CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Horses in Chinese mythology - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8ecedd1d-1efc-4756-bda1-d08baed54013","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Horses_in_Chinese_mythology","wgTitle":"Horses in Chinese mythology","wgCurRevisionId":1241389723,"wgRevisionId":1241389723,"wgArticleId":40780667,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Chinese-language text","Horses in Chinese mythology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Horses_in_Chinese_mythology","wgRelevantArticleId":40780667,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{ "status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17005007","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Horses in Chinese mythology - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Horses_in_Chinese_mythology rootpage-Horses_in_Chinese_mythology skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Horses+in+Chinese+mythology" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Horses+in+Chinese+mythology" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Horses+in+Chinese+mythology" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Horses+in+Chinese+mythology" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_versus_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_versus_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Myth versus history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_versus_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zodiacal_horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zodiacal_horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zodiacal horse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zodiacal_horse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zodiacal horse subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zodiacal_horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Horse_years,_with_accompanying_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Horse_years,_with_accompanying_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of Horse years, with accompanying signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Horse_years,_with_accompanying_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_sericulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_sericulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origins of sericulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_sericulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_horses_and_composite_creatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_horses_and_composite_creatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Various horses and composite creatures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Various_horses_and_composite_creatures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Various horses and composite creatures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Various_horses_and_composite_creatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Longma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_White_Horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_White_Horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Buddhist White Horse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_White_Horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Journey to the West</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse-faces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse-faces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Horse-faces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse-faces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tianma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tianma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tianma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tianma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chariot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chariot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chariot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chariot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chariot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chariot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_Mu's_trip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Mu's_trip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>King Mu's trip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Mu's_trip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_unicorn_(Qilin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_unicorn_(Qilin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chinese unicorn (Qilin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_unicorn_(Qilin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_specific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>More specific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horses in Chinese mythology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_dalam_mitologi_Tionghoa" title="Kuda dalam mitologi Tionghoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuda dalam mitologi Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17005007#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&oldid=1241389723" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&id=1241389723&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorses_in_Chinese_mythology"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHorses_in_Chinese_mythology"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17005007" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg/220px-OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg/330px-OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg/440px-OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Picture of a silhouette horse and the common Chinese character for "horse"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg/220px-%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg/330px-%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg/440px-%E9%A6%AC-oracle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Chinese character Shang oracle 馬 ma3 horse</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC-order.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-order.gif/36px-%E9%A6%AC-order.gif" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-order.gif/54px-%E9%A6%AC-order.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-order.gif/72px-%E9%A6%AC-order.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Character <i>ma3</i>, "horse", and so on.