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id="toc-Biogenéza_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogenéza_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biogenéza mikroRNA a jej osud v bunke</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biogenéza_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Biogenéza mikroRNA a jej osud v bunke</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biogenéza_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primárna_mikroRNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primárna_mikroRNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Primárna mikroRNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primárna_mikroRNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prekurzorová_mikroRNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prekurzorová_mikroRNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prekurzorová mikroRNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prekurzorová_mikroRNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mikroRNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mikroRNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>mikroRNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mikroRNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RISC_komplex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RISC_komplex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>RISC komplex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RISC_komplex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Využitie_a_význam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Využitie_a_význam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Využitie a význam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Využitie_a_význam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevýhody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevýhody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nevýhody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevýhody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vyhliadky_do_budúcnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vyhliadky_do_budúcnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vyhliadky do budúcnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vyhliadky_do_budúcnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zdroj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zdroj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zdroj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zdroj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MikroRNA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 37 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="حمض ريبوزي نووي ميكروي – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض ريبوزي نووي ميكروي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="মাইক্রো-আরএনএ – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইক্রো-আরএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro_RNK" title="Mikro RNK – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikro RNK" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroARN" title="MicroARN – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MicroARN" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNA" title="MiRNA – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MiRNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroRNA" title="MikroRNA – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MikroRNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-ARN" title="Micro-ARN – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micro-ARN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro-RNA" title="Mikro-RNA – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikro-RNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ریزآران‌ای – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریزآران‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro-RNA" title="Mikro-RNA – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikro-RNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-ARN" title="Micro-ARN – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Micro-ARN" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroARN" title="MicroARN – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MicroARN" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroRNK" title="MikroRNK – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MikroRNK" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro-RNS" title="Mikro-RNS – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikro-RNS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%8C%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ՄիկրոՌՆԹ – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄիկրոՌՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-mikro" title="RNA-mikro – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="RNA-mikro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNA" title="MiRNA – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MiRNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNA" title="MiRNA – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MiRNA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNR" title="MiRNR – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MiRNR" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MicroRNA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiRNA" title="MiRNA – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MiRNA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-ARN" title="Micro-ARN – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Micro-ARN" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-ARN" title="Micro-ARN – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Micro-ARN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článok"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="МикроРНК – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="МикроРНК" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D-%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="මයික්‍රෝ-ආර්.එන්.ඒ. – sinhalčina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මයික්‍රෝ-ආර්.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroRNA" title="MikroRNA – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MikroRNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%8F" title="குறு ஆர்.என்.ஏ – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறு ஆர்.என்.