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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>American planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Order of Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surrender</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surrender subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burning_of_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burning of York</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Societal consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later attacks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_attacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later attacks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_incursion,_July_1813" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_incursion,_July_1813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Second incursion, July 1813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_incursion,_July_1813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_incursion,_August_1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_incursion,_August_1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Third incursion, August 1814</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_incursion,_August_1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_York&params=43_39_09_N_79_22_54_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°39′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.65250°N 79.38167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.65250; -79.38167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War of 1812 battle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1813 battle in Upper Canada. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of York (disambiguation)">Battle of York (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_York&params=43_39_09_N_79_22_54_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°39′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.65250°N 79.38167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.65250; -79.38167</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/300px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/450px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/600px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="587" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of York</i> by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Staples" title="Owen Staples">Owen Staples</a>, 1914. The American fleet before the capture of York.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 27, 1813</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York, Upper Canada</a><br />(present day <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United States victory<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank183_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada"><img alt="Upper Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Givins" title="James Givins">James Givins</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada"><img alt="Upper Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">John Robinson</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada"><img alt="Upper Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Shaw" title="Aeneas Shaw">Aeneas Shaw</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey" title="Isaac Chauncey">Isaac Chauncey</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 300 regulars<br />300 militia<br />40–50 Natives</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,700 regulars<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />14 armed vessels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 82 killed<br />112 wounded (including 69 wounded prisoners)<br />274 captured<br />7 missing<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008393_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008393-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 55 killed<br />265 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank183_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_St._Lawrence_Frontier" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_St._Lawrence_Frontier" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_St._Lawrence_Frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="St._Lawrence/Lake_Ontario_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">St. Lawrence/Lake Ontario frontier</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1812</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">1st Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matilda" title="Battle of Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Ogdensburg" title="Assault on Ogdensburg">1st Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Regis" title="Battle of St. Regis">St. Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kingston_Harbour" title="Battle of Kingston Harbour">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_French_Mills" title="Surrender of French Mills">French Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1813</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">2nd Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sodus" title="Raid on Sodus">Sodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_On_Philipsburg" title="Raid On Philipsburg">Philipsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Iroquois" title="Battle of Point Iroquois">Point Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Doran%27s_Farm" title="Skirmish at Doran's Farm">Doran's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoople%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Hoople's Creek">Hoople's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cornwall" title="Occupation of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1814</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Madrid" title="Raid on Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_Raid_(1814)" title="Salmon River Raid (1814)">Salmon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Fort Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_battles_of_the_War_of_1812" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_battles_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Naval battles of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Atlantic Ocean</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_vs_HMS_Alert" title="USS Essex vs HMS Alert">USS <i>Essex</i> vs HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">Capture of HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)#Engagement_with_USS_Constitution" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">Sinking of HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Teazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Teazer">Capture of the Young Teazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">Capture of HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)#Capture_by_HMS_Pelican" title="USS Argus (1803)">Capture of USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">Capture of HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Frolic_(1813)#Career" title="USS Frolic (1813)">Capture of USS <i>Frolic</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">Capture of HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">Sinking of HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">Sinking of HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">Capture of USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">Capture of HMS <i>Cyane</i> and HMS <i>Levant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">Capture of HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_East_India_Company_ship_Nautilus" title="Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus">Capture of East India Company ship <i>Nautilus</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>East Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_cutter_Eagle" title="Defense of the cutter Eagle">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Fort Peter</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">1st Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Caledonia_and_HMS_Detroit" title="Capture of HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit">Capture of HMS <i>Caledonia</i> and HMS <i>Detroit</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">2nd Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Fort Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Lake Champlain</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>West Indies / Gulf Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#First_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">1st Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pacific Ocean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of York</b> was a <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> battle fought in <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York, Upper Canada</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada) on April 27, 1813. An American force, supported by a naval flotilla, landed on the western lakeshore and captured the provincial capital after defeating an outnumbered force of regulars, militia and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> natives under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada">Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada</a>. </p><p>After Sheaffe's forces were defeated, he ordered his surviving regulars to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, abandoning the militia and civilians. The Americans captured the fort, town, and dockyard. They themselves suffered casualties, including force leader Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> and others killed when the retreating British blew up the fort's magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-peppiatt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peppiatt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Americans carried out several acts of arson and looting, they seized ordnance and supplies from the settlement and subsequently withdrew from the town weeks later. </p><p>Although the Americans won a clear victory, the battle did not have decisive strategic results as York was a less important objective in military terms than Kingston, where the British armed vessels on Lake Ontario were based. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of York">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D,_on_the_stocks_(April,_1813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg/220px-H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg/330px-H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg/440px-H._M._Sloop_of_War_%E2%80%9CSir_Isaac_Brock%E2%80%9D%2C_on_the_stocks_%28April%2C_1813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sir_Isaac_Brock" title="HMS Sir Isaac Brock"><i>Sir Issac Brock</i></a> being built in York. Both sides engaged in building freshwater fleets in an effort to gain <a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">naval supremacy on Lake Ontario</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>York, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, stood on the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. During the War of 1812, the lake was both the front line between Upper Canada and the United States, and also served as the principal British supply line from <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a> to the various forces and outposts to the west. At the start of the war, the British had a small naval force, the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Marine" title="Provincial Marine">Provincial Marine</a>, with which they seized control of Lake Ontario, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. This made it possible for Major General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a>, who led British forces in Upper Canada, to gain several important victories in 1812 by shifting his small force rapidly between threatened points to defeat disjointed American attacks individually.