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Lee" title="George Augustus Lee">George Augustus Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Macintosh" title="Charles Macintosh">Charles Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mason" title="Hugh Mason">Hugh Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oldknow" title="Samuel Oldknow">Samuel Oldknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet">Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_and_Brothers" title="Thomas Whitehead and Brothers">Thomas Whitehead and Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Limiteds" title="Oldham Limiteds">Oldham Limiteds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers" title="Fine Spinners and Doublers">Fine Spinners and Doublers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation" title="Lancashire Cotton Corporation">Lancashire Cotton Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley_%26_Wright" title="Bagley & Wright">Bagley & Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Egyptian_Mills" title="Combined Egyptian Mills">Combined Egyptian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_%26_Sons" title="James Burton & Sons">James Burton & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamated_Cotton_Mills_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust (page does not exist)">Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming_process_in_Lancashire_cotton_mills" title="Steaming process in Lancashire cotton mills">Steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire boiler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Beamers,_Twisters_and_Drawers_(Hand_and_Machine)" title="Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)">Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Operative_Cotton_Spinners" title="Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners">Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Warehousemen%27s_Association" title="Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association">Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Workers%27_Union" title="Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union">Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="Amalgamated Weavers' Association">Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardroom_Amalgamation" title="Cardroom Amalgamation">Cardroom Amalgamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Warp_Dressers%27_Association" title="General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association">General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Loom_Overlookers" title="General Union of Loom Overlookers">General Union of Loom Overlookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Amalgamated_Tape_Sizers%27_Friendly_Society" title="Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society">Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lancashire_Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association">North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Textile_Trades_Federation" title="Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation">Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Textile_Institute" title="The Textile Institute">The Textile Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Textile_Factory_Workers%27_Association" title="United Textile Factory Workers' Association">United Textile Factory Workers' Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_owned_by_the_Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation_Limited" title="List of mills owned by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation Limited">LCC mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bolton" title="List of mills in Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bury" title="List of mills in Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textile_mills_in_Cheshire" title="List of textile mills in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Derbyshire" title="List of mills in Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Lancashire" title="List of mills in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="List of mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham (borough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Preston" title="List of mills in Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Rochdale" title="List of mills in Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Salford" title="List of mills in Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Stockport" title="List of mills in Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Tameside" title="List of mills in Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Wigan" title="List of mills in Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_mills_in_Yorkshire" title="List of cotton mills in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore_Mills_Textile_Museum" title="Helmshore Mills Textile Museum">Helmshore Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weavers%27_Triangle" title="Weavers' Triangle">Weavers' Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill, Styal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay (flying shuttle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(spinning_frame)" title="John Kay (spinning frame)">John Kay (spinning frame)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Owen</a></li></ul> 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179374#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121260176">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29613293">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52397/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtDcpWCmWvGHYvKpFqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118591010">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037004">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123743811">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123743811">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451954">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Owen, Robert <1771-1858>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV028529">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35404134">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006316&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX872299">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/358982">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068459211">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Owen, Robert, 1771-1858"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000101536&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=117299">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026191">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199620867">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cfghh5mhl3s0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541681505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/319979">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266232805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516582506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14136552">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0052921X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500073804">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/940742">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118591010.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118591010">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032781377">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p849ts">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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