ஏ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ไมโครอาร์เอ็นเอ – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมโครอาร์เอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroRNA" title="MikroRNA – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MikroRNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="МікроРНК – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="МікроРНК" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" 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lang="sk" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i><div class="hatnote">Nezamieňať s heslom <a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%A1torov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina">Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg/400px-Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg/600px-Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg/800px-Examples_of_microRNA_stem-loops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Príklad vláseniek miRNA z <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caenorhabditis_elegans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caenorhabditis elegans (stránka neexistuje)">C. elegans</a></i> a <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_rozumn%C3%BD" title="Človek rozumný">človeka</a>. V neupravenom transkripte génu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prim%C3%A1rna_mikroRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primárna mikroRNA (stránka neexistuje)">pri-miRNA</a>) je miRNA zobrazená červenou farbou.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Genetics_laureates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genetics_laureates.jpg/220px-Genetics_laureates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genetics_laureates.jpg/330px-Genetics_laureates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genetics_laureates.jpg/440px-Genetics_laureates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Laureáti <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziol%C3%B3giu_alebo_medic%C3%ADnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo medicínu">Nobelovej ceny za fyziológiu alebo medicínu</a> za rok 2024 za objav mikroRNA a vysvetlenie ich úlohy pri posttranskripčnej regulácii génov: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Bruce Ruvkur</a> (vľavo) a <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> (vpravo).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:MiRNA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MiRNA.svg/400px-MiRNA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MiRNA.svg/600px-MiRNA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MiRNA.svg/800px-MiRNA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Diagram posttranskripčnej regulácie génu: tvorba a význam mikroRNA:1. Proteín jadrovej membrány e<b>xportín-5</b> premiestni vlásenku dsRNA z nukleoplazmy do cytoplazmy.2. Endonukleoáza nazývaná <b>dicer</b> odštiepi slučku, čím vznikne dsRNA duplex. Jedno vlákno duplexu RNA (guide RNA, sprievodná RNA) sa pripojí ku skupine proteínov, čím vznikne nukleoproteínový komplex <b>RISC<i>,</i></b> <i>RNA-induced silencing complex</i>), ktorý obsahuje proteín <b>Argonaut</b>, ktorý môže vykazovať endonukleázovú aktivitu. 3. RISC v rastlinách obsahuje mikroRNA, ktoré sú úplne komplementárne ku cieľovej mRNA, rastlinný Argonaut proteín má endonukleázovú aktivitu a štiepi cieľovú molekulu mRNA, čím zabráni expresii príslušného génu.4. RISC v živočíšnych bunkách (a bunkách človeka) obsahuje mikroRNA, ktorá nie je úplne komplementárna ku cieľovej mRNA. Živočíšne proteíny Argonaut nemajú endonukleázovú aktivitu, neštiepia cieľovú molekulu mRNA. U ľudí vykazuje nukleázovú aktivitu iba jeden zo štyroch roteínov Argonaut a to proteín Ago2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5. Prítomnosť RISC proteínu na cieľovej mRNA blokuje transláciu (prístup ribozómu), čím sa reguluje expresia génu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>MikroRNA</b> (<b>µRNA</b>, <b>miRNA,</b> <i>microribonucleic acid</i>, mikroribonukleová kyselina) sú malé jednovláknové <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nek%C3%B3duj%C3%BAca_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nekódujúca RNA (stránka neexistuje)">nekódujúce molekuly RNA</a>, ktoré pozostávajú zo sekvencie 21 až 25 <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Metazoan_MicroRNAs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metazoan_MicroRNAs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DobrotaLekBioch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DobrotaLekBioch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> v závislosti od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicer (stránka neexistuje)">Dicer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonukle%C3%A1za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endonukleáza (stránka neexistuje)">endonukleázy</a>, ktorej pôsobením vznikajú. miRNA regulujú <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centr%C3%A1lna_dogma_molekul%C3%A1rnej_biol%C3%B3gie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrálna dogma molekulárnej biológie (stránka neexistuje)">expresiu</a> eukaryotických génov posttranskripčne, i.e. až po syntéze <a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%A1torov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina">mRNA</a> (messengerovej/mediátorovej RNA). </p><p>Za objav a vysvetlenie úlohy miRNA v posttranskripčnej regulácii génov bola v roku 2024 udelená <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziol%C3%B3giu_alebo_medic%C3%ADnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo medicínu">Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo medicínu</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Garymu Brucemu Ruvkunovi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victorovi Ambrosovi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>miRNA boli objavené u rastlín, hlístic, múch, rýb, cicavcov i u niektorých vírusov a podieľajú sa na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posttranskrip%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_regul%C3%A1cia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posttranskripčná regulácia (stránka neexistuje)">posttranskripčnej regulácii expresie génov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14744438_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14744438-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qureshi_bau103_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qureshi_bau103-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> miRNA sa viaže