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> appointed Commodore <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey" title="Isaac Chauncey">Isaac Chauncey</a> to regain control of the lakes. He created a squadron of fighting ships at <a href="/wiki/Sackett%27s_Harbor,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackett's Harbor, New York">Sackett's Harbor, New York</a> by purchasing and arming several lake schooners and laying down purpose-built fighting vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no decisive action was possible before the onset of winter, during which the ships of both sides were confined to their harbours by ice.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To match Chauncey's shipbuilding efforts, the British laid down the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloops-of-war</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Wolfe_(1813)" title="HMS Wolfe (1813)"><i>Wolfe</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sir_Isaac_Brock" title="HMS Sir Isaac Brock"><i>Sir Isaac Brock</i></a>, at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Shipyards,_York_(Upper_Canada)" title="Naval Shipyards, York (Upper Canada)">York Naval Shipyards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_planning">American planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 13, 1813, <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a>. He quickly assessed the situation on Lake Ontario and devised a plan by which a force of 7,000 regular soldiers would be concentrated at Sackett's Harbor on April 1. Working together with Chauncey's squadron, this force would capture Kingston before the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> thawed and substantial British reinforcements could arrive in Upper Canada. The capture of Kingston and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Royal_Naval_Dockyard" title="Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard">Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard</a> together with most of the vessels of the Provincial Marine, would make almost every British post west of Kingston vulnerable if not untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995136_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kingston was captured, the Americans would then capture the British positions at York and <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a>, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg/170px-John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg/255px-John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg/340px-John_Armstrong_Jr_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> originally planned for an attack on <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, but later acquiesced to changes that made <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a> the attack's target.</figcaption></figure> <p>Armstrong conferred with Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, commander of the American <i>Army of the North</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> during February. Both Dearborn and Chauncey agreed with Armstrong's plan at this point, but they subsequently had second thoughts. That month, Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Pr%C3%A9vost" class="mw-redirect" title="George Prévost">George Prévost</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, travelled up the frozen Saint Lawrence to visit Upper Canada. This visit was made necessary because Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a>, who had succeeded Brock as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada">Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada</a>, was ill and unable to perform his various duties. Prévost was accompanied only by a few small detachments of reinforcements, which participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Battle of Ogdensburg</a> en route. Nevertheless, both Chauncey and Dearborn believed that Prévost's arrival indicated an imminent attack on Sackett's Harbor, and reported that Kingston now had a garrison of 6,000 or more British <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regulars</a>. </p><p>Even though Prévost soon returned to Lower Canada, and deserters and pro-American Canadian civilians reported that the true size of Kingston's garrison was 600 regulars and 1,400 militia,<sup id="cite_ref-Humphries254_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphries254-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chauncey and Dearborn chose to accept the earlier inflated figure. Furthermore, even after two brigades of troops under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> reinforced the troops at Sackett's Harbor after a gruelling winter march from <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York" title="Plattsburgh, New York">Plattsburgh</a>, the number of effective troops available to Dearborn fell far short of the 7,000 planned, mainly as a result of sickness and exposure. During March, Chauncey and Dearborn recommended to Armstrong that when the ice on the lake thawed, they should attack the less well-defended town of York instead of Kingston. Although York was the provincial capital of Upper Canada, it was far less important than Kingston as a military objective. Historians such as John R. Elting have pointed out that this change of plan effectively reversed Armstrong's original strategy, and by committing the bulk of the American forces at the western end of Lake Ontario, it left Sackett's Harbor vulnerable to an attack by British reinforcements arriving from Lower Canada. </p><p>Armstrong, by now back in Washington, nevertheless acquiesced in this change of plan as Dearborn might well have better local information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting199594_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting199594-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong also believed that an easy victory at York would provide the government with a significant propaganda coup, as well as bolster support for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> for the gubernatorial election in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199349-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack was originally planned to commence in early April, although a long winter delayed the attack on York by several weeks, threatening the political value of such an attack. In an attempt to overcome these delays, Democratic-Republicans supporters circulated proclamations of victory prior to the battle to the New York electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199349-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American naval squadron first attempted to depart from Sackets Harbor on April 23, 1813, although an incoming storm forced the squadron back to harbour, in order to wait out the storm. The squadron finally departed on the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_preparations">British preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_of_the_town_of_York_blockhouses,_1799_-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Design_of_the_town_of_York_blockhouses%2C_1799_-a.jpg/220px-Design_of_the_town_of_York_blockhouses%2C_1799_-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Design_of_the_town_of_York_blockhouses%2C_1799_-a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Designs of the <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> that were built to defend York, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>The town of York was not heavily fortified, with insufficient resources preventing the construction of necessary works needed to adequately defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199349-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Sheaffe had instructed government officials in early April 1813 to hide legislative papers in the forest and fields behind York, to ensure they would not be seized in the event of an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199349-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>York's defences included the town's <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouse</a> situated near the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)" title="Don River (Ontario)">Don River</a> east of the town, the blockhouses at <a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">Fort York</a> to the west, and another <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Point_Blockhouse" title="Gibraltar Point Blockhouse">blockhouse at Gibraltar Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was also defended by three batteries at the fort and the nearby "Government House Battery" which mounted two 12-pounder <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">guns</a>. Another crude battery, known as the Western Battery, was located 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) west of the fort, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Place" title="Exhibition Place">Exhibition Place</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained two obsolete 18-pounder guns, which originated from earlier conflicts and had been disabled by having their <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnions</a> removed, but they were fixed to crude log carriages and could still be fired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fort York was also defended by a western wall and a small unarmed <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork</a> between the fort and the Western Battery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a dozen cannons, including older condemned models, were mounted in these positions, in addition to two 6-pounders on field carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further west were the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a>, and the Half Moon Battery, neither of which was in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphries254_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphries254-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_York.jpg/220px-Battle_of_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_York.jpg/330px-Battle_of_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_York.jpg/440px-Battle_of_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The blockhouse near the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)" title="Don River (Ontario)">Don River</a> in 1813. Most of the militia and the <a href="/wiki/8th_(The_King%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot">8th Regiment of Foot</a> were positioned there prior to the battle.