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href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifica la dimensione, la larghezza e il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Almaz" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Almaz" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it"><span>Fai una donazione</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Almaz" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>registrati</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Almaz" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sviluppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sviluppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sviluppo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sviluppo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Sviluppo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sviluppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misure_di_difesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misure_di_difesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Misure di difesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misure_di_difesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPS_Orbital_Piloted_Stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS_Orbital_Piloted_Stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>OPS <i>Orbital Piloted Stations</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OPS_Orbital_Piloted_Stations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione OPS <i>Orbital Piloted Stations</i></span> </button> <ul id="toc-OPS_Orbital_Piloted_Stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_poste_in_orbita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_poste_in_orbita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stazioni spaziali Almaz poste in orbita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_poste_in_orbita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OPS-1_(Saljut_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-1_(Saljut_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>OPS-1 (Saljut 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-1_(Saljut_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPS-2_(Saljut_3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-2_(Saljut_3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>OPS-2 (Saljut 3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-2_(Saljut_3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPS-3_(Saljut_5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-3_(Saljut_5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>OPS-3 (Saljut 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-3_(Saljut_5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_non_poste_in_orbita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_non_poste_in_orbita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stazioni spaziali Almaz non poste in orbita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_non_poste_in_orbita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OPS-4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>OPS-4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-T_(senza_equipaggio)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T_(senza_equipaggio)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Almaz-T (senza equipaggio)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Almaz-T_(senza_equipaggio)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Almaz-T (senza equipaggio)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T_(senza_equipaggio)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almaz-T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Almaz-T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Almaz-1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Almaz-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eredità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eredità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eredità</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eredità-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Eredità</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eredità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclei_DOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclei_DOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nuclei DOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclei_DOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Almaz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 26 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="برنامج ألماز - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج ألماز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_(Raumstation)" title="Almas (Raumstation) - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Almas (Raumstation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6_(%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Αλμάζ (πρόγραμμα) - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλμάζ (πρόγραμμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آلماز - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلماز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programo_Almaz" title="Programo Almaz - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programo Almaz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_(%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3)" title="アルマース (宇宙ステーション) - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルマース (宇宙ステーション)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz_(Satellit)" title="Almaz (Satellit) - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Almaz (Satellit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_A%C5%82maz" title="Program Ałmaz - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Ałmaz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Алмаз (космическая