Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice

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this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0" /><meta name="DCSext.FullHTMLview" content="1" /><meta name="WT.cg_n" content="njcp" /><meta name="WT.cg_s" content="Articles,Open Access Articles" /><meta name="wkhealth_journal_title" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta name="wkhealth_journal_title_legacy" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta name="wkhealth_issue" content="12" /><meta name="wkhealth_article_publication_date" content="December 29, 2023" /><meta name="wkhealth_volume" content="26" /><meta name="wkhealth_ovid_accession_number" content="01253091-202326120-00010" /><meta name="wkhealth_issn" content="1119-3077" /><meta name="wkhealth_title" content="Micro-CT Study on the Supplementary Effect of XP-Endo Finisher R after Endodontic Retreatment with Mtwo-R" /><meta name="wkhealth_authors" content="Tsenova-Ilieva, I;Dogandzhiyska, V;Raykovska, M;Karova, E" /><meta name="wkhealth_doi" content="10.4103/njcp.njcp_360_23" /><meta name="wkhealth_abstract_html_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/abstract/2023/26120/micro_ct_study_on_the_supplementary_effect_of.10.aspx" /><meta name="wkhealth_fulltext_html_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2023/26120/micro_ct_study_on_the_supplementary_effect_of.10.aspx" /><meta name="wkhealth_toc_section" content="Original Article" /><meta name="wkhealth_toc_sub_section" /><meta name="wkhealth_eJpId" content="njcp:2023:26120:00010" /><meta name="wkhealth_firstpage" content="1844" /><meta name="wkhealth_date" content="December 2023" /><meta name="wkhealth_pdf_url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/_layouts/15/oaks.journals/downloadpdf.aspx?trckng_src_pg=Other&an=01253091-202326120-00010" /><meta name="Description" content="Background: During the course of a non-surgical orthograde endodontic retreatment, supplementary " /><meta property="og:site_name" content="LWW" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:title" content="Micro-CT Study on the Supplementary Effect of XP-Endo... : Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><meta property="og:description" content="t of oval root canals. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on extracted mandibular incisors preliminary cut at the cementoenamel junction. The root canals of 12 extracted lower central incisors were initially shaped with the rotary nickel–titanium system XP-Endo Shaper (30/.04) and filled with continuous waves of condensation. Root canal retreatment was performed with the МTwo Retreatment – R1 (15/.05) and R2 (25/.05) files, followed by the XP-Endo Finisher R (30/.00). Three micro-computed tomography scans were performed during the course of the experiment: 1) after the filling of the root canals, 2) after the first retreatment procedures, and 3) after the supplementary shaping. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality and Friedman and Kruskal–Wallis tests for comparison of several independent samples. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of removed obturation material in the different parts of the root canal after the use of Mtwo-R (P = 0.649) and XP-Endo Finisher R (P = 0.934). The additional instrumentation with XP-FR reduced the percentage of the remaining root canal filling insignificantly (P = 0.190). Conclusions: The combined action of Mtwo-R retreatment files and XP-Endo Finisher R resulted in significant reduction of the amount of root canal filling material. Nevertheless, none of the examined rotary systems guaranteed its complete removal...." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/SocialThumb.01253091-202326120-00010.F1.jpeg" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="505" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="332" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2023/26120/micro_ct_study_on_the_supplementary_effect_of.10.aspx" /><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="robots" content="index, follow, noarchive" /><meta name="WT.sv" content="ZUSE1PEJPWEB01" /><meta name="Title" content="Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice" /><style id="SPThemeHideForms" type="text/css">body {opacity:0 !important}</style>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Arvo:400,400i,700|Fira+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <script> // temporary workaround for Bug 316328:[Stage][Registration][Regression 05.04] - 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id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_btnContinue" class="primary-button" /> <input type="button" value="No" id="btnCancel" aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close secondary-button" /> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ej-clear-float"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenUnsubscribeMessage" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenTopicalCollectionId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenTopicalCollectionId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenOvidId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenOvidId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl$hiddenJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId" /> <script type="text/javascript"> function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup(title, alertType, journalId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = alertType; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == null || document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == '') { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; } if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Root(title, journalId, alertType) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = alertType; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Citation(title, journalId, ovidId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = 'Citation'; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenOvidId').value = ovidId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCPopup_Topical(title, journalId, topicalCollectionId) { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); var lblUnsubscribeMessage = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_lblUnsubscribeMessage'); lblUnsubscribeMessage.innerHTML = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeMessage').value = title; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnSubscribeAlertType').value = 'Topical'; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenUnsubscribeJournalId').value = journalId; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenTopicalCollectionId').value = topicalCollectionId; $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_pUnsubscribeButtons').show(); if (document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == null || document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value == '') { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_ucUnsubscribeToAlertsUserControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; } if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } function