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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American manufacturing company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Fairbanks, Morse & Company</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Fairbanks scales, Eclipse Windmill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">Saint Johnsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1823)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Purchased by Arcline Investment Management from <a href="/wiki/EnPro_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="EnPro Industries">Enpro Industries Inc.</a> as of January 21, 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Fairbanks Scales, Fairbanks Morse, Fairbanks Nijhuis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">World</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Scales, Windmills, Engines, Tractors, Radios, Pumps, Locomotives.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fairbanks, Morse and Company</b> was an American manufacturing company in the late 19th and early 20th century. Founded in 1823 as a manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">weighing scales</a>, it later diversified into pumps, <a href="/wiki/Engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Engines">engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windmills" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills">windmills</a>, coffee grinders, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radios</a>, farm <a href="/wiki/Tractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractors">tractors</a>, feed mills, <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, and industrial supplies. It was purchased by the Penn-Texas conglomerate in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three separate corporate entities that could be considered successors to the company, none of which is a complete and direct descendant of the original company. All claim the heritage of Fairbanks Morse and Company: </p> <ul><li>Fairbanks Scales is a privately owned company in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, that manufactures scales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse_Defense" title="Fairbanks Morse Defense">Fairbanks Morse Defense</a>, a subsidiary company of Arcline Investment Management, is a company based in <a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit, Wisconsin</a>, that manufactures and services engines<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fairbanks Nijhuis is a part of <a href="/wiki/Pentair" title="Pentair">Pentair</a> Water in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a>, and manufactures pumps</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_and_early_history">Founding and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg/220px-Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg/330px-Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg/440px-Fairbanks_Morse_Windmill_1004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Fairbanks-Morse windmill</figcaption></figure> <p>Fairbanks Morse and Company began in 1823 when inventor <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Fairbanks" title="Thaddeus Fairbanks">Thaddeus Fairbanks</a> opened an ironworks in <a href="/wiki/St._Johnsbury,_Vermont" title="St. Johnsbury, Vermont">St. Johnsbury, Vermont</a>, to manufacture two of his patented inventions: a cast iron <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a> and a heating stove. In 1829 he started a <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> dressing business for which he built the machinery. Though unsuccessful in fabricating for fiber factories, another of Morse's inventions, the platform scale, formed the basis for the later company. It was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> in June 1832, and a generation later, with his brother <a href="/wiki/Erastus_Fairbanks" title="Erastus Fairbanks">Erastus Fairbanks</a>, the E. & T. Fairbanks & Company was selling thousands of scales, first in the United States, later in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Imperial China">Imperial China</a>. Fairbanks scales won 63 medals over the years in international competition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, former missionary Leonard Wheeler designed a durable windmill for pumping water, the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_windmill" title="Eclipse windmill">Eclipse windmill</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Wheeler set up shop in <a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a> just after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Soon half a million windmills dotted the landscape throughout the West and as far away as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At about the same time, a Fairbanks & Company employee, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hosmer_Morse" title="Charles Hosmer Morse">Charles Hosmer Morse</a>, opened a Fairbanks office in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a>, from which he expanded the company's territory of operation and widened its product line. As part of this expansion, Morse brought Wheeler and his Eclipse Windmill pumps into business with the Fairbanks company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Morse later became a partner in the Fairbanks Company and by the end of the nineteenth century, it was known as Fairbanks Morse & Company and was headquartered in Chicago. Canadian and American cities had branch dealerships, with Fairbanks first coming to <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>, Canada, in 1876 and later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> opening a factory there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_expansion">Market expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Market expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg/220px-Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg/330px-Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg/440px-Petrol_2285332_310eb023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fairbanks Morse Type T gas engine</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late nineteenth century, business expanded in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, as did the company's catalog. It grew to include <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_truck" title="Hand truck">hand trucks</a>, railway <a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">velocipedes</a>, pumps, tractors, and a variety of warehouse and bulk shipping tools. The company became an industrial supplier distributing complete "turn-key" systems: tools, plumbing, gauges, gaskets, parts, valves, and pipe. Its 1910 catalog contained over 800 pages. </p><p>The Fairbanks Morse Company began producing oil and <a href="/wiki/Naptha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naptha">naptha</a> engines in the 1890s with the purchase of the Charter line of engines (the first commercially available gas engine). They had the idea that an engine could be used as backup power for when one of their <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_windmill" title="Eclipse windmill">Eclipse windmills</a> wasn't getting wind. The Fairbanks Morse gas engine became a success with farmers. Electricity generation and oilfield work also used these engines. Small lighting plants built by the company were also popular. Fairbanks Morse power plants evolved by burning <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> in 1893, <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> in 1905, then to <a href="/wiki/Semi-diesel_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-diesel engine">semi-diesel engines</a> in 1913 and to full <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> in 1924. The Model N was popular in stationary industrial applications. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1934, Fairbanks-Morse entered the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> business by acquiring the Audiola Radio Co. After a 1939 factory fire FM decided to exit the radio business. Fairbanks-Morse radios are well known for their colorfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also had brief forays into building <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_sheller" title="Corn sheller">corn shellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammermill" title="Hammermill">hammermills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane (railroad)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Televisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisions">televisions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>, but output was small in these fields. </p><p>After the expiration of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>'s American license in 1912, Fairbanks Morse (FM) entered the large engine business. The company's larger Model Y semi-diesel became a standard workhorse, and sugar, rice, timber, and mine mills used the engine. The model Y was available in sizes from one through six cylinders, or 10 to 200 horsepower (150 kW). The Y-VA engine was the first high-compression, cold-start, full diesel developed by Fairbanks Morse without the acquisition of any foreign patent. This machine was developed in Beloit and introduced in 1924. The company expanded its line to the marine CO engine (Many 100 H.P. CO marine engines were used in the Philippine Islands to power ferry boats) as well as the mill model E, a modernized Y diesel. From this, Fairbanks-Morse became a major engine manufacturer and developed plants for <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> and marine applications. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotive</a>, tug, and ship in the 1930s fostered the expansion of the company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Z"_Engine_Line"><span id=".22Z.22_Engine_Line"></span>"Z" Engine Line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Z" Engine Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fairbanks-Morse renamed their <a href="/wiki/Headless_engine" title="Headless engine">headless</a> 1.5 horsepower (1.1 kW) Model to "Z" in July 1914, according to engine historian C.H. Wendel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On all "Z" engines the gasoline tank is located in the base. In 1917, they expanded the line to include more sizes. In 1918, they stopped making headless models and adapted the 1.5 H.P. to have a head, and larger H.P. engines could now run on Kerosene. In 1928 The "Z" style "D" was introduced, and was entirely enclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-Z_engine_Article_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z_engine_Article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3_HP_Z_Article_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3_HP_Z_Article-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Z was made in incremental sizes of 3, 6, 12, 15 and up to 20 horsepower (15 kW). Over a half million units were produced in the following 30 years. In the early 1980s the line was sold off to Bell. The model Z found favor with farmers, and is a collectable today. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Headless_ad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Z_Headless_ad.png/220px-Z_Headless_ad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Z_Headless_ad.png/330px-Z_Headless_ad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Z_Headless_ad.png/440px-Z_Headless_ad.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for 1916 "Z" engine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_diesel_engines">Marine diesel engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marine diesel engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg/220px-Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg/330px-Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg/440px-Opposed_piston_engine_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fairbanks-Morse <a href="/wiki/Opposed_piston" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposed piston">opposed piston</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> on the WWII submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Pampanito" title="USS Pampanito">USS <i>Pampanito</i> (SS-383)</a> (on display in San Francisco).