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a> are an important motif in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>. There are many myths about horses or horse-like beings, including the <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a>. Chinese mythology refers to those myths found in the historical geographic area of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes myths in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and other languages, as transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> as well as other ethnic groups (of which fifty-six are officially recognized by the current administration of China, according to Lihui Yang, 2005:4). There are various motifs of horses in Chinese mythology. In some cases the focus is on a horse or horses as the protagonist of the action, in other cases they appear in a supporting role, sometimes as the locomotive power propelling a <a href="/wiki/Chariot_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot (China)">chariot</a> and its occupant(s). According to a <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">cyclical Chinese calendar system</a>, the time period of 31 January 2014 - 18 February 2015 falls under the category of the (yang) Wood Horse. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myth_versus_history">Myth versus history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Myth versus history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse,_detail_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg/280px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg/420px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg/560px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Chinese pottery horse, detail</figcaption></figure> <p>In the study of historical Chinese culture, many of the stories that have been told regarding characters and events which have been written or told of the distant past have a double tradition: one tradition in which presents a more historicized version and one which presents a more mythological version (Yang 2005:12-13). This is also true of some accounts related to mythological horses in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horses are real creatures, of the family <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a>—quick-paced, hoofed quadrupeds, existing now and historically, in China, among other places. Many breeds have been used or developed for food, transportation, and for military power for thousands of years, in the area of China, and elsewhere, as well as sometimes being loved or cherished, as pets companions, or inspirations for art. One role of the horse, in China, has been important in society and culture: a role sometimes existing in the realm of myth and legend. The <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> is also an equid, generally smaller in stature: they are also typically less-esteemed in general Chinese culture. However, certain holy persons (and some eccentrics) were well known for choosing to ride on donkey, for example <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Immortal</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guolao" title="Zhang Guolao">Zhang Guolao</a> had a magic donkey (Eberhard: 82, <i>sub</i> "Donkey"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> "believed these horses could transport him to heaven" and gave them a name: "<a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">tian ma</a>" or "heavenly horse".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zodiacal_horse">Zodiacal horse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zodiacal horse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Horse.svg/280px-Horse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Horse.svg/420px-Horse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Horse.svg/560px-Horse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse (zodiac)</a></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>" consists of a twelve-year cycle, each year being associated with a certain creature. The seventh in the cycle is the <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>. One account is that the order of the beings-of-the-year is due to their order in completing a contest of racing across a river, in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac#The_Great_Race" title="Chinese zodiac">Great Race</a>: the race being to determine which creatures, in which order, would be the namesakes of the twelve-year cycle. The race was run, and swum, the finishing line being across a great river. The <a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a> crossed easily enough (the <a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a> hitchhiking on the <a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox's</a> back). Those powerful swimmers, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a> had little problem; nor did <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>, with a little help from the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>, an excellent runner; but, not as good of a swimmer, would have been next—but, the <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a> having crossed the river by stowing away on <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse's</a> hoof, doing a sudden dismount, gained the finish line, just in front of the startled <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>. Thus, it is said, despite the animal's general swiftness, the <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a> finished the race only in the rank of the seventh position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Horse_years,_with_accompanying_signs"><span id="List_of_Horse_years.2C_with_accompanying_signs"></span>List of Horse years, with accompanying signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Horse years, with accompanying signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>25 January 1906 - 12 February 1907: <a href="/wiki/Fire_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire (Wu Xing)">Fire</a> Horse</li> <li>11 February 1918 - 31 January 1919: <a href="/wiki/Earth_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (Wu Xing)">Earth</a> Horse</li> <li>30 January 1930 - 16 February 1931: <a href="/wiki/Metal_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (Wu Xing)">Metal</a> Horse</li> <li>15 February 1942 - 4 February 1943: <a href="/wiki/Water_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (Wu Xing)">Water</a> Horse</li> <li>3 February 1954 - 23 February 1955: <a href="/wiki/Wood_(Wu_Xing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood (Wu Xing)">Wood</a> Horse</li> <li>21 January 1966 - 8 February 1967: Fire Horse</li> <li>7 February 1978 - 27 January 1979: Earth Horse</li> <li>27 January 1990 - 14 February 1991: Metal Horse</li> <li>12 February 2002 - 31 January 2003: Water Horse</li> <li>31 January 2014 - 18 February 2015: (yang) Wood Horse</li> <li>17 February 2026 - 5 February 2027: Fire Horse</li> <li>4 February 2038 - 23 January 2039: Earth Horse</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_sericulture">Origins of sericulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins of sericulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silkwormheadsm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silkwormheadsm.jpg/280px-Silkwormheadsm.