alerts_ShowUnSubscribeeTOCSuccessPopup() { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.show(); } } $('.js-close').on('click', function() { var unSubscribeeTocPopup = $find('unSubscribeToAlerts'); if (unSubscribeeTocPopup != null) { unSubscribeeTocPopup.hide(); } return false; }); </script> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_dummyTargetControl"></span> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState" value="showemail" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenJournalId" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$hiddenSubscriptionType" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType" /> <div id="divPopupOverLay" class="Popup-Overlay" style="display: none; position: fixed; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 3800; width: 1920px; height: 4517px;"></div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlSubscribeToEtoc" class="etoc-popup ej-box-modal-drop-shadow" style="display: none;"> <div tabindex="-1" role="dialog" class="wk-modal horizontally-centered small wk-modal-with-overlay wk-modal-small ejp-modal"> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlMain" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_btnContinue')"> <section class="wk-modal-content"> <header class="wk-modal-header ejp-modal-header"> <div class="wk-modal-title ejp-modal-title"> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblTitle"></span> </div> <button aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close primary-button wk-button-icon wk-modal-close ejp-modal-close "> <i class="fa fa-times"></i> </button> </header> <div class="wk-modal-body"> <div class="wk-field-item"> <div class="wk-field-body"> <strong> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblThankYouMessage"></span></strong> </div> <div class="wk-field-body"> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_cvEmailError" style="color:Black;display:none;"> <div class="ej-error-message"> <p class="ej-error-message-icon error-red"> </p> </div> </span> <label for="Email input">Enter your Email address:</label> <div class="wk-field-body"> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$txtEmailAddress" type="text" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress" class="ej-box-modal-style-1-input" /> </div> </div> <div class="wk-button-bar"> <div class="wk-button-group-left"> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$btnContinue" value="Continue" onclick="javascript:WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions("ctl00$ctl51$Header$UserActionTools$SubscribeToEtocPopupControl$btnContinue", "", true, "", "", false, false))" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_btnContinue" class="primary-button" /> <input type="button" value="Cancel" id="btnCancel" class="js-close secondary-button" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wk-field-item"> <div class="wk-field-body"> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hypPrivacy" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/_layouts/oaks.journals/privacy.aspx" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlAuthenticatedUser" style="display: none;"> <section class="wk-modal-content"> <header class="wk-modal-header ejp-modal-header"> <div class="wk-modal-title ejp-modal-title"></div> <button aria-label="close dialog" class="js-close primary-button wk-button-icon wk-modal-close ejp-modal-close "><i class="fa fa-times"></i></button> </header> <div class="wk-modal-body"> <div class="wk-field-item"> <p> <strong> <span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblAuthenticatedUserTitle"></span> </strong> </p> </div> <p id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pAuthenticatedUserMessage"> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ej-clear-float"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function alerts_SaveSubscriptionTypeInHiddenField(url, subscriptionType, journalId, yearId, issueId, articleId) { if (journalId && yearId && issueId && articleId) { logCounterDataAlertWhenCitedSynchronously(journalId, yearId, issueId, articleId); } $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType').val(subscriptionType); $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId').val(journalId); if (url) window.location = url; else __doPostBack('hypSubscribeToAlerts'); return false; } function alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup(journalTitle, journalId, subscriptionType, displaySubscriptionType) { $('#' + 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscriptionType').val(subscriptionType); var subscribeToEtocPopup = $find('subscribeToEtoc'); subscribeToEtocPopup.show(); document.getElementsByTagName( 'html' )[0].classList.add('no-scroll'); var modelPopupState = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenSubscribeToEtocPopupState'); var emailTextBox = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress'); var thanksPanel = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlAuthenticatedUser'); var mainPanel = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_pnlMain'); var thankYouMessageUnAuthenticated = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblThankYouMessage'); var thankYouMessageAuthenticated = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_lblAuthenticatedUserTitle'); if (!displaySubscriptionType) { displaySubscriptionType = subscriptionType; } if (modelPopupState.value == 'showthanksmessage') { thanksPanel.style.display = "block"; mainPanel.style.display = "none"; thankYouMessageAuthenticated.innerHTML = "Thank you for subscribing to the " + displaySubscriptionType + " for " + journalTitle + "."; } if (modelPopupState.value == 'showemail') { thanksPanel.style.display = "none"; mainPanel.style.display = "block"; thankYouMessageUnAuthenticated.innerHTML = "Thank you for choosing to subscribe to the " + displaySubscriptionType + " for " + journalTitle + "."; } if ($('.etoc-popup') != null) { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenJournalId').value = journalId; if (modelPopupState.value == 'showemail') emailTextBox.focus(); } } $('.js-close').on('click', function () { document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_txtEmailAddress').value = ""; document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_cvEmailError').style.display = "none"; var pageUrl = document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_SubscribeToEtocPopupControl_hiddenConfirmSubscriptionPageUrl'); var subscribeeTocPopup = $find('subscribeToEtoc'); if (subscribeeTocPopup != null) { subscribeeTocPopup.hide(); document.getElementsByTagName( 'html' )[0].classList.remove('no-scroll'); if (pageUrl.value !== '' && pageUrl.value !