</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a large order of 60 30 H.P. CO marine engines were installed in British decoy fishing ships to lure German submarines within range of their 6" naval guns. In 1939 Fairbanks-Morse developed a marine engine using an unusual <a href="/wiki/Opposed_piston" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposed piston">opposed piston</a> (OP) design, similar in arrangement to a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_205" title="Junkers Jumo 205">series of German Junkers aircraft diesels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common variant for submarines through the 1990s was the <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse_38_8-1/8_diesel_engine" title="Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine">38D 8-1/8 engine</a>, ranging from 4 to 12 cylinders. This engine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in large numbers, often for use in fleet submarines, which used 9- or 10-cylinder versions as main engines in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkepank(73)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkepank(73)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jane’s(98)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane’s(98)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NavSource_SS_230_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavSource_SS_230-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TugFM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TugFM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the innovative but faulty <a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel#EMD_"pancake"_diesels" title="Electro-Motive Diesel">EMD 16-338 "pancake" engines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tang-class_submarine" title="Tang-class submarine"><i>Tang</i> class</a> proved unworkable, they were replaced with World War II-style Fairbanks-Morse engines, and these remained standard on US diesel-powered submarines through the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other Fairbanks-Morse OP engines were also used as backup power on US <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarines</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Seawolf-class_submarine" title="Seawolf-class submarine"><i>Seawolf</i> class</a> of the 1990s. Fairbanks-Morse ranked 60th among United States corporations in the value of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> military production contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> has had Fairbanks-Morse diesels in operation on its submarines almost continuously since 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They remain in service on <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles-class_submarine" title="Los Angeles-class submarine"><i>Los Angeles</i></a>-, <i>Seawolf</i>-, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine"><i>Ohio</i>-class</a> nuclear submarines of the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to OP engines (used in the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-class_cutter" title="Hamilton-class cutter">USCGC <i>Hamilton</i> class</a>), Fairbanks-Morse license builds <a href="/wiki/SEMT_Pielstick" title="SEMT Pielstick">Pielstick</a> (used in the <a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Island-class_dock_landing_ship" title="Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship"><i>Whidbey Island</i>-class dock landing ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio-class_amphibious_transport_dock" title="San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock"><i>San Antonio</i>-class amphibious transport docks</a>), <a href="/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company" title="American Locomotive Company">Alco</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Polar_Sea" title="USCGC Polar Sea">USCGC <i>Polar Sea</i></a>), and <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">M.A.N.</a> design engines.<sup id="cite_ref-TugFM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TugFM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NavSource_LSD-41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavSource_LSD-41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other World War II era models are the 875 hp 5-cylinder <b>Model 37E16</b> installed in some <a href="/wiki/T1_tanker" title="T1 tanker">T1 tankers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railroad_locomotives">Railroad locomotives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Railroad locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPR_8909,_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG/220px-CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG/330px-CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG/440px-CPR_8909%2C_a_Canadian_Locomotive_Company_H-24-66_Train_Master.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Locomotive Company "<a href="/wiki/FM_H-24-66" title="FM H-24-66">Train Master</a>", 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after it won its first U.S. Navy contract, the company introduced its 5 inches (13 cm) bore by 6 inches (15 cm) stroke opposed piston diesel to the rail industry, installing the engine in various self-propelled railcars.<sup id="cite_ref-l85_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l85-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engine proved unreliable, and was superseded by a larger 5-cylinder 8 inches (20 cm) bore by 10 inches (25 cm) stroke engine that produced 800 hp and was installed in the <a href="/wiki/FM_OP800" title="FM OP800">OP800</a> railcars in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-l85_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l85-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, F-M launched a long-term plan to build locomotives in-house. It hired electrical engineer John K. Stotz from <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> and began developing plans for a 1,000 hp switcher and a 2,000 hp multipurpose locomotive.<sup id="cite_ref-l85_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l85-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the company was ready to begin production of the units in 1940, the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> (WPB) denied it permission, citing the national interest of F-M's production of submarine engines and a locomotive market supplied by existing manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-l85_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l85-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, the WPB approved F-M's plans to sell locomotives, and it introduced the 1,000 hp switcher <a href="/wiki/FM_H-10-44" title="FM H-10-44">H-10-44</a> in 1944, followed by the 2,000 hp cab unit, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/FM_Erie-built" title="FM Erie-built">Erie-built</a> for its outsourced assembly location, in late 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-l85_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l85-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early locomotives soon proved unreliable, as high-stress railroad service exposed weaknesses in the engine that had not been seen in less demanding marine applications.