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Pleiades - Wikipedia
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href="#Astronomical_role_of_M45_in_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Astronomical role of M45 in antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_role_of_M45_in_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature and mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenclature_and_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nomenclature and mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subaru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subaru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subaru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subaru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observational history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brightest_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brightest_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Brightest stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brightest_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_future_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_future_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Age and future evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_future_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflection_nebulosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflection_nebulosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reflection nebulosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflection_nebulosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Possible planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleiades</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejades_(sterreswerm)" title="Plejades (sterreswerm) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plejades (sterreswerm)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A)" title="الثريا (عنقود نجمي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثريا (عنقود نجمي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Crabetas" title="As Crabetas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="As Crabetas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9yades_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Pléyades (astronomía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pléyades (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clk%C9%99r_(ulduz_topas%C4%B1)" title="Ülkər (ulduz topası) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ülkər (ulduz topası)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="প্লেইডেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লেইডেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_45" title="Messier 45 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Messier 45" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0)" title="Плеяды (зорнае скопішча) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плеяды (зорнае скопішча)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C)" title="Плеяды (зорная скупнасьць) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плеяды (зорная скупнасьць)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF)" title="Плеяди (звезден куп) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плеяди (звезден куп)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejade_(zvjezdano_jato)" title="Plejade (zvjezdano jato) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plejade (zvjezdano jato)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A8iades_(astronomia)" title="Plèiades (astronomia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plèiades (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_(%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95)" title="Элкер (çăлтăрсен кĕпĕрленчĕкĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элкер (çăлтăрсен кĕпĕрленчĕкĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plej%C3%A1dy" title="Plejády – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plejády" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisimira" title="Chisimira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisimira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45" title="M45 – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="M45" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twr_Tewdws" title="Twr Tewdws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twr Tewdws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbi%C5%8Bgbi%C5%8B" title="Gbiŋgbiŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbiŋgbiŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejaderne_(stjernehob)" title="Plejaderne (stjernehob) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plejaderne (stjernehob)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejaden" title="Plejaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plejaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejaadid" title="Plejaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plejaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Πλειάδες (αστρονομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλειάδες (αστρονομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9yades_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Pléyades (astronomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pléyades (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejadoj" title="Plejadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plejadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadeak_(astronomia)" title="Pleiadeak (astronomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleiadeak (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خوشه پروین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه پروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(astronomie)" title="Pléiades (astronomie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pléiades (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A9adach" title="An Phléadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phléadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades" title="Pléiades – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pléiades" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Плеядаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Плеядаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%A8" title="플레이아데스 성단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플레이아데스 성단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_huihui_o_Makali%27i" title="Ka huihui o Makali'i – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ka huihui o Makali'i" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%84" title="Բազումք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազումք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B" title="कृत्तिका तारागुच्छ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्तिका तारागुच्छ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_45" title="Messier 45 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Messier 45" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleyadi" title="Pleyadi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pleyadi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Авдхойы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Авдхойы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiLimela" title="IsiLimela – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiLimela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6stirni%C3%B0" title="Sjöstirnið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjöstirnið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadi_(astronomia)" title="Pleiadi (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleiadi (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="פליאדות (צביר כוכבים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פליאדות (צביר כוכבים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үркер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үркер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimia" title="Kilimia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilimia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAvir" title="Pêvir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêvir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Үркөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үркөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D3%B9%D0%B4%D3%B9%D1%80" title="Шакте Шӹдӹр – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шакте Шӹдӹр" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plej%C4%81des" title="Plejādes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plejādes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejaden_(Astronomie)" title="Plejaden (Astronomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plejaden (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sietynas_(astronomija)" title="Sietynas (astronomija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sietynas (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%C9%94nd%C9%94_nsambo" title="Bangɔndɔ nsambo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bangɔndɔ nsambo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_45" title="Messier 45 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Messier 45" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Плејади (ѕвездено јато) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плејади (ѕвездено јато)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiada_(kintana)" title="Pleiada (kintana) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pleiada (kintana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_(%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82)" title="കാർത്തിക (താരവ്യൂഹം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർത്തിക (താരവ്യൂഹം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="شیشک ترازی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شیشک ترازی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_(%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯣꯝꯅꯨꯕꯤ (ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯣꯝꯅꯨꯕꯤ (ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="ဖျောက်ဆိပ်ကြယ်စု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖျောက်ဆိပ်ကြယ်စု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyanquiztli_(Ilhuicamatiliztli)" title="Tiyanquiztli (Ilhuicamatiliztli) – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiyanquiztli (Ilhuicamatiliztli)" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevengesternte" title="Zevengesternte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zevengesternte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A3" title="プレアデス星団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレアデス星団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadene" title="Pleiadene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pleiadene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadane" title="Pleiadane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pleiadane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Шоктешӱдыр (шӱдыр оралалтмаш) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шоктешӱдыр (шӱдыр оралалтмаш)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buusan_(tuuta_urjii)" title="Buusan (tuuta urjii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buusan (tuuta urjii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulkar" title="Hulkar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hulkar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਤੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਤੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="ترنجن (تارہ ٹولی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترنجن (تارہ ٹولی)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9jad" title="Pléjad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pléjad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejady" title="Plejady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plejady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%AAiades" title="Plêiades – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plêiades" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadele" title="Pleiadele – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleiadele" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquy_quyllurkuna" title="Unquy quyllurkuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unquy quyllurkuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Плеяды (звёздное скопление) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плеяды (звёздное скопление)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB,_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Үргэл, астеризм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үргэл, астеризм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiadi" title="Pleiadi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pleiadi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plej%C3%A1dy_(hviezdokopa)" title="Plejády (hviezdokopa) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plejády (hviezdokopa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostosevci" title="Gostosevci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gostosevci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88" title="بۆڵی پێروو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆڵی پێروو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Плејаде (звездано јато) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плејаде (звездано јато)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejade" title="Plejade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plejade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulaset" title="Seulaset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seulaset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejaderna_(stj%C3%A4rnhop)" title="Plejaderna (stjärnhop) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plejaderna (stjärnhop)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroporo" title="Moroporo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Moroporo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="கார்த்திகை (நாள்மீன் கூட்டம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்த்திகை (நாள்மீன் கூட்டம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Өлкәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Өлкәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88" title="กระจุกดาวลูกไก่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระจุกดาวลูกไก่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clker_(y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_k%C3%BCmesi)" title="Ülker (yıldız kümesi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ülker (yıldız kümesi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Плеядаос (кизили люкаськем) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Плеядаос (кизили люкаськем)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Плеяди (зоряне скупчення) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плеяди (зоряне скупчення)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%B9)" title="ثریا (جھرمٹ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثریا (جھرمٹ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tua_Rua" title="Tua Rua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tua Rua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trokion" title="Trokion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Trokion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiwa" title="Iiwa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Iiwa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pleiades" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%B4%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="昴星团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="昴星团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/20px-Jupiter_and_moon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/30px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jupiter_and_moon.png/40px-Jupiter_and_moon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=3.79&de=24.116666666667&zoom=4&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all">03<sup>h</sup> 47<sup>m</sup> 24<sup>s</sup>, +24° 07′ 00″</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades_(star_cluster)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (star cluster)">Pleiades (star cluster)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open cluster in the constellation of Taurus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the star cluster. For other uses of Pleiades or Pléiades, see <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pleiades (disambiguation)">Pleiades (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #CCFFFF;">Pleiades</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/290px-Pleiades_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/435px-Pleiades_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/580px-Pleiades_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4877" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A color-composite image of the Pleiades from the <a href="/wiki/Digitized_Sky_Survey" title="Digitized Sky Survey">Digitized Sky Survey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCFFFF;">Observation data (<a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)#Julian_years_and_J2000" title="Epoch (astronomy)">J2000</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">03<sup>h</sup> 47<sup>m</sup> 24<sup>s</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+24° 07′ 00″<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">444 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> on average<sup id="cite_ref-vanleeuwen09_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanleeuwen09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-majaess11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majaess11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Percival_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percival-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zwahlen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwahlen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (136.2±1.2 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (V)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.6<sup id="cite_ref-SEDS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEDS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Apparent dimensions (V)</th><td class="infobox-data">2° <sup id="cite_ref-SEDS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEDS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCFFFF;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">800 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Radius</th><td class="infobox-data">20.34 light years<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Estimated age</th><td class="infobox-data">75 to 150 million years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Other designations</th><td class="infobox-data">Seven Sisters,<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">M</a>45,<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collinder_catalogue" title="Collinder catalogue">Cr</a> 42,<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melotte_catalogue" title="Melotte catalogue">Mel</a> 22<sup id="cite_ref-simbad_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCFFFF;">Associations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background: #CCFFFF;">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open cluster</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_open_clusters" title="List of open clusters">List of open clusters</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pleiades</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Seven Sisters</b> and <b>Messier 45</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open star cluster</a> containing young <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_B" title="Stellar classification">B-type stars</a> in the northwest of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>. At a distance of about 444 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>, it is among the nearest <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star clusters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and the nearest <a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">Messier object</a> to Earth, being the most obvious star cluster to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>. It is also observed to house the reflection nebula <a href="/wiki/NGC_1432" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 1432">NGC 1432</a>, an <a href="/wiki/HII_region" class="mw-redirect" title="HII region">HII region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cluster is dominated by <a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">hot blue luminous stars</a> that have formed within the last 100 million years. <a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">Reflection nebulae</a> around the brightest stars were once thought to be leftover material from their formation, but are now considered likely to be an unrelated dust cloud in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> through which the stars are currently passing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dust cloud is