== window.location.pathname) window.location = pageUrl.value; } return false; }); </script> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_eTocTopContainer"> <div id="eTocTop" style="display: none;"> <a rel="nofollow" title href="javascript:javascript: alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup('Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice','njcp','eTOC', 'eTOC');;" onclick="javascript: alerts_ShowSubscribeeTOCPopup('Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice','njcp','eTOC', 'eTOC');"><span id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_UserActionTools_alertLinkControlTop_defaultText" class="hideOnFixed">Subscribe to eTOC</span></a> </div> </div> <script> $(function () { //find recent searches link and move container var recentSearchesControl = $("a[id$='RecentSearches']"); if (recentSearchesControl.length) { recentSearchesControl.click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); if ($("#ResentSearchContainer").is(":hidden")) { $("#ResentSearchContainer").slideDown("slow"); recentSearchesControl.addClass('open'); } else { $("#ResentSearchContainer").hide(); recentSearchesControl.removeClass('open'); } }); } var eTocAccountLink = $("ul.js-user-action-toolbar__dropdown>li>a[id='SubscribeToEToc']"); if (eTocAccountLink.length) { eTocAccountLink.parent().html($("#eTocTop>a")); } }); </script> <a class="logo-secondary white" href="http://wolterskluwer.com/" target="_blank"> <h3 class="logo-secondary-text">Secondary Logo</h3> </a> <a href="#" class="sticky-search"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> </div> <div class="header__layout-bottom wk-grid-page-container"> <a id="hypJournals" class="logo-main" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/default.aspx"> <h3 class="logo-main-text">Journal Logo </h3> </a> <div class="search-v2"> <div class="search-wrapper"> <select name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$ddlContentScope" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_ddlContentScope"> <option value="All">All</option> <option selected="selected" value="Articles">Articles</option> <option value="Images">Images</option> <option value="Videos">Videos</option> <option value="Podcasts">Podcasts</option> <option value="Blogs">Blogs</option> </select> <div class="input-group" id="globalSearch"> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$txtKeywords" type="text" value="Search" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords" class="form-control searchText" /> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearchMagnifier" type="submit" class="btn btn-default"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </span> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$IsAutoCompleteEnabled" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_IsAutoCompleteEnabled" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$AutocompleteApiUrl" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_AutocompleteApiUrl" value="https://platformservices.wolterskluwerhealth.com/autocomplete/njcp/shingle/" /> </div> </div> <div class="advance-search" style=""> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_lnkAdvanceSearch" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/advancedsearch.aspx">Advanced Search</a> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$btnGlobalSearch" value="" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch" disabled="disabled" class="aspNetDisabled btnGlobalSearch" style="display: none;" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl51$Header$SearchTopBoxControl$hfldKeywords" type="hidden" id="ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_hfldKeywords" class="hfldKeywords" value="disableButton" /> </div> </div> <script> $(function() { try { var objSearchBox = { btnGlobalSearchMagnifierId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearchMagnifier', searchButtonId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch', txtKeywordsId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords', hfldKeywordsHiddenId: 'ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_hfldKeywords', defaultSearchText: 'Search' }; new Searchbox(objSearchBox).Init(); } catch (e) { console.error(e); } }); //autocomplete functionality for basic search //this functionality will call the SBA url and start suggesting after typing 3rd character var textKeywords = null; var hiddenAutocompleteApiUrl = null; var buttonGlobalSearch = null; $(function () { try { var objAutocomplete = { hiddenIsAutoCompleteEnabled: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_IsAutoCompleteEnabled'), textKeywords: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_txtKeywords'), hiddenAutocompleteApiUrl: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_AutocompleteApiUrl'), buttonGlobalSearch: $('#ctl00_ctl51_Header_SearchTopBoxControl_btnGlobalSearch'), enableNewAutoComplete: true, newAutoCompleteUrl: 'https://dxg-search-na-prd.wkgposvc.cloud/Query.svc/Query_Expand', newAutoCompleteMaxSuggestions: '10', newAutoCompleteDictionaryIds: 'ovid_sted28_mesh22' }; autoComplete(objAutocomplete); } catch (e) { console.error(e); } }); $(function () { let searchSelect = $('select[id$="ddlContentScope"]');; if (searchSelect.length){ searchSelect.selectize(); } }); </script> </div> <div id="main-nav-container-v2"> <nav id="main-nav" class="navbar navbar-default yamm wk-grid-page-container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button id="fatJuicy" type="button" class="navbar-hamburger-button navbar-toggle collapsed pull-left" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#zz1_TopNavigationMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar"> <span class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="navbar-hamburger-button__text"></span> </button> </div> <div id="navActionButtons" class="btn-group navbar-hover-color" role="group" aria-label="..."> <a id="ctl00_ctl51_lnkRegister" class="btn btn-default navbar-button" href="https://journals.lww.com/njcp/pages/register.aspx?ContextUrl=%2fnjcp%2ffulltext%2f2023%2f26120%2fmicro_ct_study_on_the_supplementary_effect_of.10.aspx">Register</a> <button class="user-menu__link user-menu__link--login js-ejp-login-btn btn btn-default navbar-button" type="button" data-config="{"eventName":"login","eventDetail":{},"isNull":false}"> <span>Login</span> </button> </div> <div id="ctl00_ctl51_TopNavigationMenuConfiguration" style="display:none" class="js-top-navigation-menu-configuration" data-config="{"browsingHistory":{"isEnabled":true,"serviceUrl":"https://apim-hlrp-ejp-prod.azure-api.net/ee","pdfDownloadUrl":"/_layouts/15/oaks.journals/downloadpdf.aspx?trckng_src_pg=HistoryTab"}}"></div> <div id="zz1_TopNavigationMenu" class="navbar-collapse collapse js-top-navigation-menu noindex ms-core-listMenu-horizontalBox"> <ul id="zz2_RootAspMenu" class="root ms-core-listMenu-root static"> <li class="static selected"><a class="static selected menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-core-listMenu-selected ms-navedit-linkNode" href="/NJCP/pages/default.aspx" accesskey="1"><span class="additional-background ms-navedit-flyoutArrow"><span class="menu-item-text">Home</span><span class="ms-hidden">Currently selected</span></span></a></li><li class="static"><a class="static menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-navedit-linkNode" href="/NJCP/pages/currenttoc.aspx"><span class="additional-background ms-navedit-flyoutArrow"><span class="menu-item-text">Current Issue</span></span></a></li><li class="static"><a class="static menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-navedit-linkNode" href="/NJCP/pages/issuelist.aspx"><span class="additional-background ms-navedit-flyoutArrow"><span class="menu-item-text">Previous Issues</span></span></a></li><li class="static dynamic-children"><span class="static dynamic-children menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-navedit-linkNode"><span