</figcaption></figure><p> Sheaffe was at York to conduct public business. He was originally scheduled to leave the settlement for <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a> but had postponed his departure due to suspicions of an American assault on York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His regulars, most of whom were also passing through York en route to other posts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisted of two companies (including the grenadier company) of the 1st battalion <a href="/wiki/8th_(The_King%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot">8th Regiment of Foot</a>, a company of the <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_Light_Infantry" title="Glengarry Light Infantry">Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles</a>, a company-sized detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment#Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_of_Fencible_Infantry" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Fencibles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small squad from the <a href="/wiki/49th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a>, and thirteen soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also 40 or 50 <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> warriors, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militia</a>. </p><p>The American naval squadron was spotted by British sentries posted at the <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs" title="Scarborough Bluffs">Scarborough Bluffs</a> on April 26, who alerted the town and its defenders using <a href="/wiki/Flag_signals" title="Flag signals">flag signals</a> and signal guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Militia was ordered to assemble, but only 300 of the 1st and 3rd Regiments of the <a href="/wiki/York_Militia" title="York Militia">York Militia</a>, and a company of the Incorporated Militia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could be mustered at short notice. Sheaffe expected the Americans to launch a two-pronged attack, with the main American landing to the west of Fort York, and another landing in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a> to cut off a potential retreat to Kingston. To counteract this, Sheaffe concentrated most of his regulars, the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Native</a> warriors and a small number of militiamen at Fort York, while most of the militia and the companies of the 8th Regiment of Foot positioned themselves at the town's blockhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199351-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_Battle">Order of Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Order of Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>British and Native order of battle </th> <th>American order of battle </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="width:50%"> <p><b>British Army:</b> Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a> </p> <ul><li>British regulars and Fencibles <ul><li>Two companies, <a href="/wiki/8th_(The_King%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot">8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li>One company, <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_Light_Infantry" title="Glengarry Light Infantry">Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles</a></li> <li>One company, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment#Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment_of_Fencible_Infantry" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry</a></li> <li>detachment <a href="/wiki/49th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Regiment of Foot">49th (the Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regiment of Artillery">Royal Regiment of Artillery</a> (13 men)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Department" title="British Indian Department">Indian Department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> warriors (40–50 men)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> (approximately 300 men) <ul><li>1st Regiment of <a href="/wiki/York_Militia" title="York Militia">York Militia</a></li> <li>3rd Regiment of York Militia</li> <li>One company, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812#Incorporated_Militia_Battalion" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Incorporated Militia Battalion</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" style="width:50%"> <p><b>Army of the North:</b> Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Landing Force:</b> Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_M._Pike" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebulon M. Pike">Zebulon M. Pike</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a>, Colonel Cromwell Pearce <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Riflemen">1st U.S. Rifle Regiment</a>: Major <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Forsyth" title="Benjamin Forsyth">Benjamin Forsyth</a></li> <li>6th U.S. Infantry: Colonel Jonas Simonds</li> <li>13th U.S. Infantry <small><i>(attached to 14th Infantry)</i></small></li> <li>14th U.S. Infantry: Captain Henry Grindage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)#Previous_15th_Regiments" title="15th Infantry Regiment (United States)">15th U.S. Infantry</a>: Major William King</li> <li>16th U.S. Infantry: Colonel <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Pearce" title="Cromwell Pearce">Cromwell Pearce</a></li> <li>21st U.S. Infantry: Lt Colonel <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_W._Ripley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar W. Ripley">Eleazar W. Ripley</a></li> <li>3rd U.S. Artillery (serving as infantry): Lt Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Mitchell" title="George Edward Mitchell">George E. Mitchell</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">3rd U.S. Artillery battery</a>: Major <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eustis" title="Abraham Eustis">Abraham Eustis</a></li> <li>New York Militia: Colonel George McClure</li></ul></li> <li><b>U.S. Navy:</b> Commodore <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey" title="Isaac Chauncey">Isaac Chauncey</a> <ul><li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">Madison</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Oneida_(1809)#Battle_of_York" title="USS Oneida (1809)">Oneida</a></i></li> <li>USS <a href="/wiki/USS_Fair_American" title="USS Fair American"><i>Fair American</i></a></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Hamilton_(1809)" title="USS Hamilton (1809)">Hamilton</a></i></li> <li>USS <i>Governor Tompkins</i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Conquest_(1812)" title="USS Conquest (1812)">Conquest</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Asp_(1812)" title="USS Asp (1812)">Asp</a></i></li> <li>USS <i>Pert</i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Julia_(1812)" title="USS Julia (1812)">Julia</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Growler_(1812_schooner)" title="USS Growler (1812 schooner)">Growler</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Ontario_(1812)" title="USS Ontario (1812)">Ontario</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Scourge_(1812)" title="USS Scourge (1812)">Scourge</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Lady_of_the_Lake_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Lady of the Lake (1813)">Lady of the Lake</a></i></li> <li>USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Raven_(1813)" title="USS Raven (1813)">Raven</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americans fleet appeared off of York late on April 26. Chauncey's squadron consisted of a ship-rigged <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a>. The embarked force commanded by Brigadier General Zebulon Pike numbered between 1,600 and 1,800, mainly from the 6th, 15th, 16th and 21st U.S. Infantry, and the 3rd U.S. Artillery fighting as infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dearborn, the overall army commander, remained aboard the corvette <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">Madison</a></i> during the action. </p><p>Early on April 27, the first American wave of boats, carrying 300 soldiers of Major <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Forsyth" title="Benjamin Forsyth">Benjamin Forsyth</a>'s company of the <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Riflemen">U.S. 1st Rifle Regiment</a>, landed about 6.4 kilometres (4 mi) west of the town, supported by some of Chauncey's schooners firing <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>. The American force intended to land at a clear field, west of Fort York, but strong winds pushed their landing craft 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) west of their desired landing site, towards a wooded coastline in today's <a href="/wiki/Humber_Bay" title="Humber Bay">Humber Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forsyth's riflemen were opposed only by Native warriors, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Givins" title="James Givins">James Givins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Department" title="British Indian Department">British Indian Department</a>, and the grenadier company of the 8th Regiment of Foot, who were dispatched to the area by Sheaffe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the Natives initially engaged the American landing. With American cannon fire threatening the roads on the waterfront, the British units dispatched from Fort York had to traverse through the forest behind the waterfront; and were unable to reach the landing site before the Americans started their landings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199351-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_York_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_York_II.jpg/330px-Battle_of_York_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_York_II.jpg/495px-Battle_of_York_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Battle_of_York_II.jpg/660px-Battle_of_York_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Position of the American and British forces at York during the American landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lossing_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossing-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sheaffe had also ordered a company of the Glengarry Light Infantry to support the Natives at the landing, but they became lost in the outskirts of the town, having been misdirected by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Shaw" title="Aeneas Shaw">Aeneas Shaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a> of the Canadian Militia, who took some of the militia north onto <a href="/wiki/Dundas_Street" title="Dundas Street">Dundas Street</a> to prevent any wide American <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it became apparent that no landing would occur east of the settlement, Sheaffe recalled the companies of the 8th Regiment of Foot from the town's blockhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199351-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the landings progressed, the British and Native force was outflanked and began to fall back into the woods. The U.S. 15th Infantry Regiment was the second American unit to land, with <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> fixed, under a hail of fire, shortly followed by Pike, who assumed personal command of the landing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffe arrived with the rest of the 8th Regiment of Foot, the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles, and a few dozen militiamen after the U.S. 15th Infantry Regiment had landed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grenadier company of the 8th Regiment of Foot charged them with the bayonet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grenadiers were already outnumbered and were repulsed with heavy loss. Pike ordered an advance by platoons, supported by two 6-pounder field guns, which steadily drove back Sheaffe's force. After Sheaffe failed to get the Fencibles to renew their advance, the British began to withdraw, with the newly arrived Glengarry Light Infantry covering the retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these landings, the American naval squadron bombarded the four gun batteries defending York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chauncey's schooners, most of which carried a long 24-pounder or 32-pounder cannon, also bombarded the fort and Government House battery, with Chauncey himself directing them from a small boat. British return fire was ineffective. </p><p>The British tried to rally around the Western battery, but the battery's travelling magazine (a portable chest containing cartridges) exploded, apparently as the result of an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused further loss (including 20 killed) and confusion among the British regulars, and they fell back to a ravine at <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Creek_(Ontario)" title="Garrison Creek (Ontario)">Garrison Creek</a> north of the fort, where the militia was forming up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American forces advanced east towards the fort, and assembled outside its walls, exchanging artillery fire with the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199355–56_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199355–56-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval squadron also bombarded the fort, having re-positioned themselves directly south of the fort's stockade.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffe decided that the battle was lost and ordered the regulars to retreat, setting fire to the wooden bridge over the River Don east of the town to thwart pursuit. The militia and several prominent citizens were left <i>"standing in the street like a parcel of sheep"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphries258_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphries258-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffe instructed the militia to make the best terms they could with the Americans, but without informing the senior militia officers or any official of the legislature, he also dispatched Captain Tito LeLièvre of the Royal Newfoundland<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008215_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008215-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to set fire to the sloop-of-war HMS <i>Sir Isaac Brock</i> under construction at York's Naval Shipyard and to blow up the fort's magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008225_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008225-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sides continued to exchange artillery fire until Sheaffe's withdrawal from the fort was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199356_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199356-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had left the flag flying over the fort as a ruse, and the Americans assembling outside its walls assumed that the fort was still occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199356_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199356-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1:00 pm, the Americans were 200 yards (183 m) from the fort, and their artillery and the naval squadron were preparing to bombard it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201283-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pike was questioning a prisoner as to how many troops were defending the fort. Shortly after the bombardment began, the magazine (which contained over 74 tons of iron shells and 300 barrels of gunpowder and had been rigged by the British to explode) blew up. The explosion threw debris over a 500-yard (460 m) radius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201284_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stories_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stories-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Pike and 37 other American soldiers were killed by the explosion, which caused an additional 222 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998107_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing a counterattack after the explosion, American forces regrouped outside the wall, and did not advance onto the abandoned fort until after the British regulars had left the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199356_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199356-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg/220px-Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg/330px-Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg/440px-Death_of_General_Pike_at_the_Battle_of_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> was mortally wounded near the end of the battle, struck by debris from an explosion set off at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">fort</a>'s magazine.</figcaption></figure> <p>The American loss for the entire battle was officially reported as 52 killed and 254 wounded for the Army and 3 killed and 11 wounded for the Navy, for a total of 55 killed and 265 wounded. The majority of American casualties originated from the explosion at the fort's powder magazine. An archaeological dig in 2012 unearthed evidence that the destruction of the magazine and the impact it had on American soldiers was a result of poor position, and bad luck. The Americans just happened to be at the exact distance of the shock wave and its debris field.<sup id="cite_ref-expl_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British loss was officially reported by Sheaffe as 59 killed, 34 wounded, 43 wounded prisoners, 10 captured and seven missing, for a total of 153 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank215-216_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank215-216-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian Robert Malcomson has found this return to be inaccurate: it did not include militia, sailors, dockyard workers or Native Americans and was incorrect even as to the casualties of the regulars. Malcomson demonstrates that the actual British loss was 82 killed, 43 wounded, 69 wounded prisoners, 274 captured and seven missing, for a total of 475 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998393_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998393-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender">Surrender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonel William Chewett and Major William Allen of the 3rd York Regiment of militia tried to arrange a capitulation, assisted by Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">John Beverley Robinson</a>, the acting <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario" title="Attorney General of Ontario">Attorney General of Upper Canada</a>. The process took time. The Americans were angry over their losses, particularly because they believed that the ship and fort had been destroyed after negotiations for surrender had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting1995118_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1995118-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Colonel Mitchell of the 3rd U.S. Artillery agreed to terms. While they waited for Dearborn and Chauncey to ratify the terms, the surrendered militia was held prisoner in a blockhouse without food or medical attention for the few wounded. Forsyth's company of the 1st U.S. Rifle Regiment was left as a guard in the town. At this stage, few Americans had entered the town. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg/170px-Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg/255px-Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Sir_John_Beverley_Robinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">John Robinson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/York_Militia" title="York Militia">York Militia</a>. Robinson assisted two other officers from the militia during their negotiations for surrender.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next morning, the terms had still not been ratified, since Dearborn had refused to leave the corvette <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">Madison</a></i>. When he eventually did, Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Strachan" title="John Strachan">John Strachan</a> (who held no official position other than <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of York at the time) first brusquely tried to force him to sign the articles for capitulation on the spot, then accused Chauncey to his face of delaying the capitulation to allow the American troops licence to commit outrages.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphries261_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphries261-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Dearborn formally agreed to the articles for surrender. The official terms of surrender permitted civil servants to continue carrying out their duties, and surgeons to treat British wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199358_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199358-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of the terms of surrender, any troops remaining in York became <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, although those serving in the militia were "paroled," and allowed to return home so long as they do not rejoin the conflict until an official prisoner exchange had secured their "release".