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<span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_plenipotentiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_plenipotentiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of plenipotentiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_plenipotentiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_(1878)" title="معاهدة برلين (1878) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة برلين (1878)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si_(1878)" title="Berlin müqaviləsi (1878) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berlin müqaviləsi (1878)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Берлински договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берлински договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_sporazum_(1878)" title="Berlinski sporazum (1878) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berlinski sporazum (1878)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Berl%C3%ADn_(1878)" title="Tractat de Berlín (1878) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Berlín (1878)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_smlouva_(1878)" title="Berlínská smlouva (1878) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berlínská smlouva (1878)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-traktaten_(1878)" title="Berlin-traktaten (1878) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berlin-traktaten (1878)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Vertrag_von_1878" title="Berliner Vertrag von 1878 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berliner Vertrag von 1878" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliini_leping_(1878)" title="Berliini leping (1878) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berliini leping (1878)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_(1878)" title="Συνθήκη του Βερολίνου (1878) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη του Βερολίνου (1878)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Berl%C3%ADn_(1878)" title="Tratado de Berlín (1878) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Berlín (1878)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B8)" title="پیمان برلین (۱۸۷۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان برلین (۱۸۷۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Berlin_(1878)" title="Traité de Berlin (1878) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Berlin (1878)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD_(1878%EB%85%84)" title="베를린 조약 (1878년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베를린 조약 (1878년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80_(1878)" title="Բեռլինի պայմանագիր (1878) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռլինի պայմանագիր (1878)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="बर्लिन की संधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्लिन की संधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_Berlin_(1878)" title="Traktat Berlin (1878) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Traktat Berlin (1878)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Berlino_(1878)" title="Trattato di Berlino (1878) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Berlino (1878)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1878)" title="ბერლინის ხელშეკრულება (1878) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერლინის ხელშეკრულება (1878)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlini_szerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Berlini szerződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berlini szerződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Македонија и Берлинскиот конгрес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонија и Берлинскиот конгрес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrede_van_Berlijn_(1878)" title="Vrede van Berlijn (1878) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrede van Berlijn (1878)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84_(1878%E5%B9%B4)" title="ベルリン条約 (1878年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルリン条約 (1878年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktaten_i_Berlin,_1878" title="Traktaten i Berlin, 1878 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Traktaten i Berlin, 1878" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_berli%C5%84ski_(1878)" title="Traktat berliński (1878) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat berliński (1878)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Berlim_(1878)" title="Tratado de Berlim (1878) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Berlim (1878)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Berlin_(1878)" title="Tratatul de la Berlin (1878) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Berlin (1878)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Берлинский трактат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлинский трактат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktati_i_Berlinit_(1878)" title="Traktati i Berlinit (1878) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Traktati i Berlinit (1878)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADnska_zmluva" title="Berlínska zmluva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berlínska zmluva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_sporazum_(1878)" title="Berlinski sporazum (1878) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berlinski sporazum (1878)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC_(1878)" title="Берлински споразум (1878) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берлински споразум (1878)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1878)" title="สนธิสัญญาเบอร์ลิน (ค.ศ. 1878) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาเบอร์ลิน (ค.ศ. 1878)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_(1878)" title="Berlin Antlaşması (1878) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berlin Antlaşması (1878)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Берлінський трактат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берлінський трактат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86_(1878%D8%A1)" title="معاہدہ برلن (1878ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاہدہ برلن (1878ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="1878年柏林條約 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1878年柏林條約" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1048169#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Settlement by the Congress of Berlin following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty of Berlin</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, for the Settlement of the Affairs of the East</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_1878.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/300px-Balkans_1878.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="488" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/450px-Balkans_1878.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/600px-Balkans_1878.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Southeastern Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Context</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">Congress of Berlin, after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1878<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1878-07-13</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Berlin</b> (formally the <b>Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East</b>) was signed on 13 July 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> victory against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">major powers</a> restructured the map of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan region</a>. They reversed some of the extreme gains claimed by Russia in the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, but the Ottomans lost their major holdings in Europe. It was one of three major peace agreements in the period after the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. It was the final act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (13 June – 13 July 1878) and included the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Chancellor of Germany <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> was the chairman and dominant personality. </p><p>The most important task of the Congress was to decide the fate of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">Bulgaria</a>, but Bulgaria itself was excluded from participation in the talks, at Russian insistence.