aria-haspopup="true" class="additional-background ms-navedit-flyoutArrow dynamic-children"><span class="menu-item-text">For Authors</span></span></span><ul aria-hidden="true" class="dynamic"> <li class="dynamic"><a class="dynamic menu-item ms-core-listMenu-item ms-displayInline ms-navedit-linkNode" 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the Supplementary Effect of XP-Endo Finisher R after Endodontic Retreatment with Mtwo-R', '12292023', 'I Tsenova-Ilieva, V Dogandzhiyska, M Raykovska, et al', '26', '12', 'Copyright: \u00A9 2023 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice', '01253091-202326120-00010', '', true, ''); } </script> <div id="ArticleContainer"> <article id="ej-article-view" class="js-article-view ej-article-view" xmlns:ssr="http://ssr-eus-go-csi.cloudapp.net/v1/assets" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><section class="ejp-r-article-subsection"><div class="ejp-r-article-subsection__text">Original Article</div></section><header class="ejp-article-header"><h1 class="ejp-article-title">Micro-CT Study on the Supplementary Effect of XP-Endo Finisher R after Endodontic Retreatment with Mtwo-R</h1></header><section id="ejp-article-authors"><p id="P7">Tsenova-Ilieva, I; Dogandzhiyska, V; Raykovska, M<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">1</sup>; Karova, E</p><section><a href="#" id="ejp-article-authors-link"> Author Information <i class="wk-icon-arrow-down-r"></i></a></section></section><section id="ejp-article-authors-info" class="ejp-article-authors-info ejp-article-authors-info--hidden"><div class="ejp-article-authors-info-holder"> <p id="">Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical Saff University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria</p> <p id=""><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">1</sup>Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria</p> <p id="cor1"><strong xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Address for correspondence:</strong> Dr. I Tsenova-Ilieva, 1 Blv. St. G. Sofijski, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: <span><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ddb0bcb4b1a9b2e7b4afb4b3bca9aeb8b3b2abbc9da4bcb5b2b2f3beb2b0" onclick="javascript:window.open('mailto:mailto:irinatsenova@yahoo.com');return false"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="b6dfc4dfd8d7c2c5d3d8d9c0d7f6cfd7ded9d998d5d9db">[email protected]</span></a></span></p> <p id="">This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</p> </div></section><section id="article-journal-info"><div class="ej-journal-info"><span class="ej-journal-name">Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice </span><span id="ej-journal-date-volume-issue-pg"><a href="/njcp/toc/2023/26120">26(12):p 1844-1849, December 2023.</a></span><span> | </span><span class="ej-journal-doi">DOI: </span>10.4103/njcp.njcp_360_23<a id="ej-article-indicators-ccl" onmouseover="javascript:Tooltip_CCL('Creative Commons License Information')" onmouseout="javascript:Tooltip_MouseOut()" href="" target="_blank"><span class="ejp-article-indicators__ccl"></span></a></div></section><section id="ejp-article-indicators" class="ejp-article-indicators"><ul class="ejp-article-indicators__list"> <li id="ej-article-indicators-open" class="ejp-article-indicators__list-item" onmouseover="javascript:Tooltip_Open()" onmouseout="javascript:Tooltip_MouseOut()"><span class="ejp-indicator">Open</span></li> </ul><button id="openArticleMetricsPopupButton" type="button" class="wk-button wk-button-ghost wk-button-icon-left ejp-article-metrics-btn" data-articleMetricsEndpoint="//services.journals.lww.com/IntegrationServices/ArticleMetricsService.svc" data-articleMetricsDetailsUrl="https://wolterskluwer.altmetric.com/details/" data-doi="10.4103/njcp.njcp_360_23" data-suiteId="vrs_woltere_journalsglobalvrs" data-articlePublicationDate="2023-12-29" data-articlePublicationDateString="December 29, 2023" data-receivedDate="2023-05-09" data-revisionReceivedDate="2023-08-05" data-acceptedDate="2023-08-25" data-crossrefRefLinkRoot="https://doi.org/" data-medlineRefLinkRoot="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/" data-pubMedId="38158351"><i class="wk-icon-filled-chart-r"></i><i class="wk-icon-filled-chart-white-r"></i> Metrics </button></section><section class="ejp-article-tabs" id="abstractWrap"><h2 class="ejp-article-tabs-heading">Abstract</h2> <div class="ejp-article-tabs__tabpanel" id="panel1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <div id="article-abstract-content1"> <div class="ejp-article-text-abstract"> <h3>Background: </h3> <p>During the course of a non-surgical orthograde endodontic retreatment, supplementary instrumentation is usually required for better removal of root canal filling material.</p> <h3>Aim: </h3> <p>The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of XP-Endo Finisher R in endodontic retreatment of oval root canals.</p> <h3>Materials and Methods: </h3> <p>The study was performed on extracted mandibular incisors preliminary cut at the cementoenamel junction. The root canals of 12 extracted lower central incisors were initially shaped with the rotary nickel–titanium system XP-Endo Shaper (30/.04) and filled with continuous waves of condensation. Root canal retreatment was performed with the МTwo Retreatment – R1 (15/.05) and R2 (25/.05) files, followed by the XP-Endo Finisher R (30/.00). Three micro-computed tomography scans were performed during the course of the experiment: 1) after the filling of the root canals, 2) after the first retreatment procedures, and 3) after the supplementary shaping. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality and Friedman and Kruskal–Wallis tests for comparison of several independent samples.</p> <h3>Results: </h3> <p>There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of removed obturation material in the different parts of the root canal after the use of Mtwo-R (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.649) and XP-Endo Finisher R (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.934). The additional instrumentation with XP-FR reduced the percentage of the remaining root canal filling insignificantly (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.190).</p> <h3>Conclusions: </h3> <p>The combined action of Mtwo-R retreatment files and XP-Endo Finisher R resulted in significant reduction of the amount of root canal filling material. Nevertheless, none of the examined rotary systems guaranteed its complete removal.</p> </div> </div> </div></section><div class="ejp-fulltext-content js-ejp-fulltext-content"><section id="ArticleBody"><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="sec1-1">I<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">NTRODUCTION</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-5">Non-surgical orthograde endodontic retreatment is considered to be the treatment of choice whenever the initial endodontic therapy fails.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R1 R2 R3">1-3</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Complete removal of the contaminated root canal filling material ensures the retrieval of the apical patency, the improvement of root canal disinfection, and debridement and placement of a new consistent and homogeneous filling, which are prerequisites for healing of the periapical tissues.