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silkwormheadsm.jpg/420px-Silkwormheadsm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Silkwormheadsm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Silkworm head. Late <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg/280px-T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg/420px-T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg/560px-T%C3%AAte_de_cheval_Chine_Guimet_2910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Horse head model from <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> China.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a></div> <p>The horse is connected in some mythologies with the origin of humans raising silk from the cocoon of the domestic silkmoth (<i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i>), as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Leizu" title="Leizu">Leizu</a> mythos. In this case, apparently hinging in part on a perceived similarity between the appearances of horses' heads and the heads of silkworms, the responsible goddess for the innovation of sericulture has been worshiped as the Horse-headed Lady (马头娘 Mǎ tóu niáng) (Yang, 164). </p><p>The story is told of a time in China, a long time ago, when men were liable to be conscripted into military service, and sent to serve far away and often not return home for years, if ever. A girl's father was forced into the army and sent off, far away. Missing her father very much, she then promised the family horse that she would marry him, if he went and found her father, and brought him back home. Surprisingly enough, the horse ran off, and eventually returned with the father, who, horrified at the idea of his daughter marrying a horse, killed it. The skin was then hung up in the courtyard to dry for tanning. However, one day, when the daughter was out playing, the wind blew, the horsehide flew, wrapped around the daughter, and off they disappeared. After days of searching for his daughter in the horsehide, eventually her father found that she had been transformed into a silkworm in a mulberry tree. This was the origin, it was told, of the Horse-Head Lady, a goddess, and the patroness of sericulture (Yang, 164). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Various_horses_and_composite_creatures">Various horses and composite creatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Various horses and composite creatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often in mythology the horse appears in a biologically non-exact way: often creatures in stories do not match a rigorous scientific, or even common sense descriptions of actual animals. Indeed, many wonderful qualities may be declared or suggested: at times the horse in the mythology of China appears somewhat piecemeal, sharing features compositely with various other more-or-less fantastic beings. Historically, actual exotic animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_horse" title="Ferghana horse">Ferghana horse</a>, were often described in semi-mythic terms, such as "blood-sweating" or "celestial/heavenly" horses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longma">Longma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Longma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waddell-p410-Chinese-LONG-Horse-Or-Horse-Dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Waddell-p410-Chinese-LONG-Horse-Or-Horse-Dragon.jpg/280px-Waddell-p410-Chinese-LONG-Horse-Or-Horse-Dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Waddell-p410-Chinese-LONG-Horse-Or-Horse-Dragon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Representation of composite Horse-Dragon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Longma" title="Longma">Longma</a></div> <p>"Longma" means dragon-horse, or horse-dragon. Among other accounts, a longma was said to have revealed the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> Map, an early example of a mathematical magic square. Indeed, the presence of a <i>longma</i> was used as a sign of connection with the manifestation of one of the legendary sage-rulers of legend, particularly one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a>. As described below, the monk Xuanzang, was legendarily held to have retrieved Buddhist scriptures from India with the help of a famous <i>bailongma</i>, or "white dragon-horse". The <i>Baimasi</i>, or "White Horse Temple" is a name in China for old and famous Buddhist temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_White_Horse">Buddhist White Horse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhist White Horse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Baima</i>, or white horse, is associated with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> teachings to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Commemorative structures include the <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">Luoyang White Horse Temple</a>, in dedication for the arrival of two Buddhist monks from the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> territory then of northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and parts of north-western India, on two white horses; and, the <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Pagoda,_Dunhuang" title="White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang">Dunhuang White Horse Temple/Pagoda</a>, in dedication to the Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> and his white horse Tianliu, whom together are reputed to have carried Buddhist scriptures from the ancient Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Cities_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Cities along the Silk Road">Silk Road city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> to Dunhuang, China, in the 4th century of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. Another example is Xuanzang's white Buddhist-scripture-carrying dragon/horse, famous from the popular novel <i>Journey to the West</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_the_West"><i>Journey to the West</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Journey to the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyj-tang_seng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Xyj-tang_seng.