<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, as it was not a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, Bulgaria was not a subject of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, and the same went for the Bulgarians themselves. The exclusion was already an established fact in the great powers' <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a>, which had been held one year before without any Bulgarian participation. </p><p>The most notable result of the conference was the official recognition of the newly independent states of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (which had de facto been acting independently for decades). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Paris Peace Treaty</a> of 1856, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, had made the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> a neutral territory. The treaty had protected the Ottoman Empire, ended the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> (Austria, Prussia and Russia) and weakened Russia's overall position. In 1870, Russia invoked the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Rebus_sic_stantibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebus sic stantibus">rebus sic stantibus</a></i> and effectively terminated the treaty by breaching provisions concerning the neutrality of the Black Sea. The great powers became increasingly convinced that the Ottoman Empire would not be able to hold its territories in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-sina_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sina-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina uprising</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a>. As the conflict in the Balkans intensified, atrocities during the 1876 <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a> in Bulgaria inflamed <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkish">anti-Turkish</a> sentiments in Russia and Britain, which eventually culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sina_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sina-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty formally recognized the independence of the <i>de facto</i> sovereign principalities of <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (plus their expansion) and the autonomy of Bulgaria although the latter <i>de facto</i> functioned independently and was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, which was given back to the Ottomans,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a>". The Treaty of San Stefano had created a Bulgarian state, which was just what Britain and Austria-Hungary feared the most.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefano, such as <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>, but the valley of <a href="/wiki/Ele%C5%9Fkirt" title="Eleşkirt">Alashkerd</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubeyaz%C4%B1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Doğubeyazıt">Bayazid</a> were returned to the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regions of <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> were also ceded to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Constantinople_(1879)" title="Peace of Constantinople (1879)">1879 Treaty of Constantinople</a> was a further continuation of negotiations. It reaffirmed the provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano which had not been modified by the Berlin Treaty and established amounts of compensation that the Ottoman Empire owed to Russia for losses to businesses and institutions during the war. It granted amnesty to Ottoman subjects and for release of prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJIL_1908_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJIL_1908-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Article VII of the treaty provided that in the territory acquired by Russia, subjects could choose whether they wished to be Ottoman or Russian subjects for a period of six months after the agreement became effective.<sup id="cite_ref-AJIL_1908_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJIL_1908-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the pleas of the Romanian delegates, Romania was forced to cede <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">southern Bessarabia</a> to the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a compensation, Romania received <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty also limited the Russian occupation of Bulgaria to 9 months, which limited the time during which Russian troops and supplies could be moved through Romanian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchins_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three newly independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> in 1881, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1882 and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> in 1910, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> proclaimed full independence in 1908 after it had united with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> in 1885. <span class="nowrap">Austria–Hungary</span> annexed Bosnia in 1908, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a>, a major European crisis that reinforced <span class="nowrap">pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span> alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-bosniancrisis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosniancrisis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups and also would serve as a model for the <a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a>, which would be established within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stipulated that Romania recognize non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) as full citizens. It also vaguely called for a border rectification between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a> and the Ottoman Empire, which occurred after protracted negotiations in 1881, with the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> to Greece.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the "Salisbury Circular" of 1 April, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>, appointed foreign secretary the next day, made clear his own and his government's objections to the Treaty of San Stefano and its favourable position of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> wrote, "If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a> in his wilder moments, had expected less and were, therefore, less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: 'We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is <a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">no vitality left</a> in them. The treaty also calls on the parties involved to attack the nation that violates the treaty.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a> remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary was allowed to station military garrisons in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Bosnia">Vilayet of Bosnia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. The Vilayet of Bosnia was placed under <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian occupation</a> although it formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire until it was <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">annexed by Austria-Hungary</a> thirty years later, on 5 October 1908. The Austro-Hungarian garrisons in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar were withdrawn in 1908, after the annexation of the Vilayet of Bosnia and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bosniancrisis_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosniancrisis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reach a compromise with the Ottoman Empire, which was struggling with internal strife because of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> (1908). The chaotic situation in the Ottoman Empire also allowed Bulgaria to formally <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">declare its independence</a> on 5 October 1908.