na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komplementarita_(molekul%C3%A1rna_biol%C3%B3gia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komplementarita (molekulárna biológia) (stránka neexistuje)">komplementárne</a> sekvencie v <a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%A1torov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina">mRNA</a> pomocou <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1zov%C3%BD_p%C3%A1r" title="Bázový pár">párovania báz</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19167326_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19167326-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a následne zabraňuje translácii danej mRNA prostredníctvom jedného alebo viacerých z nasledujúcich procesov:<sup id="cite_ref-Metazoan_MicroRNAs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metazoan_MicroRNAs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>štiepenie mRNA na dve časti (u rastlín),</li> <li>destabilizácia mRNA skrátením <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyadenylov%C3%BD_chvost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyadenylový chvost (stránka neexistuje)">polyadenylového chvosta</a> (v bunkách ľudí a iných živočíchov miRNA primárne destabilizujú mRNA).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>znížením miery <a href="/wiki/Transl%C3%A1cia_(genetika)" title="Translácia (genetika)">translácie</a> mRNA: zníženie až zastavenie syntézy bielkovín.</li></ol> <p>miRNA sa podobá na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal%C3%A1_interferuj%C3%BAca_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malá interferujúca RNA (stránka neexistuje)">malú interferujúcu RNA</a> (siRNA, z anglického <i>short interfering RNA</i>), ktorá sa účastní <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA-interferencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA-interferencia (stránka neexistuje)">RNA-interferencie</a>. miRNA však vzniká z jednovlákonovej RNA (ssRNA), ktoré sa prehýbajú a tvoria krátke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekund%C3%A1rna_%C5%A1trukt%C3%BAra_nukleov%C3%BDch_kysel%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekundárna štruktúra nukleových kyselín (stránka neexistuje)">vlásenky</a> (tzv. hairpins), zatiaľ čo siRNA vzniká z dlhších regiónov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvojvl%C3%A1knov%C3%A1_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvojvláknová RNA (stránka neexistuje)">dvojvláknovej RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14744438_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14744438-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ľudský genóm pravdepodobne obsahuje až 2300 miRNA,<sup id="cite_ref-Alles_et_al.,_2019_-_estimate_of_number_of_human_miRNAs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alles_et_al.,_2019_-_estimate_of_number_of_human_miRNAs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> avšak v databáze <a href="/w/index.php?title=MirGeneDB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MirGeneDB (stránka neexistuje)">MirGeneDB</a> sa nachádza len asi 500 ľudských miRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromm_et_al.,_2020_-_MirGeneDB_2.0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromm_et_al.,_2020_-_MirGeneDB_2.0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>miRNA sú hojne zastúpené v mnohých druhoch cicavčích buniek.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12672692_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12672692-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12007417_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12007417-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podľa všetkého ovplyvňujú až 60 % všetkých génov ľudí a iných cicavcov.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_BP,_Burge_CB,_Bartel_DP_2005_15–20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_BP,_Burge_CB,_Bartel_DP_2005_15–20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18955434_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18955434-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnohé miRNA sú evolučne zachovávané, čo naznačuje ich dôležitú biologickú funkciu.<sup id="cite_ref-Metazoan_MicroRNAs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metazoan_MicroRNAs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Až 90 rodín miRNA sa zachovalo minimálne od posledného spoločného predka cicavcov a rýb, pričom mnohé z nich majú dôležité úlohy. Toto bolo ukázané v štúdiách, kde u myší <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9nov%C3%BD_knockout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Génový knockout (stránka neexistuje)">odstránili gény</a> pre jedného alebo viacerých členov rodiny miRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Metazoan_MicroRNAs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metazoan_MicroRNAs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogenéza_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke"><span id="Biogen.C3.A9za_mikroRNA_a_jej_osud_v_bunke"></span>Biogenéza mikroRNA a jej osud v bunke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Biogenéza mikroRNA a jej osud v bunke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Biogenéza mikroRNA a jej osud v bunke"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg/400px-MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg/600px-MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg/801px-MiRNA-biogenesis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Vznik miRNA</figcaption></figure> <p>Až 40 % génov kódujúcich miRNA sa môžu nachádzať v intrónoch alebo dokonca exónoch ostatných génov.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez_2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez_2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zvyčajne (ale nie vždy) sa nachádzajú v DNA ako súčasť kódujúceho vlákna,<sup id="cite_ref-Cai_20042_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cai_20042-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15634332_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15634332-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takže sú zvyčajne regulované spolu s génmi, ktorého sú súčasťou.