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R4 R5 R6">4-6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-6">Recently, various retreatment protocols have been introduced for gutta-percha removal, such as manual or rotary NiТi shaping, ultrasonic devices, heat, chemical solvents, laser irradiation, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming, and so on.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7 R8 R9">7-9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Engine-driven NiTi instruments are preferred over the hand stainless-steel files for their increased cutting efficiency, which makes the retreatment protocol less time-consuming.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9 R10 R11 R12">9-12</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-7">Mtwo Retreatment files (Mtwo-R) <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">(VDW, Munich, Germany)</em> are specifically designed for endodontic retreatment.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R13">13</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Despite their favorable characteristics, their effectiveness is controversial.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R14">14</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Several authors report superior performance of Mtwo-R over other NiTi instruments or hand files.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15 R16 R17">15-17</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> A few state that re-shaping with this system leaves the highest amount of root canal filling residue.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R14">14</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R18">18</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R19">19</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> XP‐Endo Finisher R (XP‐FR) (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland</em>) is a novel instrument that has been designed as a supplementary file after the core of the root canal filling was initially removed.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9">9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R20 R21 R22">20-22</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-8">The aim of the current study was to evaluate the supplementary effect of XP-FR after endodontic retreatment with Mtwo-R by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). To the best of our knowledge, there are insufficient data about the cumulative effect of these NiTi systems,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R21">21</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> which requires further experiments. The null hypothesis was that the use of the supplementary shaping has no positive impact on the removal of root filling material.</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="sec1-2">M<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ATERIAL AND</span> M<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ETHODS</span></h2> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-1">Ethics approval and study design</h3> <p id="JCL-P-9">Ethical approval was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee of Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria (№ 907/22.03.2022). The samples used in the investigation were obtained from a group of 50 mandibular incisors of patients aged 40–70 years who signed informed consent prior to the surgical procedure. All teeth were extracted for reasons unrelated to this study at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria. Upon extraction, all incisors were stored in a 0.1% water solution of thymol for an hour. The outer surfaces of all teeth were ultrasonically cleaned from calculus and plaque with WOODPECKER ultrasonic scaler UDS J (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangxi, China</em>)<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">.</em> They were further polished with paper discs, OptiDisc (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Kerr Dental, Orange, CA, USA</em>), a polishing brush OptiShine<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">TM</sup> (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Kerr Dental, Orange, CA, USA</em>), and polishing paste Clean Polish (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Kerr Dental, Orange, CA, USA</em>). All incisors were kept in saline at room temperature during the investigation.</p> <p id="JCL-P-10">Digital two-dimensional (2D) radiographs in sagittal and coronal planes were performed in order to verify the relative morphological similarities of the teeth, presence of a single canal, and its oval shape. Teeth presenting any calcifications, pulp stones, multiple root canals, root caries, and signs of previous endodontic treatment were excluded and replaced. An overall number of 12 straight (with a curvature less than 5°), single-rooted (Vertucci’s type I), non-endodontically treated lower incisors with fully formed apices and oval canals with a buccolingual to mesiodistal ratio of >2:1 met the eligibility criteria.</p> <p id="JCL-P-11">All incisors were decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction by using a finishing high-speed diamond bur under copious water cooling. The root length of the samples was approximately 15.5–16.0 mm. The initial exploration of the root canal and establishment of the working length was done by a stainless-steel hand K-file 10/.02 (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland</em>). The working length was measured 1 mm shorter of the apical foramen.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-2">Chemo-mechanical preparation and root canal filling</h3> <p id="JCL-P-12">Hand, stainless-steel K-files 10/.02 and 15/.02 were used for the establishment of a glide path. The canals were instrumented with XP-Endo Shaper 30/.04 (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland</em>), operated by the X-Smart Plus (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, Ballaigues, Switzerland</em>) endodontic motor at speed and torque settings suggested by the manufacturer. Each instrument was discarded after shaping of three root canals. The chelating agent Glyde (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, Ballaigues, Switzerland</em>) was used as a lubricant, and 2 ml of 2% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) was used as an interim irrigation. At the completion of the preparation, the root canal was rinsed with 17% ЕDТА for 1 minute, followed by saline. All solutions were delivered using a syringe with Luer lock endo irrigation needles ENDO-TOP 0.3 × 25 (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland</em>).