программа) - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алмаз (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%C2%BB" title="Програма «Алмаз» - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програма «Алмаз»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%9F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="金刚石计划 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金刚石计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Almaz"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Almaz&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almaz_program" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaz_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/220px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/330px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/440px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Disegno di una stazione spaziale Almaz</figcaption></figure> <p>Il programma <b>Almaz</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa">russo</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="ru">Алмаз</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Cirillico" title="Aiuto:Cirillico">?</a></sup></span> - "Diamante") fu un <a href="/wiki/Programma_spaziale_sovietico" title="Programma spaziale sovietico">programma spaziale sovietico</a> segreto, atto alla messa in orbita di <a href="/wiki/Stazione_spaziale" title="Stazione spaziale">stazioni spaziali</a> (dette anche OPS, <i>Orbital Piloted Stations</i><sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) dedicate allo spionaggio militare iniziato nei primi anni 60 </p><p>Tra il <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> ed il <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> furono lanciate tre stazioni in orbita con a bordo personale militare: <a href="/wiki/Saljut_2" title="Saljut 2">Saljut 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saljut_3" title="Saljut 3">Saljut 3</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saljut_5" title="Saljut 5">Saljut 5</a>. Per nascondere la natura militare dei lanci, vennero dichiarati come facenti parte del programma civile <a href="/wiki/Programma_Saljut" title="Programma Saljut">Saljut</a>. </p><p>La Saljut 2 (Almaz 1) subì un'avaria e decadde in atmosfera senza essere mai abitata, le successive due stazioni portarono a termine con successo la missione. Dopo il lancio della Saljut 5, il Ministero della Difesa sovietico ritenne che i vantaggi derivanti dall'utilizzo di stazioni spaziali abitate per lo spionaggio fossero superati dai nuovi satelliti spia e il programma venne terminato. Tuttavia, dall'esperienza acquisita con il programma Almaz, furono sviluppati diversi veicoli spaziali di supporto: la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vozvra%C5%A1%C4%8Daemij_apparat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vozvraščaemij apparat (la pagina non esiste)">navicella VA</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Zarja" title="Zarja">Functional Cargo Block</a> e la navicella spaziale <a href="/wiki/TKS_(veicolo_spaziale)" title="TKS (veicolo spaziale)">TKS</a>, destinate ad essere utilizzate con diverse configurazioni<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAapos_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ad oggi, l'eredità derivante dal progetto Almaz si può riscontrare nel modulo <a href="/wiki/Zarja" title="Zarja">Zarja</a> facente parte della stazione spaziale <a href="/wiki/Stazione_spaziale_internazionale" title="Stazione spaziale internazionale">ISS</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sviluppo">Sviluppo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Sviluppo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sviluppo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sviluppo del programma Almaz fu caldeggiato da <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Celomej" title="Vladimir Nikolaevič Čelomej">Vladimir Nikolaevič Čelomej</a> dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=OKB-52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OKB-52 (la pagina non esiste)">OKB-52</a> come risposta alla stazione spaziale statunitense <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a>, ampiamente pubblicizzata dalla stampa americana nei primi anni 60 del XX secolo, pubblicità che fornì a Čelomej molto materiale utilizzato per fare pressione sul governo sovietico affinché realizzasse una risposta a quella che era vista come una minaccia all'<a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>. </p><p>Il programma spaziale Almaz prevedeva lo sviluppo di tre principali componenti: </p> <ul><li>Il modulo orbitale pilotato (<i>Orbital Piloted Station</i> OPS 11F71), che rappresentava la stazione spaziale in sé<sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>il <a href="/wiki/Zarja" title="Zarja">Functional Cargo Block</a> (FGB 11F77) da utilizzare come navetta da rifornimento<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vozvra%C5%A1%C4%8Daemij_apparat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vozvraščaemij apparat (la pagina non esiste)">navicella VA</a> (11F74, conosciuta in occidente come navetta <i>Merkur</i>) da utilizzare come modulo di lancio e di rientro<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, riusabile fino a 10 volte.</li></ul> <p>Il modulo orbitale pilotato doveva avere un diametro massimo di 4,15 metri, una massa di 20 tonnellate e un ambiente abitabile di 47,5 metri cubi.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proprio come il Manned Orbiting Laboratory, il progetto iniziale prevedeva la messa in orbita di un equipaggio composto da tre individui tramite il lanciatore <a href="/wiki/Proton_(lanciatore)" title="Proton (lanciatore)">Proton UR-500</a><sup id="cite_ref-EAapos_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Altra analogia con il progetto americano si riscontrava nella modalità di accesso al modulo orbitale, che avveniva attraverso un portello nello scudo termico posto nella parte inferiore della navicella VA. L'equipaggio sarebbe rimasto in orbita per un periodo di tempo compreso tra 30 e 60 giorni e successivamente avrebbe toccato terra utilizzando sempre la capsula VA.