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Comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mystery_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystery_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Mystery cults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystery_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Later authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Celtic paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Germanic paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Taoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 European Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Renaissance and Early Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_to_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_to_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 19th to 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_to_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions_and_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions_and_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religions and philosophies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions_and_philosophies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religions and philosophies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religions_and_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Early </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Roman Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Druze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghulat_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghulat_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Ghulat sects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghulat_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Inuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ho-Chunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho-Chunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ho-Chunk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ho-Chunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoruba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoruba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Yoruba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoruba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ipadawaye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ipadawaye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11.1 Ipadawaye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ipadawaye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abiku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11.2 Abiku </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akudaaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akudaaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11.3 Akudaaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akudaaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_and_spiritual_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_and_spiritual_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 New religious and spiritual movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_and_spiritual_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.1 Spiritism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.2 Theosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthroposophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthroposophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.3 Anthroposophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthroposophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.4 Modern astrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.5 Scientology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12.6 Wicca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reincarnation_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reincarnation_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reincarnation and science </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reincarnation_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reincarnation and science subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reincarnation_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claims_of_memories_of_past_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_memories_of_past_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Claims of memories of past lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_memories_of_past_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_life_regression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_life_regression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Past life regression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_life_regression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Reincarnation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%AFnkarnasie" title="Reïnkarnasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reïnkarnasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedergeburt" title="Wiedergeburt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wiedergeburt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تناسخ الأرواح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تناسخ الأرواح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarnaci%C3%B3n" title="Reencarnación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reencarnación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarnaci%C3%B3n" title="Reencarnación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reencarnación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embohetejey" title="Ñembohetejey – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembohetejey" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnasiya" title="Reinkarnasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reinkarnasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="পুনর্জন্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুনর্জন্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реинкарнация – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Реинкарнация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рэінкарнацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэінкарнацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рэінкарнацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэінкарнацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прераждане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прераждане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐྱེ་བ་སྔ་ཕྱི་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེ་བ་སྔ་ཕྱི་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacija" title="Reinkarnacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Reinkarnacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adkemer_korf" title="Adkemer korf – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adkemer korf" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarnaci%C3%B3" title="Reencarnació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reencarnació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnace" title="Reinkarnace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reinkarnace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reinkarnation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnation" title="Reinkarnation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reinkarnation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A6" title="އާތަމާލަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާތަމާލަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnatsioon" title="Reinkarnatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reinkarnatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μετενσάρκωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετενσάρκωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarnaci%C3%B3n" title="Reencarnación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reencarnación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenkarni%C4%9Do" title="Reenkarniĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reenkarniĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haragitze" title="Haragitze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haragitze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE" title="تناسخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تناسخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punarjanam" title="Punarjanam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Punarjanam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnati%C3%B3n" title="Reinkarnatión – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Reinkarnatión" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9incarnation" title="Réincarnation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réincarnation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynkarnaasje" title="Reynkarnaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reynkarnaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarnaci%C3%B3n" title="Reencarnación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reencarnación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Avatar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%83%9D" title="환생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Ռեինկարնացիա (վերամարմնավորում) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեինկարնացիա (վերամարմնավորում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पुनर्जन्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुनर्जन्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacija" title="Reinkarnacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reinkarnacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Al%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%A5wa" title="Ịlọ ụwa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịlọ ụwa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reinkarnasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reincarnation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurholdgun" title="Endurholdgun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Endurholdgun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnazione" title="Reincarnazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reincarnazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גלגול נשמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלגול נשמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რეინკარნაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეინკარნაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnatio" title="Reincarnatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reincarnatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarn%C4%81cija" title="Reinkarnācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reinkarnācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacija" title="Reinkarnacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reinkarnacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9lekv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s" title="Lélekvándorlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lélekvándorlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Реинкарнација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Реинкарнација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പുനർജന്മം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുനർജന്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पुनर्जन्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुनर्जन्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE" title="تناسخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تناسخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnasi" title="Reinkarnasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reinkarnasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Реинкарнацие – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Реинкарнацие" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%AFncarnatie" title="Reïncarnatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reïncarnatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पुनर्जन्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुनर्जन्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पुनर्जन्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पुनर्जन्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%A2%E7%94%9F" title="転生 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="転生" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnasjon" title="Reinkarnasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reinkarnasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnasjon" title="Reinkarnasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reinkarnasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%AFncarnacion" title="Reïncarnacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reïncarnacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnatsiya" title="Reinkarnatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Reinkarnatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ចាប់បដិសនិ្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចាប់បដិសនិ្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnatschoon" title="Reinkarnatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reinkarnatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacja" title="Reinkarnacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reinkarnacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reencarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Reencarnação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reencarnação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%AEncarnare" title="Reîncarnare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reîncarnare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Реінкарнація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Реінкарнація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реинкарнация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реинкарнация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="पुनर्जन्म – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पुनर्जन्म" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimish%C3%ABrimi" title="Rimishërimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rimishërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පුනුරුප්පත්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුනුරුප්පත්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reincarnation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%85" title="پنر جنم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنر جنم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarn%C3%A1cia" title="Reinkarnácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reinkarnácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacija" title="Reinkarnacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Reinkarnacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Реинкарнација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реинкарнација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnacija" title="Reinkarnacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reinkarnacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lleensyntyminen" title="Jälleensyntyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälleensyntyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lavandring" title="Själavandring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Själavandring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reengkarnasyon" title="Reengkarnasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reengkarnasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மறுபிறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறுபிறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реинкарнация – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Реинкарнация" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE" title="పునర్జన్మ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పునర్జన్మ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การกลับชาติมาเกิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกลับชาติมาเกิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85" title="Таносух – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таносух" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenkarnasyon" title="Reenkarnasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reenkarnasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Реінкарнація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реінкарнація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="نقل ارواح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقل ارواح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u_thai" title="Đầu thai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầu thai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%83%8E%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="投胎轉世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="投胎轉世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinkarnac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Reinkarnacėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Reinkarnacėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="轉世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reincarnate" and "Past lives" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reincarnation (disambiguation)">Reincarnation (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Past_Lives_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Past Lives (disambiguation)">Past Lives</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Futurama episode, see <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_(Futurama)" title="Reincarnation (Futurama)">Reincarnation (Futurama)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reincarnation_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/220px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/330px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of reincarnation in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gati_or_existences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/220px-Gati_or_existences.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/330px-Gati_or_existences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/440px-Gati_or_existences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> travels to any one of the four states of existence after death depending on its <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmas</a>.</figcaption></figure> Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> concept that the non-physical essence of a living <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> begins a new <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> in a different physical form or <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">body</a> after biological <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In most beliefs involving reincarnation, the soul of a human being is immortal and does not disperse after the physical body has perished. Upon death, the soul merely becomes transmigrated into a newborn baby or an animal to continue its <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>. The term transmigration means the passing of a soul from one body to another after death. Reincarnation (<a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">punarjanman</a>) is a central tenet of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In various forms, it occurs as an esoteric belief in many streams of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan religions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, and some beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology#Views_on_death" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australians</a> (though most believe in an afterlife or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> A belief in the soul's rebirth or migration (<a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>) was expressed by certain <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> historical figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Although the majority of denominations within <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hassidics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastafarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarians">Rastafarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Recent scholarly research has explored the historical relations between different sects and their beliefs about reincarnation. This includes the views of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaenism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, as well as those in Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In recent decades, many <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Americans">North Americans</a> have developed an interest in reincarnation,<a href="#cite_note-Haraldsson2006-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_culture" title="Reincarnation in popular culture">many contemporary works</a> mention it. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conceptual_definitions">Conceptual definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conceptual definitions">edit</a>]</div> The word reincarnation derives from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term that literally means 'entering the flesh again'. Reincarnation refers to the belief that an aspect of every human being (or all living beings in some cultures) continues to exist after death. This aspect may be the soul, mind, consciousness, or something transcendent which is reborn in an interconnected cycle of existence; the transmigration belief varies by culture, and is envisioned to be in the form of a newly born human being, animal, plant, spirit, or as a being in some other non-human realm of existence.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> An alternative term is transmigration, implying migration from one life (body) to another.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The term has been used by modern philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and has entered the English language. The Greek equivalent to reincarnation, <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> (μετεμψύχωσις), derives from meta ('change') and empsykhoun ('to put a soul into'),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> a term attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Another Greek term sometimes used synonymously is <a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenesis</a>, 'being born again'.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Rebirth is a key concept found in major Indian religions, and discussed using various terms. Reincarnation, or <a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">Punarjanman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पुनर्जन्मन्, 'rebirth, transmigration'),<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams582-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> is discussed in the ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, with many alternate terms such as punarāvṛtti (पुनरावृत्ति), punarājāti (पुनराजाति), punarjīvātu (पुनर्जीवातु), punarbhava (पुनर्भव), āgati-gati (आगति-गति, common in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_P%C3%A1li_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Páli literature">Buddhist Pali</a> text), nibbattin (निब्बत्तिन्), upapatti (उपपत्ति), and uppajjana (उप्पज्जन).<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams582-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> These religions believe that reincarnation is cyclic and an endless <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>, unless one gains spiritual insights that ends this cycle leading to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-26">[26]</a> The reincarnation concept is considered in Indian religions as a step that starts each "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272-3">[3]</a> but one that is an opportunity to seek spiritual liberation through ethical living and a variety of meditative, yogic (marga), or other spiritual practices.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> They consider the release from the cycle of reincarnations as the ultimate spiritual goal, and call the liberation by terms such as <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, mukti and kaivalya.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a>, Gilgul neshamot, or Gilgulei Ha Neshamot (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: גלגול הנשמות) is the concept of reincarnation in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, found in much <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish literature</a> among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. Gilgul means 'cycle' and neshamot is 'souls'. Kabbalistic reincarnation says that humans reincarnate only to humans unless <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a>/<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> chooses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The origins of the notion of reincarnation are obscure.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Discussion of the subject appears in the philosophical traditions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>. The Greek <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratics">Pre-Socratics</a> discussed reincarnation, and the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">druids</a> are also reported to have taught a doctrine of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Hinduism,_Buddhism,_and_Jainism">Early Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism">edit</a>]</div> The concepts of the cycle of birth and death, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṁsāra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> partly derive from <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">ascetic traditions</a> that arose in India around the middle of the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The first textual references to the idea of reincarnation appear in the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajur Veda">Yajurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (c. 1100 – c. 500 BCE), predating the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-damienkeown32-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008-35">[35]</a> Though no direct evidence of this has been found, the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> valley or the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> have been proposed as another early source of reincarnation beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The idea of reincarnation, saṁsāra, did exist in the early <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The early Vedas mention the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It is in the early Upanishads, which are pre-<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and pre-<a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, where these ideas are developed and described in a general way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-amboyer-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Detailed descriptions first appear around the mid-1st millennium BCE in diverse traditions, including Buddhism, Jainism and various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, each of which gave unique expression to the general principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a><a href="#cite_note-Kailas-45">[45]</a> connotes the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and is the earliest known literature of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. The Tamil tradition and legends link it to three literary gatherings around <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>, a Tamil literature and history scholar, the most acceptable range for the Sangam literature is 100 BCE to 250 CE, based on the linguistic, prosodic and quasi-historic allusions within the texts and the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil19749–10_with_footnotes-46">[46]</a> There are several mentions of rebirth and moksha in the <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The text explains Hindu rituals surrounding death such as making riceballs called <a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">pinda</a> and cremation. The text states that good souls get a place in <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Indraloka</a> where <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> welcomes them.