</p> <p id="JCL-P-13">The canals were dried with corresponding paper points and filled by а continuous wave of condensation using gutta-percha cones, AH-Plus sealer (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, Ballaigues, Switzerland</em>), and Elements<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ТМ</sup> Free Cordless Obturation System (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Sybron Endo/Kerr Endodontics, Orange, CA</em>). The coronal portion of the roots was sealed with a temporary filling Coltosol<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">®</sup> F (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Coltène/Whaledent AG, Altstätten, Switzerland</em>) and stored in 5 ml Eppendorf safe-lock tubes (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">FL Medical, Padova, Italy</em>), filled with 1.5 ml distilled water and kept at body temperature for a fortnight to ensure complete setting of the sealer.</p> <p id="JCL-P-14">The quality of the root canal filling was assessed by means of micro-CT analysis. The scanning was conducted by a Nikon XT H 225 (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Nikon Metrology, Tring, UK</em>) scanner at the following settings: 87 kV, 90 μA, and an aluminum filter with 0.5 mm thickness. The VG Studio MAX v. 2.2 (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">Volume Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany</em>) software was utilized for the calculation of the volume of the filling material in mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup> for the entire root canal in the apical region (at 5 mm level from the root apex) and coronally (10 mm level from the apex).</p> <p id="JCL-P-15">The samples with insufficient filling were discarded and replaced.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-3">Root canal retreatment</h3> <p id="JCL-P-16">Initial removal of the existing filling material in all samples was carried out by the Mtwo NiTi retreatment system (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">VDW, Munich, Germany</em>) as follows: R2 (25/.05) for the coronal and middle root canal third and R1 (15/.05) for the apical portion. Both files were operated with а continuous mode of rotation by the X-Smart Plus motor at speed and torque settings, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Retreatment was considered complete when the last file reached the working length, there was no filling material on the flutes of the instrument, and the canal walls were smooth and free of visible debris. Each file was discarded after retreatment of three root canals.</p> <p id="JCL-P-17">The canals were irrigated with 2% NaOCl solution throughout the retreatment procedures. The efficacy of the instruments and the volume of the residual obturation material were analyzed by a second micro-CT scan.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-4">Supplementary retreatment procedures</h3> <p id="JCL-P-18">All specimens were supplementary shaped with XP-endo Finisher R (F<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">KG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland</em>) after the instrument was cooled via the plastic tube. The file operated in a continuous mode of rotation by the X-Smart Plus motor for 1 minute with speed, torque, types, and number of movements as advised by the manufacturer. The treatment was completed by irrigation with 2% NaOCl. A third micro-CT scanning was conducted.</p> <p id="JCL-P-19">To eliminate the bias, all experimental procedures were performed by a single operator who is a specialist in the field of endodontics. All micro-CT scans, measurements, and evaluations were performed by an experienced examiner, who was blinded for the stages, instruments, and technique of the endodontic retreatment.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-5">Statistical analysis</h3> <p id="JCL-P-20">Data were tabulated for analysis by the IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 software (<em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">International Business Machines Corporation, New York, NY, USA</em>). The amount of the removed root canal filling material was presented in volume (mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup>) and percentage, with their mean and standard deviations (SD). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicated that the data were non-parametric, and in addition, with the small sample size, a Kruskal–Wallis H test was run for the comparison of a couple of independent samples. A Friedman test was used to assess the cumulative efficacy of shaping with the two systems in the course of the orthograde retreatment procedure. The confidence level was set at 95% (α = 0.05).</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="sec1-3">R<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ESULTS</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-21">None of the tested instruments was able to render root canal walls completely clean from root canal filling material [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('F1', '01253091-202326120-00010');">Figure 1</a>]. No files fractured or exhibited signs of wear during the experiment. Additionally, no procedural errors such as perforations, ledges, and/or blockages of the root canal were observed. The amount of root canal filling was presented in percentage and volume at full canal length at 5 mm and 10 mm levels from the apex of the root.</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('F1', '01253091-202326120-00010')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202326120-00010.F1.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202326120-00010.F1.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="F1"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('F1', '01253091-202326120-00010')">Figure 1: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Micro-CT images of a representative specimen during different stages of the root canal retreatment. (a) First scan, taken after root canal filling. (b) Second scan, taken after retreatment with Mtwo-R files. (c) Final micro-CT scan after supplementary shaping the XP-FR instrument</div></figcaption></figure></section><p id="JCL-P-22">The cumulative effect of the re-shaping with Mtwo-R files and XP-FR substantially reduced the volume of the root canal filling at all portions of the root canal (Friedman test: At full length of the canal χ<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">2</sup>(2) = 24.000, <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> < 0.001, and χ<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">2</sup>(2) = 23.532, <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> < 0.001 for the 5 mm and 10 mm levels). The mean and SD of the filling residue volume after using Mtwo-R files at full length was 3,50 ± 2,25 mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup>, followed by that at 10 mm (1,93 ± 1,14 mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup>) and 5 mm (0,57 ± 0,40 mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup>). The remaining material was further decreased after the action of XP-Endo Finisher R and showed the same tendency in the root segments: 2,91 ± 2,31, 1,63 ± 1,13, and 0,39 ± 0,34 mm<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">3</sup>, respectively.