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez_20042_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez_20042-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17255951_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17255951-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15701730_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15701730-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nie vždy však miRNA odpovedá sekvencii DNA, ktorá ju kóduje. Až u 6 % ľudských miRNA dochádza k úprave RNA, čím vznikajú <a href="/w/index.php?title=IsomiR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IsomiR (stránka neexistuje)">isomiR</a>, ktoré majú upravené niektoré bázy v sekvencii, takže sa líšia od sekvencie DNA. Tým dochádza k vzniku rôznorodejších miRNA, než kóduje DNA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primárna_mikroRNA"><span id="Prim.C3.A1rna_mikroRNA"></span>Primárna mikroRNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Primárna mikroRNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Primárna mikroRNA"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gény, ktoré kódujú miRNA, sú zvyčajne prepisované DNA-dependentnou <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_polymer%C3%A1za_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA polymeráza II (stránka neexistuje)">RNA polymerázou II</a> (Pol II)<sup id="cite_ref-LeeEMBO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeEMBO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou_2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> z DNA bunky. Táto polymeráza sa často viaže na promótor blízko sekvencie DNA, ktorá kóduje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prim%C3%A1rna_mikroRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primárna mikroRNA (stránka neexistuje)">primárnu mikroRNA</a> (pri-miRNA). Výsledný transkript sa modifikuje na 5'-konci <a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27_%C4%8Diapka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5' čiapka (stránka neexistuje)">čiapkou</a> a na 3'-konci <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyadenylov%C3%BD_chvost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyadenylový chvost (stránka neexistuje)">polyadenylovým chvostom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeeEMBO_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeEMBO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cai_2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cai_2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> miRNA živočíchov sa z DNA najprv <a href="/wiki/Transkripcia_(genetika)" title="Transkripcia (genetika)">prepisuje</a> ako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prim%C3%A1rna_mikroRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primárna mikroRNA (stránka neexistuje)">primárna mikroRNA</a> (pri-miRNA, z anglického <i>primary</i>, prvý), ktorá má niekoľko stoviek <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prekurzorová_mikroRNA"><span id="Prekurzorov.C3.A1_mikroRNA"></span>Prekurzorová mikroRNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Prekurzorová mikroRNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Prekurzorová mikroRNA"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primárna mikroRNA je ešte v bunkovom jadre štiepená <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonukle%C3%A1za_Drosha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endonukleáza Drosha (stránka neexistuje)">endonukleázami Drosha</a> a DGCR8, ktoré tvoria mikroprocesorový komplex v bunkovom jadre, na prekurzorové mikroRNA (pre-miRNA). Prekurzorové miRNA sú následne z bunkového jadra exportované do cytozolu cez jadrové póry, proteín exportín 5.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mikroRNA">mikroRNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: mikroRNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce mikroRNA"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prekurzorové mikroRNA sú v cytoplazme štiepené endonukleázou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicer (stránka neexistuje)">dicer</a> na mikroRNA (miRNA), ktoré majú okolo 22 párov bází a ide o dvojvláknové molekuly RNA (duplexy, ktorých jedno vlákno sa volá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodiaca_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodiaca RNA (stránka neexistuje)">vodiaca RNA</a> (guide RNA) - stane sa súčasťou nukleoproteínu <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> a druhé vlákno sa nazýva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasa%C5%BEierska_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasažierska RNA (stránka neexistuje)">pasažierska RNA</a> (passenger RNA), ktorá bude odbúraná).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RISC_komplex">RISC komplex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: RISC komplex" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce RISC komplex"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vodiaca RNA (jednovláknová RNA, ssRNA) sa naviaže na komplex proteínov nazývaných RISC (<i>RNA-induced silencing complex</i>). Tento nukleoproteínový komplex následne vyhľadáva v cytoplazme komplementárne úseky <a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%A1torov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina">mediátorovej RNA</a> (mRNA).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RISC sa naviaže pomocou mikroRNA na mRNA, pričom sa mikroRNA naväzuje na 3'-neprekladaný región molekuly mRNA (3´UTR).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U rastlín dochádza pôsobením endonukleázy Argonaut, ktorá je súšasťou RISC komplexu, ku štiepeniu mRNA na dva celky, ktoré sú okamžite cytoplazmatickými endonukleázami a exonukleázami rozštiepené na nukleotidy a príslušná mRNA sa tak nepreloží do proteínu a nedojde ku expresii génu.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Človek má štyri rôzne proteíny Argonaut, len Ago2 má katalytickú triádu, ktorá je schopná štiepiť mRNA. Ostatné tri proteíny Argonaut zabraňujú translácii iným mechanizmom: okupujú miesto na mRNA a bránia prístupu ribozómu ku mRNA v dôsledku čoho nedôjde ku syntéze proteínu a tým k expresii daného génu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Využitie_a_význam"><span id="Vyu.C5.BEitie_a_v.C3.BDznam"></span>Využitie a význam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Využitie a význam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Využitie a význam"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>miRNA mala spočiatku len akademický a výskumný význam: používa sa na knock-out génov v rastlinách a u bezstavovcov, u ktorých sa pomocou miRNA skúmala funkcia takmer každého proteín-kódujúceho génu: u hlístice <i>C. elegans</i> sa systematicky skúmala funkcia 16000 proteín-kódujúcich génov z celkového počtu 19000 proteín-kódujúcich génov. Vedcom sa tak podarilo selektívne vypnúť gén (knock-out) a následne pozorovať dôsledky, ktoré to má pre organizmus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Génová regulácia pomocou mikroRNA, ktorú prvýkrát objavili Ambros a Ruvkun, prebieha už stovky miliónov rokov. Práve tento mechanizmus je jedným z tých, ktoré umožnili evolúciu mnohobunkových organizmov. Bez nej sa bunky a tkanivá nevyvíjajú normálne.