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199358_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199358-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the York Militia were ordered to relinquish their arms, and proceed to Fort York garrison. The officers of the militia were subsequently released on "parole," although the rest of the militia remained imprisoned for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199360_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199360-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kept without food, water, or medical attention, the imprisoned militia was eventually released at the behest of Strachan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199360_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199360-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans took over the dockyard, where they captured a brig (<a href="/wiki/HMS_Duke_of_Gloucester_(1807)" title="HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807)"><i>Duke of Gloucester</i></a>) in a poor state of repair, and twenty 24-pounder <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a> and other stores intended for the British squadron on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. <i>Sir Isaac Brock</i> was beyond salvage. The Americans had missed another ship-rigged vessel, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent_(1812_schooner)" title="Prince Regent (1812 schooner)"><i>Prince Regent</i></a>, which carried 16 guns, as she sailed for Kingston to collect ordnance two days before the Americans had been sighted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans also demanded and received several thousand pounds in Army Bills, which had been in the keeping of <a href="/wiki/Prideaux_Selby" title="Prideaux Selby">Prideaux Selby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">Receiver General</a> of Upper Canada, who was mortally ill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_York">Burning of York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burning of York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between April 28 and 30, American troops carried out many acts of plunder. Some of them set fire to the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building#History" title="Ontario Legislative Building">buildings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Legislative Assembly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Ontario)" title="Government House (Ontario)">Government House</a>, home to the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. It was alleged that the American troops had found a scalp there,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though folklore had it that the "scalp" was actually the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker</a>'s wig. The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_mace_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary mace of Upper Canada">Parliamentary mace of Upper Canada</a> was taken back to Washington and was only returned in 1934 as a goodwill gesture by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Printing Office, used for publishing official documents as well as newspapers, was vandalized and the printing press was smashed. Other Americans looted empty houses on the pretext that their absent owners were militia who had not given their parole as required by the articles of capitulation. The homes of Canadians connected with the Natives, including that of James Givins, were also looted regardless of their owners' status.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they departed from York, the Americans razed most of the structures in the fort, except the barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199366_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199366-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Upper_Canada_Parliament,_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg/220px-First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg/330px-First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg/440px-First_Upper_Canada_Parliament%2C_destroyed_in_the_war_of_1812_-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">building</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada</a>, along with a number of other buildings, was set ablaze in the days after the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the looting, several officers under Chauncey's command took books from York's first subscription library. After finding out his officers were in possession of looted library books, Chauncey had the books packed in two crates, and returned them to York, during the second incursion in July. However, by the time the books arrived, the library had closed, and the books were auctioned off in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several looted items ended up in the possession of the locals. Sheaffe later alleged that local settlers had unlawfully acquired government-owned farming tools or other stores looted and discarded by the Americans, and demanded that they be handed back.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The looting of York occurred in spite of Pike's earlier orders that all civilian property be respected and that any soldier convicted of such transgressions would be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dearborn similarly emphatically denied giving orders for any buildings to be destroyed and deplored the worst of the atrocities in his letters, but he was nonetheless unable or unwilling to rein in his soldiers. Dearborn himself was embarrassed by the looting, as it made a mockery of the terms of surrender he arranged. His soldiers' disregard for the terms he arranged, and local civil leaders' continued protest against them, made Dearborn eager to leave York as soon as all the captured stores were transported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201159_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201159-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americans occupied the town for nearly two weeks. They sent the captured military stores, including 20 artillery pieces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201284_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> away on May 2 but were then penned in <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">York harbour</a> by a gale. Chauncey's vessels were so overcrowded with troops that only half of them could go below decks to escape the rain at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995141_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995141-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left York on May 8, departing for the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara peninsula">Niagara peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199362-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they required several weeks to recuperate. Sheaffe's troops endured an equally miserable fourteen-day retreat overland to Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting1995118_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1995118-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 300 to 400 <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> warriors assembled and marched towards York shortly after the battle, in an effort to launch an attack on the American forces there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199362-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iroquois were approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of York, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington</a>, when they learned that the Americans had departed York, resulting in the expedition to be called off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199362-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_the_war">Effects on the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects on the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/170px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/255px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/340px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>As a result of the battle, Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a> was relieved of his offices in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many members of the Provincial Assembly and other prominent citizens severely criticized Sheaffe, both for his conduct generally and during the fighting at York. For example, Militia officers Chewitt and Allan, the Reverend Strachan and others wrote to Governor General Prévost on May 8, that Sheaffe "kept too far from his troops after retreating from the woods, never cheered or animated them, nor showed by his personal conduct that he was hearty in the cause."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffe lost his military and public offices in Upper Canada as a result of his defeat. </p><p>However, the Americans had not inflicted crippling damage on the Provincial Marine on Lake Ontario, and they admitted that by preserving his small force of regulars rather than sacrificing them in a fight against heavy odds, Sheaffe had robbed the Americans of decisive victory. Secretary of War Armstrong wrote, "[W]e cannot doubt but that in all cases in which a British commander is compelled to act defensively, his policy will be that adopted by Sheaffe – to prefer the preservation of his troops to that of his post, and thus carrying off the kernel leave us the shell."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of the capture of York were probably most significant on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, since the capture of the ordnance and supplies destined for the British squadron there contributed to the defeat of the British squadron at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201159_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201159-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the naval supplies captured were not used by the Americans, who abandoned a portion of the captured goods before they departed from York, while the remaining supplies were set on fire during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor</a> in May 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199364_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199364-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Societal_consequences">Societal consequences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Societal consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the American attack on York occurred on the first of New York's three-day election period, the battle did not directly benefit the Democratic-Republic Party as Armstrong had originally envisioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199363_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199363-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, early proclamations of victory issued prior to the battle, did contribute to the reelection of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a>, the Democratic-Republican candidate to be the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199363_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199363-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, the battle, and occupation of York served as a watershed moment for the settlers of York. Those who fought the Americans became celebrated in the local community, while those who aided the occupation were viewed by the community as traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201160_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201160-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary film <i>Explosion 1812</i> argues that the battle had a much greater impact than previously assumed. The mistreatment by US forces of the civilian Canadian population, dogged resistance by militia and the burning of British symbols and buildings after the battle led to a hardening of Canadian popular opinion against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-expl_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several commentators viewed the American transgressions at York as justification for the British <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a> later in the war. Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting1995220_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1995220-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strachan wrote to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_attacks">Later attacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_incursion,_July_1813"><span id="Second_incursion.2C_July_1813"></span>Second incursion, July 1813</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second incursion, July 1813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chauncey and Dearborn subsequently won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Battle of Fort George</a> on the Niagara peninsula, but they had left Sacket's Harbor defended only by a few troops, mainly militia. When reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> commanded by Commodore <a href="/wiki/James_Lucas_Yeo" title="James Lucas Yeo">James Lucas Yeo</a> arrived in Kingston, Yeo almost immediately embarked some troops commanded by Prévost and attacked Sackett's Harbor. Although the British were repelled by the defenders at the Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor, Chauncey immediately withdrew into Sacket's Harbor until mid-July, when a new heavy <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> had been completed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott,_ca._War_of_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/170px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/255px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/340px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The town of York was attacked again in July 1813, when a battalion of troops led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> raided the undefended town.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chauncey sortied again on July 21 with 13 vessels. Six days later, he embarked a battalion of 500 troops commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> at Niagara.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chauncey sought to relieve the British-Native blockade of <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a>, by attacking British supply lines at <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Heights_(Ontario)" title="Burlington Heights (Ontario)">Burlington Heights</a> at the western end of Lake Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199366_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199366-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winfield Scott's force disembarked east of the heights at Burlington Beach (present-day Burlington) on July 29 but found the defenders too well entrenched for any assault to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199366_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199366-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anticipating Chauncey's intentions, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Rottenburg" title="Francis de Rottenburg">Francis de Rottenburg</a>, Sheaffe's successor as Lieutenant Governor, ordered the bulk of the troops at York to Burlington Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this left York largely undefended, as most of its militia were still on parole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American squadron proceeded to York in order to seize food stores to feed its soldiers. The last remaining troop in York, members of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Light_Dragoons" title="19th Light Dragoons">19th Light Dragoons</a>, collected the military supplies they could carry and withdrew along the Don River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American landing of 340 men at York was unopposed, with the American force burning the barracks at the fort and the military fuel yards, and looting several properties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also seized 11 <a href="/wiki/Bateau" title="Bateau">batteaux</a>, 5 cannons and some flour, before reembarking on their ships, leaving the settlement later that night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library books that were looted after the battle in April 1813, were returned to the settlement during the second incursion into York. </p><p>The Ontario Heritage Foundation erected a plaque in 1968 near the entrance to Coronation Park, Exhibition Place, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Boulevard" title="Lake Shore Boulevard">Lake Shore Boulevard</a>, in commemoration of the event. The plaque reads: </p> <blockquote><p>On the morning of July 31, 1813, a U.S. invasion fleet appeared off York (Toronto) after having withdrawn from a planned attack on British positions at Burlington Heights. That afternoon 300 American soldiers came ashore near here. Their landing was unopposed: there were no British regulars in town, and York's militia had withdrawn from further combat in return for its freedom during the American invasion three months earlier. The invaders seized food and military supplies, then re-embarked. The next day they returned to investigate collaborators' reports that valuable stores were concealed up the Don River. Unsuccessful in their search, the Americans contented themselves with burning military installations on nearby Gibraltar Point before they departed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_incursion,_August_1814"><span id="Third_incursion.2C_August_1814"></span>Third incursion, August 1814</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third incursion, August 1814"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the months after the second American incursion into York, the defences around the harbour were significantly improved, as the British needed to protect a four-vessel squadron that would be stationed at the town's harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199372-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 6, 1814, the American Lake Ontario squadron pursued <a href="/wiki/Governor_Simcoe_(1793_ship)" title="Governor Simcoe (1793 ship)">HMS <i>Magnet</i></a>, before its captain set fire to the ship, preventing its capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199372-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspecting the ship sailed from York, the American naval squadron made its way to the settlement in order to evaluate the situation, and discover if any more ships could be captured there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199372-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arriving near York's harbour, the American squadron dispatched <a href="/wiki/USS_Lady_of_the_Lake" title="USS Lady of the Lake">USS <i>Lady of the Lake</i></a> to negotiate under a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a>, in a ploy to evaluate the town's defences. However, the militia stationed at Fort York opened fire at the schooner, which returned fire, before withdrawing to rejoin the American squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199373_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199373-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8th Regiment of Foot, and the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers)" title="82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)">82nd Regiment of Foot</a> were sent to York to bolster the town's defences. The American squadron did not engage the newly built defences, although they remained outside York's harbour for the next three days before sailing away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199373_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199373-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The burning and looting of York after the battle, along with the destruction of other Upper Canadian settlements during the war, saw public opinions on Americans shift among the residents of Upper Canada. Historian, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Charles Perry Stacey</a> notes in the years before the war, American settlers had regularly settled into Upper Canada, with the colony essentially becoming a "transnational space," and the only distinction between Americans and Upper Canadians existing on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-leg_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the years after the war, Stacey notes a "deep prejudice against the United States," had emerged amongst the colony's settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-leg_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stacey further notes that the burning of York, and other American transgressions during the war, were later used by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian nationalist">Canadian nationalists</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national narrative</a> that sees the "birth of the Canadian nation," as a result of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-leg_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG/220px-RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG/330px-RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG/440px-RCR_Colour_Presentation_2013_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> presents new colours to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_The_Royal_Canadian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment">3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment</a>, during the 200th anniversary of the battle in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Reserve</a> units perpetuate the linages of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Fencibles, and militia units</a> involved in the Battle of York, including the <a href="/wiki/Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry_Highlanders" title="Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders">Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders</a> (Glengarry Light Infantry), the <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_York_Rangers_(1st_American_Regiment)_(RCAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)">Queen's York Rangers</a> (1st and 3rd regiments of the York Militia), and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> (Royal Newfoundland Fencibles).