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWorigin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAtks_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAtks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A differenza del progetto americano, l'Almaz fu studiato per ospitare diversi equipaggi e per essere agevolmente rifornito e proprio per questi motivi venne realizzata la navicella spaziale TKS, che consisteva nell'accoppiata tra un Functional Cargo Block e una navicella VA sempre messi in orbita da un vettore Proton. Sul modulo orbitale era presente un portello che permetteva l'ingresso del nuovo equipaggio, una volta che il vecchio equipaggio fosse entrato nella capsula di rientro.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successivamente il progetto statunitense venne annullato nel <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>, mentre quello sovietico fu portato avanti e integrato nel programma Saljut. Furono realizzati tre moduli orbitali, due dei quali posti in orbita con successo. Tuttavia, a causa dei ritardi nella progettazione della capsula di rientro, i moduli vennero posti in orbita senza la navicella VA e l'equipaggio fu poi portato a bordo tramite il vettore <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(lanciatore)" title="Sojuz (lanciatore)">Sojuz</a> con un <a href="/wiki/Veicolo_spaziale_Sojuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veicolo spaziale Sojuz">veicolo spaziale Sojuz</a> modificato. Inizialmente si dispose che le missioni in orbita dovevano durare tre mesi, ma solo due equipaggi riuscirono a portare a termine il compito, mentre un terzo rimase nel modulo solo parzialmente rispetto ai tempi previsti. I rifornimenti tramite la navicella spaziale TKS non furono mai effettuati durante il programma. Comunque la tecnologia del progetto Almaz fu sviluppata e divenne la base del <a href="/wiki/Programma_Sojuz" title="Programma Sojuz">Programma Sojuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWorigin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSWhist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misure_di_difesa">Misure di difesa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Misure di difesa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Misure di difesa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oltre alle attrezzature di ricognizione e spionaggio, l'Almaz fu equipaggiata anche con un <a href="/wiki/Cannone_automatico" title="Cannone automatico">cannone automatico</a> a fuoco rapido da 23 mm (versione modificata di un <a href="/wiki/Nudelman-Rikhter_NR-23" title="Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23">Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23</a>) montato nella parte inferiore del ventre del modulo e capace di una potenza di fuoco pari a 1800-2000 colpi al minuto. Il cannone venne testato solo alla fine della missione e, siccome era montato in configurazione fissa, era necessario far ruotare l'intero modulo per poter affrontare eventuali minacce. </p><p>La Saljut 3/OPS-2 eseguì con successo un test del cannone, ma fu effettuato senza equipaggio a bordo per evitare problemi derivanti dalle vibrazioni prodotte dalle detonazioni. </p><p>L'OPS-4 aveva al posto del cannone due razzi, ma questo sistema non venne mai reso pubblico e non si conosce il livello di sviluppo anche se venne testato sperimentalmente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OPS_Orbital_Piloted_Stations">OPS <i>Orbital Piloted Stations</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione OPS Orbital Piloted Stations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: OPS Orbital Piloted Stations"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tre moduli Almaz furono realizzati e volarono all'interno del Programma Saljut: <a href="/wiki/Saljut_2" title="Saljut 2">Saljut 2</a> (OPS-1), <a href="/wiki/Saljut_3" title="Saljut 3">Saljut 3</a> (OPS-2) e <a href="/wiki/Saljut_5" title="Saljut 5">Saljut 5</a> (OPS-3). Cinque equipaggi furono portati in orbita verso i moduli OPS-2 e OPS-3, ma solo tre riuscirono a raggiungere i moduli e sono 2 equipaggi riuscirono a completare la missione assegnata. In totale, i tre equipaggi, abitarono i moduli per un totale di 81 giorni, dopodiché il programma venne terminato.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWhist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astrospies_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrospies-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopo la cancellazione del programma, furono realizzati altri sette moduli: OPS-4, Almaz-205, Almaz-206, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-T (la pagina non esiste)">Almaz-T</a>, Almaz-T2 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1870&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1870 (la pagina non esiste)">Kosmos 1870</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-1 (la pagina non esiste)">Almaz-1</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-2 (la pagina non esiste)">Almaz-2</a>. Almaz-T2 e Almaz-1 furono riutilizzati con successo come satelliti radar. Gli scafi parzialmente attrezzati di Almaz-205 e Almaz-206 sono oggi proprietà di Excalibur Almaz, una società che prevede di lanciare queste stazioni spaziali come equipaggio.