<sup id="cite_ref-l88_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, F-M reorganized its locomotive division, hiring new managers and building a dedicated factory the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-l88_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, F-M introduced two new road switcher models, the 1,500 hp <a href="/wiki/FM_H-15-44" title="FM H-15-44">H-15-44</a> and the 2,000 hp <a href="/wiki/FM_H-20-44" title="FM H-20-44">H-20-44</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1949, the company's new cab units, named the <a href="/wiki/FM_Consolidated_line" class="mw-redirect" title="FM Consolidated line">Consolidated Line</a>, were introduced to replace the Erie-builts in its catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-l88_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the late-1940s models sold as well as competing units from <a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel" title="Electro-Motive Diesel">EMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company" title="American Locomotive Company">Alco</a>, and the Consolidated Line fared particularly poorly as cab units fell out of favor on American railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-l96_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l88_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l88-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 F-M began designing a new large locomotive, and in 1953 it introduced the 2,400 hp <a href="/wiki/FM_H-24-66" title="FM H-24-66">H-24-66 Train Master</a>, then the highest-powered locomotive available.<sup id="cite_ref-l99_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also proved unpopular. In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Santa Fe</a> ordered three specialized units, based on the H12-44, for terminal switching in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Dearborn_Station" title="Dearborn Station">Dearborn Station</a>: the H12-44TS ("TS" for "Terminal Switcher"). They remained in service until the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, F-M built its last locomotive for the American market, followed in 1963 by its final delivery to a Mexican customer.<sup id="cite_ref-l99_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, it sold 1,460 diesel locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-l99_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_power_products">Post-war power products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war power products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fairbanks Morse continued to build diesel and gas engines, as it had been doing for the first half of the twentieth century. This is in addition to the pump and engine division, which produced Canadian Fairbanks Morse-branded products for farms, factories and mines. </p><p>Export offices were established in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires; a factory was opened in Mexico, where model Z engines were built well into the 1980s. An Australian branch factory, similar to the Canadian Branch operation, was opened; remote sheep stations benefited from their products. It dated from 1902, when Cooper Sheep Shearing Machinery Ltd was set up in Sydney, and became an agent for Fairbanks Morse in that hemisphere. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg/220px-Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg/330px-Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg/440px-Fairbanks-Morse-Warehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse_Building_(Saskatoon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks-Morse Building (Saskatoon)">Fairbanks-Morse warehouse, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The company sold and updated the Eclipse model of windmill pumps in North America until they became obsolete with widespread rural electrification in the 1940s. Low-cost electricity from the grid eliminated the need for local power production by small and medium diesel plants. While many Fairbanks Morse engines dutifully served into the late twentieth century, they could not compete with modernization, regional plant closures, and electricity. </p><p>An inter-family feud for control of the company in 1956 between the sons of Charles Morse weakened the company. Consequently, Fairbanks-Morse was merged with Penn-Western in 1958. The downhill slide continued for the next few decades, with assets being sold off, and branches of the company closed. Regional sales offices were closed, and the one-shop model no longer appealed to buyers in the new consumer age. Automakers, tractor makers, and locomotive builders made inroads into Fairbanks-Morse's market share. Thus the company spiraled down, and was sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_disposition">Corporate disposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Corporate disposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fairbanks Morse and Company merged with Penn-Texas Corporation in 1958 to form Fairbanks Whitney Corporation. Fairbanks Whitney was reorganized as Colt Industries in 1964, taking the name from Colt Manufacturing, the maker of firearms and an asset of Penn-Texas. In 1988, the Fairbanks Morse Pump division was sold off to private investors to become Fairbanks Morse Pump. It was subsequently purchased by <a href="/wiki/Pentair" title="Pentair">Pentair</a> as part of an acquisition of General Signal Pump Group in 1997. In 1988, the scale business was sold off by Colt Industries and became Fairbanks Scales, still an independent company. </p><p>In 1990, Colt Industries sold its firearms business to C.F. Holdings Corp as <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt's Manufacturing Company</a>, Inc. and became Coltec Industries, Inc., which later became a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/EnPro_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="EnPro Industries">EnPro Industires, Inc.