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="365" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Xuanzang with dragon-horse</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main characters in the classic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> mostly appears in the form of a <a href="/wiki/White_horse_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="White horse (mythology)">white horse</a>, but is really a converted dragon (Yu (1980, 1977)): <i>passim</i>) Yulong, the third son of a <a href="/wiki/Dragon_King" title="Dragon King">Dragon King</a> (Ao Run, of the West Sea): in order to redeem himself from his past unfilial sins, <a href="/wiki/Boddhisatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisatva">Boddhisatva</a> <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yin" class="mw-redirect" title="Guan Yin">Guan Yin</a> gracefully allows him to serve as a mount for the monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> during his mission to fetch scriptures from "the West". Monkey (Sun Wukong) is employed in Heaven as a supervisor of the celestial stables. He also battles Horse-face guardians, during his epic harrowing of hell. Throughout the novel, the dragon-horse serves a role as part of a fairly elaborate metaphor (or conceit), in which the white horse symbolizes mental will, or mindful willpower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse-faces">Horse-faces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horse-faces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg/280px-Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg/420px-Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Horse-Face_of_the_Underworld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Horse-Face, with Ox-Head, herding damned souls.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ox-Head_and_Horse-Face" title="Ox-Head and Horse-Face">Ox-Head and Horse-Face</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ox-Head_and_Horse-Face" title="Ox-Head and Horse-Face">Horse-Face</a>, or horse-faces, were underworld guardians/minions, located in <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a>, also known as "Hell". Generally, the Horse-Face and Ox-Head worked together as "muscle" to carry out the decrees of the bosses of Diyu, generally from their capital city, Youdu. Their assigned duties included induction of souls into the underworld, bringing them before the judges of hell, and consigning them according to judgment. In <i>Journey to the West</i>, they are defeated by Monkey (Sun Wukong). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tianma">Tianma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tianma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg/220px-Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg/330px-Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg/440px-Southern_Dynasties_Brick_Relief_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> brick-relief of a Tianma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg/280px-Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg/420px-Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg/560px-Gansu_Museum_2007_257.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gansu_Flying_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Flying Horse">Gansu Flying Horse</a>, Han Dynasty bronze.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">Tianma</a></div> <p>Literally meaning, "horse of heaven" or "heavenly horses", mythically Tianma was a fabled winged horse with composite attributes, such as dragonesque features; and, sometimes the Tianma was linked to certain astral or stellar phenomena, or constellations. The horses could also be real, now somewhat ordinary domestic or semi-domestic horses, but in the medieval period of history somewhat extraordinary (and legendary) for their stature and prowess. Sometimes the "heavenly horses" were linked with the "blood-sweating"—probably due to an endemic parasite, <i><a href="/wiki/Parafilaria_multipapillosa" title="Parafilaria multipapillosa">Parafilaria multipapillosa</a></i>, a parasitic nematode of horses (Schafer, 295 note 19). These horses of Central Asia were legendary for their size and prowess. Historically, the flying, blood-sweating, dragon-boned, celestial horses are connected with the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and the emperor <a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a>, and notably celebrated in the poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> by the poet <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bo</a> (Beckwith, 112 and Schafer, 59-60). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chariot">Chariot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chariot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg/280px-THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg/420px-THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg/560px-THorseChineseChariot400BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4218" data-file-height="2210" /></a><figcaption>Chinese wooden chariot (shown without horse(s), which would have been hitched between the two rails, facing forward to the left).</figcaption></figure> <p>With some exceptions, the propulsive power of chariots was traditionally by horses (or, maybe, ponies, in the earlier days). The wooden chariot has been claimed to have been first constructed by Jiguang, son of Xizhong, son of Fanyu, son of Yinliang, son of Yuhao, son of <a href="/wiki/Di_Jun" title="Di Jun">Di Jun</a> (Yang, 2005: p. 98) (who may or may not have been the same as <a href="/wiki/Di_Ku" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Ku">Di Ku</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Mu's_trip"><span id="King_Mu.27s_trip"></span>King Mu's trip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: King Mu's trip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A famous chariot trip was that of <a href="/wiki/King_Mu_of_Zhou" title="King Mu of Zhou">King Mu of Zhou</a> of whom was told the <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_King_Mu,_Son_of_Heaven" title="Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven">Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven</a></i>, a marvelous chariot ride with divine steeds pulling the chariot on his visit to <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountain_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Mountain (mythology)">Kunlun</a> on his visit to the Queen Mother of the West, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Wangmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Wangmu">Xi Wangmu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_unicorn_(Qilin)"><span id="Chinese_unicorn_.28Qilin.29"></span>Chinese unicorn (Qilin)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese unicorn (Qilin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many translations from Chinese into English involve the translation of the Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a></i> as "<a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a>". However, the "Chinese unicorn" is more of a type of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, than it is a type of <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. Taxonomically, the <i>qilin</i> would appear to be a one-horned <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a>; although, without information on whether the <i>qilin</i>, or <i>lin</i>, had, for example, an odd or even number of toes, the classification, in this regard, may remain moot, from a modern biological perspective. Nevertheless, and contextually, the Chinese characters used in sources strongly suggest that the "Chinese unicorn" was in no way considered to be a "horse". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shanhaijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaijing">Shanhaijing</a> (117) also mentioned <i>Bo</i>-horse (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">駮馬</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bómǎ</span></i>), a chimera horse with ox tail, single horn, white body, and its sound like person calling. The creature is lived at Honest-head Mountain. <a href="/wiki/Guo_Pu" title="Guo Pu">Guo Pu</a> in his <i>jiangfu</i> said that <i>Bo</i>-horse able to walk on water. Another similar creature also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Shanhaijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaijing">Shanhaijing</a> (80) to live in Mount Winding-Centre as <i>Bo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">駮</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bó</span></i>), but with black tail, tiger's teeth and claws, and also devour leopards and tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-str_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-str-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Horse symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_terrestrial_ungulates" title="List of Chinese terrestrial ungulates">List of Chinese terrestrial ungulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_culture" title="Horses in Chinese culture">Horses in Chinese culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_specific">More specific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: More specific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bole_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole (mythology)">Bole (mythology)</a>: also known as Bo Le, a legendary horse fancier and charioteer (Hawkes, 322)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a>: flying equine or horse-like steed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a>: Qianlima, thousand league horse</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Horse_of_Gansu" title="Flying Horse of Gansu">Flying Horse of Gansu</a></i>: well-known flying horse statue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial#Chinese_culture" title="Horse burial">Horse burial in Chinese culture</a>: archeological information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthaka" title="Kanthaka">Kanthaka</a>, legendary Buddhist white horse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a>: a comparative Greek flying horse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hare" title="Red Hare">Red Hare</a>: war horse of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Bu" title="Lü Bu">Lü Bu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_King_Mu,_Son_of_Heaven" title="Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven">Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven</a></i>: whose 8 (Schafer, 59-60) mighty chariot horses enabled his trip to the West to visit the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Wangmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Wangmu">Queen Mother (Wangmu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Heavenly_Horses" title="War of the Heavenly Horses">War of the Heavenly Horses</a>: in which history intersects with the legendary <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_horse" title="Ferghana horse">Central Asian horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_a_white_horse_is_not_a_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="When a white horse is not a horse">When a white horse is not a horse</a>: a question in Chinese philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a>: thought to be the oldest Buddhist temple in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaofu" title="Zaofu">Zaofu</a>: another legendary person who worked with horses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a>: a real life explorer, on a <i>tianma</i> mission</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The geographic area of "China" is of course a concept which has evolved or changed though history.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuwayama1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kuwayama" title="George Kuwayama">Kuwayama, George</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV_TtfkxYUgC&q=tian+ma&pg=PA32"><i>Chinese Ceramics in Colonial Mexico</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87587-179-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87587-179-8"><bdi>0-87587-179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Ceramics+in+Colonial+Mexico&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87587-179-8&rft.aulast=Kuwayama&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZV_TtfkxYUgC%26q%3Dtian%2Bma%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorses+in+Chinese+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, David, ed. (1989). <i>A Day in the Life of China</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons" title="William Collins, Sons">Collins</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215321-8"><bdi>978-0-00-215321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Day+in+the+Life+of+China&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215321-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorses+in+Chinese+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-str-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-str_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg,_Richard_E.2002" class="citation book cs1">Strassberg, Richard E. (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesebestiarys00stra_812"><i><span></span></i>A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesebestiarys00stra_812/page/n154">116</a>–117, <span class="nowrap">127–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21844-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21844-2"><bdi>0-520-21844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Bestiary%3A+Strange+Creatures+from+the+Guideways+Through+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=116-117%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-21844-2&rft.au=Strassberg%2C+Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesebestiarys00stra_812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorses+in+Chinese+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009): <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2">978-0-691-13589-2</a>.</li> <li>Christie, Anthony (1968). <i>Chinese Mythology</i>. Feltham: Hamlyn Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600006379" title="Special:BookSources/0600006379">0600006379</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Eberhard" title="Wolfram Eberhard">Eberhard, Wolfram</a> (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), <i>A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00228-1">0-415-00228-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hawkes_(Sinologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hawkes (Sinologist)">Hawkes, David</a>, translation, introduction, and notes (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan <i>et al.