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Active_regular_United_States_Army_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Active regular United States Army units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">Five active regular battalions of the United States Army</a> (2-1 ADA, 1-2 Inf, 2-2 Inf, 1-5 Inf and 2-5 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of several American units engaged during the Battle of York (including Crane's Company, 3rd Regiment of Artillery, and the old 6th, 16th, and 21st Infantry Regiments). Within the British Army, the 8th Regiment of Foot is today perpetuated by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Lancaster's Regiment">Duke of Lancaster's Regiment</a> while the 49th Regiment of Foot is perpetuated by <a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">The Rifles</a> Regiment. </p><p>On July 1, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a> was commissioned to sculpt the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_Square" title="Victoria Memorial Square">Defence of York monument</a> at the Fort York burial grounds. The monument was erected to commemorate those that fought in defence of York; as well as the British, Canadian, and Native warriors who fought in the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 27, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_government" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Toronto government">City of Toronto government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> commemorated the 200th anniversary of the battle with a <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Colours" title="Presentation of Colours">Presentation of Colours</a> to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_The_Royal_Canadian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment">3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment</a>. The ceremony took place at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, and was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a>. The ceremony was followed by a military parade of 1,500 sailors and soldiers from the Canadian Army, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>; from Queen's Park to Fort York.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremony and parade was organize in conjunction with other <a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_Bicentennial" title="List of War of 1812 Bicentennial">War of 1812 bicentennial commemorations</a> held in Toronto, and the other municipalities in Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the bicentennial celebrations, the City of Toronto Museum Services commissioned the creation of the exhibit <i>Finding the Fallen: the Battle of York Remembered</i> at Fort York. The exhibit attempts to document American, British (including the militia), and First Nations combatants that died during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank183-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank183_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank183_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995138_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsman1995">Hitsman 1995</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008393-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson2008393_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcomson2008">Malcomson 2008</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peppiatt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peppiatt_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeppiatt" class="citation web cs1">Peppiatt, Liam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606040800/http://www.landmarksoftoronto.com/fort-york/">"Chapter 31B: Fort York"</a>. <i>Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landmarksoftoronto.com/fort-york/">the original</a> on June 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robertson%27s+Landmarks+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=Chapter+31B%3A+Fort+York&rft.aulast=Peppiatt&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landmarksoftoronto.com%2Ffort-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Defence of Upper Canada, 1812" by C. P. Stacey, in Zaslow, pp. 12–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalwarof1812mo00theo"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i></a>. New York: The Modern Library. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9"><bdi>0-375-75419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-75419-9&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalwarof1812mo00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alarum on Lake Ontario, 1812–1813" by J. Mackay Hitsman, in Zaslow, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995136-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995136_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsman1995">Hitsman 1995</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphries254-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphries254_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphries254_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. Humphries, <i>The Capture of York</i>, in Zaslow, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting199594-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting199594_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElting1995">Elting 1995</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199349-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199349_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199350-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199350_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201141–42_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerton2011">Berton 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199351-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199351_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltoe" class="citation web cs1">Feltoe, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warof1812.ca/imuc.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Redcoated Ploughboys': A History of the Volunteer Battalion of Incorporated Militia, 1813–1815"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Redcoated+Ploughboys%27%3A+A+History+of+the+Volunteer+Battalion+of+Incorporated+Militia%2C+1813%E2%80%931815&rft.aulast=Feltoe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warof1812.ca%2Fimuc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cecildaily.com/our_cecil/the-hero-of-oswego-n-y-elktons-dr-george-e-mitchell/article_8f64f794-9f51-11e2-98ab-001a4bcf887a.html">Hero of Oswego</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ichabod_Crane_(Colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichabod Crane (Colonel)">Ichabod Crane</a> commanded Company B, 3rd U.S. Artillery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumberg201282_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlumberg2012">Blumberg 2012</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lossing-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lossing_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). <i>The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812</i>. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 590.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.,cloudfront.net/31768027/Stewart_2008.pdf?13772595=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DNew_Stories_from_Torontos_Old_Fort_York.pdf&Expires=1591269991&Signature=bxE98VE8DWO~NLg928SJTf~dm3hAzVfL5D2KPo5PiXcDnFjLXv1LpM7wLvCmEx3IYJOfaUQLheTsV2um6qq3VRGxWEohab8u9HUooVXfFy9hVQez-4kOl86lonCYL1PQN2yzeP-mZAJAMnaUDOk6XMP9XDjGAvkCmcLac-5bAhC5EIVbmBSLk9HuAV67PEOiXkEDBe1F1S3rDxqFxnwd~p8tyUAVK9L2DldRVoWAMRSESm9C0T4h~JMBvN8VkbASKEaMc~SaUSKdXgifSxsYxhmx83rUh--9Le9-OxqMKdImkQSDksTwU6rvwL1kfBWzFjMa5rqRKDxp6p6zxHGOqA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"New Stories from Toronto's Old Fort York:Assets in Place"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arch Notes</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Notes&rft.atitle=New+Stories+from+Toronto%27s+Old+Fort+York%3AAssets+in+Place&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.%2Ccloudfront.net%2F31768027%2FStewart_2008.pdf%3F13772595%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DNew_Stories_from_Torontos_Old_Fort_York.pdf%26Expires%3D1591269991%26Signature%3DbxE98VE8DWO~NLg928SJTf~dm3hAzVfL5D2KPo5PiXcDnFjLXv1LpM7wLvCmEx3IYJOfaUQLheTsV2um6qq3VRGxWEohab8u9HUooVXfFy9hVQez-4kOl86lonCYL1PQN2yzeP-mZAJAMnaUDOk6XMP9XDjGAvkCmcLac-5bAhC5EIVbmBSLk9HuAV67PEOiXkEDBe1F1S3rDxqFxnwd~p8tyUAVK9L2DldRVoWAMRSESm9C0T4h~JMBvN8VkbASKEaMc~SaUSKdXgifSxsYxhmx83rUh--9Le9-OxqMKdImkQSDksTwU6rvwL1kfBWzFjMa5rqRKDxp6p6zxHGOqA__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998107-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcomson1998107_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcomson1998">Malcomson 1998</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expl-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-expl_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-expl_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/06/16/war-of-1812-explodes-on-tv/">"War of 1812 explodes on TV"</a>. <i>News.nationalpost.com</i>. 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Humphries, <i>The Capture of York</i>, in Zaslow, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199358-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199358_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199358_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199360-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199360_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199360_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forester, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. Humphries, <i>The Capture of York</i>, in Zaslow, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213050716/http://speaker.ontla.on.ca/en/at-the-assembly/the-mace/">"The Mace – The Speaker"</a>. <i>Speaker.ontla.on.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speaker.ontla.on.ca/en/at-the-assembly/the-mace/">the original</a> on December 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speaker.ontla.on.ca&rft.atitle=The+Mace+%E2%80%93+The+Speaker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeaker.ontla.on.ca%2Fen%2Fat-the-assembly%2Fthe-mace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. 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Humphries, <i>The Capture of York</i>, in Zaslow, pp. 267–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton201159-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201159_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton201159_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerton2011">Berton 2011</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995141-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsman1995141_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsman1995">Hitsman 1995</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199362-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199362_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, pp. 140, 333(en)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. 