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_plenipotentiaries">List of plenipotentiaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of plenipotentiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Karatheodori_Pasha" title="Alexander Karatheodori Pasha">Alexander Karatheodori Pasha</a>, Minister of <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali Pasha</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">marshal</a></i> of the Ottoman army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadullah_Pasha" title="Sadullah Pasha">Sadullah Pasha</a>, ambassador to Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_Russell,_1st_Baron_Ampthill" title="Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill">Lord Odo Russell</a>, ambassador to Berlin</li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">Baron Ernst von Bülow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Prussia">Foreign Minister of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a>, ambassador to Paris</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula, Count Andrássy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary">Foreign Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alajos_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Alajos Károlyi">Count Alajos Károlyi</a>, ambassador to Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Heinrich_Karl_von_Haymerle" title="Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle">Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle</a>, ambassador to Rome</li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Waddington">William Henry Waddington</a>, the Comte de Saint-Vallier, ambassador to Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li>Félix Hippolyte Desprez, Director of Political Affairs in the Department for Foreign Affairs</li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander, Prince Gorchakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Shuvalov" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov">Count Pyotr Shuvalov</a>, ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">court of St James's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Ubri" title="Pavel Ubri">Paul d'Oubril</a>, ambassador to Berlin</li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_de_Launay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo de Launay (page does not exist)">Edoardo de Launay</a>, ambassador to Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Corti" title="Luigi Corti">Luigi Corti</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissions_of_the_Danube_River" title="Commissions of the Danube River">Commissions of the Danube River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_delegation_at_the_Berlin_Congress" title="Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress">Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHertslet1891" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hertslet" title="Edward Hertslet">Hertslet, Edward</a> (1891), "Treaty between Great-Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the Settlement of Affairs in the East, Signed at Berlin, 13th July 1878 (Translation)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mapofeuropebytre04hert#page/2758/mode/2up"><i>The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes</i></a>, vol. IV (1875–1891) (1st ed.), London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 2759–2798<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+Great-Britain%2C+Austria-Hungary%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Russia%2C+and+Turkey%2C+for+the+Settlement+of+Affairs+in+the+East%2C+Signed+at+Berlin%2C+13th+July+1878+%28Translation%29&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty%3B+which+have+taken+place+since+the+general+peace+of+1814.+With+numerous+maps+and+notes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2759-2798&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Hertslet&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmapofeuropebytre04hert%23page%2F2758%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krasner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasner1999" class="citation book cs1">Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TkrfTZlyUogC&pg=PA165"><i>Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00711-X"><bdi>0-691-00711-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+Organized+Hypocrisy&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-691-00711-X&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTkrfTZlyUogC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourchier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_David_Bourchier" title="James David Bourchier">Bourchier, James David</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bulgaria/History"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bulgaria/History">"Bulgaria/History" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–784. <q>Political History</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%2FHistory&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=779-784&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bourchier&rft.aufirst=James+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sina-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sina_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sina_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bogaert, Sina Van den. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e687">"Berlin Congress (1878)"</a>. <i>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin+Congress+%281878%29&rft.btitle=Max+Planck+Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law+%5BMPEPIL%5D&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Sina+Van+den&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Flaw-9780199231690-e687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich2004" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clLtuNxa1cgC&q=Russia+and+the+Formation+of+the+Romanian+National+State"><i>Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52251-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52251-X"><bdi>0-521-52251-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Formation+of+the+Romanian+National+State%2C+1821%E2%80%931878&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-52251-X&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclLtuNxa1cgC%26q%3DRussia%2Band%2Bthe%2BFormation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRomanian%2BNational%2BState&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2005" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH1MSHM1hLUC&q=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria"><i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1"><bdi>0-521-85085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85085-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeH1MSHM1hLUC%26q%3DA%2BConcise%2BHistory%2Bof%2BBulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchem1878" class="citation book cs1">Schem, Alexander Jacob (1878). "Chapter IX [Third Book]: The Berlin Congress". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warineastillustr00sche"><i>War in the East: An Illustrated History of the Conflict Between Russia and Turkey, With a Review of the Eastern Question</i></a>. H.S. Goodspeed & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warineastillustr00sche/page/685">685</a>–700.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX+%5BThird+Book%5D%3A+The+Berlin+Congress&rft.btitle=War+in+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Conflict+Between+Russia+and+Turkey%2C+With+a+Review+of+the+Eastern+Question&rft.pages=685-700&rft.pub=H.S.+Goodspeed+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Schem&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarineastillustr00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article LVIII of the Treaty of Berlin, American Journal of International Law. II (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2092163"><bdi lang="ru">Константино́польский Мир 1879</bdi></a> [Peace of Constantinople 1879]. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219175412/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2092163">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80+1879&rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fdomestic_history%2Ftext%2F2092163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJIL_1908-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJIL_1908_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJIL_1908_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212671">"The Definitive Treaty of Peace between Russia and the Porte: Signed at Constantinople on 8th February,1879"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a></i> (in French). <b>2</b> (4 Supplemental). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> for the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law" title="American Society of International Law">American Society of International Law</a>: 424–426. October 1908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212671">10.2307/2212671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212671">2212671</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545378434">5545378434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246006401">246006401</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Definitive+Treaty+of+Peace+between+Russia+and+the+Porte%3A+Signed+at+Constantinople+on+8th+February%2C1879&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4+Supplemental&rft.pages=424-426&rft.date=1908-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212671&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5545378434&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246006401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr2012" class="citation book cs1">Lohr, Eric (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1lib.mx/book/2612171/b81e9d"><i>Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06634-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Citizenship%3A+From+Empire+to+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06634-2&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1lib.mx%2Fbook%2F2612171%2Fb81e9d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchins-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchins_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchins1994" class="citation book cs1">Hitchins, Keith (1994). <i>Rumania: 1866–1947</i>. Oxford History of Modern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822126-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822126-6"><bdi>0-19-822126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumania%3A+1866%E2%80%931947&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-822126-6&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosniancrisis-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosniancrisis_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosniancrisis_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/bosnian_crisis/">"Bosnian Crisis"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuergenthal2002" class="citation book cs1">Buergenthal, Thomas (1 July 2002). <i>International Human Rights in a Nutshell</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/West_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="West Publishing Company">West</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-314-26014-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-314-26014-5"><bdi>0-314-26014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=West&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.isbn=0-314-26014-5&rft.aulast=Buergenthal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Christopher J. (1980), <i>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation</i>, London: Croom Helm, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt/page/253"><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1"><bdi>0-19-881270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-19-881270-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleformaste00ajpt%2Fpage%2F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_commission_for_Eastern_Roumelia1880" class="citation book cs1">European commission for Eastern Roumelia (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportpresented00roumgoog"><i>Report presented to the international commission at Constantinople [European commission for Eastern Roumelia as to the state of Macedonia since the treaty of Berlin</i></a>. Gilbert & Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+presented+to+the+international+commission+at+Constantinople+%5BEuropean+commission+for+Eastern+Roumelia+as+to+the+state+of+Macedonia+since+the+treaty+of+Berlin&rft.pub=Gilbert+%26+Rivington&rft.date=1880&rft.au=European+commission+for+Eastern+Roumelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportpresented00roumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone, William Ewart</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29"><i>The Berlin Treaty and the Anglo-Turkish Convention: speech of the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone, M.P. in the House of Commons on Tuesday, July 30th, 1878</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Treaty+and+the+Anglo-Turkish+Convention%3A+speech+of+the+Right+Hon.+W.E.+Gladstone%2C+M.P.+in+the+House+of+Commons+on+Tuesday%2C+July+30th%2C+1878&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIMIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone, William Ewart</a> (1916). "The Treaty of Berlin, 30 July 1878". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gladstonesspeech00gladuoft#page/504/mode/2up"><i>Gladstone's Speeches, Descriptive Index and Bibliography by Arthur Tilney Bassett with a Preface by Viscount Bryce, O.M. and Introduction to the Selected Speeches by Herbert Paul</i></a>. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 505–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Berlin%2C+30+July+1878&rft.btitle=Gladstone%27s+Speeches%2C+Descriptive+Index+and+Bibliography+by+Arthur+Tilney+Bassett+with+a+Preface+by+Viscount+Bryce%2C+O.M.+and+Introduction+to+the+Selected+Speeches+by+Herbert+Paul&rft.place=London&rft.pages=505-52&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgladstonesspeech00gladuoft%23page%2F504%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, M.S. <i>The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/7391310/the-eastern-question-1774-1923-a-study-in-international">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldfrank, David M. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0001unse">"Berlin, Congress of"</a></span>. In Millar, James R. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Russian History</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028656939" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028656939"><bdi>978-0028656939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin%2C+Congress+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Russian+History&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0028656939&rft.aulast=Goldfrank&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofru0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Langer, William L. <i>European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890</i> (1950) pp 151–170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237096">Online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Millman, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70aaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Britain and the Eastern question, 1875–1878</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822379-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Eastern+question%2C+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822379-5&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70aaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlicott1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._N._Medlicott" title="W. N. Medlicott">Medlicott, W. N.</a> (1963). <i>The Congress of Berlin and After: A Diplomatic History of the Near East Settlement, 1878–1880</i> (2nd ed.). London: Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+Berlin+and+After%3A+A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+Near+East+Settlement%2C+1878%E2%80%931880&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span>, Focus on the aftermath.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1918" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Henry F. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlincongress00munr/page/n8"><i>The Berlin Congress (Confidential, For Official Use Only)</i></a>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Congress+%28Confidential%2C+For+Official+Use+Only%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlincongress00munr%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berlin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Berlin">"Berlin § Berlin, Congress and Treaty of" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 790–791.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin+%C2%A7+Berlin%2C+Congress+and+Treaty+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=790-791&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stavrianos, Leften Stavros. <i>The Balkans since 1453</i> (1958).