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The texts of ancient <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> that have survived into the modern era are post-Mahavira, likely from the last centuries of the first millennium BCE, and extensively discuss the doctrines of rebirth and karma.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-50">[50]</a> Jaina philosophy assumes that the soul (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a> in Jainism; <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a> in Hinduism) exists and is eternal, passing through cycles of transmigration and rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–228-51">[51]</a> After death, reincarnation into a new body is asserted to be instantaneous in early Jaina texts.<a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-50">[50]</a> Depending upon the accumulated karma, rebirth occurs into a higher or lower bodily form, either in heaven or hell or earthly realm.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227–228-53">[53]</a> No bodily form is permanent: everyone dies and reincarnates further. Liberation (kevalya) from reincarnation is possible, however, through removing and ending karmic accumulations to one's soul.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> From the early stages of Jainism on, a human being was considered the highest mortal being, with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts#Texts_of_the_Early_schools" title="Buddhist texts">early Buddhist texts</a> discuss rebirth as part of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>. This asserts that the nature of existence is a "suffering-laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end".<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-59">[59]</a> Also referred to as the wheel of existence (<a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a>), it is often mentioned in Buddhist texts with the term punarbhava (rebirth, re-becoming). Liberation from this cycle of existence, Nirvana, is the foundation and the most important purpose of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conze2013p71-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Buddhist texts also assert that an <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightened</a> person knows his previous births, a knowledge achieved through high levels of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">meditative concentration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Tibetan Buddhism discusses death, <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> (an intermediate state), and rebirth in texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">Tibetan Book of the Dead</a>. While Nirvana is taught as the ultimate goal in the Theravadin Buddhism, and is essential to Mahayana Buddhism, the vast majority of contemporary lay Buddhists focus on accumulating good karma and acquiring merit to achieve a better reincarnation in the next life.<a href="#cite_note-Merv_Fowler_1999_65-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In early Buddhist traditions, saṃsāra cosmology consisted of five realms through which the wheel of existence cycled.<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">[58]</a> This included hells (<a href="/wiki/Niraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Niraya">niraya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungry ghosts">hungry ghosts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pretas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretas">pretas</a>), animals (<a href="/wiki/Tiryakas_realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiryakas realm">tiryaka</a>), humans (<a href="/wiki/Manushya" class="mw-redirect" title="Manushya">manushya</a>), and gods (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a>, heavenly).<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In latter Buddhist traditions, this list grew to a list of six realms of rebirth, adding demigods (<a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">asuras</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationale">Rationale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rationale">edit</a>]</div> The earliest layers of Vedic text incorporate the concept of life, followed by an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> in heaven and hell based on cumulative virtues (merit) or vices (demerit).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> However, the ancient Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a> challenged this idea of afterlife as simplistic, because people do not live equally moral or immoral lives. Between generally virtuous lives, some are more virtuous; while evil too has degrees, and the texts assert that it would be unfair for people, with varying degrees of virtue or vices, to end up in heaven or hell, in "either or" and disproportionate manner irrespective of how virtuous or vicious their lives were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> They introduced the idea of an afterlife in heaven or hell in proportion to one's merit.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishan1997p17-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison">Comparison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> Early texts of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism share the concepts and terminology related to reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> They also emphasize similar virtuous practices and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> as necessary for liberation and what influences future rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-damienkeown32-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> For example, all three discuss various virtues—sometimes grouped as <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">non-violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">truthfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">non-stealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">non-possessiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a> for all living beings, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">charity</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism disagree in their assumptions and theories about rebirth. Hinduism relies on its foundational belief that the 'soul, Self exists' (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">atman</a> or attā), while Buddhism aserts that there is 'no soul, no Self' (<a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anatta</a> or anatman).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loy1982-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnplott3-87">[87]</a> Hindu traditions consider soul to be the unchanging eternal essence of a living being, which journeys through reincarnations until it attains self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Buddhism, in contrast, asserts a rebirth theory without a Self, and considers realization of non-Self or Emptiness as Nirvana (<a href="/wiki/Nibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibbana">nibbana</a>). The reincarnation doctrine in Jainism differs from those in Buddhism, even though both are non-theistic <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-naomiappleton76-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Jainism, in contrast to Buddhism, accepts the foundational assumption that soul (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a>) exists and asserts that this soul is involved in the rebirth mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Furthermore, Jainism considers <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> as an important means to spiritual liberation that ends the cycle of reincarnation, while Buddhism does not.<a href="#cite_note-naomiappleton76-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_20-May-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg/220px-2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg/330px-2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg/440px-2161_-_Taormina_-_Badia_Vecchia_-_Sarcofago_romano_del_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20-May-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A second-century Roman sarcophagus shows the mythology and symbolism of the Orphic and Dionysiac Mystery schools. Orpheus plays his lyre to the left.</figcaption></figure> Early Greek discussion of the concept dates to the sixth century BCE. An early Greek thinker known to have considered rebirth is <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a> (fl. 540 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His younger contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> (c. 570–c. 495 BCE<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>), its first famous exponent, instituted societies for its diffusion. Some authorities believe that Pythagoras was Pherecydes' pupil, others that Pythagoras took up the idea of reincarnation from the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> religion, or brought the teaching from India. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (428/427–348/347 BCE) presented accounts of reincarnation in his works, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a>, where Plato makes Socrates tell how Er, the son of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Armenius</a>, miraculously returned to life on the twelfth day after death and recounted the secrets of the other world. There are myths and theories to the same effect in other dialogues, in the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_allegory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot allegory">Chariot allegory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a>. The soul, once separated from the body, spends an indeterminate amount of time in the intelligible realm (see the <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory of the Cave">Allegory of the Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a>) and then assumes another body. In the Timaeus, Plato believes that the soul moves from body to body without any distinct reward-or-punishment phase between lives, because the reincarnation is itself a punishment or reward for how a person has lived.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a>, Plato has his teacher <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, prior to his death, state: "I am confident that there truly is such a thing as living again, and that the living spring from the dead." However, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> does not mention Socrates as believing in reincarnation, and Plato may have systematized Socrates' thought with concepts he took directly from Pythagoreanism or Orphism. Recent scholars have come to see that Plato has multiple reasons for the belief in reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> One argument concerns the theory of reincarnation's usefulness for explaining why non-human animals exist: they are former humans, being punished for their vices; Plato gives this argument at the end of the Timaeus.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mystery_cults">Mystery cults</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mystery cults">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic religion</a>, which taught reincarnation, about the sixth century BCE, produced a copious literature.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, its legendary founder, is said to have taught that the immortal soul aspires to freedom while the body holds it prisoner. The wheel of birth revolves, the soul alternates between freedom and captivity round the wide circle of necessity. Orpheus proclaimed the need of the grace of the gods, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> in particular, and of self-purification until the soul has completed the spiral ascent of destiny to live forever. An association between <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean philosophy</a> and reincarnation was routinely accepted throughout antiquity, as Pythagoras also taught about reincarnation. However, unlike the Orphics, who considered metempsychosis a cycle of grief that could be escaped by attaining liberation from it, Pythagoras seems to postulate an eternal, neutral reincarnation where subsequent lives would not be conditioned by any action done in the previous.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_authors">Later authors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later authors">edit</a>]</div> In later Greek literature the doctrine is mentioned in a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and satirized by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> literature it is found as early as <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> who, in a lost passage of his Annals, told how he had seen <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in a dream, who had assured him that the same soul which had animated both the poets had once belonged to a peacock. <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a> in his satires (vi. 9) laughs at this; it is referred to also by <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> works the idea into his account of the Underworld in the sixth book of the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> It persists down to the late classic thinkers, <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonists</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a>, a Graeco-Egyptian series of writings on cosmology and spirituality attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, the doctrine of reincarnation is central. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_paganism">Celtic paganism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Celtic paganism">edit</a>]</div> In the first century BCE <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cornelius_Polyhistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor">Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Pythagorean doctrine prevails among the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>' teaching that the souls of men are immortal, and that after a fixed number of years they will enter into another body.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">druids</a> of Gaul, Britain and Ireland had metempsychosis as one of their core doctrines:<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The principal point of their doctrine is that the soul does not die and that after death it passes from one body into another... the main object of all education is, in their opinion, to imbue their scholars with a firm belief in the indestructibility of the human soul, which, according to their belief, merely passes at death from one tenement to another; for by such doctrine alone, they say, which robs death of all its terrors, can the highest form of human courage be developed.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a> also recorded the Gaul belief that human souls were immortal, and that after a prescribed number of years they would commence upon a new life in another body. He added that Gauls had the custom of casting letters to their deceased upon the funeral pyres, through which the dead would be able to read them.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> also recounted they had the custom of lending sums of money to each other which would be repayable in the next world.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> This was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>, who also recorded Gauls buried or burnt with them things they would need in a next life, to the point some would jump into the funeral piles of their relatives in order to cohabit in the new life with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003108-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> believed the Gauls had been taught the doctrine of reincarnation by a slave of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> named <a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a>. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> believed Pythagoras himself had learned it from the Celts and not the opposite, claiming he had been taught by <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatian</a> Gauls, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> priests and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003105-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopez-118">[118]</a> However, author <a href="/wiki/T._D._Kendrick" title="T. D. Kendrick">T. D. Kendrick</a> rejected a real connection between Pythagoras and the Celtic idea reincarnation, noting their beliefs to have substantial differences, and any contact to be historically unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003108-116">[116]</a> Nonetheless, he proposed the possibility of an ancient common source, also related to the <a href="/wiki/Orphic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic religion">Orphic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> systems of belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003109-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_paganism">Germanic paganism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germanic paganism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">Rebirth in Germanic paganism</a></div> Surviving texts indicate that there was a belief in <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">rebirth in Germanic paganism</a>. Examples include figures from <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poetry">eddic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, potentially by way of a process of naming and/or through the family line. Scholars have discussed the implications of these attestations and proposed theories regarding belief in reincarnation among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> and potentially to some extent in <a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">folk belief</a> thereafter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> The belief in reincarnation developed among Jewish mystics in the medieval world, among whom differing explanations were given of the afterlife, although with a universal belief in an immortal soul.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It was explicitly rejected by <a href="/wiki/Saadiah_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadiah Gaon">Saadiah Gaon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Today, reincarnation is an <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> belief within many streams of modern Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> teaches a belief in <a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">gilgul</a>, transmigration of souls, and hence the belief in reincarnation is universal in <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>, which regards the Kabbalah as sacred and authoritative, and is also sometimes held as an esoteric belief within other strains of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, first published in the 13th century, discusses reincarnation at length, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> portion "Balak." The most comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a> work on reincarnation, <a href="/wiki/Shaar_HaGilgulim" title="Shaar HaGilgulim">Shaar HaGilgulim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Chaim Vital</a>, based on the teachings of his mentor, the 16th-century kabbalist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, who was said to know the past lives of each person through his <a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">semi-prophetic</a> abilities. The 18th-century Lithuanian master scholar and kabbalist, Elijah of Vilna, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>, authored a commentary on the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> as an allegory of reincarnation. The practice of conversion to Judaism is sometimes understood within Orthodox Judaism in terms of reincarnation. According to this school of thought in Judaism, when non-Jews are drawn to Judaism, it is because they had been Jews in a former life. Such souls may "wander among nations" through multiple lives, until they find their way back to Judaism, including through finding themselves born in a gentile family with a "lost" Jewish ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> There is an extensive literature of Jewish folk and traditional stories that refer to reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Reincarnationism or biblical reincarnation is the belief that certain people are or can be <a href="/wiki/Reincarnations" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnations">reincarnations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical figures">biblical figures</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cinemaseekers1-126">[126]</a> Some Christians believe that certain New Testament figures are reincarnations of Old Testament figures. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> is believed by some to be a reincarnation of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, and a few take this further by suggesting Jesus was the reincarnation of Elijah's disciple <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cinemaseekers1-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Other Christians believe the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus would be fulfilled by reincarnation. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>, considered himself to be the fulfillment of Jesus' return. The Catholic Church does not believe in reincarnation, which it regards as being incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Nonetheless, the leaders of certain <a href="/wiki/Sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects">sects</a> in the church have taught that they are reincarnations of Mary - for example, Marie-Paule Giguère of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Army of Mary</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-vsu-130">[130]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feliksa_Koz%C5%82owska" class="mw-redirect" title="Feliksa Kozłowska">Maria Franciszka</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Mariavites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> excommunicated the Army of Mary for teaching heresy, including reincarnationism.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> sects professed reincarnation. The <a href="/wiki/Sethians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethians">Sethians</a> and followers of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> believed in it.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The followers of <a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, a sect of the second century deemed heretical by the Catholic Church, drew upon <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Chaldean</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, to which Bardaisan's son Harmonius, educated in Athens, added Greek ideas including a sort of metempsychosis. Another such teacher was <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> (132–? CE/AD), known to us through the criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a>). In the third Christian century <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> spread both east and west from <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, then within the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, where its founder <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> lived about 216–276. Manichaean monasteries existed in Rome in 312 AD. Noting Mani's early travels to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> and other Buddhist influences in Manichaeism, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> attributes Mani's teaching of reincarnation to Buddhist influence. However the inter-relation of Manicheanism, Orphism, Gnosticism and neo-Platonism is far from clear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taoism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> documents from as early as the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a> appeared on earth as different persons in different times beginning in the legendary era of <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a>. The (ca. third century BC) <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Chuang Tzu</a> states: "Birth is not a beginning; death is not an end. There is existence without limitation; there is continuity without a starting-point. Existence without limitation is Space. Continuity without a starting point is Time. There is birth, there is death, there is issuing forth, there is entering in."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Middle_Ages">European Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Around the 11–12th century in Europe, several reincarnationist movements were persecuted as heresies, through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in the Latin west. These included the <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a>, Paterene or Albigensian church of western Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Paulician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulician</a> movement, which arose in Armenia,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bogomils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomils">Bogomils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Christian sects such as the Bogomils and the Cathars, who professed reincarnation and other gnostic beliefs, were referred to as "Manichaean", and are today sometimes described by scholars as "Neo-Manichaean".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As there is no known Manichaean mythology or terminology in the writings of these groups there has been some dispute among historians as to whether these groups truly were descendants of Manichaeism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_period">Renaissance and Early Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Early Modern period">edit</a>]</div> While reincarnation has been a matter of faith in some communities from an early date it has also frequently been argued for on principle, as Plato does when he argues that the number of souls must be finite because souls are indestructible,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> held a similar view.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Sometimes such convictions, as in Socrates' case, arise from a more general personal faith, at other times from anecdotal evidence such as Plato makes Socrates offer in the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> translations of Plato, the <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetica</a> and other works fostered new European interest in reincarnation. <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> argued that Plato's references to reincarnation were intended allegorically, Shakespeare alluded to the doctrine of reincarnation<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> was burned at the stake by authorities after being found guilty of heresy by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a> for his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> But the Greek philosophical works remained available and, particularly in north Europe, were discussed by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a> believed that we leave the physical world once, but then go through several lives in the spiritual world—a kind of hybrid of Christian tradition and the popular view of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_to_20th_centuries">19th to 20th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 19th to 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> By the 19th century the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> could access the Indian scriptures for discussion of the doctrine of reincarnation, which recommended itself to the <a href="/wiki/American_Transcendentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Transcendentalism">American Transcendentalists</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowen" title="Francis Bowen">Francis Bowen</a> into Christian Metempsychosis.