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New York: Modern Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalwarof1812mo00theo/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9"><bdi>0-375-75419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-375-75419-9&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalwarof1812mo00theo%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199368-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199368_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090950/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=4534">"DHH - Memorials Details Search Results"</a>. April 2, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=4534">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DHH+-+Memorials+Details+Search+Results&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fnic-inm%2Fsm-rm%2Fmdsr-rdr-eng.asp%3FPID%3D4534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199372-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199372_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn199373-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199373_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn199373_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn1993">Benn 1993</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leg-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leg_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrentzosThompson2014" class="citation book cs1">Frentzos, Christos G.; Thompson, Antonio S. 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Routledge. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-1335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-1335-4"><bdi>978-1-3178-1335-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+American+Military+and+Diplomatic+History%3A+The+Colonial+Period+to+1877&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-1335-4&rft.aulast=Frentzos&rft.aufirst=Christos+G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Antonio+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111319/http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=war-of-1812-battle-honours%2Fhgq87xkx">"War Of 1812 Battle Honours"</a>. <i>National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces</i>. Government of Canada. September 14, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=war-of-1812-battle-honours/hgq87xkx">the original</a> on September 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Defence+and+the+Canadian+Armed+Forces&rft.atitle=War+Of+1812+Battle+Honours&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farticle.page%3Fdoc%3Dwar-of-1812-battle-honours%2Fhgq87xkx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/5520">"Memorial 35091-026 Toronto, ON"</a>. <i>Veterans Affairs Canada</i>. Government of Canada. March 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.atitle=Memorial+35091-026+Toronto%2C+ON&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fmemorials%2Fnational-inventory-canadian-memorials%2Fdetails%2F5520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisk2013" class="citation web cs1">Frisk, Adam (April 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/513708/toronto-marks-battle-of-york-bicentennial/">"Toronto marks Battle of York bicentennial"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. Corus Entertainment Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Toronto+marks+Battle+of+York+bicentennial&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Frisk&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F513708%2Ftoronto-marks-battle-of-york-bicentennial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortyork.ca/news-a-events/events/120-bicentennial-commemoration-launch-3.html">"Bicentennial Commemoration Launch (2012)"</a>. The Friends of Fort York and Garrison Commons. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicentennial+Commemoration+Launch+%282012%29&rft.pub=The+Friends+of+Fort+York+and+Garrison+Commons&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortyork.ca%2Fnews-a-events%2Fevents%2F120-bicentennial-commemoration-launch-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickerson2012" class="citation book cs1">Nickerson, Janice (2012). <i>York's Sacrifice: Militia Casualties of the War of 1812</i>. Dundurn. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0595-1"><bdi>978-1-4597-0595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=York%27s+Sacrifice%3A+Militia+Casualties+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0595-1&rft.aulast=Nickerson&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn1993" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Carl (1993). <i>History Fort York, 1794–1993</i>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4597-1376-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4597-1376-1"><bdi>1-4597-1376-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Fort+York%2C+1794%E2%80%931993&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-4597-1376-1&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (2011). <i>Flames Across the Border: 1813–1814</i>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3856-7359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3856-7359-4"><bdi>978-0-3856-7359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+Across+the+Border%3A+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-3856-7359-4&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Blumberg, Arnold (2012). <i>When Washington Burned: An Illustrated History of the War of 1812</i>. Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6120-0101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6120-0101-2"><bdi>978-1-6120-0101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Washington+Burned%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-6120-0101-2&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2004" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2004). <i>1812: The War That Forged a Nation</i>. Harper Perennial, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+The+War+That+Forged+a+Nation&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial%2C+New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cruikshank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Cruikshank">Cruikshank, Ernest</a> (1971) [1902]. <i>The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier in the Year 1813. Part 1: January to June, 1813</i>. New York: The Arno Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5"><bdi>0-405-02838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Campaign+upon+the+Niagara+Frontier+in+the+Year+1813.+Part+1%3A+January+to+June%2C+1813&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Arno+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-405-02838-5&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1995" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti"><i>Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3"><bdi>0-306-80653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateurs+to+Arms%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-306-80653-3&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famateurstoarmsmi00elti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForester1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">Forester, C. S.</a> (1956). <i>The Age of Fighting Sail</i>. New English Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2"><bdi>0-939218-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Fighting+Sail&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-939218-06-2&rft.aulast=Forester&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hickey,_1989" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik6Vi82gLagC"><i>The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict</i></a>. University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01613-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01613-0"><bdi>0-252-01613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%2C+A+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press%2C+Chicago+and+Urbana&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-252-01613-0&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIk6Vi82gLagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitsman1995" class="citation book cs1">Hitsman, J. Mackay (1995) [1965]. <i>The Incredible War of 1812</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3"><bdi>1-896941-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999" class="citation book cs1">Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). <i>The Incredible War of 1812</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3"><bdi>1-896941-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rft.au=Graves%2C+Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2007). <i>1812: War with America</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+War+with+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02584-4&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcomson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Malcomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Malcomson (page does not exist)">Malcomson, Robert</a> (2008). <i>Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896941-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896941-53-0"><bdi>978-1-896941-53-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+in+Flames%3A+The+American+Attack+on+York%2C+1813&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-896941-53-0&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcomson1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcomson, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IQTAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lords of the Lake:The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814</i></a>. Robin Brass Studio, Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-08-7"><bdi>1-896941-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Lake%3AThe+Naval+War+on+Lake+Ontario+1812%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio%2C+Toronto&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-896941-08-7&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IQTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Paine" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Ralph Delahaye (2010) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eO34QrR6-sC"><i>The fight for a free sea: a chronicle of the War of 1812</i></a>. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1920. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-362-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fight+for+a+free+sea%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2C+New+Haven%2C+1920&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-362-8&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Delahaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eO34QrR6-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaslow1964" class="citation book cs1">Zaslow, Morris (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300872201"><i>The Defended Border</i></a></span>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9"><bdi>0-7705-1242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defended+Border&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-7705-1242-9&rft.aulast=Zaslow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300872201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+York" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For more sources / further reading see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of early American naval history">Bibliography of early American naval history</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Bibliography of the War of 1812">Bibliography of the War of 1812</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_York&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template talk:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" 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