estimated to be moving at a speed of approximately 18 km/s relative to the stars in the cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer simulations have shown that the Pleiades were probably formed from a compact configuration that once resembled the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroupa2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroupa2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for approximately another 250 million years, after which the clustering will be lost due to gravitational interactions with the galactic neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Gendler2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gendler2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with the open star cluster of the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, the Pleiades form the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_of_the_Ecliptic" title="Golden Gate of the Ecliptic">Golden Gate of the Ecliptic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name, Pleiades, comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Πλειάδες">Πλειάδες</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It probably derives from <i>plein</i> ("to sail") because of the cluster's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>: "the season of navigation began with their <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal rising</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Classical Greek mythology the name was used for seven divine sisters called the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a>. In time, the name was said to be derived from that of a mythical mother, <a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a>, effectively meaning "daughters of Pleione".<sup id="cite_ref-Ridpath_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridpath-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the ancient name of the star cluster related to sailing almost certainly came first in the culture, naming of a relationship to the sister deities followed, and eventually appearing in later myths, to interpret the group name, a mother, Pleione.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_role_of_M45_in_antiquity">Astronomical role of M45 in antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Astronomical role of M45 in antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The M45 group played an important role in ancient times for the establishment of many calendars thanks to the combination of two remarkable elements. The first, which is still valid, is its unique and easily identifiable appearance on the celestial vault near the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. The second, essential for the ancients, is that in the middle of the third millennium BC, this asterism (a prominent pattern or group of stars that is smaller than a constellation) marked the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">vernal point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2330 BC with ecliptic latitude about +3.5° according to <a href="/wiki/Stellarium_(software)" title="Stellarium (software)">Stellarium</a>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/260px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/390px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/520px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>On the <a href="/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disc</a>, dated circa 1600 BC, the cluster of seven dots in the upper right portion of the disk is believed to be the Pleiades.</figcaption></figure> <p>The importance of this asterism is also evident in northern Europe. The Pleiades cluster is displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disc</a> that was found in Germany and is dated to around 1600 BC. On the disk the cluster is represented in a high position between the Sun and the Moon. </p><p>This asterism also marks the beginning of several ancient calendars: </p> <ul><li>In ancient India, it constitutes, in the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, compiled around 1200-1000 BC, the first <i>nakṣatra</i> (Sanskrit name for lunar stations), which is called क्रृत्तिका <i>Kṛttikā</i>, a revealing name since it literally means "the Cuttings",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> i.e. </i>"Those that mark the break of the year".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is so before the classic list lowers this nakṣatra to third place, henceforth giving the first to the couple <i>βγ Arietis</i>, which, notably in <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, at that time, marks the equinox.</li> <li>In Mesopotamia, the <i><a href="/wiki/MUL.APIN" title="MUL.APIN">MUL.APIN</a> compendium</i>, the first known Mesopotamian astronomy treatise, discovered at Nineveh in the library of Assurbanipal and dating from no later than 627 BC, presents a list of deities [holders of stars] who stand on "the path of the Moon", a list which begins with mul.MUL.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Greece, the <i>Πλειάδες</i>, are a group whose name is probably functional before having a mythological meaning, as André Lebœuffle points out, who has his preference for the explanation by the Indo-European root *<i>p</i>e/o<i>l</i>-/<i>pl-</i> that expresses the idea of multiplicity, crowd, assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similarly, the Ancient Arabs begin their old <a href="/wiki/Parapegma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapegma">parapegma</a> type calendar, that of the <i>anwā</i>, with M45 under the name of الثريّا <i>al-Ṯurayyā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And this before their classic calendar, that of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%C4%81zil_al-qamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manāzil al-qamar (page does not exist)">manāzil al-qamar</a></i> or "lunar stations", also begins with the couple <i>βγ Arietis</i> whose name, الشرطان <i>al- Šaraṭān</i>, is literally "the Two Marks [of entering the equinox]"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although M45 is no longer at the vernal point, the asterism still remains important, both functionally and symbolically. In addition to the changes in the calendars based on the lunar stations among the Indians and the Arabs, consider the case of an ancient Yemeni calendar in which the months are designated according to an astronomical criterion that caused it to be named <i>Calendar of the Pleiades</i>: the month of <i>ḫams</i>, literally "five", is that during which the <i>Sun</i> and <i>al-Ṯurayyā</i>, i.e. <i>the Pleiades</i>, deviate from each other by five <i>movements of the Moon</i>, <i>i.e.</i> five times the path that the "Moon" travels on average in one day and one night, to use the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_mythology">Nomenclature and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_in_folklore_and_literature" title="Pleiades in folklore and literature">Pleiades in folklore and literature</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Mythology">Turkic Mythology</a> - The Pleiades Constellation is one of the oldest cosmological figures of the Turks. Seasonal cycles in Anatolia are determined by this star group.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg/220px-Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg/330px-Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg/440px-Seven_Sisters_coin_Royal_Australian_Mint_1_dollar_2020_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative silver one dollar coin issued in 2020 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Mint" title="Royal Australian Mint">Royal Australian Mint</a> - on the reverse, the Seven Sisters (Pleiades) are represented as they are portrayed in an ancient story of Australian Indigenous tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Pleiades are a prominent sight in winter in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, and are easily visible from mid-southern latitudes. They have been known since antiquity to cultures all around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Tŵr Tewdws</i>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Streoillín</i>); pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a> (who called it <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Mapúlon</i></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Mulo‑pulo</i></span> or <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Muró‑púro</i></span>, among other names), for whom it indicated the beginning of the year;<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKinlay_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKinlay-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiians</a> (who call them <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Makaliʻi</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> (who call them <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Matariki" title="Matariki">Matariki</a></i></span>); <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy#Pleiades" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">several traditions</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, whence in <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> (who called them <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Parvīn</i></span> – <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پروین</span></span> – or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Parvī</i></span> – <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پروی</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> (who call them <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Thurayyā</i></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الثريا</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-allen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> (who called them <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎo</i></span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昴</span></span>); the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> (who call them <a href="/wiki/Quyllurit%27i" title="Quyllurit'i">Qullqa</a> or the storehouse); the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> (who call them <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Subaru</i></span>; <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昴</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スバル</span></span>); the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kracht2017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kracht2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the Pleiades are known as <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%9Bttik%C4%81" title="Kṛttikā">Kṛttikā</a> and are scripturally associated with the war deity <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> and are also identified or associated with the <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Saptamatrika(s)</a> (Seven Mothers). Hindus celebrate the first day (new moon) of the month of <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartik</a> as <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, a festival of abundance and lamps. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Pleiades are also mentioned three times in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HastingsSelbie1911_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HastingsSelbie1911-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png/170px-Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png/255px-Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png/340px-Pleiades_Sidereus_Nuncius.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Galileo's drawings of the Pleiades star cluster from <i>Sidereus Nuncius</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known depiction of the Pleiades is likely a Northern German <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> artifact known as the <a href="/wiki/Nebra_sky_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra sky disk">Nebra sky disk</a>, dated to approximately 1600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_star_catalogues" title="Babylonian star catalogues">Babylonian star catalogues</a> name the Pleiades <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn"><sup>MUL</sup>MUL</i></span> (<span title="Sumerian-language text"><span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒀯𒀯</span></span></span>), meaning "stars" (literally "star star"), and they head the list of stars along the ecliptic, reflecting the fact that they were close to the point of the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> around the twenty-third century BC. The Ancient Egyptians may have used the names "Followers" and "Ennead" in the prognosis texts of the Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days of papyrus Cairo 86637.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> astronomers considered them to be a distinct <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a>, and they are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-homer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Geoponica" title="Geoponica">Geoponica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pleiades was the most well-known "star" among pre-Islamic Arabs and so often referred to simply as "the Star" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-Najm</i></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النجم</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> suggested that the Pleiades are the "star" mentioned in <a href="/wiki/An-Najm" title="An-Najm">Surah An-Najm</a> ("The Star") in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On numerous cylinder seals from the beginning of the first millennium BC, M45 is represented by seven points, while the <i>Seven Gods</i> appear, on low-reliefs of Neo-Assyrian royal palaces, wearing long open robes and large cylindrical headdresses surmounted by short feathers and adorned with three frontal rows of horns and a crown of feathers, while carrying both an ax and a knife, as well as a bow and a quiver.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by scholar <a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a>, the constellation was "nearly always imagined" as a group of seven sisters, and their myths explain why there are only six.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists suggest that these may come from observations back when <a href="/wiki/Pleione_(star)" title="Pleione (star)">Pleione</a> was farther from <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(star)" title="Atlas (star)">Atlas</a> and more visible as a separate star as far back as 100,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subaru">Subaru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subaru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the cluster is mentioned under the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mutsuraboshi</i></span> ("six stars") in the eighth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kojiki-pleiades_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojiki-pleiades-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cluster is now known in Japan as Subaru.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name was chosen for that of the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Telescope</a>, the 8.2-meter (320 in) flagship telescope of the <a href="/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan" title="National Astronomical Observatory of Japan">National Astronomical Observatory of Japan</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauna Kea Observatory">Mauna Kea Observatory</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>. It had the largest <a href="/wiki/Segmented_mirror#Application" title="Segmented mirror">monolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> in the world from its commissioning in 1998 until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also was chosen as the brand name of <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a> automobiles to reflect the origins of the firm as the joining of five companies, and is depicted in the firm's six-star logo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_history">Observational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Observational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> to view the Pleiades through a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thereby discovered that the cluster contains many stars too dim to be seen with the naked eye. He published his observations, including a sketch of the Pleiades showing 36 stars, in his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a></i> in March 1610. </p><p>The Pleiades have long been known to be a physically related group of stars rather than any chance alignment. <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> calculated in 1767 that the probability of a chance alignment of so many bright stars was only 1 in 500,000, and so surmised that the Pleiades and many other clusters must consist of physically related stars.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When studies were first made of the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motions</a> of the stars, it was found that they are all moving in the same direction across the sky, at the same rate, further demonstrating that they were related. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> measured the position of the cluster and included it as "M45" in his <a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">catalogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>-like objects, published in 1771. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_Cluster" title="Beehive Cluster">Praesepe</a> cluster, Messier's inclusion of the Pleiades has been noted as curious, as most of Messier's objects were much fainter and more easily confused with comets—something that seems scarcely possible for the Pleiades. One possibility is that Messier simply wanted to have a larger catalogue than his scientific rival <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Louis_de_Lacaille" title="Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille">Lacaille</a>, whose 1755 catalogue contained 42 objects, and so he added some bright, well-known objects to boost the number on his list.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edme-S%C3%A9bastien_Jeaurat" title="Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat">Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat</a> then drew in 1782 a map of 64 stars of the Pleiades from his observations in 1779, which he published in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distance">Distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taurus_constellation_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Pleiades (circled) in the night sky"><img alt="Location of Pleiades (circled) in the night sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taurus_constellation_map.svg/260px-Taurus_constellation_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taurus_constellation_map.svg/390px-Taurus_constellation_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Taurus_constellation_map.svg/520px-Taurus_constellation_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 83px; left: 211px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 20px; left: -10px; top: -10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B_Tau" title="Λ Tau"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/20px-Red_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/30px-Red_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Red_circle.svg/40px-Red_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of Pleiades (circled) in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a></div> </div> </div> <p>The distance to the Pleiades can be used as a key first step to calibrate the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">cosmic distance ladder</a>. As the cluster is relatively close to the Earth, the distance should be relatively easy to measure and has been estimated by many methods. Accurate knowledge of the distance allows astronomers to plot a <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> for the cluster, which, when compared with those plotted for clusters whose distance is not known, allows their distances to be estimated. Other methods may then extend the distance scale from open clusters to galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and a cosmic distance ladder may be constructed. Ultimately astronomers' understanding of the age and future evolution of the universe is influenced by their knowledge of the distance to the Pleiades. Yet some authors argue that the controversy over the distance to the Pleiades discussed below is a <a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">red herring</a>, since the cosmic distance ladder can (presently) rely on a suite of other nearby clusters where consensus exists regarding the distances as established by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></i> satellite and independent means (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coma_Star_Cluster" title="Coma Star Cluster">Coma Berenices