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWprog_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWprog-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_poste_in_orbita">Stazioni spaziali Almaz poste in orbita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Stazioni spaziali Almaz poste in orbita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Stazioni spaziali Almaz poste in orbita"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Programma_Saljut" title="Programma Saljut">Programma Saljut</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-1_(Saljut_2)"><span id="OPS-1_.28Saljut_2.29"></span>OPS-1 (Saljut 2)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione OPS-1 (Saljut 2)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: OPS-1 (Saljut 2)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Saljut_2" title="Saljut 2">Saljut 2</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La prima stazione Almaz (OPS-1 o Almaz 101,1), annunciata come Saljut 2, fu lanciata il 3 aprile 1973. Ai fini di segretezza militare, fu pubblicamente designata Saljut 2 al raggiungimento dell'orbita. Un equipaggio era pronto a volare verso la stazione, ma un incidente accaduto giorni dopo il lancio rese l'OPS-1 depressurizzato e disabitato.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-2_(Saljut_3)"><span id="OPS-2_.28Saljut_3.29"></span>OPS-2 (Saljut 3)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione OPS-2 (Saljut 3)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: OPS-2 (Saljut 3)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Saljut_3" title="Saljut 3">Saljut 3</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>OPS-2 (o Almaz 101.2), annunciata come Saljut 3, fu lanciata il 25 giugno 1974. L'equipaggio della navicella <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 14">Soyuz 14</a> trascorse 15 giorni a bordo della stazione nel mese di luglio 1974. Una seconda spedizione fu lanciata verso OPS-2 nel mese di agosto 1974 ma non riuscì a raggiungere la stazione. La stazione eseguì con successo un test da remoto aprendo il fuoco con il cannone di bordo contro un satellite bersaglio mentre la stazione era disabitata. Saljut-3 precipitò nel gennaio del 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-astrospies_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrospies-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-3_(Saljut_5)"><span id="OPS-3_.28Saljut_5.29"></span>OPS-3 (Saljut 5)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione OPS-3 (Saljut 5)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: OPS-3 (Saljut 5)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Saljut_5" title="Saljut 5">Saljut 5</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>OPS-3 (o Almaz 103), annunciata dopo il lancio come Saljut 5, entrò in orbita il 22 giugno 1976. Fu visitata da due equipaggi a metà del 1976 e la fine del 1977. Saljut 5 rientrò in atmosfera l'8 agosto 1977 e andò distrutta.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-S5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-S5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stazioni_spaziali_Almaz_non_poste_in_orbita">Stazioni spaziali Almaz non poste in orbita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Stazioni spaziali Almaz non poste in orbita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Stazioni spaziali Almaz non poste in orbita"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-4">OPS-4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione OPS-4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: OPS-4"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La stazione successiva Almaz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS-4 (la pagina non esiste)">OPS-4</a>, doveva essere la prima stazione equipaggiata con un <a href="/wiki/Radar_ad_apertura_sintetica" title="Radar ad apertura sintetica">radar ad apertura sintetica</a> e con un veicolo per il rientro dell'equipaggio, ma questo venne sostituito con un secondo portello di attracco per il TKS. Come sistema di difesa fu ipotizzato un cannone <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shchit-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shchit-1 (la pagina non esiste)">Shchit-1</a> da 23 mm, ma venne sostituito con un Shchit-2 appositamente realizzato per funzionare nello spazio comunque nessuna fotografia di esso è mai stata resa pubblica e non sembra che questo sistema sia stato mai installato sulla stazione. OPS-4 era a terra quando il programma con equipaggio Almaz fu annullato. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Almaz-T_(senza_equipaggio)"><span id="Almaz-T_.28senza_equipaggio.29"></span>Almaz-T (senza equipaggio)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Almaz-T (senza equipaggio)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Almaz-T (senza equipaggio)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaz_radar_satellite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/220px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/330px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/440px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Satellite radar Almaz (basato sul modulo spaziale Almaz).</figcaption></figure> <p>A seguito della soppressione del programma, la stazione Almaz venne riconfigurata come satellite radar <a href="/wiki/Aereo_da_ricognizione" title="Aereo da ricognizione">da ricognizione</a> senza pilota. Tre satelliti furono realizzati e lanciati, ma solo due furono collocati con successo in orbita.