<a href="#cite_note-shirleymaclaine.com-148">[148]</a> By the early 20th century, interest in reincarnation had been introduced into the nascent discipline of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, largely due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, who raised aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>, the psychology of religious experience and the nature of empiricism.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> James was influential in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a> (ASPR) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1885, three years after the British <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> (SPR) was inaugurated in London,<a href="#cite_note-Berger-150">[150]</a> leading to systematic, critical investigation of paranormal phenomena. Famous World War II American General George Patton was a strong believer in reincarnation, believing, among other things, he was a reincarnation of the Carthaginian General Hannibal. At this time popular awareness of the idea of reincarnation was boosted by the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>'s dissemination of systematised and universalised Indian concepts and also by the influence of magical societies like <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">The Golden Dawn</a>. Notable personalities like <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a> made the subject almost as <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_culture" title="Reincarnation in popular culture">familiar an element of the popular culture</a> of the west as of the east. By 1924 the subject could be satirised in popular children's books.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Humorist <a href="/wiki/Don_Marquis" title="Don Marquis">Don Marquis</a> created a fictional cat named Mehitabel who claimed to be a reincarnation of Queen Cleopatra.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Flournoy" title="Théodore Flournoy">Théodore Flournoy</a> was among the first to study a claim of past-life recall in the course of his investigation of the medium <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Smith" title="Hélène Smith">Hélène Smith</a>, published in 1900, in which he defined the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">cryptomnesia</a> in such accounts.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>, like Flournoy based in Switzerland, also emulated him in his thesis based on a study of cryptomnesia in psychism. Later Jung would emphasise the importance of the persistence of memory and ego in psychological study of reincarnation: "This concept of rebirth necessarily implies the continuity of personality... (that) one is able, at least potentially, to remember that one has lived through previous existences, and that these existences were one's own...."<a href="#cite_note-shirleymaclaine.com-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> for retrieving forgotten memories, was eventually tried as a means of studying the phenomenon of past life recall. More recently, many people in the West have developed an interest in and acceptance of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-Haraldsson2006-14">[14]</a> Many new religious movements include reincarnation among their beliefs, e.g. modern <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopagans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, Astara,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> philosophies also include reincarnation, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Thomsen" title="Martinus Thomsen">Martinus Thomsen</a>. Demographic survey data from 1999 to 2002 shows a significant minority of people from Europe (22%) and America (20%) believe in the existence of life before birth and after death, leading to a physical rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-Haraldsson2006-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The belief in reincarnation is particularly high in the Baltic countries, with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> having the highest figure for the whole of Europe, 44%, while the lowest figure is in East Germany, 12%.<a href="#cite_note-Haraldsson2006-14">[14]</a> A quarter of U.S. Christians, including 10% of all <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</a> Christians, embrace the idea.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Academic psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stevenson" title="Ian Stevenson">Ian Stevenson</a> reported that belief in reincarnation is held (with variations in details) by adherents of almost all major religions except <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In addition, between 20 and 30 percent of persons in western countries who may be nominal Christians also believe in reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-jh-157">[157]</a> One 1999 study by Walter and Waterhouse reviewed the previous data on the level of reincarnation belief and performed a set of thirty in-depth interviews in Britain among people who did not belong to a religion advocating reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The authors reported that surveys have found about one fifth to one quarter of Europeans have some level of belief in reincarnation, with similar results found in the USA. In the interviewed group, the belief in the existence of this phenomenon appeared independent of their age, or the type of religion that these people belonged to, with most being Christians. The beliefs of this group also did not appear to contain any more than usual of "new age" ideas (broadly defined) and the authors interpreted their ideas on reincarnation as "one way of tackling issues of suffering", but noted that this seemed to have little effect on their private lives. Waterhouse also published a detailed discussion of beliefs expressed in the interviews.<a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse1999-159">[159]</a> She noted that although most people "hold their belief in reincarnation quite lightly" and were unclear on the details of their ideas, personal experiences such as past-life memories and <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">near-death experiences</a> had influenced most believers, although only a few had direct experience of these phenomena. Waterhouse analyzed the influences of second-hand accounts of reincarnation, writing that most of the people in the survey had heard other people's accounts of past-lives from regression hypnosis and dreams and found these fascinating, feeling that there "must be something in it" if other people were having such experiences. Other influential contemporary figures that have written on reincarnation include <a href="/wiki/Alice_Ann_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Ann Bailey">Alice Ann Bailey</a>, one of the first writers to use the terms <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">age of Aquarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torkom_Saraydarian" title="Torkom Saraydarian">Torkom Saraydarian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Armenian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian-American">Armenian-American</a> musician and religious author, Dolores Cannon, <a href="/wiki/Atul_Gawande" title="Atul Gawande">Atul Gawande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Newton_(hypnotist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Newton (hypnotist)">Michael Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Greyson" title="Bruce Greyson">Bruce Greyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moody" title="Raymond Moody">Raymond Moody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a>, an American author of the series <a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_God" title="Conversations with God">Conversations with God</a> claims that he has reincarnated more than 600 times.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The Indian spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> who had significant following in the West taught that reincarnation followed from human desire and ceased once a person was freed from desire.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions_and_philosophies">Religions and philosophies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religions and philosophies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth (Buddhism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra (Buddhism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Wheel_of_Life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Buddhist_Wheel_of_Life.jpg/170px-Buddhist_Wheel_of_Life.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Buddhist_Wheel_of_Life.jpg/255px-Buddhist_Wheel_of_Life.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to various Buddhist scriptures, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> believed in the existence of an afterlife in another world and in reincarnation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Since there actually is another world (any world other than the present human one, i.e. different rebirth realms), one who holds the view 'there is no other world' has wrong view... <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> i.402, Apannaka Sutta, translated by Peter Harvey<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2012p46-163">[163]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Buddha also asserted that karma influences rebirth, and that the cycles of repeated births and deaths are endless.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2012p46-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neufeldt1986p123-164">[164]</a> Before the birth of Buddha, materialistic school such as <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> posited that death is the end, there is no afterlife, no soul, no rebirth, no karma, and they described death to be a state where a living being is completely annihilated, dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Buddha rejected this theory, adopted the alternative existing theories on rebirth, criticizing the materialistic schools that denied rebirth and karma, states <a href="/wiki/Damien_Keown" title="Damien Keown">Damien Keown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-167">[167]</a> Such beliefs are inappropriate and dangerous, stated Buddha, because such annihilationism views encourage moral irresponsibility and material hedonism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201021-168">[168]</a> he tied moral responsibility to rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2012p46-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-167">[167]</a> The Buddha introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anattā</a>, which asserts that there is no permanent self (soul).<a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1975p115-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaman2002p23-171">[171]</a> Major contemporary Buddhist traditions such as Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions accept the teachings of Buddha. These teachings assert there is rebirth, there is no permanent self and no irreducible <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">ātman</a> (soul) moving from life to another and tying these lives together, there is <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a>, that all compounded things such as living beings are <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">aggregates</a> dissolve at death, but every being reincarnates.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The rebirth cycles continue endlessly, states Buddhism, and it is a source of <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">duhkha</a> (suffering, pain), but this reincarnation and duhkha cycle can be stopped through nirvana. The <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anattā</a> doctrine of Buddhism is a contrast to Hinduism, the latter asserting that "soul exists, it is involved in rebirth, and it is through this soul that everything is connected".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_''Quote:''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_''Quote:''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-buswelllopezp708-177">[177]</a> Different traditions within Buddhism have offered different theories on what reincarnates and how reincarnation happens. One theory suggests that it occurs through consciousness (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijñāna</a>; Pali: samvattanika-viññana)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> or stream of consciousness (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Citta-sant%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta-santāna">citta-santāna</a>, vijñāna-srotām, or vijñāna-santāna; Pali: viññana-sotam)<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> upon death, which reincarnates into a new aggregation. This process, states this theory, is similar to the flame of a dying candle lighting up another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana197583-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The consciousness in the newly born being is neither identical to nor entirely different from that in the deceased but the two form a causal continuum or stream in this Buddhist theory. Transmigration is influenced by a being's past <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (Pali: kamma).<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The root cause of rebirth, states Buddhism, is the abiding of consciousness in ignorance (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Buddhism)">avidya</a>; Pali: avijja) about the nature of reality, and when this ignorance is uprooted, rebirth ceases.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg/220px-Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg/330px-Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg/440px-Shamon_jigoku_z%C3%B4shi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8326" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century Japanese painting showing one of the six Buddhist realms of reincarnation (rokudō, 六道)</figcaption></figure> Buddhist traditions also vary in their mechanistic details on rebirth. Most <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhists assert that rebirth is immediate while the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> and most Chinese and Japanese schools hold to the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> (intermediate state) that can last up to 49 days.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The bardo rebirth concept of Tibetan Buddhism, originally developed in India but spread to Tibet and other Buddhist countries, and involves 42 peaceful deities, and 58 wrathful deities.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> These ideas led to maps on karma and what form of rebirth one takes after death, discussed in texts such as <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">The Tibetan Book of the Dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2004210–211-190">[190]</a> The major Buddhist traditions accept that the reincarnation of a being depends on the past karma and merit (demerit) accumulated, and that there are six realms of existence in which the rebirth may occur after each death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merv_Fowler_1999_65-63">[63]</a> Within Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, reincarnation is accepted by some, but rejected by others. A distinction can be drawn between 'folk Zen', as in the Zen practiced by devotional lay people, and 'philosophical Zen'. Folk Zen generally accepts the various supernatural elements of Buddhism such as rebirth. Philosophical Zen, however, places more emphasis on the present moment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010281-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-warner-193">[193]</a> Some schools conclude that <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> continues to exist and adhere to the person until it works out its consequences. For the <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" class="mw-redirect" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a> school, each act "perfumes" the individual or "plants a seed" that later germinates. Tibetan Buddhism stresses the state of mind at the time of death. To die with a peaceful mind will stimulate a virtuous seed and a fortunate rebirth; a disturbed mind will stimulate a non-virtuous seed and an unfortunate rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_2">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> In a survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> in 2009, 22% of American Christians expressed a belief in reincarnation,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and in a 1981 survey 31% of regular churchgoing European Catholics expressed a belief in reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Some Christian theologians interpret certain Biblical passages as referring to reincarnation. These passages include the questioning of Jesus as to whether he is <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, or another prophet (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">Matthew 16</a>:13–15 and <a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a>:21–22) and, less clearly (while Elijah was said not to have died, but to have been taken up to heaven), John the Baptist being asked if he is not Elijah (John 1:25).<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geddes_MacGregor" title="Geddes MacGregor">Geddes MacGregor</a>, an Episcopalian priest and professor of philosophy, has made a case for the compatibility of Christian doctrine and reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> argue that reincarnation is unorthodox and reject the reincarnationist interpretation of texts about John the Baptist and biblical texts used to defend this belief.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[202]</a> Infact, Elijah is clearly used as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for John the Baptist in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+11:14&version=nkjv">Matthew 11,14</a> ("For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. 14 And if you are willing to receive it, he is Elijah who is to come.").<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Early">edit</a>]</div> There is evidence<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-205">[205]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church father">Church father</a> in early Christian times, taught reincarnation in his lifetime but that when his works were translated into Latin these references were concealed. One of the epistles written by <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a>, "To Avitus" (Letter 124; Ad Avitum. Epistula CXXIV),<a href="#cite_note-mlat.uzh.ch-206">[206]</a> which asserts that Origen's <a href="/wiki/On_the_First_Principles" title="On the First Principles">On the First Principles</a> (Latin: De Principiis; Greek: Περὶ Ἀρχῶν)<a href="#cite_note-Cross-207">[207]</a> was mistranscribed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> About ten years ago that saintly man <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pammachius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pammachius">Pammachius</a> sent me a copy of a certain person's [ <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-mlat.uzh.ch-206">[206]</a> ] rendering, or rather misrendering, of Origen's First Principles; with a request that in a Latin version I should give the true sense of the Greek and should set down the writer's words for good or for evil without bias in either direction. When I did as he wished and sent him the book, he was shocked to read it and locked it up in his desk lest being circulated it might wound the souls of many.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-205">[205]</a></blockquote> Under the impression that Origen was a heretic like <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, St. Jerome criticizes ideas described in On the First Principles. Further in "To Avitus" (Letter 124), St. Jerome writes about "convincing proof" that Origen teaches reincarnation in the original version of the book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The following passage is a convincing proof that he holds the transmigration of the souls and annihilation of bodies. 'If it can be shown that an incorporeal and reasonable being has life in itself independently of the body and that it is worse off in the body than out of it; then beyond a doubt bodies are only of secondary importance and arise from time to time to meet the varying conditions of reasonable creatures. Those who require bodies are clothed with them, and contrariwise, when fallen souls have lifted themselves up to better things, their bodies are once more annihilated. They are thus ever vanishing and ever reappearing.'<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-205">[205]</a></blockquote> The original text of On First Principles has almost completely disappeared. It remains extant as De Principiis in fragments faithfully translated into Latin by St. Jerome and in "the not very reliable Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Cross-207">[207]</a> However, Origen's supposed belief in reincarnation is controversial. Christian scholar <a href="/wiki/Dan_Schlesinger" title="Dan Schlesinger">Dan R. Schlesinger</a> has written an extensive monograph in which he argues that Origen never taught reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Reincarnation was taught by several gnostics such as <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bjorling_2013_p._96-209">[209]</a> Belief in reincarnation was rejected by several church fathers, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> Citing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+9:27&version=nkjv">Hebrews 9,27</a> ("27 And as it is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment, 28 so Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many. To those who eagerly wait for Him He will appear a second time, apart from sin, for salvation."), the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> completely rejects any doctrine of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Druze">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhid">Ahl at-Tawhid</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Druze">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine Call</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Druze pillars</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu'ayb">Shu'ayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darazi" title="Al-Darazi">Al-Darazi</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Tanukhi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (Rasa'il al-Hikma)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Druze">Mount Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy days</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyara_(Druze)" title="Ziyara (Druze)">Ziyara</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Druze communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Religious_symbol" title="Druze">Religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze" title="Template:Druze"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze" title="Template talk:Druze"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Druze#Beliefs" title="Druze">Druze § Beliefs</a></div> Reincarnation is a paramount tenet in the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> There is an eternal <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">duality</a> of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body. Therefore, reincarnations occur instantly at one's death. While in the Hindu and Buddhist belief system a soul can be transmitted to any living creature, in the Druze belief system this is not possible and a human soul will only transfer to a human body. Furthermore, souls cannot be divided into different or separate parts and the number of souls existing is finite.<a href="#cite_note-Dwairy2006-214">[214]</a> Few Druzes are able to recall their past but, if they are able to they are called a Nateq. Typically souls who have died violent deaths in their previous incarnation will be able to recall memories. Since death is seen as a quick transient state, mourning is discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-Dwairy2006-214">[214]</a> Unlike other Abrahamic faiths, heaven and hell are spiritual. Heaven is the ultimate happiness received when soul escapes the cycle of rebirths and reunites with the Creator, while hell is conceptualized as the bitterness of being unable to reunite with the Creator and escape from the cycle of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">Punarjanman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reincarnation2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Reincarnation2.jpg/220px-Reincarnation2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Reincarnation2.jpg/330px-Reincarnation2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Reincarnation2.jpg/440px-Reincarnation2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Hindus believe the self or soul (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">atman</a>) repeatedly takes on a physical body, until <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hindu traditions assert that the body dies, but not the soul, which they believe to be eternal, indestructible, and blissful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272-216">[216]</a> Everything and all existence is believed to be connected and cyclical in many Hinduism-sects, all living beings composed of two things, the soul and the body or matter.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In Hindu belief, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> does not change and cannot change by its innate nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199710-218">[218]</a> Current <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> impacts the future circumstances in this life, as well as the future forms and realms of lives.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Good intent and actions lead to good future, bad intent and actions lead to bad future, impacting how one reincarnates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199711-220">[220]</a> There is no permanent heaven or hell in most Hinduism-sects.<a href="#cite_note-JuliusLipner263-221">[221]</a> In the afterlife, based on one's karma, the soul is reborn as another being in heaven, hell, or a living being on earth (human, animal).<a href="#cite_note-JuliusLipner263-221">[221]</a> Gods, too, die once their past karmic merit runs out, as do those in hell, and they return getting another chance on earth. This reincarnation continues, endlessly in cycles, until one embarks on a spiritual pursuit, realizes self-knowledge, and thereby gains <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mokṣa</a>, the final release out of the reincarnation cycles.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> This release is believed to be a state of utter bliss, which Hindu traditions believe is either related or identical to <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the unchanging reality that existed before the creation of universe, continues to exist, and shall exist after the universe ends.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, part of the scriptures of the Hindu traditions, primarily focus on the liberation from reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1997111–112-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> discusses various paths to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272-216">[216]</a> The Upanishads, states Harold Coward, offer a "very optimistic view regarding the perfectibility of human nature", and the goal of human effort in these texts is a continuous journey to self-perfection and self-knowledge so as to end Saṃsāra—the endless cycle of rebirth and redeath.