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nevýhody"><span id="Nev.C3.BDhody"></span>Nevýhody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Nevýhody" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nevýhody"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utišovanie génov pomocou miRNA má niekoľko dodnes nevyriešených problémov: </p> <ol><li>pomocou miRNA je možné gény len deaktivovať, nie aktivovať,</li> <li>utíšenie génu (deaktivácia) je len dočasná,</li> <li>nie je vyriešené doručovanie dvojvlákonvej RNA do buniek cicavcov a teda aj človeka, to komplikuje vývoj liečiv založených na miRNA,</li> <li>bunky cicavcov (človeka) sú vybavené vrodeným imunitným systémom proti RNA vírusom. Bunky nešpecificky štiepia všetky cudzie molekuly RNA doručené do bunky.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vyhliadky_do_budúcnosti"><span id="Vyhliadky_do_bud.C3.BAcnosti"></span>Vyhliadky do budúcnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vyhliadky do budúcnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vyhliadky do budúcnosti"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Výzvou pre budúcnosť bude vývoj špecifických a dlhšie trvajúcich technológií založených na miRNA. Pomocou miRNA bude možné bojovať proti vírusovým ochoreniam, vyliečiť ochorenia zapríčinené defektným mutantným génom,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nahradiť chemické liečivá (inhibítory) molekulami miRNA. Zlá regulácia mikroRNA môže prispívať ku vzniku rakoviny. U ľudí sa našli napríklad mutácie v génoch kódujúcich mikroRNA, ktoré spôsobujú stavy, ako napríklad strata sluchu či očné a kostné poruchy. A mutácie v jednom z proteínov potrebných pre produkciu mikroRNA dokonca vedou k syndrómu DICER1, vzácnemu, ale závažnému syndrómu spojenému s rakovinou rôznych orgánov a tkanív. A to už vedlo k významnému pokroku, ktorý pomáha mnohým chorým. 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Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. <i>Genome Research</i>, October 2004, s. 1902–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2722704">10.1101/gr.2722704</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364901?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15364901</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17255951-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17255951_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Processing of intronic microRNAs. <i>The EMBO Journal</i>, February 2007, s. 775–83. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.emboj.7601512">10.1038/sj.emboj.7601512</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255951?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17255951</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15701730-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15701730_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes. <i>RNA</i>, March 2005, s. 241–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.7240905">10.1261/rna.7240905</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15701730?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15701730</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeEMBO-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-LeeEMBO_24-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeeEMBO_24-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. <i>The EMBO Journal</i>, October 2004, s. 4051–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.emboj.7600385">10.1038/sj.emboj.7600385</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15372072?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15372072</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou_2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou_2007_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Characterization and identification of microRNA core promoters in four model species. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i>, March 2007, s. e37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.0030037">10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030037</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352530?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17352530</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cai_2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cai_2004_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. <i>RNA</i>, December 2004, s. 1957–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.7135204">10.1261/rna.7135204</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15525708?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15525708</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">ALBERTS, Bruce. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i>. 6. vyd. New York : Garland Science, 2015. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-0-8153-4432-2" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-0-8153-4432-2">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-0-8153-4432-2</span></a></span>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">BUCHANAN, Bob B.. <i>Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants</i>. 2. vyd. [s.l.] : Wiley Blackwell, 2018. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-0-470-71421-8" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-0-470-71421-8">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-0-470-71421-8</span></a></span>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">KARLÍK, Tomáš. <i>Nobelovu cenu za medicínu dostali vědci za objev mikroRNA</i> [online]. ct24.ceskatelevize.cz, [cit. 2024-10-11]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/clanek/veda/zive-vyhlasovani-nobelovy-ceny-za-medicinu-a-fyziologii-353738">Dostupné online.</a> (po česky)</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zdroj">Zdroj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Upraviť sekciu: Zdroj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MikroRNA&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Zdroj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; 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