</p> <p id="JCL-P-23">The root canal filling was removed to the greatest extent at full canal length for both the experimental NiTi systems when compared to the baseline values, registered after the obturation of the root canal. Nevertheless, this result remained statistically insignificant in comparison with the rest observational levels of the root canal [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202326120-00010');">Table 1</a>]. A Kruskal–Wallis H test showed that there was a statistically insignificant difference in the amount of removed root canal filling material (%) at the different observational levels after retreatment with the Mtwo-R system, χ<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">2</sup>(2) = 0.865, <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.649, with a mean rank of the percentage of root canal filling material of 20.50 for the full length of the canal, 18.50 for the 10 mm level, and 16.50 for the 5 mm section [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202326120-00010');">Table 1</a>].</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202326120-00010')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202326120-00010.T1.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202326120-00010.T1.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T1"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202326120-00010')">Table 1: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Percentage of removed root canal filling material at different canal levels after instrumentation with Mtwo-R and XP-FR</div></figcaption></figure></section><p id="JCL-P-24">The same test was used to analyze the removed obturation material in comparison with the baseline after the additional shaping with XP-FR. The results revealed a statistically insignificant difference in the amount (%) of removed root canal filling material at the three tested levels after shaping with XP-FR, χ<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">2</sup>(2) = 0.137, <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.934, with a mean rank of the volume of root canal filling material of 18.58 for the entire length of the canal, 17.67 for the 10 mm portion, and 19.25 for the apical 5 mm of the root canal [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T1', '01253091-202326120-00010');">Table 1</a>].</p> <p id="JCL-P-25">The additional instrumentation with XP-FR was most effective in the apical level of the root canal. Nonetheless, the percentage of the removed root canal filling remained statistically insignificant in the three measured portions of the root canal (Kruskal–Wallis H test: χ<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">2</sup>(2) = 3.317, <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">P</em> = 0.190), with a mean rank of the percentage of root canal filling material of 14.58 for the full length of the canal, 18.50 for the 10 mm level, and 22.42 for the 5 mm section [<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202326120-00010');">Table 2</a>].</p><section class="ejp-r-article-images"><figure class="ejp-r-article-images__figure"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__image-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202326120-00010')"><img class="ejp-r-article-images__img js-lazy-load lazy-load" src="javascript:void(0);" data-src="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview.01253091-202326120-00010.T2.jpeg" data-srcset="https://images.journals.lww.com/njcp/ArticleViewerPreview@2.01253091-202326120-00010.T2.jpeg 2x" srcset="" alt="T2"></a><figcaption class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-link" onclick="showSlideShowByImageID('T2', '01253091-202326120-00010')">Table 2: </a><div class="ejp-r-article-images__figcaption-text">Percentage of removed root canal filling material at different canal levels after the supplementary instrumentation with XP-FR</div></figcaption></figure></section><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="sec1-4">D<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ISCUSSION</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-26">Retreatment with Mtwo-R files was not able to clean root canal walls entirely. This is in line with earlier studies examining the effectiveness of the aforementioned system.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R2">2</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R10">10</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15">15</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R19">19</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R21">21</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> The supplementary shaping with XP-FR reduced the amount of root canal filling material; thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. Nevertheless, absolute root canal cleanliness after this additional step was still not evident.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R4">4</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R20">20</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Contrary to our findings, Campello <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">et al.</em><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R21">21</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> reported complete retrieval of filling residue after the combined action of Mtwo-R and XP-FR but only in two mesial canals of mandibular molars.</p> <p id="JCL-P-27">Various approaches have been utilized for assessing the removal of root canal filling materials in <em xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">in vitro</em> endodontic studies such as longitudinal splitting in combination with microscopic observation of the samples and digital imaging,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R14">14</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15">15</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R23">23</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> transparent teeth,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R24">24</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> scanning electron microscopy,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R25">25</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> x-ray,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R10">10</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> and cone-beam CT.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R18">18</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Micro-CT is a widely used, highly accurate methodology that can give qualitative and quantitative information regarding the root canal material removed during the orthograde endodontic retreatment. Analysis of the data achieved through this technology ensures multiple measurements in different planes due to its non-destructive nature.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R19">19</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R26">26</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-28">Published data are inconclusive with regard to the type of the root canals to be retreated in experimental studies. Oval-shaped root canals represent a clinical challenge for the regular endodontic files. The two remote ends of the root canal are hardly touched by the instruments in the course of the retreatment and can harbor contaminated obturation material.