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The aim of spiritual quest in the Upanishadic traditions is find the true self within and to know one's soul, a state that they assert leads to blissful state of freedom, moksha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward2008129,_also_see_pages_130–155-229">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Just as in the body childhood, adulthood and old age happen to an embodied being. So also he (the embodied being) acquires another body. The wise one is not deluded about this. (2:13)<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> As, after casting away worn out garments, a man later takes new ones. So after casting away worn out bodies, the embodied Self encounters other new ones. (2:22)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2010107-231">[231]</a> When an embodied being transcends, these three qualities which are the source of the body, Released from birth, death, old age and pain, he attains immortality. (14:20)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2010582-232">[232]</a> </blockquote> There are internal differences within Hindu traditions on reincarnation and the state of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>. For example, the dualistic devotional traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>'s Dvaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism champion a theistic premise, assert that human soul and Brahman are different, loving devotion to Brahman (god Vishnu in Madhvacharya's theology) is the means to release from Samsara, it is the grace of God which leads to moksha, and spiritual liberation is achievable only in after-life (<a href="/wiki/Videhamukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Videhamukti">videhamukti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The non-dualistic traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition of Hinduism champion a monistic premise, asserting that the individual human soul and Brahman are identical, only ignorance, impulsiveness and inertia leads to suffering through Saṃsāra, in reality there are no dualities, meditation and self-knowledge is the path to liberation, the realization that one's soul is identical to Brahman is moksha, and spiritual liberation is achievable in this life (<a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">jivanmukti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Loy1982-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002238–240,_243–245,_249–250,_261–263,_279–284-234">[234]</a> Twentieth-century Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo said that rebirth was the mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> – plants are reborn as animals, which are reborn as humans, gaining intelligence each time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-235">[235]</a> He said that this progression was irreversible, and that a human cannot be reborn as an animal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> Most Islamic schools of thought reject any idea of reincarnation of living beings.<a href="#cite_note-SmithHaddad2002p24-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> It teaches a linear concept of life, wherein a human being has only one life and upon death he or she is judged by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, then rewarded in heaven or punished in hell.<a href="#cite_note-SmithHaddad2002p24-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Islam teaches final resurrection and Judgement Day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123-238">[238]</a> but there is no prospect for the reincarnation of a human being into a different body or being.<a href="#cite_note-SmithHaddad2002p24-237">[237]</a> During the early history of Islam, some of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphs</a> persecuted all reincarnation-believing people, such as <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, to the point of extinction in Mesopotamia and Persia (modern day Iraq and Iran).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123-238">[238]</a> However, some Muslim minority sects such as those found among <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, and some Muslims in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> have retained their pre-Islamic Hindu and Buddhist beliefs in reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123-238">[238]</a> For instance, historically, South Asian Isma'ilis performed chantas yearly, one of which is for seeking forgiveness of sins committed in past lives.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghulat_sects">Ghulat sects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ghulat sects">edit</a>]</div> The idea of reincarnation is accepted by a few heterodox sects, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> hold that they were originally stars or divine lights that were cast out of heaven through disobedience and must undergo repeated reincarnation (or <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>) before returning to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-243">[243]</a> They can be reincarnated as Christians or others through sin and as animals if they become infidels.<a href="#cite_note-cs-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra (Jainism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma in Jainism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/200px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/300px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg/400px-Seven_Jain_Hells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>17th-century cloth painting depicting seven levels of <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Jain hell</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over each hell.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd>Mahavratas (major vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Anuvratas (further vows)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the reincarnation doctrine, along with its theories of Saṃsāra and Karma, are central to its theological foundations, as evidenced by the extensive literature on it in the major sects of Jainism, and their pioneering ideas on these topics from the earliest times of the Jaina tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980217–236-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-50">[50]</a> Reincarnation in contemporary Jainism traditions is the belief that the worldly life is characterized by continuous rebirths and suffering in various realms of existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–228-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-dundasp14-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sethia2004p31-246">[246]</a> Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahiṃsā</a>) and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered simply in relation to one life-time, but also in relation to both future incarnations and past lives.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uttar%C3%A2dhyayana_S%C3%BBtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra">Uttarādhyayana Sūtra</a> 3.3–4 states: "The jīva or the soul is sometimes born in <a href="/wiki/Devaloka" title="Devaloka">the world of gods</a>, sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">hell</a>. Sometimes it acquires the body of a <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">demon</a>; all this happens on account of its karma. This jīva sometimes takes birth as a worm, as an insect or as an ant."<a href="#cite_note-krishan43-248">[248]</a> The text further states (32.7): "Karma is the root of birth and death. The souls bound by karma go round and round in the cycle of existence."<a href="#cite_note-krishan43-248">[248]</a> Actions and emotions in the current lifetime affect future incarnations depending on the nature of the particular karma. For example, a good and virtuous life indicates a latent desire to experience good and virtuous themes of life. Therefore, such a person attracts karma that ensures that their future births will allow them to experience and manifest their virtues and good feelings unhindered.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In this case, they may take birth in heaven or in a prosperous and virtuous human family. On the other hand, a person who has indulged in immoral deeds, or with a cruel disposition, indicates a latent desire to experience cruel themes of life.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn64-250">[250]</a> As a natural consequence, they will attract karma which will ensure that they are reincarnated in hell, or in lower life forms, to enable their soul to experience the cruel themes of life.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn64-250">[250]</a> There is no retribution, judgment or reward involved but a natural consequences of the choices in life made either knowingly or unknowingly. Hence, whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing in its present life is on account of choices that it has made in the past.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> As a result of this doctrine, Jainism attributes supreme importance to pure thinking and moral behavior.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The Jain texts postulate four gatis, that is states-of-existence or birth-categories, within which the soul transmigrates. The four gatis are: <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">deva</a> (demigods), <a href="/wiki/Manusya-gati" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusya-gati">manuṣya</a> (humans), <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">nāraki</a> (hell beings), and tiryañca (animals, plants, and microorganisms).<a href="#cite_note-Jaini108-253">[253]</a> The four gatis have four corresponding realms or habitation levels in the vertically tiered <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology#Jain_geography" title="Jain cosmology">Jain universe</a>: deva occupy the higher levels where the heavens are situated; manuṣya and tiryañca occupy the middle levels; and nāraki occupy the lower levels where seven hells are situated.<a href="#cite_note-Jaini108-253">[253]</a> Single-sensed souls, however, called <a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">nigoda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> and element-bodied souls pervade all tiers of this universe. Nigodas are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy. They are so tiny and undifferentiated, that they lack even individual bodies, living in colonies. According to Jain texts, this infinity of nigodas can also be found in plant tissues, root vegetables and animal bodies.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Depending on its karma, a soul transmigrates and reincarnates within the scope of this cosmology of destinies. The four main destinies are further divided into sub-categories and still smaller sub-sub-categories. In all, Jain texts speak of a cycle of 8.4 million birth destinies in which souls find themselves again and again as they cycle within <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Jainism)">samsara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In Jainism, God has no role to play in an individual's destiny; one's personal destiny is not seen as a consequence of any system of reward or punishment, but rather as a result of its own personal karma. A text from a volume of the ancient Jain canon, <a href="/wiki/Vyakhyaprajnapti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyakhyaprajnapti">Bhagvati sūtra</a> 8.9.9, links specific states of existence to specific karmas. Violent deeds, killing of creatures having five sense organs, eating fish, and so on, lead to rebirth in hell. Deception, fraud and falsehood lead to rebirth in the animal and vegetable world. Kindness, compassion and humble character result in human birth; while austerities and the making and keeping of vows lead to rebirth in heaven.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Each soul is thus responsible for its own predicament, as well as its own salvation. Accumulated karma represent a sum total of all unfulfilled desires, attachments and aspirations of a soul.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn28-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> It enables the soul to experience the various themes of the lives that it desires to experience.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn28-258">[258]</a> Hence a soul may transmigrate from one life form to another for countless of years, taking with it the karma that it has earned, until it finds conditions that bring about the required fruits. In certain philosophies, heavens and hells are often viewed as places for eternal salvation or eternal damnation for good and bad deeds. But according to Jainism, such places, including the earth are simply the places which allow the soul to experience its unfulfilled karma.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_2">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kabbalah" title="Category:Kabbalah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/75px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/113px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg/150px-Tree_of_life_bahir_Hebrew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="750" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_and_Yesh" title="Ayin and Yesh">Ayin and Yesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Worlds" title="Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hishtalshelut">Seder hishtalshelut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_path_of_the_flaming_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="The path of the flaming sword">The path of the flaming sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partzufim" title="Partzufim">Partzufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun" title="Tohu and Tikun">Tohu and Tikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut#Philosophical" title="Kashrut">Sparks of holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Messianic rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">Kabbalistic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarikon" title="Notarikon">Notarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Kabbalah)" title="Temurah (Kabbalah)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemhamphorasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemhamphorasch">Shemhamphorasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadikim_Nistarim" title="Tzadikim Nistarim">Tzadikim Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_in_Kabbalah" title="Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah">Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_mysticism" title="History of Jewish mysticism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Pre-Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichalot" class="mw-redirect" title="Heichalot">Heichalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Medieval</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledano_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledano tradition">Toledano tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Prophetic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible#Commentaries" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Kabbalistic commentaries on the Bible</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Mainstream displacement of rationalism with Kabbalah</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em 0;">Renaissance</div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah" title="Christian Kabbalah">Selective influence on Western thought</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz#Move_to_Safed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Mysticism after Spanish expulsion</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Mystics of 16th-century Safed</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordoveran_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordoveran Kabbalah">Cordoveran Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Maharal's thought</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature#Medieval_Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Popular Kabbalistic Mussar</a></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Early modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem-Nistarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean mystical heresies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz#Sabbatian_controversy" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Emden–Eybeschutz controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Immigration to the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Traditional Oriental Kabbalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Beit El Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">Eastern European Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisms_among_the_Jews#Hasidim_and_Mitnagdim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms among the Jews">Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Mysticism in religious Zionism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Academic interest in Jewish mysticism</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Non-Orthodox interest in Jewish mysticism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="English Qabalah">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Qaballa" title="English Qaballa">James Lees'</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mystical_exegesis" title="Jewish mystical exegesis">Mystical exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Customary immersion in mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshuvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuvah">Teshuvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">Deveikut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Nusach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Chatzot" title="Tikkun Chatzot">Tikkun Chatzot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot#All-night_Torah_study" title="Shavuot">Tikkun Leil Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaddik">Pilgrimage to Tzadik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(grave)" title="Ohel (grave)">Pilgrimage to holy grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer at Meron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism_in_Judaism" title="Asceticism in Judaism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">Practical Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_List_of_Jewish_Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline List of Jewish Kabbalists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Four Who Entered the Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1100s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_(Jewish_mystic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azriel (Jewish mystic)">Azriel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1200s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Abraham_Gikatilla" title="Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla">Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses de Leon">Moses de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1300s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1400s</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1500s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ibn_Gabbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir ibn Gabbai">Meir ibn Gabbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Ephraim_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Ephraim Karo">Joseph Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Alkabetz">Shlomo Alkabetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Alshich" title="Moshe Alshich">Moshe Alshich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Chaim Vital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1600s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Isaiah Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Azulai" title="Abraham Azulai">Abraham Azulai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1700s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Joseph_David_Azulai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Joseph David Azulai">Chaim Joseph David Azulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Adler" title="Nathan Adler">Nathan Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1800s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Eliyashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Eliyashiv">Shlomo Eliyashiv</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> 1900s</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sali" title="Baba Sali">Baba Sali</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;background:lightblue;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)">Role</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-size:105%;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">Ruach HaKodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(Jewish_exegesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes (Jewish exegesis)">Pardes exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">Talmudical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries on the Bible</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Eras of Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational descent in Halacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeridat_ha-dorot#Generational_ascent_in_Kabbalah" title="Yeridat ha-dorot">Generational ascent in Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Hakira_–_investigation" title="Jewish philosophy">Hakira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Classic Mussar literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardi Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Contemporary_Jewish_philosophies" title="Jewish philosophy">Modern Jewish philosophies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_transcendence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine transcendence">Divine transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_immanence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine immanence">Divine immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Judaism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine providence (Judaism)">Divine providence</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">Kabbalistic reasons for the 613 Mitzvot</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah:_Primary_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalah: Primary texts">Primary texts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kabbalah" title="Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kabbalah" title="Template talk:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kabbalah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The doctrine of reincarnation has had a complex evolution within Judaism. Initially alien to Jewish tradition, it began to emerge in the 8th century, possibly influenced by Muslim mystics, gaining acceptance among <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> and Jewish dissenters.<a href="#cite_note-:1-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-262">[262]</a> It was first mentioned in Jewish literature by <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, who criticized it.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-261">[261]</a> However, it remained a minority belief, facing little resistance until the spread of Kabbalah in the 12th century. The "<a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Book of Clarity</a>" (Sefer ha-Bahir) of this period introduced concepts such as the transmigration of souls, strengthening the foundation of Kabbalah with mystical symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Kabbalah also teaches that "The soul of Moses is reincarnated in every generation."<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> This teaching found more significant ground in Kabbalistic circles in Provence and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-:2-262">[262]</a> Despite not being widely accepted in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, the doctrine of reincarnation attracted some modern Jews involved in mysticism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-261">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> and followers of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> remained firm in their belief in the transmigration of souls. Other branches of Judaism, such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, do not teach it.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The 16th century mystical renaissance in communal <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> replaced scholastic <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Rationalism</a> as mainstream traditional Jewish theology, both in scholarly circles and in the popular imagination. References to gilgul in former Kabbalah became systematized as part of the metaphysical purpose of creation. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a> (the Ari) brought the issue to the centre of his new mystical articulation, for the first time, and advocated identification of the reincarnations of historic Jewish figures that were compiled by <a href="/wiki/Haim_Vital" class="mw-redirect" title="Haim Vital">Haim Vital</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Shaar_HaGilgulim" title="Shaar HaGilgulim">Shaar HaGilgulim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Gilgul is contrasted with the other processes in Kabbalah of <a href="/wiki/Ibbur" title="Ibbur">Ibbur</a> ('pregnancy'), the attachment of a second soul to an individual for (or by) good means, and <a href="/wiki/Dybuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dybuk">Dybuk</a> ('possession'), the attachment of a spirit, demon, etc. to an individual for (or by) "bad" means. In <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a>, reincarnation is not retributive or fatalistic, but an expression of Divine compassion, the microcosm of the doctrine of cosmic rectification of creation. Gilgul is a heavenly agreement with the individual soul, conditional upon circumstances. Luria's radical system focused on <a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohu and Tikkun">rectification</a> of the Divine soul, played out through Creation. The true essence of anything is the divine spark within that gives it existence. Even a stone or leaf possesses such a soul that "came into this world to receive a rectification". A human soul may occasionally be exiled into lower inanimate, vegetative or animal creations. The most basic component of the soul, the <a href="/wiki/Nefesh" title="Nefesh">nefesh</a>, must leave at the cessation of blood production. There are four other soul components and different nations of the world possess different forms of souls with different purposes. Each Jewish soul is reincarnated in order to fulfill each of the <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">613 Mosaic commandments</a> that elevate a particular spark of holiness associated with each commandment. Once all the Sparks are redeemed to their spiritual source, the <a href="/wiki/Mashiach" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashiach">Messianic Era</a> begins. Non-Jewish observance of the <a href="/wiki/7_Laws_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Laws of Noah">7 Laws of Noah</a> assists the Jewish people, though Biblical adversaries of Israel reincarnate to oppose. Among the many rabbis who accepted reincarnation are Kabbalists like <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a> (the Ramban) and Rabbenu <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_ibn_Habib" title="Levi ibn Habib">Levi ibn Habib</a> (the Ralbah), <a href="/wiki/Shelomoh_Alkabez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelomoh Alkabez">Shelomoh Alkabez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cordovero" title="Moses Cordovero">Moses Cordovero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Chaim_Luzzatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Chaim Luzzatto">Moses Chaim Luzzatto</a>; early Hasidic masters such as the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>, as well as virtually all later Hasidic masters; contemporary Hasidic teachers such as DovBer Pinson, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Weinberger" title="Moshe Weinberger">Moshe Weinberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Landau_(rabbi)" title="Joel Landau (rabbi)">Joel Landau</a>; and key Mitnagdic leaders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a> and their school, as well as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a> (known at the RaShaSH), the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a> of Baghdad, and the <a href="/wiki/Baba_Sali" title="Baba Sali">Baba Sali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Rabbis who have rejected the idea include <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_de_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon de Modena">Leon de Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Aderet" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon ben Aderet">Solomon ben Aderet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> argued in favour of gilgulim. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inuit">Inuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inuit">edit</a>]</div> In the Western Hemisphere, belief in reincarnation is most prevalent in the now heavily <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">Polar North</a> (now mainly parts of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Amerindian_Rebirth-269">[269]</a> The concept of reincarnation is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> and in many <a href="/wiki/Inuit_culture" title="Inuit culture">Inuit cultures</a> it is traditional to name a newborn child after a recently deceased person under the belief that the child is the namesake reincarnated.<a href="#cite_note-Amerindian_Rebirth-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ho-Chunk">edit</a>]</div> Reincarnation is an intrinsic part of some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Native American</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Amerindian_Rebirth-269">[269]</a> The following is a story of human-to-human reincarnation as told by Thunder Cloud, a <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Winnebago (Ho-Chunk)</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shaman</a>. Here Thunder Cloud talks about his two previous lives and how he died and came back again to this his third lifetime. He describes his time between lives, when he was "blessed" by Earth Maker and all the abiding spirits and given special powers, including the ability to heal the sick. Thunder Cloud's account of his two reincarnations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I (my ghost) was taken to the place where the sun sets (the west). ... While at that place, I thought I would come back to earth again, and the old man with whom I was staying said to me, "My son, did you not speak about wanting to go to the earth again?" I had, as a matter of fact, only thought of it, yet he knew what I wanted. Then he said to me, "You can go, but you must ask the chief first." Then I went and told the chief of the village of my desire, and he said to me, "You may go and obtain your revenge upon the people who killed your relatives and you." Then I was brought down to earth. ... There I lived until I died of old age. ... As I was lying [in my grave], someone said to me, "Come, let us go away." So then we went toward the setting of the sun. There we came to a village where we met all the dead. ... From that place I came to this earth again for the third time, and here I am.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Radin (1923)<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson2008-271">[271]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> Founded in the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>'s founder <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> had a choice between the cyclical reincarnation concept of ancient Indian religions and the linear concept of Islam, he chose the cyclical concept of time.<a href="#cite_note-colesambhi13-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Sikhism teaches reincarnation theory similar to those in Hinduism, but with some differences from its traditional doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-274">[274]</a> Sikh rebirth theories about the nature of existence are similar to ideas that developed during the devotional <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> particularly within some <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava traditions</a>, which define liberation as a state of union with God attained through the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> The doctrines of Sikhism teach that the soul exists, and is passed from one body to another in endless cycles of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>, until liberation from the death and rebirth cycle. Each birth begins with karma (<a href="/wiki/Karma#Sikhism" title="Karma">karam</a>), and these actions leave a karmic signature (karni) on one's soul which influences future rebirths, but it is <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God</a> whose grace that liberates from the death and rebirth cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-274">[274]</a> The way out of the reincarnation cycle, asserts Sikhism, is to live an ethical life, devote oneself to God and constantly remember God's name.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-274">[274]</a> The precepts of Sikhism encourage the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> of One Lord for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mukti</a> (liberation from the death and rebirth cycle).<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p145-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoruba">Yoruba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Yoruba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></div> The Yoruba religion teaches that <a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%B3d%C3%B9mar%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Olódùmarè">Olodumare</a>, the Supreme Being and divine Creator who rules over His Creation, created eniyan, or humanity, to achieve balance between heaven and earth and bring about Ipo Rere, or the Good Condition.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi_re-279">[279]</a> To cause achievement of the Good Condition, humanity reincarnates.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi-280">[280]</a> Once achieved, Ipo Rere provides the ultimate state of supreme existence with Olodumare, a goal which elevates reincarnation to a key position in the Yoruba religion.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_learnreligions-281">[281]</a> Atunwaye<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_pulse-282">[282]</a> (also called atunwa<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi_re-279">[279]</a>) is the Yoruba term for reincarnation. <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Predestination (disambiguation)">Predestination</a> is a foundational component of atunwaye. Just prior to incarnation, a person first chooses their Ayanmo (destiny) before also choosing their Akunyelan (lot) in the presence of Olodumare and <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Crunmila" title="Ọrunmila">Orunmila</a> with Olodumare's approval.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_dopamu-283">[283]</a> By atunwaye, a person may incarnate only in a human being and may choose to reincarnate in either sex, regardless of choice in the prior incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_learnreligions-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ipadawaye">Ipadawaye</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ipadawaye">edit</a>]</div> The most common, widespread Yoruba reincarnation belief is ipadawaye, meaning "the ancestor's rebirth".<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_pulse-282">[282]</a> According to this belief, the reincarnating person will reincarnate along their familial lineage.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoruba_learnreligions-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoruba_akinola-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoruba_cambridge-285">[285]</a> When a person dies, they go to orun (heaven) and will live with the ancestors in either orunrere (good heaven) or orunapaadi (bad heaven). Reincarnation is believed to be a gift bestowed on ancestors who lived well and experienced a "good" death. Only ancestors living in orunrere may return as grandchildren, reincarnating out of their love for the family or the world. Children may be given names to indicate which ancestor is believed to have returned, such as Babatide ("father has come"), Babatunde ("father has come again"), and Yetunde ("mother has come again").<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_pulse-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoruba_akinola-284">[284]</a> A "bad" death (which includes deaths of children, cruel, or childless people and deaths by punishments from the gods, accidents, suicides, and gruesome murders) is generally believed to prevent the deceased from joining the ancestors and reincarnating again,<a href="#cite_note-prothero-286">[286]</a> though some practitioners also believe a person experiencing a "bad" death will be reborn much later into conditions of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi_re-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abiku">Abiku</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Abiku">edit</a>]</div> Another Yoruba reincarnation belief is <a href="/wiki/Abiku" title="Abiku">abiku</a>, meaning "born to die"<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_obafemi_re-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoruba_pulse-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-mobolade_abiku-287">[287]</a> According to Yoruba custom, an abiku is a reincarnating child who repeatedly experiences death and rebirth with the same mother in a vicious cycle. Because childlessness is considered a curse in Yoruba culture,<a href="#cite_note-mobolade_abiku-287">[287]</a> parents with an abiku child will always attempt to help the abiku child by preventing their death. However, abiku are believed to possess a power to ensure their eventual death, so rendering assistance is often a frustrating endeavor causing significant pain to the parents. This pain is believed to bring happiness to the abiku.<a href="#cite_note-mobolade_abiku-287">[287]</a> Abiku are believed to be a "species of spirit" thought to live apart from people in, for example, secluded parts of villages, jungles, and footpaths. Modern belief in abiku has significantly waned among urban populations, with the decline attributed to improved hygiene and medical care reducing infant mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-mobolade_abiku-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akudaaya">Akudaaya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Akudaaya">edit</a>]</div> Akudaaya, meaning "born to die and reappear"<a href="#cite_note-yoruba_pulse-282">[282]</a> (also called akuda<a href="#cite_note-orisa_akudaaya-288">[288]</a>), is a Yoruba reincarnation belief of "a person that is dead[] but has not gone to heaven".<a href="#cite_note-orishada_akudaaya-289">[289]</a> Akudaaya is based on the belief that, if a recently-deceased person's destiny in that life remained unfulfilled, the deceased cannot join the ancestors and therefore must roam the world.<a href="#cite_note-orisa_akudaaya-288">[288]</a> Following death, an akudaaya returns to their previous existence by reappearing in the same physical form. However, the new existence will be lived in a different physical location from the first, and the akudaaya will not be recognized by a still-living relative, should they happen to meet. The akudaaya lives their new existence working to fulfill their destiny from the previous life. The concept of akudaaya is the subject of Akudaaya (The Wraith), a 2023 Nigerian drama film in the Yoruba language.<a href="#cite_note-akudaaya_movie_1-290">[290]</a> The film is said to center on a deceased son who "has begun living life as a spirit in another state and has fallen in love".<a href="#cite_note-akudaaya_movie_2-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_religious_and_spiritual_movements">New religious and spiritual movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: New religious and spiritual movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritism">Spiritism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Spiritism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG/170px-Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG/255px-Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG/340px-Tombe_Allan_Kardec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a>, founder of spiritism. The inscription says in French "To be born, die, again be reborn, and so progress unceasingly, such is the law".</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> philosophy codified in the 19th century by the French educator <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a>, teaches reincarnation or rebirth into human life after death. According to this doctrine, free will and cause and effect are the corollaries of reincarnation, and reincarnation provides a mechanism for a person's spiritual evolution in successive lives.<a href="#cite_note-Hess2010-292">[292]</a> According to the Spiritist doctrine, a spirit evolves from simpler organisms such as bacteria, plants, then into non-human animals, then into humans, and then into further stages, including the angelical one of higher wisdom and morality. The period in between physical lives is called erraticity, in which a spirit may wander on Earth or in (either good or bad) spiritual realms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Theosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theosophy#Reincarnation_and_karma" title="Theosophy">Theosophy § Reincarnation and karma</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> draws much of its inspiration from India.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> In the Theosophical world-view reincarnation is the vast rhythmic process by which the soul, the part of a person which belongs to the formless non-material and timeless worlds, unfolds its spiritual powers in the world and comes to know itself.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[294]</a> It descends from sublime, free, spiritual realms and gathers experience through its effort to express itself in the world. Afterwards there is a withdrawal from the physical plane to successively higher levels of reality, in death, a purification and assimilation of the past life. Having cast off all instruments of personal experience it stands again in its spiritual and formless nature, ready to begin its next rhythmic manifestation, every lifetime bringing it closer to complete self-knowledge and self-expression.<a href="#cite_note-:0-294">[294]</a> However, it may attract old mental, emotional, and energetic karma patterns to form the new personality.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Anthroposophy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> describes reincarnation from the point of view of Western philosophy and culture. The ego is believed to transmute transient soul experiences into universals that form the basis for an individuality that can endure after death. These universals include ideas, which are intersubjective and thus transcend the purely personal (spiritual consciousness), intentionally formed human character (spiritual life), and becoming a fully conscious human being (spiritual humanity). <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> described both the general principles he believed to be operative in reincarnation, such as that one's will activity in one life forms the basis for the thinking of the next,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> and a number of successive lives of various individualities.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Similarly, other famous people's life stories are not primarily the result of genes, upbringing or biographical vicissitudes. Steiner relates that a large estate in north-eastern France was held during the early Middle Ages by a martial feudal lord. During a military campaign, this estate was captured by a rival. The previous owner had no means of retaliating, and was forced to see his property lost to an enemy. He was filled with a smoldering resentment towards the propertied classes, not only for the remainder of his life in the Middle Ages, but also in a much later incarnation—as Karl Marx. His rival was reborn as Friedrich Engels.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2003-298">[298]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a>, Coda. On Belief and Evidence</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_astrology">Modern astrology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Modern astrology">edit</a>]</div> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>'s major works, including <a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a> in the early twentieth-century integrated the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and reincarnation into the practice of <a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Western astrology</a>. Notable astrologers who advanced this development included <a href="/wiki/Alan_Leo" title="Alan Leo">Alan Leo</a>, Charles E. O. Carter, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Edmund_Jones" title="Marc Edmund Jones">Marc Edmund Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dane_Rudhyar" title="Dane Rudhyar">Dane Rudhyar</a>. A new synthesis of East and West resulted as Hindu and Buddhist concepts of reincarnation were fused with Western astrology's deep roots in <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>. In the case of Rudhyar, this synthesis was enhanced with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jungian</a> <a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">depth psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> This dynamic integration of astrology, reincarnation and depth psychology has continued into the modern era with the work of astrologers <a href="/wiki/Steven_Forrest_(astrologer)" title="Steven Forrest (astrologer)">Steven Forrest</a> and Jeffrey Wolf Green. Their respective schools of Evolutionary Astrology are based on "an acceptance of the fact that human beings incarnate in a succession of lifetimes".<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientology">Scientology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Scientology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Scientology beliefs and practices</a></div> Past reincarnation, usually termed past lives, is a key part of the principles and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>. Scientologists believe that the human individual is actually a <a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">thetan</a>, an immortal spiritual entity, that has fallen into a degraded state as a result of past-life experiences. Scientology <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a> is intended to free the person of these past-life traumas and recover past-life memory, leading to a higher state of spiritual awareness. This idea is echoed in their highest fraternal religious order, <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a>, whose motto is "Revenimus" ('We Come Back'), and whose members sign a "<a href="/wiki/Billion_year_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion year contract">billion-year contract</a>" as a sign of commitment to that ideal. <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, the founder of Scientology, does not use the word "reincarnation" to describe its beliefs, noting that: "The common definition of reincarnation has been altered from its original meaning. The word has come to mean 'to be born again in different life forms' whereas its actual definition is 'to be born again into the flesh of another body.' Scientology ascribes to this latter, original definition of reincarnation."<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> The first writings in Scientology regarding past lives date from around 1951 and slightly earlier. In 1960, Hubbard published a book on past lives entitled <a href="/wiki/Have_You_Lived_Before_This_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Have You Lived Before This Life">Have You Lived Before This Life</a>. In 1968 he wrote <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology#Mission_Into_Time" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Mission Into Time</a>, a report on a five-week sailing expedition to Sardinia, Sicily and Carthage to see if specific evidence could be found to substantiate L. Ron Hubbard's recall of incidents in his own past, centuries ago. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Wicca">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-pagan">neo-pagan</a> religion focused on nature, guided by the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a> that advocates the tenets "Harm None, Do As Ye Will". Wiccans believe in a form of karmic return where one's deeds are returned, either in the current life or in another life, threefold or multiple times in order to teach one lessons (the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold law">Threefold Law</a>). Reincarnation is therefore an accepted part of the Wiccan faith.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Wiccans also believe that death and afterlife are important experiences for the soul to transform and prepare for future lifetimes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reincarnation_and_science"> Reincarnation and science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Reincarnation and science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg/220px-Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg/330px-Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg/440px-Dalailama1_20121014_4639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> has stated his belief that it would be difficult for science to disprove reincarnation.</figcaption></figure> While there has been no scientific confirmation of the physical reality of reincarnation, where the subject has been discussed, there are questions of whether and how such beliefs may be justified within the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and religion. Some champions of academic <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> have argued that they have scientific evidence even while their detractors have accused them of practicing a form of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Skeptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> what he would do if a fundamental tenet of his religion (reincarnation) were definitively disproved by science. The Dalai Lama answered, "If science can disprove reincarnation, Tibetan Buddhism would abandon reincarnation...but it's going to be mighty hard to disprove reincarnation."<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Sagan considered claims of memories of past lives to be worthy of research, although he considered reincarnation to be an unlikely explanation for these.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_memories_of_past_lives">Claims of memories of past lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Claims of memories of past lives">edit</a>]</div> Over a period of 40 years, psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stevenson" title="Ian Stevenson">Ian Stevenson</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, recorded <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case studies</a> of young children who claimed to remember past lives, and published twelve books. In his cases he reported the child's statements and testimony from family members and others, often along with what he considered to be correlates to a <a href="/wiki/Deceased" class="mw-redirect" title="Deceased">deceased</a> person who in some ways seemed to match the child's memory. Stevenson also investigated cases where he thought that <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a> seemed to match wounds and scars on the deceased. Sometimes included in his documentation were <a href="/wiki/Medical_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical records">medical records</a> like <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> photographs.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> As any claim of past life memory is subject to charges of <a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">false memories</a> and the ease with which such claims can be <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxed</a>, Stevenson expected the controversy and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> of his beliefs that followed. He said that he looked for disconfirming evidence and alternative explanations for reports, but, as the Washington Post reported, he typically concluded that no normal explanation sufficed.<a href="#cite_note-Shroder2007-308">[308]</a> Stevenson's work in this regard was impressive enough to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> that he referred to what were apparently Stevenson's investigations in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a> as an example of carefully collected empirical data, and though he rejected reincarnation as a parsimonious explanation for the stories, he wrote that the phenomenon of alleged past-life memories should be further researched.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a> cited Stevenson's works in his book <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> as part of a body of data that seems to attest to the reality of psychic phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Stevenson's claims have been subject to criticism and <a href="/wiki/Debunking" title="Debunking">debunking</a>, for example by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Paul Edwards</a>, who contended that Ian Stevenson's accounts of reincarnation were purely <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry-picked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skepticreport.com-313">[313]</a> Edwards attributed the stories to <a href="/wiki/Selective_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective thinking">selective thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/False_memory_syndrome" title="False memory syndrome">false memories</a> that result from the family's or researcher's belief systems and thus did not rise to the standard of fairly sampled <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> The philosopher Keith Augustine wrote in critique that the fact that "the vast majority of Stevenson's cases come from countries where a religious belief in reincarnation is strong, and rarely elsewhere, seems to indicate that cultural conditioning (rather than reincarnation) generates claims of spontaneous past-life memories."<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Edwards also objected that reincarnation invokes assumptions that are inconsistent with modern science.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> As the vast majority of people do not remember previous lives and there is no empirically documented mechanism known that allows personality to survive death and travel to another body, positing the existence of reincarnation is subject to the principle that "<a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary_evidence" title="Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence">extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence</a>". Further, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)" title="Ian Wilson (author)">Ian Wilson</a> wrote that a large number of Stevenson's cases consisted of poor children remembering wealthy lives or belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">higher caste</a>. In these societies, claims of reincarnation have been used as schemes to obtain money from the richer families of alleged former incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Stevenson also claimed there were a handful of cases that suggested evidence of <a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">xenoglossy</a>, including two where a subject under hypnosis allegedly conversed with people speaking the foreign language, instead of merely being able to recite foreign words. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomason" title="Sarah Thomason">Sarah Thomason</a>, a linguist (and skeptical researcher) at the University of Michigan, reanalyzed these cases, concluding that "the linguistic evidence is too weak to provide support for the claims of xenoglossy".<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Other academic researchers who have undertaken similar pursuits include <a href="/wiki/Jim_B._Tucker" title="Jim B. Tucker">Jim B. Tucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Mills" title="Antonia Mills">Antonia Mills</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Pasricha" title="Satwant Pasricha">Satwant Pasricha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godwin_Samararatne" title="Godwin Samararatne">Godwin Samararatne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erlendur_Haraldsson" title="Erlendur Haraldsson">Erlendur Haraldsson</a>, but Stevenson's publications remain the most well known.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_life_regression">Past life regression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Past life regression">edit</a>]</div> Some believers in reincarnation (Stevenson not among them) give much importance to supposed past-life memories retrieved under <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a> during <a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">past life regressions</a>. Popularized by psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Weiss" title="Brian Weiss">Brian Weiss</a>, who claims he has regressed more than 4,000 patients since 1980,<a href="#cite_note-rl1xxx-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> the technique is often identified as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific practice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spanos-324">[324]</a> Such supposed memories have been documented to contain historical inaccuracies originating from modern popular culture, common beliefs about history, or books that discuss historical events. Experiments with subjects undergoing past life regression indicate that a belief in reincarnation and suggestions by the hypnotist are the two most important factors regarding the contents of memories reported.<a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanos-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sumner-326">[326]</a> The use of hypnosis and <a href="/wiki/Suggestive_question" title="Suggestive question">suggestive questions</a> can tend to leave the subject particularly likely to hold distorted or <a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">false memories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-327">[327]</a> Rather than recall of a previous existence, the source of the memories is more likely <a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">cryptomnesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">confabulations</a> that combine experiences, knowledge, imagination and <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a> or guidance from the hypnotist. Once created, those memories are indistinguishable from memories based on events that occurred during the subject's life.<a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cordon-328">[328]</a> Past-life regression has been critiqued for being unethical on the grounds that it lacks any evidence to support its claims and that it increases one's susceptibility to false memories. Luis Cordón states that this can be problematic as it creates <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a> under the guise of therapy. The memories are experienced as being as vivid as those based on events experienced in one's life and impossible to differentiate from true memories of actual events, and accordingly any damage can be difficult to undo.<a href="#cite_note-Cordon-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrade_2017-329">[329]</a> APA accredited organizations have challenged the use of past-life regressions as a therapeutic method, calling it unethical. Additionally, the hypnotic methodology that underpins past-life regression has been criticized as placing the participant in a vulnerable position, susceptible to implantation of false memories.<a href="#cite_note-Andrade_2017-329">[329]</a> Because the implantation of false memories may be harmful, Gabriel Andrade argues that past-life regression violates the principle of <a href="/wiki/Primum_non_nocere" title="Primum non nocere">first, do no harm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics#Non-maleficence" title="Medical ethics">non-maleficence</a>), part of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andrade_2017-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_F._Kay" title="Ada F. Kay">Ada F. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flowerdew" title="Arthur Flowerdew">Arthur Flowerdew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guirdham" title="Arthur Guirdham">Arthur Guirdham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbro_Karl%C3%A9n" title="Barbro Karlén">Barbro Karlén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Grant" title="Joan Grant">Joan Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Devi" title="Shanti Devi">Shanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmic_astrology" title="Karmic astrology">Karmic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence" title="Pre-existence">Pre-existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_culture" title="Reincarnation in popular culture">Reincarnation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. pp. 24–29, 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126104519/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=24-29%2C+171&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 271–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6656-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331224443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=271-272&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Roof%2C+Wade+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271–272_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, pp. 271–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaumakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121233453/https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=90-99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.aulast=Laumakis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1993p148-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993" class="citation book cs1">Rita M. Gross (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros">Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism</a>. State University of New York Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-0513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+After+Patriarchy%3A+A+Feminist+History%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Reconstruction+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1&rft.au=Rita+M.+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismafterpat00gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Gananath Obeyesekere, Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth. University of California Press, 2002, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Crawley[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> see Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, Philip L. Quinn, A Companion to Philosophy of Religion. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 640, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&pg=PA640">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&pg=PA640&dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&cd=8#v=onepage&q=reincarnation%20and%20rebirth&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hitti, Philip K (2007) [1924]. Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings (New Edition). Columbia University Oriental Studies. 28. London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1">0-86356-690-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011" class="citation book cs1">Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/702357503">Creole religions of the Caribbean: an introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo</a>. Religion, race, and ethnicity (2nd ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6227-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-6227-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/702357503">702357503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creole+religions+of+the+Caribbean%3A+an+introduction+from+Vodou+and+Santer%C3%ADa+to+Obeah+and+Espiritismo&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Religion%2C+race%2C+and+ethnicity&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F702357503&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6227-1&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Olmos&rft.aufirst=Margarite&rft.au=Paravisini-Gebert%2C+Lizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F702357503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Heindel, Max</a> (1985) [1939, 1908] The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures (Collected Works): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">The Riddle of Life and Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629063357/http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">Archived</a> 2010-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oceanside, California. 4th edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7">0-911274-84-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> An important recent work discussing the mutual influence of ancient Greek and Indian philosophy regarding these matters is The Shape of Ancient Thought by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haraldsson2006-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haraldsson2006_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haraldsson2006_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haraldsson2006_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haraldsson2006_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaraldsson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haraldsson, Erlendur (January 2006). "Popular psychology, belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries, Western and Eastern Europe". Nordic Psychology. 58 (2): 171–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1027%2F1901-2276.58.2.171">10.1027/1901-2276.58.2.171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143453837">143453837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Popular+psychology%2C+belief+in+life+after+death+and+reincarnation+in+the+Nordic+countries%2C+Western+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-180&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1027%2F1901-2276.58.2.171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143453837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haraldsson&rft.aufirst=Erlendur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/reincarnation">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Concise.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Concise.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Freincarnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, pp. 35–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Key_Chapple2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chapple" title="Christopher Chapple">Christopher Key Chapple</a> (2006). Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2045-6"><bdi>978-81-208-2045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+Ecology%3A+Nonviolence+in+the+Web+of+Life&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2045-6&rft.au=Christopher+Key+Chapple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2016" class="citation web cs1">Oxford Dictionaries (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105185254/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/transmigrate">"Transmigration"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/transmigrate">the original</a> on 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transmigration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Ftransmigrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Sigmund" class="citation web cs1">Karl Sigmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021185849/http://www.goedelexhibition.at/goedel/goedel.html">"Gödel Exhibition: Gödel's Century"</a>. Goedelexhibition.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goedelexhibition.at/goedel/goedel.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6del+Exhibition%3A+G%C3%B6del%27s+Century&rft.pub=Goedelexhibition.at&rft.au=Karl+Sigmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goedelexhibition.at%2Fgoedel%2Fgoedel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075859/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=metempsychosis">Archived</a> 2016-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Huffman" title="Carl A. Huffman">Carl A. Huffman</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/">Pythagoras, 4.1 The Fate of the Soul–Metempsychosis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007201148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras">Archived</a> 2008-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419232238/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/concepts/102.htm">"Heart of Hinduism: Reincarnation and Samsara"</a>. Hinduism.iskcon.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hinduism.iskcon.com/concepts/102.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Hinduism%3A+Reincarnation+and+Samsara&rft.pub=Hinduism.iskcon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhinduism.iskcon.com%2Fconcepts%2F102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams582-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams582_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams582_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Wesley_Neufeldt1986" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&pg=PA106">Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2"><bdi>978-0-87395-990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post+Classical+Developments&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-990-2&rft.au=Ronald+Wesley+Neufeldt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaRWtgXjplQC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). Pali-English Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95, 144, 151, 361, 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=95%2C+144%2C+151%2C+361%2C+475&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890–99_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>, pp. 90–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014">John Bowker 2014</a>, pp. 84–85) Gavin Flood (2010), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Volume II, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9">978-90-04-17893-9</a>, pp. 881–884 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1985" class="citation journal cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus (1985). "Mokṣa and Critical Theory". Philosophy East and West. 35 (1): 61–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398681">10.2307/1398681</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398681">1398681</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1301471616">1301471616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Mok%E1%B9%A3a+and+Critical+Theory&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-71&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398681&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1988" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Norman E. (April 1988). "Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy". Missiology: An International Review. 16 (2): 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009182968801600202">10.1177/009182968801600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170870237">170870237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missiology%3A+An+International+Review&rft.atitle=Liberation+for+Life%3A+A+Hindu+Liberation+Philosophy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009182968801600202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170870237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gerhard Oberhammer (1994), La Délivrance dès cette vie: Jivanmukti, Collège de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne. Série in-8°, Fasc. 61, Édition-Diffusion de Boccard (Paris), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86803-061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86803-061-0">978-2-86803-061-0</a>, pp. 1–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Steiger_Cooper1920" class="citation book cs1">Irving Steiger Cooper (1920). Reincarnation: The Hope of the World. Theosophical Society in America. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation%3A+The+Hope+of+the+World&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Theosophical+Society+in+America&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Irving+Steiger+Cooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> thought the druids might have been influenced by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>. Diodorus Siculus v.28.6; Hippolytus Philosophumena i.25. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274. "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history....Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara—the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana—the goal of human existence....." </li> <li id="cite_note-damienkeown32-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-damienkeown32_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-damienkeown32_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2013). Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 32–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=28%2C+32-38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966383-5&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Gavin D. Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press (1996), UK <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0">0-521-43878-0</a> p. 86 – "A third alternative is that the origin of transmigration theory lies outside of vedic or sramanian traditions in the tribal religions of the Ganges valley, or even in Dravidian traditions of south India." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc839140.html">"Rig Veda 10.58.1 [English translation]"</a>. www.wisdomlib.org. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Rig+Veda+10.58.1+%5BEnglish+translation%5D&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Frig-veda-english-translation%2Fd%2Fdoc839140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> A.M. Boyer: "Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara." Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451–453, 459–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishanKrishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Krishan, Y.; Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 3–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.pages=3-37&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.aulast=Krishan&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Krishan%2C+Yuvraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.D.Ranade1926" class="citation book cs1">R.D.Ranade (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n181/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 147–148. <q>There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit, and the poet [of the Rigvedic hymn] says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constructive+Survey+of+Upanishadic+Philosophy&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1926&rft.au=R.D.Ranade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FA.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu%2FA.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926%23page%2Fn181%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsushi_Hayakawa2014" class="citation book cs1">Atsushi Hayakawa (2014). Circulation of Fire in the Veda. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 66–67, 101–103 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90472-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90472-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circulation+of+Fire+in+the+Veda&rft.pages=66-67%2C+101-103+with+footnotes&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90472-0&rft.au=Atsushi+Hayakawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200890_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-amboyer-43"><a href="#cite_ref-amboyer_43-0">^</a> A.M. Boyer (1901), "Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara", Journal Asiatique, Volume 9, Issue 18, pp. 451–453, 459–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallee_Pussin1917" class="citation book cs1">Vallee Pussin (1917). The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+to+Nirvana%3A+six+lectures+on+ancient+Buddhism+as+a+discipline+of+salvation&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Vallee+Pussin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kailas-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Kailas_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_Kailasapathy1968" class="citation book cs1">K Kailasapathy (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kF9kAAAAMAAJ">Tamil Heroic Poetry</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815434-1"><bdi>978-0-19-815434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Heroic+Poetry&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815434-1&rft.au=K+Kailasapathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkF9kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil19749–10_with_footnotes-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil19749–10_with_footnotes_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1974">Kamil Zvelebil 1974</a>, pp. 9–10 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-134">"Poem: Purananuru - Part 134 by George L. III Hart"</a>. www.poetrynook.com. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.poetrynook.com&rft.atitle=Poem%3A+Purananuru+-+Part+134+by+George+L.+III+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetrynook.com%2Fpoem%2Fpurananuru-part-134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-241">"Poem: Purananuru - Part 241 by George L. III Hart"</a>. www.poetrynook.com. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.poetrynook.com&rft.atitle=Poem%3A+Purananuru+-+Part+241+by+George+L.+III+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetrynook.com%2Fpoem%2Fpurananuru-part-241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1980" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. pp. 217–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=217-236&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundasp14-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dundasp14_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dundasp14_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dundasp14_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dundasp14_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 14–16, 102–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=14-16%2C+102-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–228-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–228_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1980226–228_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini1980">Jaini 1980</a>, pp. 226–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227–228-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1980227–228_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini1980">Jaini 1980</a>, pp. 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D_Long2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D Long (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">Jainism: An Introduction</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-656-7"><bdi>978-0-85773-656-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-656-7&rft.au=Jeffery+D+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajAEBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 55–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Cort2001" class="citation book cs1">John E. Cort (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803037-9&rft.au=John+E.+Cort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Wilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Wilson (2010). Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539352-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+Rebirth%2C+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539352-1&rft.au=Jeff+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trainor2004p63-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2004" class="citation book cs1">Trainor, Kevin (2004). Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988">; Quote: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma". </li> <li id="cite_note-Conze2013p71-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Conze2013p71_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Conze2013" class="citation book cs1">Edward Conze (2013). Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54231-4"><bdi>978-1-134-54231-4</bdi></a>. <q>Nirvana is the raison d'être of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought+in+India%3A+Three+Phases+of+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54231-4&rft.au=Edward+Conze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2">Gethin, Rupert (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/119">Foundations of Buddhism</a>, Oxford University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/119">119</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289223-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289223-2&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, Buddhist thought: a complete introduction to the Indian tradition. Routledge, 2000, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Merv_Fowler_1999_65-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merv_Fowler_1999_65_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merv_Fowler_1999_65_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerv_Fowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Merv Fowler (1999). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0"><bdi>978-1-898723-66-0</bdi></a>. <q>For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-66-0&rft.au=Merv+Fowler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Gowans2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Gowans (2004). Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4"><bdi>978-1-134-46973-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+the+Buddha%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-46973-4&rft.au=Christopher+Gowans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_DeCaroli2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert DeCaroli (2004). Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunting+the+Buddha%3A+Indian+Popular+Religions+and+the+Formation+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=94-103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803765-1&rft.au=Robert+DeCaroli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" class="citation book cs1">Akira Sadakata (1997). Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins. Kōsei Publishing 佼成出版社, Tokyo. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=K%C5%8Dsei+Publishing+%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%2C+Tokyo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_HastingsJohn_Alexander_SelbieLouis_Herbert_Gray1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a>; John Alexander Selbie; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Herbert_Gray" title="Louis Herbert Gray">Louis Herbert Gray</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500005">Volume 12: Suffering-Zwingli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics</a>. T. & T. Clark. pp. 616–618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+12%3A+Suffering-Zwingli&rft.series=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=616-618&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1922&rft.au=James+Hastings&rft.au=John+Alexander+Selbie&rft.au=Louis+Herbert+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood201184–86_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, pp. 84–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusum_P._Merh1996" class="citation book cs1">Kusum P. Merh (1996). Yama, the Glorious Lord of the Other World. Penguin. pp. 213–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0066-5"><bdi>978-81-246-0066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yama%2C+the+Glorious+Lord+of+the+Other+World&rft.pages=213-215&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0066-5&rft.au=Kusum+P.+Merh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Raina_Thapan2006" class="citation book cs1">Anita Raina Thapan (2006). The Penguin Swami Chinmyananda Reader. Penguin Books. pp. 84–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400062-3"><bdi>978-0-14-400062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Swami+Chinmyananda+Reader&rft.pages=84-90&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400062-3&rft.au=Anita+Raina+Thapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Frazier; Gavin Flood (2011). The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.au=Jessica+Frazier&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_RinpocheDalai_Lama1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (1998). The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. Rowman Altamira. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-9027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher%3A+A+Complete+Translation+of+a+Classic+Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9027-7&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan1997p17-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishan1997p17_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuvraj_Krishan1997" class="citation book cs1">Yuvraj Krishan (1997). The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 17–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.pages=17-27&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.au=Yuvraj+Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</a>. Routledge. pp. 30–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4"><bdi>978-1-136-52088-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065316/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=30-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-52088-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Tribe%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOLfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Coogan (2003). The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521997-5&rft.au=Michael+D.+Coogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CarpenterIan_Whicher2003" class="citation book cs1">David Carpenter; Ian Whicher (2003). Yoga: The Indian Tradition. Routledge. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79606-8"><bdi>978-1-135-79606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+The+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79606-8&rft.au=David+Carpenter&rft.au=Ian+Whicher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_Langer2007" class="citation book cs1">Rita Langer (2007). Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins. Routledge. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15873-7"><bdi>978-1-134-15873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Rituals+of+Death+and+Rebirth%3A+Contemporary+Sri+Lankan+Practice+and+Its+Origins&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15873-7&rft.au=Rita+Langer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristmas_Humphreys2012" class="citation book cs1">Christmas Humphreys (2012). Exploring Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3"><bdi>978-1-136-22877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22877-3&rft.au=Christmas+Humphreys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>. <q>(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps—the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8"><bdi>978-1-134-90352-8</bdi></a>. <q>(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."; </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5">978-0-7914-2217-5</a>, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence." </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 2, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, pp. 2–4; </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 2015-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now; </li> <li id="cite_note-Loy1982-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loy1982_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loy1982_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1982" class="citation journal cs1">Loy, David (1982). "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?". International Philosophical Quarterly. 22 (1): 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq19822217">10.5840/ipq19822217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+in+Buddhism+and+Advaita+Vedanta%3A+Are+Nirvana+and+Moksha+the+Same%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq19822217&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1">978-81-208-0619-1</a>, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards; </li> <li id="cite_note-johnplott3-87"><a href="#cite_ref-johnplott3_87-0">^</a> John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5">978-81-208-0158-5</a>, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan1997" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (1997). Historical Dictionary of Hinduism. Scarecrow. pp. 235–236 (See: Upanishads). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3327-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-3327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=235-236+%28See%3A+Upanishads%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3327-2&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. pp. 119–122, 162–180, 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=119-122%2C+162-180%2C+194-195&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1992" class="citation book cs1">Kalupahana, David J. (1992). The Principles of Buddhist Psychology. Delhi: ri Satguru Publications. pp. 38–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Buddhist+Psychology&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=ri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naomiappleton76-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naomiappleton76_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naomiappleton76_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaomi_Appleton2014" class="citation book cs1">Naomi Appleton (2014). Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91640-0"><bdi>978-1-139-91640-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrating+Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Buddhist+and+Jain+Multi-Life+Stories&rft.pages=76-89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91640-0&rft.au=Naomi+Appleton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2004). Historical Dictionary of Jainism. Scarecrow. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5051-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jainism&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2004). Historical Dictionary of Jainism. Scarecrow. pp. 10–12, 111–112, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5051-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jainism&rft.pages=10-12%2C+111-112%2C+119&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGananath_Obeyesekere2006" class="citation book cs1">Gananath Obeyesekere (2006). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0"><bdi>978-81-208-2609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2609-0&rft.au=Gananath+Obeyesekere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2004). Historical Dictionary of Jainism. Scarecrow. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5051-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5051-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jainism&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Cort2001" class="citation book cs1">John E. Cort (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 118–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803037-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803037-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pages=118-123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803037-9&rft.au=John+E.+Cort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Schibli, S., Hermann, Pherekydes of Syros, p. 104, Oxford Univ. Press 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (ap. Porph. V.P. 9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BCE, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." <a href="/wiki/William_Keith_Chambers_Guthrie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Keith Chambers Guthrie">William Keith Chambers Guthrie</a>, (1978), A history of Greek philosophy, Volume 1: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans, p. 173. Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The Dialogues of Plato (Benjamin Jowett trans., 1875 ed), vol. 2, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The Dialogues of Plato (Benjamin Jowett trans., 1875 ed), vol. 1, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> See Kamtekar 2016 for a discussion of how Plato's view of reincarnation changes across texts, especially concerning the existence of a distinct reward-or-punishment phase between lives. Rachana Kamtekar. 2016. "The Soul’s (After-) Life," Ancient Philosophy 36 (1):115-132. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> See Campbell 2022 for more on why Plato believes in reincarnation. Douglas R. Campbell. 2022. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy," Review of Metaphysics 75 (4): 643-665. See also the discussion in Chad Jorgensen. 2018. The Embodied Soul in Plato's Later Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> See Timaeus 90–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Linforth, Ivan M. (1941) The Arts of Orpheus Arno Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/514515">514515</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Long, Herbert S. (1948) A Study of the doctrine of metempsychosis in Greece, from Pythagoras to Plato (Long's 1942 Ph.D. dissertation) Princeton, New Jersey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1472399">1472399</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1948" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Herbert S. (1948). "Plato's Doctrine of Metempsychosis and Its Source". The Classical Weekly. 41 (10): 149–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4342414">10.2307/4342414</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4342414">4342414</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1296280468">1296280468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Weekly&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Doctrine+of+Metempsychosis+and+Its+Source&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=149-155&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4342414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4342414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid_Zhmud2012" class="citation book cs1">Leonid Zhmud (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. OUP Oxford. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928931-8&rft.au=Leonid+Zhmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Menander, The Inspired Woman </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Lucian, Gallus, 18 et seq. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Poesch, Jessie (1962) "Ennius and Basinio of Parma" <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Warburg_and_Courtauld_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes">Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</a> 25(1/2):116–118 [117 n15]. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Lucretius, (i. 124) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Horace, Epistles, II. i. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Virgil, The Aeneid, vv. 724 et seq. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Julius Caesar, "De Bello Gallico", VI </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Rice_Holmes1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Rice_Holmes" title="T. Rice Holmes">T. Rice Holmes</a> (1903). Caesar's Conquest of Gaul: An Historical Narrative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Conquest+of+Gaul%3A+An+Historical+Narrative&rft.date=1903&rft.au=T.+Rice+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendrick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kendrick, T.D. (2003) [1927]. Druids and Druidism. Dover. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42719-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42719-6"><bdi>0-486-42719-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druids+and+Druidism&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-486-42719-6&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003108-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003108_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003108_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKendrick2003">Kendrick 2003</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003105-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003105_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKendrick2003">Kendrick 2003</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Melrose2014" class="citation book cs1">Robin Melrose (2014). The Druids and King Arthur: A New View of Early Britain. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-864600-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-864600-5-2"><bdi>978-07-864600-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druids+and+King+Arthur%3A+A+New+View+of+Early+Britain&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-07-864600-5-2&rft.au=Robin+Melrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003109-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendrick2003109_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKendrick2003">Kendrick 2003</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs & Rituals, By George Robinson, Simon and Schuster 2008, p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The Book of Beliefs and Opinions, chap. VIII </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> "Mind in the Balance: Meditation in Science, Buddhism, and Christianity", p. 104, by B. Alan Wallace </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> "Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism", p. 190, by <a href="/wiki/J._H._Chajes" title="J. H. Chajes">J. H. Chajes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Jewish Tales of Reincarnation, By Yonasson Gershom, Yonasson Gershom, Jason Aronson, Incorporated, 31 January 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Yonasson Gershom (1999), Jewish Tales of Reincarnation. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7657-6083-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7657-6083-5">0-7657-6083-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinemaseekers1-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cinemaseekers1_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cinemaseekers1_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608232803/http://www.cinemaseekers.com/christ/reincarnation.html">"Biblical Accounts that Suggest Reincarnation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemaseekers.com/Christ/reincarnation.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblical+Accounts+that+Suggest+Reincarnation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaseekers.com%2FChrist%2Freincarnation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yoganandafortheworld.com/who-was-jesus-before-the-last-incarnation-elias-and-elijah-the-second-coming-of-christ/">"Who Was Jesus Before the Last Incarnation?"</a>. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Jesus+Before+the+Last+Incarnation%3F&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoganandafortheworld.com%2Fwho-was-jesus-before-the-last-incarnation-elias-and-elijah-the-second-coming-of-christ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a11.htm#1013">"CCC - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 11"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC+-+PART+1+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+3+ARTICLE+11&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp123a11.htm%231013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504170432/http://www.cccb.ca/site/Files/armyofmary.html">"Army of Mary Doctrinal Note"</a>. Cccb.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccb.ca/site/Files/armyofmary.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+of+Mary+Doctrinal+Note&rft.pub=Cccb.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccb.ca%2Fsite%2FFiles%2Farmyofmary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vsu-130"><a href="#cite_ref-vsu_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/army-of-mary/">"Army of Mary / Community of the Lady of All Peoples – WRSP"</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+of+Mary+%2F+Community+of+the+Lady+of+All+Peoples+%E2%80%93+WRSP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrldrels.org%2F2016%2F10%2F08%2Farmy-of-mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_X1904" class="citation web cs1">Pius X (4 September 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_05041906_tribus-circiter_en.html">"Pius X, Tribus Circiter (05/04/1906)"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+X%2C+Tribus+Circiter+%2805%2F04%2F1906%29&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1904-09-04&rft.au=Pius+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_x%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-x_enc_05041906_tribus-circiter_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504170442/http://www.cccb.ca/site/images/stories/pdf/decl_excomm_english.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccb.ca/site/images/stories/pdf/decl_excomm_english.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccb.ca%2Fsite%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpdf%2Fdecl_excomm_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Much of this is documented in R.E. Slater's book Paradise Reconsidered. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, Religions of the Silk Road, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuangzi1889" class="citation book cs1">Zhuangzi (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chuangtzmysticm00chuagoog">Chuang Tzŭ: Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer (translated by Herbert Allen Giles)</a>. Bernard Quaritch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chuangtzmysticm00chuagoog/page/n338">304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuang+Tz%C5%AD%3A+Mystic%2C+Moralist%2C+and+Social+Reformer+%28translated+by+Herbert+Allen+Giles%29&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Zhuangzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchuangtzmysticm00chuagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm">"Newadvent.org"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 February 1911. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newadvent.org&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1911-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11583b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Steven Runciman, The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28926-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28926-2">0-521-28926-2</a>, Cambridge University Press, The Bogomils </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> For example Dondaine, Antoine. O.P. Un traite neo-manicheen du XIIIe siecle: Le Liber de duobus principiis, suivi d'un fragment de rituel Cathare (Rome: Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum, 1939) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01267e.htm">"Newadvent.org"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newadvent.org&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1907-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01267e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> "the souls must always be the same, for if none be destroyed they will not diminish in number". Republic X, 611. The Republic of Plato By Plato, Benjamin Jowett Edition: 3 Published by Clarendon press, 1888. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> In a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/George_Whatley" title="George Whatley">George Whatley</a> written 23 May 1785: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Jennifer T. (2001). "Death Effects: Revisiting the Conceit of Franklin's "Memoir"". Early American Literature. 36 (2): 201–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2001.0016">10.1353/eal.2001.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057231">25057231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161799223">161799223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Death+Effects%3A+Revisiting+the+Conceit+of+Franklin%27s+%22Memoir%22&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-234&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161799223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25057231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feal.2001.0016&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Marsilio Ficino, Platonic Theology, 17.3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> "Again, Rosalind in "As You Like It" (Act III., Scene 2), says: I was never so be-rhimed that I can remember since Pythagoras's time, when I was an Irish rat"—alluding to the doctrine of the transmigration of souls." William H. Grattan Flood, quoted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/XVII-2.php">Libraryireland.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421065024/http://www.libraryireland.com/IrishMusic/XVII-2.php">Archived</a> 2009-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Boulting, 1914. pp. 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swedenborg.com/recap-do-we-reincarnate/">"Swedenborg and Life Recap: Do We Reincarnate? 3/6/2017"</a>. Swedenborg Foundation. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swedenborg+and+Life+Recap%3A+Do+We+Reincarnate%3F+3%2F6%2F2017&rft.pub=Swedenborg+Foundation&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswedenborg.com%2Frecap-do-we-reincarnate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Schopenhauer, A: "Parerga und Paralipomena" (Eduard Grisebach edition), On Religion, Section 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Nietzsche and the Doctrine of Metempsychosis, in J. Urpeth & J. Lippitt, Nietzsche and the Divine, Manchester: Clinamen, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-shirleymaclaine.com-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shirleymaclaine.com_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shirleymaclaine.com_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106160539/http://www.shirleymaclaine.com/articles/reincarnation/article-318">"Shirleymaclaine.com"</a>. Shirleymaclaine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shirleymaclaine.com/articles/reincarnation/article-318">the original</a> on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shirleymaclaine.com&rft.pub=Shirleymaclaine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shirleymaclaine.com%2Farticles%2Freincarnation%2Farticle-318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> David Hammerman, Lisa Lenard, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Reincarnation, Penguin, p. 34. For relevant works by James, see; William James, Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine (the Ingersoll Lecture, 1897), The Will to Believe, Human Immortality (1956) Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20291-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20291-7">0-486-20291-7</a>, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-039034-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-039034-0">0-14-039034-0</a>, Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912) Dover Publications 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43094-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43094-4">0-486-43094-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Berger_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerBerger,_Joyce1991" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Arthur S.; Berger, Joyce (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa00berg">The Encyclopedia of Parapsychology and Psychical Research</a>. Paragon House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55778-043-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55778-043-9"><bdi>1-55778-043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Parapsychology+and+Psychical+Research&rft.pub=Paragon+House+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55778-043-9&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofpa00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Richmal Crompton, More William, George Newnes, London, 1924, XIII. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17125/17125-h/17125-h.htm">William and the Ancient Souls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529165615/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17125/17125-h/17125-h.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "The memory usually came in a flash. For instance, you might remember in a flash when you were looking at a box of matches that you had been Guy Fawkes." </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Marquis, "Archy and Mehitabel" (1927) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Théodore Flournoy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/-Des-Indes-a-la-planete-Mars-.html">Des Indes à la planète Mars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201172115/http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/-Des-Indes-a-la-planete-Mars-.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Étude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie, Éditions Alcan et Eggimann, Paris et Genève, 1900 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/astara/">"Astara"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Astara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fastara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> David W. Moore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx">Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113011455/https://news.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx">Archived</a> 2020-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmonitor.wordpress.com/2007/08/25/buddhism-china/">Buddhism China</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-jh-157"><a href="#cite_ref-jh_157-0">^</a> Jane Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EaIhapm-4UgC&dq=%22Parapsychology:+Research+on+Exceptional+Experiences%22+%22Jane+Henry%22&pg=PP5">Parapsychology: research on exceptional experiences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaIhapm-4UgC&pg=PP5&lpg=PP5&dq=%22Parapsychology:+Research+on+Exceptional+Experiences%22+%22Jane+Henry%22&source=bl&ots=tReXJKfiIh&sig=IIE8o603PaUPxN2RT21gedmeoP8&hl=en&ei=k_VKSpL6HIvkNduOrJsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1">Archived</a> 2022-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Routledge, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalterWaterhouse1999" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, Tony; Waterhouse, Helen (1999). "A Very Private Belief: Reincarnation in Contemporary England". Sociology of Religion. 60 (2): 187–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3711748">10.2307/3711748</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3711748">3711748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=A+Very+Private+Belief%3A+Reincarnation+in+Contemporary+England&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3711748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3711748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Waterhouse%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse1999-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse1999_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterhouse,_H.