</a> EnPro was then the parent company of Fairbanks Morse Engine until January 21, 2020, when Fairbanks Morse was sold to Arcline Investment Management. </p><p>As a result, there are now three companies using either the Fairbanks or Fairbanks Morse trademarks, with lineage to the original Fairbanks Morse and Company. Fairbanks Scale and Fairbanks Morse Pump claim lineage back to E & T Fairbanks Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_descendants">Modern descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1990s, <b>Fairbanks Morse</b> merged with <a href="/wiki/ALCO" class="mw-redirect" title="ALCO">ALCO</a> to make the FM | ALCO line. In October 2013, FM signed a joint development and licensing agreement with <a href="/wiki/Achates_Power" title="Achates Power">Achates Power</a> to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of Fairbanks Morse proprietary and dual-fuel opposed-piston engines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposed-piston (OP) diesel engine once made by Fairbanks-Morse is still (August 2019) manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Fairbanks-Morse still (November 2021) manufactures large four-stroke diesel engines such as the FM 48/60 CR series, which ranges from 7,200 to 19,200 kWm in output.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fairbanks Scales</b> has dropped the Morse from the name as most scales made by FM had.</li> <li><b>Fairbanks Nijhuis</b> makes pumps.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fairbanks-Morse_locomotives" title="List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives">List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse_38_8-1/8_diesel_engine" title="Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine">Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse_Defense" title="Fairbanks Morse Defense">Fairbanks Morse Defense</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/05/archives/silberstein-sighting-penntexas-control-of-fairbanks-morse.html">"Silberstein Sighting Penn-Texas Control Of Fairbanks Morse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 5, 1957. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Silberstein+Sighting+Penn-Texas+Control+Of+Fairbanks+Morse&rft.date=1957-03-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1957%2F03%2F05%2Farchives%2Fsilberstein-sighting-penntexas-control-of-fairbanks-morse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcline.com/">"Investing in Critical Industries"</a>. <i>Arcline Investment Management</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arcline+Investment+Management&rft.atitle=Investing+in+Critical+Industries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcline.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=2394">"Fairbanks, Morse & Co.; Chicago manufacturer in USA, Model T"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairbanks%2C+Morse+%26+Co.%3B+Chicago+manufacturer+in+USA%2C+Model+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Fdsp_hersteller_detail.cfm%3Fcompany_id%3D2394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenning2018" class="citation web cs1">Grenning, Wayne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gasenginemagazine.com/gas-engines/gas-engines-company-history/fairbanks-morse-z-engines-zm0z18aszhur">"Timeline of the Fairbanks-Morse Z Engine"</a>. <i>Gas Engine Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Wayne appreciates that in his youthful exuberance [in his original 'Gas Engine Magazine' article from 1981] he may have gotten a few facts wrong, chiefly the introduction of the Z series, which he dated to September 1916: It's believed to have been introduced two years earlier, in July 1914.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gas+Engine+Magazine&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+the+Fairbanks-Morse+Z+Engine&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grenning&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasenginemagazine.com%2Fgas-engines%2Fgas-engines-company-history%2Ffairbanks-morse-z-engines-zm0z18aszhur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Z_engine_Article-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Z_engine_Article_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1981" class="citation web cs1">Morse, Fairbanks (July 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gasenginemagazine.com/gas-engines/the-technical-history-of-the-fairbanks-morse">"Fairbanks Morse Z technical history (not totally accurate)"</a>. <i>gasenginemagazine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gasenginemagazine.com&rft.atitle=Fairbanks+Morse+Z+technical+history+%28not+totally+accurate%29&rft.date=1981-07&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Fairbanks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasenginemagazine.com%2Fgas-engines%2Fthe-technical-history-of-the-fairbanks-morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3_HP_Z_Article-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3_HP_Z_Article_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse" class="citation web cs1">Morse, Fairbanks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old-engine.com/fairbank.htm">"Fairbanks Morse and Company 1918"</a>. <i>old-engine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old-engine.com&rft.atitle=Fairbanks+Morse+and+Company+1918&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Fairbanks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-engine.com%2Ffairbank.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1995). <i>U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-263-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-263-3"><bdi>1-55750-263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Submarines+Through+1945%3A+An+Illustrated+Design+History&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55750-263-3&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinkepank(73)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinkepank(73)_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkpank1973" class="citation book cs1">Pinkpank, Jerry A (1973). <i>The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide</i>. Kalmbach Books. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-22894">66-22894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Diesel+Spotter%27s+Guide&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Books&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-22894&rft.aulast=Pinkpank&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane’s(98)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jane’s(98)_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/290"><i>Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II</i></a></span>. Crescent Books (Random House). 1998. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517-67963-9" title="Special:BookSources/0517-67963-9"><bdi>0517-67963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Fighting+Ships+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Crescent+Books+%28Random+House%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0517-67963-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjanesfightingshi00fran%2Fpage%2F290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavSource_SS_230-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NavSource_SS_230_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08230.htm">"NavSource USS <i>Finback</i> SS-230"</a>. <i>Photographic History of the U.S. Navy</i>. NavSource Naval History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photographic+History+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.atitle=NavSource+USS+Finback+SS-230&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2Farchives%2F08%2F08230.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TugFM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TugFM_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TugFM_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221080403/http://www.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org/pages/tugmach-diesel-modern-FM.htm">"Fairbanks-Morse Company"</a>. <i>Marine Diesel Engines</i>. Tugboat Enthusiasts Society of the Americas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org/pages/tugmach-diesel-modern-FM.htm">the original</a> on February 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Diesel+Engines&rft.atitle=Fairbanks-Morse+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org%2Fpages%2Ftugmach-diesel-modern-FM.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1995" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert (1995). <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995</i>. <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. p. 603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7"><bdi>1-55750-132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1947-1995&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=603&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55750-132-7&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Whiz_Kids_(Department_of_Defense)" title="Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)">Peck, Merton J.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Frederic_M._Scherer" title="Frederic M. Scherer">Scherer, Frederic M.</a> <i>The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis</i> (1962) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> p.619</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavSource_LSD-41-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NavSource_LSD-41_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/12/1241.htm">"NavSource USS <i>Whidbey Island</i> LSD 41"</a>. <i>Photographic History of the U.S. Navy</i>. NavSource Naval History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photographic+History+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.atitle=NavSource+USS+Whidbey+Island+LSD+41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2Farchives%2F10%2F12%2F1241.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l85-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l85_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l85_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l85_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l85_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l85_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l88-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l88_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l88_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l88_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l88_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l96-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l96_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l96_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l99-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l99_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l99_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l99_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustig2023" class="citation web cs1">Lustig, David (April 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trains.com/ctr/railroads/locomotives/fairbanks-morse-h12-44ts-locomotive-a-special-diesel-for-a-special-job/">"Fairbanks-Morse H12-44TS locomotive: A special diesel for a special job"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Media" title="Kalmbach Media">Kalmbach</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairbanks-Morse+H12-44TS+locomotive%3A+A+special+diesel+for+a+special+job&rft.pub=Kalmbach&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft.aulast=Lustig&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trains.com%2Fctr%2Frailroads%2Flocomotives%2Ffairbanks-morse-h12-44ts-locomotive-a-special-diesel-for-a-special-job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zoia, David (January 2, 2014) “Achates Finding Traction with Opposed-Piston Engine”, WardsAuto.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse" class="citation web cs1">Morse, Fairbanks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052151/https://www.fairbanksmorse.com/trident-op">"Fairbanks Morse - Trident OP™"</a>. <i>www.fairbanksmorse.