cluster</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-majaess11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majaess11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif/170px-Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif/255px-Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif/340px-Astro_4D_m45_cr_anim.gif 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Animation of proper motion in 400,000 years—<a href="/wiki/Autostereogram#3D_perception" title="Autostereogram">cross-eyed viewing</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg/10px-Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg/15px-Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg/20px-Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> (click for viewing guide)</figcaption></figure> <p>Measurements of the distance have elicited much controversy. Results prior to the launch of the <i>Hipparcos</i> satellite generally found that the Pleiades were approximately 135 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (pc) away from Earth. Data from <i>Hipparcos</i> yielded a surprising result, namely a distance of only 118 pc, by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> of stars in the cluster—a technique that should yield the most direct and accurate results. Later work consistently argued that the <i>Hipparcos</i> distance measurement for the Pleiades was erroneous:<sup id="cite_ref-majaess11_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majaess11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Percival_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percival-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zwahlen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwahlen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soderblom05_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soderblom05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pan04_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pan04-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, distances derived to the cluster via the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> and infrared <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">color–magnitude diagram</a> fitting (so-called "<a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_parallax" title="Spectroscopic parallax">spectroscopic parallax</a>") favor a distance between 135 and 140 pc;<sup id="cite_ref-majaess11_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majaess11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soderblom05_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soderblom05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a dynamical distance from <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">optical interferometric</a> observations of the inner pair of stars within <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(star)" title="Atlas (star)">Atlas</a> (a bright triple star in the Pleiades) favors a distance of 133 to 137 pc.<sup id="cite_ref-pan04_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pan04-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the author of the 2007–2009 catalog of revised <i>Hipparcos</i> parallaxes reasserted that the distance to the Pleiades is ~120 pc and challenged the dissenting evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-vanleeuwen09_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanleeuwen09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Francis and Anderson<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed that a systematic effect on <i>Hipparcos</i> parallax errors for stars in clusters would bias calculation using the <a href="/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean" title="Weighted arithmetic mean">weighted mean</a>; they gave a <i>Hipparcos</i> parallax distance of 126 pc and <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometric</a> distance of 132 pc based on stars in the <a href="/wiki/AB_Doradus_moving_group" title="AB Doradus moving group">AB Doradus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucana-Horologium_association" title="Tucana-Horologium association">Tucana-Horologium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_moving_group" title="Beta Pictoris moving group">Beta Pictoris</a> moving groups, which are all similar in age and composition to the Pleiades. Those authors note that the difference between these results may be attributed to random error. More recent results using <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI) (August 2014), and preliminary solutions using <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> Data Release 1 (September 2016) and Gaia Data Release 2 (August 2018), determine distances of 136.2 ± 1.2 pc,<sup id="cite_ref-vlbi14_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vlbi14-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 134 ± 6 pc<sup id="cite_ref-abrown_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrown-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 136.2 ± 5.0 pc,<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson2018_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. The Gaia Data Release 1 team were cautious about their result, and the VLBI authors assert "that the <i>Hipparcos</i>-measured distance to the Pleiades cluster is in error". </p><p>The most recent distance estimate of the distance to the Pleiades based on the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_Data_Release_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia Data Release 3">Gaia Data Release 3</a> is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7018418849874908356♠"></span>135.74<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.10 pc</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso2023_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"> <caption>Selected distance estimates to the Pleiades </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Distance (<a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a>) </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1999 </th> <td>125 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-hipparcos1999_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hipparcos1999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2004 </th> <td>134.6 ± 3.1 </td> <td>Hubble <a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_(HST)" title="Fine Guidance Sensor (HST)">Fine Guidance Sensor</a><sup id="cite_ref-soderblom05_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soderblom05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2009 </th> <td>120.2 ± 1.9 </td> <td>Revised <i>Hipparcos</i><sup id="cite_ref-vanleeuwen09_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanleeuwen09-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2014 </th> <td>136.2 ± 1.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very-long-baseline interferometry</a><sup id="cite_ref-vlbi14_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vlbi14-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2016 </th> <td>134 ± 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Data_Release_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia Data Release 1">Gaia Data Release 1</a><sup id="cite_ref-abrown_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrown-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2018 </th> <td>136.2 ± 5.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Data_Release_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia Data Release 2">Gaia Data Release 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-Abramson2018_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2023 </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7018418849874908356♠"></span>135.74<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.10 pc</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Data_Release_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia Data Release 3">Gaia Data Release 3</a><sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso2023_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M45map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M45map.jpg/220px-M45map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M45map.jpg/330px-M45map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M45map.jpg/440px-M45map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Pleiades</figcaption></figure> <p>The cluster core radius is approximately 8 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal radius">tidal radius</a> is approximately 43 light-years. The cluster contains more than 1,000 statistically confirmed members, not counting the number that would be added if all <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a> could be resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams,_Joseph_D._2053_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams,_Joseph_D._2053-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its light is dominated by young, hot <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">blue stars</a>, up to 14 of which may be seen with the naked eye, depending on local observing conditions and visual acuity of the observer. The brightest stars form a shape somewhat similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>. The total mass contained in the cluster is estimated to be approximately 800 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> and is dominated by fainter and redder stars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Do we mean that the MASS consists mostly of fainter and redder stars, or that the POPULATION consists mostly of fainter and redder stars? (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams,_Joseph_D._2053_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams,_Joseph_D._2053-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimate of the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a> in the Pleiades is approximately 57%.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cluster contains many <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Teide_1" title="Teide 1">Teide 1</a>. These are objects with less than approximately 8% of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s mass, insufficient for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions to start in their cores and become proper stars. They may constitute up to 25% of the total population of the cluster, although they contribute less than 2% of the total mass.