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R4">4</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9">9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R20">20</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R27">27</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R28">28</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> The additional use and efficacy of XP-FR are clearly demonstrated by our results and are in agreement with the conclusions of earlier studies.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R4">4</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R20">20</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R28">28</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> We observed that the greatest amount (%) of root canal filling material was removed from the apical 5 mm of the canal. We attribute this beneficial effect of the XP-FR file to the ability of its tip to expand under compression.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R28">28</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-29">Various chemical substances have been advocated for gutta-percha dissolvement.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R19">19</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Although manufacturers of both tested files suggest the use of such agents, we did not apply any during the retreatment. Our decision is based on previous reports which claimed their negative effect on gutta-percha removal.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R29">29</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Solvents soften gutta-percha, which forms a thin, viscous film onto the canal walls. The latter could attach to various root canal irregularities and hamper the removal of the root canal obturation substance, especially in oval canals.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R30">30</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-30">The ability of retreatment files to thoroughly clean the root canal space has been evaluated for different obturation materials and protocols. In an attempt to increase the volume of gutta-percha instead of the sealer, we performed continuous waves of condensation.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R10">10</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> The effort put into the removal of pre-existing root canal filling is defined by some of the sealer properties such as its adhesion to dentin walls and gutta-percha, degree of penetration into the dentinal tubules, thickness, dimensional stability, and solubility.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15">15</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> AH Plus is an epoxy resin sealer which was chosen as it is considered a ‘gold standard’ due to its proven physical and chemical characteristics.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R9">9</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> It is claimed to penetrate 10–80 μm into the dentinal tubules, which can make its removal during re-instrumentation laborious.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R15">15</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <p id="JCL-P-31">A possible limitation of the current experiment is the decoronating of the teeth. Although this approach is adopted by a wide range of authors in order to ensure a standardized working length,<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R2">2</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R5">5</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R16 R17 R18">16-18</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R23">23</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">,</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R28">28</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> it might neglect the effect of crown anatomy and the endodontic access cavity.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R7">7</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup> Consequently, their influence on the effectiveness of retreatment instruments should be further assessed, especially with reference to the probable complications like file breakage. The findings of the current study showed that the use of NiTi rotary files that are specifically designed for endodontic retreatment proves to be safe.<sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">[</sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0"><sup><a class="ejp-citation-link js-ejp-citation-link" data-reference-links="R6">6</a></sup></sup><sup xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">]</sup></p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="sec1-5">C<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">ONCLUSIONS</span></h2> <p id="JCL-P-32">Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the combined action of Mtwo-R retreatment files and XP-Endo Finisher R resulted in significant reduction of the amount of root canal filling material. Nevertheless, none of the examined rotary systems guaranteed its complete removal. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal retreatment protocol for lower incisors.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-6">Data availability</h3> <p id="JCL-P-33">The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-8">Financial support and sponsorship</h3> <p id="JCL-P-34">Grant Project № 7699/12.11.2020; Contract № D-89/04.06.2021.</p> <h3 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="2" id="sec2-9">Conflicts of interest</h3> <p id="JCL-P-35">There are no conflicts of interest.</p></section><section id="article-references" class="article-references js-article-references"><h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="JCL0">Acknowledgement</h2> <p id="JCL-P-36">The study was financially supported by the Scientific Council of the Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria – Grant Project № 7699/12.11.2020; Contract № D-89/04.06.2021.</p> <h2 class="ejp-article-outline-heading" data-level="1" id="JCL-L-0">R<span style="font-variant: small-caps;" xmlns:mrws="http://webservices.ovid.com/mrws/1.0">EFERENCES</span></h2> <div id="R1" class="article-references__item js-article-reference">1. 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J Conserv Dent 2017;20:12–6.<div> <ul class="article-references__item-links"> <li class="internal-links"><a href="#JCL-P-29"> Cited Here</a> | </li> <li><a href="https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/00660541-201720010-00004.fulltext" onclick="javascript:window.open('https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/00660541-201720010-00004.fulltext');return false">View Full Text</a> | <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28761246" onclick="javascript:window.open('http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28761246');return false">PubMed</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-0707.209075" onclick="javascript:window.open('https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-0707.209075');return false">CrossRef</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="article-references__button-container"></div></section><div><strong>Keywords:</strong><p id="">Endodontic retreatment; micro-computed tomography; Mtwo-R; supplementary shaping; XP-Endo Finisher R</p> </div><section class="ej-article-copyright">Copyright: © 2023 Nigerian 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