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-T">Almaz-T</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Almaz-T" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Almaz-T"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il primo Almaz-T decollò da Baikonur il 29 ottobre, 1986. Non raggiunse l'orbita a causa del fallimento nella separazione del primo e secondo stadio del vettore Proton. Il sistema di sicurezza quindi distrusse il veicolo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)"><span id="Almaz-T2_.28Kosmos_1870.29"></span>Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il 25 luglio 1987 Almaz-T2, la seconda navicella Almaz-T, raggiunse con successo l'orbita con un'inclinazione 71.92 gradi verso l'Equatore ed è stato ufficialmente identificato come Kosmos-1870. La sonda ha funzionato per due anni, fornendo immagini radar con una risoluzione fino a 25 metri, fino a quando è stato distrutto il 30 luglio 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-1">Almaz-1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Almaz-1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Almaz-1"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il terzo satellite Almaz-T fu lanciato il 31 marzo 1991 sotto il nome di Almaz-1. Dopo il lancio si riscontrò un malfunzionamento dell'antenna predisposta ad inviare a terra le immagini riprese. Inoltre uno dei pannelli solari non riuscì a dispiegarsi del tutto e interferendo così con i pannelli radar del mezzo. Dopo 18 mesi di lavoro Almaz-1 è stato fatto rientrare in orbita il 17 ott, 1992 sopra l'Oceano Pacifico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-2">Almaz-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Almaz-2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Almaz-2"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non volò mai. Aveva un nuovo radar che avrebbe fornito una risoluzione da 5 a 7 metri. Inoltre, un sistema ottico-elettronico sulla stazione sarebbe stata in grado di produrre immagini con una risoluzione di 2,5 - 4 metri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eredità"><span id="Eredit.C3.A0"></span>Eredità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Eredità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Eredità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le nozioni tecniche del programma Almaz sono tuttora utilizzate, per esempio nella <a href="/wiki/Stazione_spaziale_internazionale" title="Stazione spaziale internazionale">Stazione spaziale internazionale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclei_DOS">Nuclei DOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Nuclei DOS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Nuclei DOS"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Programma_Saljut" title="Programma Saljut">Programma Saljut</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>I nuclei DOS erano basati sul disegno della Almaz-OPS, ottenuti dall'ufficio (OKB-1) di <a href="/wiki/Sergej_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Korol%C3%ABv" title="Sergej Pavlovič Korolëv">Sergej Pavlovič Korolëv</a> combinando l'Almaz-OPS con i sottosistemi Sojuz. L'OKB-1 era a quel tempo in concorrenza con il progettista della Almaz, Vladimir Čelomej del OKB-52, fu quindi in grado di ridurre il tempo di sviluppo per la prima stazione spaziale e battere OKB-52.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I nuclei per stazione spaziale DOS derivati dal disegno della carena Almaz-OPS sono: </p> <ul><li>DOS-1, che costituì la base per la <a href="/wiki/Saljut_1" title="Saljut 1">Saljut 1</a>, nel 1971.</li> <li>DOS-5 e DOS-6, le basi per i <a href="/wiki/Saljut_6" title="Saljut 6">Saljut 6</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saljut_7" title="Saljut 7">Saljut 7</a>.</li> <li>DOS-7, base per il <i>core module</i> della <a href="/wiki/Mir_(stazione_spaziale)" title="Mir (stazione spaziale)">Mir</a></li> <li>DOS-8, base per il modulo <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS)" title="Zvezda (ISS)">Zvezda</a>, per la ISS.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Almaz space station (OPS) 11F71</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º settembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">TKS transport ship 11F72</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 30 agosto 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-EAapos_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-EAapos_3-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004191541/http://astronautix.com/craft/almzapos.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Almaz APOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">astronautix.com</span>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>. <small>URL consultato il 31 agosto 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/almzapos.htm">url originale</abbr> il 4 ottobre 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWorigin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_origin.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Origins of the Almaz project</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAtks-5"><a href="#cite_ref-EAtks_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825003630/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">TKS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">astronautix.com</span>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>. <small>URL consultato il 31 agosto 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm">url originale</abbr> il 25 agosto 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWhist_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-RSWhist_6-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_development.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">History of the Almaz space stations</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astrospies-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-astrospies_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-astrospies_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> James Bamford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/astrospies/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Astrospies</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pbs.org</span>, PBS Nova. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWprog-8"><a href="#cite_ref-RSWprog_8-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Almaz program</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops1.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Salyut 2</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>, Russian Space Web. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-S5-10"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-S5_10-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Mark Wade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010213804/http://astronautix.com/details/sal52008.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">1976.06.22 - Salyut 5</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Encyclopedia Astronautica</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º gennaio 2011</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.astronautix.com/details/sal52008.htm">url originale</abbr> il 10 ottobre 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almazt.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Almaz-T spacecraft</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">russianspaceweb.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 30 agosto 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Sven Grahn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/trackind/salyut1/salyut1.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Salyut 1, its origin</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">svengrahn.pp.se</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Almaz program"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almaz_program?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almaz_program?uselang=it">Almaz</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz.html">The Almaz Program</a>, <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119184429/http://astronautix.com/project/almaz.htm">Almaz</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Almprog/almprog.htm">The Almaz Space Station Program</a>, Sven Grahn</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926081306/https://www.webcitation.org/5il9QixAg?url=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FRP1357.pdf">Mir Hardware Heritage</a> (NASA Reference Publication 1357), David Portree</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/astrospies.html"><i>Astrospies</i></a>, un episodio di Nova covering the MOL and Almaz (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/astrospies.html">full video</a> adisponibile PBS.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aLguUjlbGU">Inside a Soviet Spy Station</a>, NOVA Short</li></ul> <div align="center"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navigazione_Saljut&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Programma_Saljut" title="Programma Saljut">Programma Saljut</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Stazioni Saljut</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Saljut_1" title="Saljut 1">Saljut 1 (DOS-1)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_557" title="Cosmos 557">Cosmos 557 (DOS-3)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saljut_4" title="Saljut 4">Saljut 4 (DOS-4)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saljut_6" title="Saljut 6">Saljut 6 (DOS-5)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saljut_7" title="Saljut 7">Saljut 7 (DOS-6)</a></td><td rowspan="4" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/110px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/165px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/220px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stazioni Almaz (OPS)</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Saljut_2" title="Saljut 2">Saljut 2 (OPS-1)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saljut_3" title="Saljut 3">Saljut 3 (OPS-2)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saljut_5" title="Saljut 5">Saljut 5 (OPS-3)</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">OPS-4</a> <small>(non ha volato)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Successore</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Mir_(stazione_spaziale)" title="Mir (stazione spaziale)">Mir (DOS-7)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS)" title="Zvezda (ISS)">Zvezda (DOS-8)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Navette di supporto</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(veicolo_spaziale)" title="Sojuz (veicolo spaziale)">Sojuz</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Progress_(veicolo_spaziale)" title="Progress (veicolo spaziale)">Progress</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Programma_spaziale_sovietico"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="background:grey;"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programma_spaziale_sovietico" title="Template:Programma spaziale sovietico"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Programma_spaziale_sovietico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Programma spaziale sovietico (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programma_spaziale_sovietico&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)"><img alt="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Programma_spaziale_sovietico" title="Programma spaziale sovietico"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Programma spaziale sovietico</span></a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Programmi senza equipaggio</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Programma_Sputnik" title="Programma Sputnik">Sputnik</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(missioni_spaziali)" title="Cosmos (missioni spaziali)">Kosmos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Luna" title="Programma Luna">Luna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lunochod" title="Lunochod">Lunochod</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Venera" title="Programma