</i>, <i>The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets</i>. London: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044375-2">978-0-14-044375-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1985) <i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2">978-0-520-05462-2</a>.</li> <li>Yang, Lihui, <i>et al.</i> (2005). <i>Handbook of Chinese Mythology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533263-6">978-0-19-533263-6</a></li> <li>Yu, Anthony C., editor, translator, and introduction (1980 [1977]). <i>The Journey to the West</i>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97150-6">978-0-226-97150-6</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_mythology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_mythology" title="Template talk:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_mythology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" title="Chinese creation myths">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Godly world concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuafu" title="Kuafu">Kuafu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Spirit turtle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Huli jing</a> (Fox spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox" title="Nine-tailed fox">Nine-tailed fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> (Bixie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Xiezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhiqi" title="Wuzhiqi">Wuzhiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Evildoers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(mythology)" title="Peng (mythology)">Peng (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-headed_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-headed Bird">Nine-headed Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">Tianma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_China" title="List of legendary creatures from China"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Buzhou" title="Mount Buzhou">Buzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Pillars" title="Eight Pillars">Eight Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mountain_(mythology)" title="Jade Mountain (mythology)">Jade Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)" title="Longmen (mythology)">Longmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Sands" title="Moving Sands">Moving Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(mythology)" title="Red River (mythology)">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirang" title="Xirang">Xirang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_Ji" title="Shi Yi Ji">Shi Yi Ji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan" title="Liexian Zhuan">Liexian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenxian_Zhuan" title="Shenxian Zhuan">Shenxian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gods_and_Strange_Things" title="Book of Gods and Strange Things">Shenyi Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Spring" title="The Peach Blossom Spring">The Peach Blossom Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Journeys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Journeys">The Four Journeys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt" title="The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt">The Sorcerer's Revolt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural" title="In Search of the Supernatural">In Search of the Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Master_Would_Not_Discuss" title="What the Master Would Not Discuss">What the Master Would Not Discuss</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_the_Thatched_Abode_of_Close_Observations" title="Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations">Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other folk tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Lotus_Lantern" title="The Magic Lotus Lantern">The Magic Lotus Lantern</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulian_Rescues_His_Mother" title="Mulian Rescues His Mother">Mulian Rescues His Mother</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses306" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_topics" title="Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses306" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_management" title="Horse management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_horse" title="Geriatric horse">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">Slaughter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a><br />and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_horses" title="List of films about horses">Films about horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_horse_racing" title="List of films about horse racing">Films about horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&oldid=1241389723">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&oldid=1241389723</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Category:Horses in Chinese mythology">Horses in Chinese mythology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 August 2024, at 21:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_Chinese_mythology&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horses in Chinese mythology</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>1 language</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-675b599f49-g628v","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.330","walltime":"0.427","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2094,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":43478,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1157,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":46361,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 296.754 1 -total"," 35.77% 106.139 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.17% 86.553 3 Template:Cite_book"," 28.60% 84.860 2 Template:Navbox"," 26.13% 77.537 1 Template:Chinese_mythology"," 13.64% 40.485 7 Template:ISBN"," 12.35% 36.650 2 Template:Main"," 7.67% 22.764 7 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 5.41% 16.057 1 Template:Horse_topics"," 3.35% 9.945 4 Template:Further"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.166","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4110235,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64f8f8dcdb-b55k8","timestamp":"20250223020528","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Horses in Chinese mythology","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17005007","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17005007","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-10-13T10:23:12Z","dateModified":"2024-08-20T21:41:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/OMBRE_CHINOISE_CHEVAL.jpg","headline":"Hayw"}</script> </body> </html>