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13016"><i>The struggle for mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+mastery+in+Europe%3A+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuzSluglett2012" class="citation book cs1">Yavuz, M. Hakan; Sluglett, Peter, eds. (2012). <i>War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin</i>. University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-150-3"><bdi>978-1-60781-150-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Diplomacy%3A+The+Russo-Turkish+War+of+1877%E2%80%931878+and+the+Treaty+of+Berlin&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60781-150-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Berlin+%281878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878 (Translation)". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>II</b> (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212670">10.2307/2212670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212670">2212670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246011615">246011615</a>.</cite><span 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template talk:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> (1299–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gallipoli" title="Treaty of Gallipoli">Gallipoli (1403)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Selymbria" title="Treaty of Selymbria">Selymbria (1411)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_peace_treaty_(1419)" title="Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1419)">Venice (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Szeged (1444)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> (1453–1566)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1454)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1454)">Constantinople (1454)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Constantinople (1479)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1533)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1533)">Constantinople (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Adrianople (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Amasya (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1562)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1562)">Constantinople (1562)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> (1566–1703)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1568)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1568)">Adrianople (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1590)">Constantinople (1590)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Zitvatorok (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nasuh_Pasha" title="Treaty of Nasuh Pasha">Nasuh Pasha (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Busza" title="Peace of Busza">Busza (1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Serav" title="Treaty of Serav">Serav (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Khotyn" title="Treaty of Khotyn">Khotin (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Zuhab (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">Vasvár (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buchach" title="Treaty of Buchach">Buczacz (1672)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C5%BBurawno" title="Treaty of Żurawno">Żurawno (1676)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Bakhchisaray (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Karlowitz (1699)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">Constantinople (1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> (1703–1789)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Pruth (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Passarowitz (1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Constantinople (1724)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ahmet_Pasha" title="Treaty of Ahmet Pasha">Ahmet Pasha (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1736)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1736)">Constantinople (1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Belgrade (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Niş (1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kerden" title="Treaty of Kerden">Kerden (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Küçük Kaynarca (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aynal%C4%B1kavak" title="Treaty of Aynalıkavak">Aynalıkavak (1779)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Modernization</a> (1789–1908)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova" title="Treaty of Sistova">Sistova (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Jassy (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish" title="Convention of El Arish">El Arish (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1800)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1800)">Constantinople (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Paris (1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Dardanelles" title="Treaty of the Dardanelles">Çanak (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Bucharest (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#First_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkerman_Convention" title="Akkerman Convention">Akkerman (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Adrianople (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Constantinople (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Hünkar İskelesi (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Convention of Kütahya">Kütahya (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Balta_Liman" title="Treaty of Balta Liman">Balta Liman (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">London (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#Second_treaty" title="Treaties of Erzurum">Erzurum (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Paris (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Scutari" title="Convention of Scutari">Scutari (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">San Stefano (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus (1878)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berlin (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Halepa (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophane_Agreement" title="Tophane Agreement">Tophane (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Constantinople (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1897)">Constantinople (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Fall</a> (1908–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Daan" title="Treaty of Daan">Daan (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War#Treaty_of_Ouchy" title="Italo-Turkish War">Ouchy (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">London (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Constantinople (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Athens (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">Armenian reforms (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_convention_(1915)" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman convention (1915)">Sofia (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Erzincan (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Brest-Litovsk (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Mudros (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres (1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Template:Treaties of Turkey">Treaties of Turkey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template talk:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br /> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Memorandum" title="Berlin Memorandum">Berlin Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deligrad_Event" title="Deligrad Event">Deligrad Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Committee" title="Niš Committee">Niš Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Opalchentsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British Occupation of Egypt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Straits_Question" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Straits_Question_navbox" title="Template:Straits Question navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Straits_Question_navbox" title="Template talk:Straits Question navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Straits_Question_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Straits Question navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Straits_Question" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Straits Question</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ottoman_alliance" title="Russo-Ottoman alliance">Russo-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1871)" title="Treaty of London (1871)">Treaty of London (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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