Venera">Venera</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="Programma Vega">Vega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Zond" title="Programma Zond">Zond</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Mars" title="Programma Mars">Mars</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Phobos" title="Programma Phobos">Phobos</a></td><td rowspan="7" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Programmi con equipaggio</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Programma_Vostok" title="Programma Vostok">Vostok</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Voschod" title="Programma Voschod">Voschod</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Sojuz" title="Programma Sojuz">Sojuz</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Saljut" title="Programma Saljut">Saljut</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mir_(stazione_spaziale)" title="Mir (stazione spaziale)">Mir</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Programmi congiunti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)"><img alt="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newworldmap.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mondo (bandiera)"><img alt="Mondo (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/20px-Newworldmap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/30px-Newworldmap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/40px-Newworldmap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="752" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a><b> ·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)"><img alt="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stati Uniti (bandiera)"><img alt="Stati Uniti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Programma_test_Apollo-Sojuz" title="Programma test Apollo-Sojuz">Apollo-Sojuz</a><b> ·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)"><img alt="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stati Uniti (bandiera)"><img alt="Stati Uniti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programma Shuttle-Mir">Shuttle-Mir</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Lanciatori</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/R-7_(missile)" title="R-7 (missile)">R-7</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/GR-2" title="GR-2">GR-2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(lanciatore)" title="Kosmos (lanciatore)">Kosmos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molnija_(lanciatore)" title="Molnija (lanciatore)">Molnija</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Proton_(lanciatore)" title="Proton (lanciatore)">Proton</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(lanciatore)" title="Sojuz (lanciatore)">Sojuz</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sojuz_2_(lanciatore)" title="Sojuz 2 (lanciatore)">Sojuz 2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Famiglia_di_lanciatori_UR" title="Famiglia di lanciatori UR">UR</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Voschod_(lanciatore)" title="Voschod (lanciatore)">Voschod</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(lanciatore)" title="Vostok (lanciatore)">Vostok</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zenit_(famiglia_di_lanciatori)" title="Zenit (famiglia di lanciatori)">Zenit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Programmi e progetti cancellati</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Programma_lunare_sovietico" title="Programma lunare sovietico">Programma lunare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/N1_(lanciatore)" title="N1 (lanciatore)">N1</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progetto_Zarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progetto Zarja (la pagina non esiste)">Zarja</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Programma_Buran" title="Programma Buran">Buran</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Energia_(lanciatore)" title="Energia (lanciatore)">Energija</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAKS_(sistema_di_lancio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAKS (sistema di lancio) (la pagina non esiste)">MAKS</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Basi di lancio</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Cosmodromo_di_Bajkonur" title="Cosmodromo di Bajkonur">Bajkonur</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmodromo_di_Kapustin_Jar" title="Cosmodromo di Kapustin Jar">Kapustin Jar</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmodromo_di_Pleseck" title="Cosmodromo di Pleseck">Pleseck</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Cani_nel_programma_spaziale_sovietico" title="Cani nel programma spaziale sovietico">Cani nel programma spaziale sovietico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kurs" title="Kurs">Kurs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gruppi_dei_cosmonauti_sovietici_e_russi" title="Gruppi dei cosmonauti sovietici e russi">Gruppi dei cosmonauti sovietici</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow" style="align:left;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space program of the Soviet Union">Commons</a></b></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astronautica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/9px-Shuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/15px-Shuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/19px-Shuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Astronautica" title="Portale:Astronautica">Portale Astronautica</a></b>: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di astronautica</div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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