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers have made great efforts to find and analyze brown dwarfs in the Pleiades and other young clusters, because they are still relatively bright and observable, while brown dwarfs in older clusters have faded and are much more difficult to study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brightest_stars">Brightest stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brightest stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brightest stars of the cluster are named the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Seven Sisters</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merope (Pleiades)">Merope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celaeno_(Pleiad)" title="Celaeno (Pleiad)">Celaeno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiades)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone (Pleiades)">Alcyone</a>. Later, they were assigned parents, <a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridpath_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridpath-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As daughters of Atlas, the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a> were sisters of the Pleiades. </p><p>The following table gives details of the brightest stars in the cluster: </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Pleiades bright stars</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">IPA</a>) </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Star designation">Designation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Stellar classification</a> </th> <th>Distance (ly)<sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(star)" title="Alcyone (star)">Alcyone</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>Eta (25) Tauri </td> <td>2.86 </td> <td>B7IIIe </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002409000000000000♠"></span>409<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>50</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(star)" title="Atlas (star)">Atlas</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>27 Tauri </td> <td>3.62 </td> <td>B8III </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002387000000000000♠"></span>387<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>26</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electra_(star)" title="Electra (star)">Electra</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>17 Tauri </td> <td>3.70 </td> <td>B6IIIe </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002375000000000000♠"></span>375<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>23</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maia_(star)" title="Maia (star)">Maia</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>20 Tauri </td> <td>3.86 </td> <td>B7III </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002344000000000000♠"></span>344<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>25</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merope_(star)" title="Merope (star)">Merope</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>23 Tauri </td> <td>4.17 </td> <td>B6IVev </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002344000000000000♠"></span>344<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taygeta_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygeta (star)">Taygeta</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>19 Tauri </td> <td>4.29 </td> <td>B6IV </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002364000000000000♠"></span>364<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>16</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(star)" title="Pleione (star)">Pleione</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> </td> <td>28 (BU) Tauri </td> <td>5.09 <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">(var.)</a> </td> <td>B8IVpe </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002422000000000000♠"></span>422<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>11</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Celaeno_(star)" title="Celaeno (star)">Celaeno</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>16 Tauri </td> <td>5.44 </td> <td>B7IV </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002434000000000000♠"></span>434<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>10</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/21_Tauri" title="21 Tauri">Asterope or Sterope I</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>21 Tauri </td> <td>5.64 </td> <td>B8Ve </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002431100000000000♠"></span>431.1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>7.5</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/18_Tauri" title="18 Tauri">18 Tauri</a> </td> <td>5.66 </td> <td>B8V </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002444000000000000♠"></span>444<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>7</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/22_Tauri" title="22 Tauri">Sterope II</a> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td>22 Tauri </td> <td>6.41 </td> <td>B9V </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002431100000000000♠"></span>431.1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>7.5</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HD_23753" title="HD 23753">HD 23753</a> </td> <td>5.44 </td> <td>B9Vn </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002420000000000000♠"></span>420<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>10</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_23923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 23923 (page does not exist)">HD 23923</a> </td> <td>6.16 </td> <td>B8V </td> <td>374.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_23853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 23853 (page does not exist)">HD 23853</a> </td> <td>6.59 </td> <td>B9.5V </td> <td>398.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_23410&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD 23410 (page does not exist)">HD 23410</a> </td> <td>6.88 </td> <td>A0V </td> <td>395.82 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_and_future_evolution">Age and future evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age and future evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades-motion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pleiades-motion.png/220px-Pleiades-motion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pleiades-motion.png/330px-Pleiades-motion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pleiades-motion.png/440px-Pleiades-motion.png 2x" data-file-width="3093" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Stars of Pleiades with color and 10,000-year backward proper motion shown</figcaption></figure> <p>Ages for star clusters may be estimated by comparing the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a> for the cluster with theoretical models of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a>. Using this technique, ages for the Pleiades of between 75 and 150 million years have been estimated. The wide spread in estimated ages is a result of uncertainties in stellar evolution models, which include factors such as <a href="/wiki/Convective_overshoot" title="Convective overshoot">convective overshoot</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective</a> zone within a star penetrates an otherwise non-convective zone, resulting in higher apparent ages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another way of estimating the age of the cluster is by looking at the lowest-mass objects. In normal <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence">main-sequence</a> stars, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> is rapidly destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions. <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a> can retain their lithium, however. Due to lithium's very low ignition temperature of 2.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> K, the highest-mass brown dwarfs will burn it eventually, and so determining the highest mass of brown dwarfs still containing lithium in the cluster may give an idea of its age. Applying this technique to the Pleiades gives an age of about 115 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cluster is <a href="/wiki/Relative_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative motion">slowly moving</a> in the direction of the feet of what is currently the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>. Like most open clusters, the Pleiades will not stay gravitationally bound forever. Some component stars will be ejected after close encounters with other stars; others will be stripped by tidal gravitational fields. Calculations suggest that the cluster will take approximately 250 million years to disperse, because of gravitational interactions with <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">giant molecular clouds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral arms</a> of our galaxy hastening its demise.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflection_nebulosity">Reflection nebulosity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reflection nebulosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg/220px-Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg/330px-Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg/440px-Reflection_nebula_IC_349_near_Merope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> image of reflection nebulosity near <a href="/wiki/Merope_(star)" title="Merope (star)">Merope</a> (<a href="/wiki/IC_349" title="IC 349">IC 349</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>With larger amateur telescopes, the nebulosity around some of the stars may be easily seen, especially when long-exposure photographs are taken. Under ideal observing conditions, some hint of nebulosity around the cluster may be seen even with small telescopes or average binoculars. It is a <a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">reflection nebula</a>, caused by dust reflecting the blue light of the hot, young stars. </p><p>It was formerly thought that the dust was left over from the <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">formation</a> of the cluster, but at the age of approximately 100 million years generally accepted for the cluster, almost all the dust originally present would have been dispersed by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>. Instead, it seems that the cluster is simply passing through a particularly dusty region of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies show that the dust responsible for the nebulosity is not uniformly distributed, but is concentrated mainly in two layers along the line of sight to the cluster. These layers may have been formed by deceleration due to <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> pressure as the dust has moved toward the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_planets">Possible planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possible planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analyzing deep-infrared images obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini North telescope</a>, astronomers discovered that one of the stars in the cluster, <a href="/wiki/HD_23514" title="HD 23514">HD 23514</a>, which has a mass and luminosity a bit greater than that of the Sun, is surrounded by an extraordinary number of hot dust particles. This could be evidence for planet formation around HD 23514.