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairbanksmorse.com/trident-op">the original</a> on August 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fairbanksmorse.com&rft.atitle=Fairbanks+Morse+-+Trident+OP%E2%84%A2&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Fairbanks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairbanksmorse.com%2Ftrident-op&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairbanksmorse.com/48-60-cr">"Fairbanks Morse - FM 48/60 CR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairbanks+Morse+-+FM+48%2F60+CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairbanksmorse.com%2F48-60-cr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb,_J._Parker2007" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, J. Parker (2007). <i>Evolution of the American Diesel Locomotive</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34863-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34863-0"><bdi>978-0-253-34863-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+American+Diesel+Locomotive&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34863-0&rft.au=Lamb%2C+J.+Parker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025084103/http://www.psrm.org/index.php/trains/diesel/1361">"Fairbanks-Morse 38D8 Diesel Locomotive"</a>. <i>PSRM Diesel Locomotives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrm.org/index.php/trains/diesel/1361">the original</a> on October 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PSRM+Diesel+Locomotives&rft.atitle=Fairbanks-Morse+38D8+Diesel+Locomotive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrm.org%2Findex.php%2Ftrains%2Fdiesel%2F1361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkepank,_Jerry_A.1973" class="citation book cs1">Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). <i>The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide</i>. Kalmbach Publishing Co., Milwaukee, WI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89024-026-4"><bdi>0-89024-026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Diesel+Spotter%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing+Co.%2C+Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-89024-026-4&rft.au=Pinkepank%2C+Jerry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendel,_C.H.1993" class="citation book cs1">Wendel, C.H. (1993). <i>Fairbanks Morse: 100 Years of Engine Technology (reprint)</i>. Stemgas Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairbanks+Morse%3A+100+Years+of+Engine+Technology+%28reprint%29&rft.pub=Stemgas+Publishing+Co.%2C+Lancaster%2C+PA&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Wendel%2C+C.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendel,_C.H.1987" class="citation book cs1">Wendel, C.H. (1987). <i>Power in the Past, Vol. 2; A History of Fairbanks-Morse and Co. (reprint)</i>. Stemgas Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+the+Past%2C+Vol.+2%3B+A+History+of+Fairbanks-Morse+and+Co.+%28reprint%29&rft.pub=Stemgas+Publishing+Co.%2C+Lancaster%2C+PA&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Wendel%2C+C.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFairbanks-Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairbanks-Morse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairbanksmorse.com/">Fairbanks Morse website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. VT-1, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/vt0011/">E. & T. Fairbanks & Company Factory, Sleepers River, Saint Johnsbury, Caledonia County, VT</a>", 4 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page</li> <li>HAER No. VT-1-A, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/vt0012/">E. & T. Fairbanks & Company, Two-Story Covered Bridge</a>", 15 photos, 2 measured drawings, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairbanks-Morse" title="Template:Fairbanks-Morse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairbanks-Morse" title="Template talk:Fairbanks-Morse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairbanks-Morse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairbanks-Morse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairbanks-Morse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fairbanks-Morse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fairbanks-Morse_locomotives" title="List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives">Locomotives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FM_Consolidated_line" class="mw-redirect" title="FM Consolidated line">FM Consolidated line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Erie-built" title="FM Erie-built">FM Erie-built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-10-44" title="FM H-10-44">FM H-10-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-12-44" title="FM H-12-44">FM H-12-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-12-44TS" title="FM H-12-44TS">FM H-12-44TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-12-46" title="FM H-12-46">FM H-12-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-15-44" title="FM H-15-44">FM H-15-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-16-44" title="FM H-16-44">FM H-16-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-16-66" title="FM H-16-66">FM H-16-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-20-44" title="FM H-20-44">FM H-20-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_OP800" title="FM OP800">FM OP800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_P-12-42" title="FM P-12-42">FM P-12-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_H-24-66" title="FM H-24-66">FM H-24-66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Ranch_Railroad_Eclipse_Windmill" title="Canon Ranch Railroad Eclipse Windmill">Canon Ranch Railroad Eclipse Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_windmill" title="Eclipse windmill">Eclipse windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse_38_8-1/8_diesel_engine" title="Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine">Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriarty_Eclipse_Windmill" title="Moriarty Eclipse Windmill">Moriarty Eclipse Windmill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Fairbanks" title="Thaddeus Fairbanks">Thaddeus Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Fairbanks" title="Erastus Fairbanks">Erastus Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fairbanks" title="Horace Fairbanks">Horace Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Fairbanks" title="Franklin Fairbanks">Franklin Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hosmer_Morse" title="Charles Hosmer Morse">Charles Hosmer Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Packard" title="Lambert Packard">Lambert Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Paddock" title="Ephraim Paddock">Ephraim Paddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Parks" title="Francis G. Parks">Francis G. Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_P._Blunt" title="Asa P. Blunt">Asa P. Blunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse_Warehouse_(Saskatoon)" title="Fairbanks-Morse Warehouse (Saskatoon)">Fairbanks-Morse Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt's Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnPro_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="EnPro Industries">EnPro Industries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garlock_Sealing_Technologies" title="Garlock Sealing Technologies">Garlock Sealing Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GGB_Bearing_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="GGB Bearing Technology">GGB Bearing Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemco" title="Stemco">Stemco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetics_Group" title="Technetics Group">Technetics Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_locomotive_builders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NA_Loco_builders" title="Template:NA Loco builders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NA_Loco_builders" title="Template talk:NA Loco builders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NA_Loco_builders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NA Loco builders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_locomotive_builders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North American <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> builders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona_Works" title="Altoona Works">Altoona Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookville_Equipment" title="Brookville Equipment">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Equipment_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Railway Equipment Company">NREC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rail" title="Progress Rail">Progress Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel" title="Electro-Motive Diesel">EMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railpower_Technologies" title="Railpower Technologies">Railpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Transportation" title="GE Transportation">GE Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MotivePower" title="MotivePower">MotivePower</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company" title="American Locomotive Company">ALCO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alco-GE" title="Alco-GE">Alco-GE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Car_and_Manufacturing_Company" title="Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works" title="Baldwin Locomotive Works">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Locomotive_Works" title="Brooks Locomotive Works">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Locomotive_Company" title="Canadian Locomotive Company">CLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_Locomotive_Works" title="Climax Locomotive Works">Climax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works" title="Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_Locomotive_Works" title="Davenport Locomotive Works">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Manufacturing_Company" title="Dickson Manufacturing Company">Dickson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fairbanks-Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Diesel" title="General Motors Diesel">GMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Locomotive_Works" title="Globe Locomotive Works">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Locomotive_Works" title="Grant Locomotive Works">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Locomotive_Works" title="Hinkley Locomotive Works">Hinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewett_Car_Company" title="Jewett Car Company">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Locomotive_Works" title="Lima Locomotive Works">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Locomotive_Works" title="Manchester Locomotive Works">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Machine_Works" title="Mason Machine Works">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Locomotive_Manufacturing_Company" title="Milwaukee Locomotive Manufacturing Company">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Locomotive_Works" title="Montreal Locomotive Works">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Clare_Shops" title="Mount Clare Shops">Mount Clare Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Savage_Locomotive_Works" title="Mount Savage Locomotive Works">Mount Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works" title="Norris Locomotive Works">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Locomotive_and_Car_Works" title="Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.K._Porter,_Inc." title="H.K. Porter, Inc.">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Company" title="Portland Company">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Locomotive_Works" title="Rhode Island Locomotive Works">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Shops" title="Roanoke Shops">Roanoke Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Locomotive_Works" title="Richmond Locomotive Works">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works" title="Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_Locomotive_Works" title="Schenectady Locomotive Works">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton_Locomotive_Manufacturing_Company" title="Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredegar_Iron_Works" title="Tredegar Iron Works">Tredegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Iron_Works_(Wilkes-Barre)" title="Vulcan Iron Works (Wilkes-Barre)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_D._Whitcomb_Company" title="Geo D. Whitcomb Company">Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willamette_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Willamette Iron and Steel Works">Willamette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotive_builders" title="List of locomotive builders">List of locomotive builders</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1393054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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