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Videos">Videos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pleiades.ogg/300px--Pleiades.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="168" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="Pleiades.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Pleiades.ogg/Pleiades.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="478" /><source 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data-height="358" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 3-D model of the Pleiades open cluster from the Galaxy Map app (iOS/Android)</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A star chart of the Pleiades and their nebulae"><img alt="A star chart of the Pleiades and their nebulae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pleiades.png/200px-Pleiades.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pleiades.png/300px-Pleiades.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pleiades.png/400px-Pleiades.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A star chart of the Pleiades and their nebulae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 7 hours of total exposure time"><img alt="A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 7 hours of total exposure time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg/200px-M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg/300px-M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg/400px-M45_-_The_Pleiades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 7 hours of total exposure time</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 56 hours of total exposure time"><img alt="A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 56 hours of total exposure time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg/200px-Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg/300px-Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg/400px-Pleiades_Deep_dive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A widefield view of the Pleiades showing the surrounding dust, image taken with 56 hours of total exposure time</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy#Seven_Sisters" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy § Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stozhary" title="Stozhary">Stozhary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi#Astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">The Seven Sages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-simbad-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simbad_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simbad_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simbad_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simbad_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simbad_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> 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Lambert, (en) « The section AN », in : Luigi Cagni (a cura di), <i>Il bilinguismo a Ebla</i>, Atti del convegno inter-nazionale (Napoli,, 19-22 aprile 1982), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di studi asiatici, XXII (1984), 396-397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérard_Huet" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Gérard Huet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskrit.inria.fr/cgi-bin/SKT/sktindex.cgi?lex=SH&q=k.rttikaa&t=VH">"« Dictionnaire Héritage du Sanskrit », version 3.48[2023-07-01, <i>s.v.</i> « Kṛttikā »"</a> (in French and Saraiki).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%AB+Dictionnaire+H%C3%A9ritage+du+Sanskrit+%C2%BB%2C+version+3.48%5B2023-07-01%2C+s.v.+%C2%AB+K%E1%B9%9Bttik%C4%81+%C2%BB.&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Huet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskrit.inria.fr%2Fcgi-bin%2FSKT%2Fsktindex.cgi%3Flex%3DSH%26q%3Dk.rttikaa%26t%3DVH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleiades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pingree & Morrissey, "On the Identification of the Yogataras of the Indian Naksatras", in <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>, Vol. 20, N° 2/61 (June 1989), p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Laffitte" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roland Laffitte. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194317/http://www.uranos.fr/PDF/ETUDES_01_N21_FR.pdf">"Série MUL.APIN (BM 86378)", Tab. I, iv, 31-39., on URANOS, the astronomical website of the Selefa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uranos.fr/PDF/ETUDES_01_N21_FR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2023-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9rie+MUL.APIN+%28BM+86378%29%22%2C+Tab.+I%2C+iv%2C+31-39.%2C+on+URANOS%2C+the+astronomical+website+of+the+Selefa.&rft.au=Roland+Laffitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uranos.fr%2FPDF%2FETUDES_01_N21_FR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleiades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(en) André Le Bœuffle, <i>Les Noms latins d'astres et de constellations</i>, éd. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1977, pp. 120-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Pellat, <i>Dictons rimés</i>, <i>anwa et mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</i>, in <i>Arabica. Journal of arabic and islamic studies</i>, vol. 2 (1955) p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Laffitte, <i>Essai de reconstitution du comput antique, et« le comput des des </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%C4%81zil_al-qamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manāzil al-qamar (page does not exist)">manāzil al-qamar</a><i> ou stations lunaires</i>, in <i>Le ciel des Arabes. Apport de l'uranographie arabe</i>, Paris : Geuthner, 2012, pp. 42-43, puis 51-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(de) Eduard Glaser, <i>Die Sternkunde der südarabischen Kabylen</i>, Wien : aus der Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, (s.d.) [Aus dem XCL. Bande der Sitzb. der kays. Akad. der Wissensch., II. Jänner-Heft Jahrg.1885], pp. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clker_(y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_k%C3%BCmesi)#T%C3%BCrk_mitolojisinde">"Turkic Mythology"</a>. <i>tr.wikipedia.org</i>. 31 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Retrospective Methods Network Newsletter 2017, pp.100-122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01673386/document">https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01673386/document</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mintz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintz_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz, Malcolm W. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503153221/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/monograph1/mintz_cover.htm">"Monograph 1: The Philippines at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century"</a>. <i>Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific</i>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374590">"The Pleiades Reflection Nebula. II. Simple Model Constraints on Dust Properties and Scattering Geometry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>589</b> (1): 362–377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...589..362G">2003ApJ...589..362G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374590">10.1086/374590</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Pleiades+Reflection+Nebula.+II.+Simple+Model+Constraints+on+Dust+Properties+and+Scattering+Geometry&rft.volume=589&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=362-377&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F374590&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...589..362G&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Nordsieck%2C+Kenneth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F374590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleiades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScienceDaily2007" class="citation web cs1">ScienceDaily (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071114203718.htm">"Planets Forming In Pleiades Star Cluster, Astronomers Report"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planets+Forming+In+Pleiades+Star+Cluster%2C+Astronomers+Report&rft.date=2007&rft.au=ScienceDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F11%2F071114203718.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleiades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleiades&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pleiades_(star_cluster)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pleiades (star cluster)">Pleiades (star cluster)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pleiades" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pleiades">Pleiades</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The Pleiades on <a href="/wiki/WikiSky" class="mw-redirect" title="WikiSky">WikiSky</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=DSS2">DSS2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=SDSS">SDSS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=GALEX">GALEX</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=IRAS">IRAS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=HALPHA">Hydrogen α</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=RASS">X-Ray</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades&img_source=IMG_all">Astrophoto</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Pleiades">Sky Map</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/starview?object=Pleiades">Articles and images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/m/m045.html">Information on the Pleiades from SEDS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Messier objects">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_2" title="Messier 2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_3" title="Messier 3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_4" title="Messier 4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_5" title="Messier 5">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Cluster" title="Butterfly Cluster">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_7" title="Messier 7">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Nebula" title="Lagoon Nebula">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_9" title="Messier 9">M9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_10" title="Messier 10">M10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Duck_Cluster" title="Wild Duck Cluster">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_12" title="Messier 12">M12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_13" title="Messier 13">M13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_14" title="Messier 14">M14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_15" title="Messier 15">M15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Nebula" title="Eagle Nebula">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Nebula" title="Omega Nebula">M17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_18" title="Messier 18">M18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_19" title="Messier 19">M19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifid_Nebula" title="Trifid Nebula">M20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_21" title="Messier 21">M21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_22" title="Messier 22">M22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_23" title="Messier 23">M23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud" title="Small Sagittarius Star Cloud">M24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_25" title="Messier 25">M25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_26" title="Messier 26">M26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbbell_Nebula" title="Dumbbell Nebula">M27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_28" title="Messier 28">M28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_29" title="Messier 29">M29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_30" title="Messier 30">M30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">M31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">M32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">M33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_34" title="Messier 34">M34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_35" title="Messier 35">M35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_36" title="Messier 36">M36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_37" title="Messier 37">M37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_38" title="Messier 38">M38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_39" title="Messier 39">M39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnecke_4" title="Winnecke 4">M40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_41" title="Messier 41">M41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">M42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_43" title="Messier 43">M43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Cluster" title="Beehive Cluster">M44</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_46" title="Messier 46">M46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_47" title="Messier 47">M47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_48" title="Messier 48">M48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_49" title="Messier 49">M49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_50" title="Messier 50">M50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy" title="Whirlpool Galaxy">M51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_52" title="Messier 52">M52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_53" title="Messier 53">M53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_54" title="Messier 54">M54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_55" title="Messier 55">M55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_56" title="Messier 56">M56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_Nebula" title="Ring Nebula">M57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_58" title="Messier 58">M58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_59" title="Messier 59">M59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_60" title="Messier 60">M60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_61" title="Messier 61">M61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_62" title="Messier 62">M62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_63" title="Messier 63">M63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Eye_Galaxy" title="Black Eye Galaxy">M64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_65" title="Messier 65">M65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_66" title="Messier 66">M66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_67" title="Messier 67">M67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_68" title="Messier 68">M68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_69" title="Messier 69">M69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_70" title="Messier 70">M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_71" title="Messier 71">M71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_72" title="Messier 72">M72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_73" title="Messier 73">M73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_74" title="Messier 74">M74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_75" title="Messier 75">M75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dumbbell_Nebula" title="Little Dumbbell Nebula">M76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_77" title="Messier 77">M77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_78" title="Messier 78">M78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_79" title="Messier 79">M79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_80" title="Messier 80">M80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">M81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_82" title="Messier 82">M82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_83" title="Messier 83">M83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_84" title="Messier 84">M84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_85" title="Messier 85">M85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_86" title="Messier 86">M86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_88" title="Messier 88">M88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_89" title="Messier 89">M89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_90" title="Messier 90">M90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_91" title="Messier 91">M91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_92" title="Messier 92">M92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_93" title="Messier 93">M93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_94" title="Messier 94">M94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_95" title="Messier 95">M95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_96" title="Messier 96">M96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Nebula" title="Owl Nebula">M97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_98" title="Messier 98">M98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_99" title="Messier 99">M99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_100" title="Messier 100">M100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinwheel_Galaxy" title="Pinwheel Galaxy">M101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_102" title="Messier 102">M102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_103" title="Messier 103">M103</a></li> <li>Added <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_Galaxy" title="Sombrero Galaxy">M104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_105" title="Messier 105">M105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_106" title="Messier 106">M106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_107" title="Messier 107">M107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_108" title="Messier 108">M108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_109" title="Messier 109">M109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">M110</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier"><img alt="Painting of Charles Messier, creator of the Messier catalog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Messier.jpg/80px-Charles_Messier.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Messier.jpg/120px-Charles_Messier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_Messier.jpg/160px-Charles_Messier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_catalogue" title="Caldwell catalogue">Caldwell catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Nebulae_and_Clusters_of_Stars" title="Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars">Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_400_Catalogue" title="Herschel 400 Catalogue">Herschel 400 Catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Index Catalogue">Index Catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">New General Catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_New_General_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised New General Catalogue">Revised New General Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Messier_objects" title="Category:Messier objects">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Messier_objects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Messier objects">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13423#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237301763">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174907-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐r87c6 Cached time: 20241122140400 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.252 seconds Real time usage: 1.530 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6716/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 207379/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6268/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 266527/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.757/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19012950/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1314.984 1 -total 38.81% 510.334 1 Template:Reflist 12.37% 162.680 28 Template:Cite_journal 11.23% 147.710 18 Template:Cite_web 8.90% 117.030 3 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