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Waterhouse, H. (1999). "Reincarnation belief in Britain: New age orientation or mainstream option?". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 14 (1): 97–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537909908580854">10.1080/13537909908580854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Reincarnation+belief+in+Britain%3A+New+age+orientation+or+mainstream+option%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-109&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537909908580854&rft.au=Waterhouse%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthunity.net/monthly-magazine/1938-11-unity-reincarnation">"Unity Magazine November 1938 – Reincarnation | Truth Unity"</a>. www.truthunity.net. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.truthunity.net&rft.atitle=Unity+Magazine+November+1938+%E2%80%93+Reincarnation+%7C+Truth+Unity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthunity.net%2Fmonthly-magazine%2F1938-11-unity-reincarnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poeticmind.co.uk/creative-thoughts/being-at-one-neale-donald-walsch-interview-with-gil-dekel-phd-part-3-of-3/">"Being at One: Neale Donald Walsch Interview with Gil Dekel (Part 3 of 3, paragraphs 18–19)"</a>. 19 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Being+at+One%3A+Neale+Donald+Walsch+Interview+with+Gil+Dekel+%28Part+3+of+3%2C+paragraphs+18%E2%80%9319%29&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poeticmind.co.uk%2Fcreative-thoughts%2Fbeing-at-one-neale-donald-walsch-interview-with-gil-dekel-phd-part-3-of-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Baba, Meher</a> (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoursesbymeherbaba.org">Discourses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708200229/http://www.discoursesbymeherbaba.org/">Archived</a> 2018-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume III, Sufism Reoriented, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880619-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-880619-09-1">1-880619-09-1</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2012p46-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2012p46_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2012p46_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2012p46_163-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 38–39, 46–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=32-33%2C+38-39%2C+46-49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neufeldt1986p123-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Neufeldt1986p123_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Wesley_Neufeldt1986" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (1986). Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments. State University of New York Press. pp. 123–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2"><bdi>978-0-87395-990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post+Classical+Developments&rft.pages=123-131&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-990-2&rft.au=Ronald+Wesley+Neufeldt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Billington2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray Billington (2002). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8"><bdi>978-1-134-79348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79348-8&rft.au=Ray+Billington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Billington2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray Billington (2002). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 43–44, 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79349-5"><bdi>978-1-134-79349-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.pages=43-44%2C+58-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79349-5&rft.au=Ray+Billington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2004" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism (Articles titled ucchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth). Oxford University Press. pp. 80, 162, 225, 255, 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860560-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+%28Articles+titled+ucchedav%C4%81da%2C+%C5%9B%C4%81%C5%9Bvata-v%C4%81da%2C+rebirth%29&rft.pages=80%2C+162%2C+225%2C+255%2C+315&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860560-7&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201021-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201021_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalupahana1975p115-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1975p115_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1">Kalupahana, David J. (1975). Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 115–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=115-119&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=57-62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman2002p23-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaman2002p23_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2002" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Leaman (2002). Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings. Routledge. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4"><bdi>978-1-134-68919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Philosophy%3A+Key+Readings&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68919-4&rft.au=Oliver+Leaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_B._Hamilton2012" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm B. Hamilton (2012). The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 73–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97626-3"><bdi>978-1-134-97626-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Theoretical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=73-80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97626-3&rft.au=Malcolm+B.+Hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1985" class="citation book cs1">Raju, P. T. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju">Structural Depths of Indian Thought</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/147">147</a>–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Depths+of+Indian+Thought&rft.pages=147-151&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-139-4&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuraldepths0000raju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 89; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Nicholson2016" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Nicholson (2016). The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045534-7"><bdi>978-0-19-045534-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Contradiction+in+Christianity+and+Buddhism&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045534-7&rft.au=Hugh+Nicholson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahula1990" class="citation book cs1">Rahula, Walpola (1990). What the Buddha Taught. London: Gordon Fraser. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Gordon+Fraser&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Rahula&rft.aufirst=Walpola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_''Quote:''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_''Quote:''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.. </li> <li id="cite_note-buswelllopezp708-177"><a href="#cite_ref-buswelllopezp708_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 708–709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=708-709&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">M</a>.1.256) "Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism." by Bruce Matthews. in Karma and Rebirth: Post-Classical Developments State Univ of New York Press: 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6">0-87395-990-6</a> p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Collins, Steven. Selfless persons: imagery and thought in Theravāda Buddhism Cambridge University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39726-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39726-X">0-521-39726-X</a> p. 215, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ruJvjdNQVPIC&dq=samvattanika&pg=RA1-PA115">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163107/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruJvjdNQVPIC&pg=RA1-PA115&lpg=RA1-PA115&dq=samvattanika&source=bl&ots=d_WluqzeuL&sig=SX1Ua5bfFDZJB16eOueopPtVntw&hl=en&ei=bfpFS5WzOs-UtgfU16z7AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=14&ved=0CD8Q6AEwDQ#v=onepage&q=samvattanika&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">D</a>.3.105) "Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism. by Bruce Matthews. in Karma and Rebirth: Post-Classical Developments State Univ of New York Press: 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6">0-87395-990-6</a> p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana197583-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana197583_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1975">Kalupahana 1975</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._SwatosPeter_Kivisto1998" class="citation book cs1">William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.au=William+H.+Swatos&rft.au=Peter+Kivisto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> His Holiness the Dalai Lama, How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life (New York: Atria Books, 2002), p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Bruce Matthews in Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, editor, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments. SUNY Press, 1986, p. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&dq=Bija+Niyama&pg=PA126">Google.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC&pg=PA126&dq=Bija+Niyama&lr=#PPA125,M1">Archived</a> 2022-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Peter Harvey, The Selfless Mind. Curzon Press 1995, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 49–50, 708–709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=49-50%2C+708-709&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Translator. Wisdom Publications. Sutta 44.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma-gliṅ-paChogyam_TrungpaFrancesca_Fremantle2000" class="citation book cs1">Karma-gliṅ-pa; Chogyam Trungpa; Francesca Fremantle (2000). The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo. 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The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo. Shambhala Publications. pp. 4–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-747-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-747-7"><bdi>978-1-57062-747-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead%3A+The+Great+Liberation+Through+Hearing+in+the+Bardo&rft.pages=4-23&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-747-7&rft.au=Karma-gli%E1%B9%85-pa&rft.au=Chogyam+Trungpa&rft.au=Francesca+Fremantle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2004210–211-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor2004210–211_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010281-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010281_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-warner-193"><a href="#cite_ref-warner_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2005" class="citation cs2">Warner, Brad (2005), Hardcore Zen, Wisdom Publications, p. 155, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-989-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-989-1"><bdi>978-0-86171-989-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hardcore+Zen&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-989-1&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Transform Your Life: A Blissful Journey, p. 52), <a href="/wiki/Tharpa_Publications" title="Tharpa Publications">Tharpa Publications</a> (2001, US ed. 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9789067-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9789067-4-0">978-0-9789067-4-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANALYSIS2009" class="citation web cs1">ANALYSIS (9 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210074029/http://pewforum.org/Other-Beliefs-and-Practices/Many-Americans-Mix-Multiple-Faiths.aspx">"Pewforum.org"</a>. 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De Silva, Reincarnation in Buddhist and Christian Thought, Christian Literature Society of Ceylon, 1968 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCranston1990" class="citation book cs1">Cranston, Sylvia (1990). Reincarnation in Christianity: A New Vision of the Role of Rebirth in Christian Thought (Quest Books) (9780835605014): Geddes MacGregor: Books. 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The Creeds Chapter Three I Believe In The Holy Spirit Article 11 I Believe In The Resurrection Of The Body II. Dying In Christ Jesus"</a>. www.vatican.va. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Part+One+Section+Two+I.+The+Creeds+Chapter+Three+I+Believe+In+The+Holy+Spirit+Article+11+I+Believe+In+The+Resurrection+Of+The+Body+II.+Dying+In+Christ+Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fcatechism%2Fen%2Fpart_one%2Fsection_two%2Fchapter_three%2Farticle_11%2Fii_dying_in_christ_jesus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeislerAmano1986" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L.; Amano, J. Yutaka (1986). The reincarnation sensation. Wheaton, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-5404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-5404-2"><bdi>978-0-8423-5404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reincarnation+sensation&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Ill&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8423-5404-2&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft.au=Amano%2C+J.+Yutaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinal_Gianfranco_Ravasi2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Gianfranco Ravasi</a> (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famigliacristiana.it/blogpost/la-reincarnazione-nella-bibbia.aspx">"La reincarnazione nella Bibbia"</a> [The reincarnation in the Bible?]. <a href="/wiki/Famiglia_Cristiana" title="Famiglia Cristiana">Famiglia Cristiana</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famiglia+Cristiana&rft.atitle=La+reincarnazione+nella+Bibbia&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.au=Cardinal+Gianfranco+Ravasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famigliacristiana.it%2Fblogpost%2Fla-reincarnazione-nella-bibbia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Elijah's death had been described as an assumption into heaven for perfect and eternal fellowship with the Lord (2 Kings 2:11-13). Thus had arisen the conviction that the prophet, living forever with God after his ascension to heaven, would be the divine messenger destined to announce to the world the coming of the Messiah: in the Judaism of the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C.E. it was above all an apocrypha (i.e., a text that was neither 'canonical' nor “inspired”), the Book of Enoch, that introduced this hope, which remained ever alive acquiring various forms and applications." </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> The Big Book of Reincarnation, by Roy Stemman, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001124.htm">"Church Fathers: Letter 124 (Jerome)"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Letter+124+%28Jerome%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3001124.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlat.uzh.ch-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlat.uzh.ch_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlat.uzh.ch_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mlat.uzh.ch/browser?path=MLS/text.php">"Corpus Corporum"</a>. mlat.uzh.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlat.uzh.ch&rft.atitle=Corpus+Corporum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmlat.uzh.ch%2Fbrowser%3Fpath%3DMLS%2Ftext.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_207-1">b</a> Cross, F. L., and Elizabeth A. Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Second Edition). New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. p. 1009. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Schlesinger, Dan R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b3269054">Did Origen teach reincarnation? a response to neo-Gnostic theories of Christian reincarnation with particular reference to Origen and to the Second Council of Constantinople (553)</a> (Thesis). Glasgow: University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Did+Origen+teach+reincarnation%3F+a+response+to+neo-Gnostic+theories+of+Christian+reincarnation+with+particular+reference+to+Origen+and+to+the+Second+Council+of+Constantinople+%28553%29&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Dan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db3269054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorling_2013_p._96-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Bjorling_2013_p._96_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorling2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bjorling, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdeAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Reincarnation: A Bibliography</a>. Sects and Cults in America (in German). Taylor & Francis. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51133-2"><bdi>978-1-136-51133-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.series=Sects+and+Cults+in+America&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51133-2&rft.aulast=Bjorling&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdeAAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Augustine of Hippo (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft">The Works of Aurelius Augustine, Bishop of Hippo</a>. Vol. I: The city of God. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Dods_(theologian_born_1834)" title="Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)">Marcus Dods</a>. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft/page/508">508</a>–509. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181225012037/https://archive.org/stream/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft/cityofgodtransla01auguuoft_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Aurelius+Augustine%2C+Bishop+of+Hippo&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=508-509&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityofgodtransla01auguuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuesetcarchive.org/issues_site/resource/archives/gudel.htm">"Reincarnation - Did The Church Suppress It?"</a>. www.issuesetcarchive.org. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.issuesetcarchive.org&rft.atitle=Reincarnation+-+Did+The+Church+Suppress+It%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.issuesetcarchive.org%2Fissues_site%2Fresource%2Farchives%2Fgudel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/flipbooks/catechism/266/">"Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>. p. 264. <q>There is no "reincarnation" after death</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fflipbooks%2Fcatechism%2F266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> (n°. 1913). </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Seabrook, W. B., Adventures in Arabia, Harrap and Sons 1928, (chapters on Druze religion) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwairy2006-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwairy2006_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwairy2006_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwairy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dwairy, Marwan (March 2006). "The Psychosocial Function Of Reincarnation Among Druze In Israel". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 30 (1): 29–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11013-006-9007-1">10.1007/s11013-006-9007-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16721673">16721673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9132055">9132055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+Medicine+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Psychosocial+Function+Of+Reincarnation+Among+Druze+In+Israel&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-53&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9132055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16721673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11013-006-9007-1&rft.aulast=Dwairy&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61592-738-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-61592-738-7"><bdi>1-61592-738-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-61592-738-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272_216-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. 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Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. pp. 251–252, 283, 366–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5"><bdi>978-1-135-24061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=251-252%2C+283%2C+366-369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24061-5&rft.au=Julius+Lipner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_W._Perrett1998" class="citation book cs1">Roy W. Perrett (1998). Hindu Ethics: A Philosophical Study. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2085-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Ethics%3A+A+Philosophical+Study&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2085-5&rft.au=Roy+W.+Perrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (2001). The A to Z of Hinduism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4070-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-4070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4070-6&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1997111–112-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1997111–112_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1997">Fowler 1997</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong_Choon_KimDavid_H._Freeman1981" class="citation book cs1">Yong Choon Kim; David H. Freeman (1981). Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0365-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0365-8"><bdi>978-0-8226-0365-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Thought%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophical+and+Religious+Thought+of+Asia&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8&rft.au=Yong+Choon+Kim&rft.au=David+H.+Freeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward2008" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Harold (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C">The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7336-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-7336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfectibility+of+Human+Nature+in+Eastern+and+Western+Thought%3A+The+Central+Story&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7336-8&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkE_8uch5P0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward2008129,_also_see_pages_130–155-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward2008129,_also_see_pages_130–155_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoward2008">Coward 2008</a>, p. 129, also see pages 130–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple2010" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, Christopher Key (2010). The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2842-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-2842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+Twenty-fifth%E2%80%93Anniversary+Edition&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Key&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2010107-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple2010107_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple2010">Chapple 2010</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple2010582-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple2010582_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple2010">Chapple 2010</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002). Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 340–347, 373–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=340-347%2C+373-375&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2002238–240,_243–245,_249–250,_261–263,_279–284-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2002238–240,_243–245,_249–250,_261–263,_279–284_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 238–240, 243–245, 249–250, 261–263, 279–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-235"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurobindo1915–1921" class="citation book cs1">Aurobindo, Sri (1915–1921). The Problem of Rebirth. Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram (published 1952). pp. 3–119, 178–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Rebirth&rft.place=Pondicherry%2C+India&rft.pages=3-119%2C+178-9&rft.pub=Sri+Aurobindo+Ashram&rft.date=1915%2F1921&rft.aulast=Aurobindo&rft.aufirst=Sri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-236"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurobindo1914–1919" class="citation book cs1">Aurobindo, Sri (1914–1919). The Life Divine (5th ed.). Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram (published 1970). pp. 742–823.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+Divine&rft.place=Pondicherry%2C+India&rft.pages=742-823&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sri+Aurobindo+Ashram&rft.date=1914%2F1919&rft.aulast=Aurobindo&rft.aufirst=Sri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithHaddad2002p24-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithHaddad2002p24_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithHaddad2002p24_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithHaddad2002p24_237-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Idelman_SmithYvonne_Yazbeck_Haddad2002" class="citation book cs1">Jane Idelman Smith; Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (2002). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028880-8"><bdi>978-0-19-028880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Understanding+of+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028880-8&rft.au=Jane+Idelman+Smith&rft.au=Yvonne+Yazbeck+Haddad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123_238-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010122–123_238-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1">John L. Esposito (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. pp. 137, 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-975726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=137%2C+249&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975726-8&rft.au=John+L.+Esposito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_L._GeislerAbdul_Saleeb2002" class="citation book cs1">Norman L. Geisler; Abdul Saleeb (2002). Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross. Baker Academic. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-6430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-6430-2"><bdi>978-0-8010-6430-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Answering+Islam%3A+The+Crescent+in+Light+of+the+Cross&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-6430-2&rft.au=Norman+L.+Geisler&rft.au=Abdul+Saleeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/sufi_message_of_hazrat_inayat%20khan.htm">Gnostic liberation front</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217021533/http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/sufi_message_of_hazrat_inayat%20khan.htm">Archived</a> 17 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Wilson, Peter Lamborn, Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy, Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. (1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936756-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-936756-13-6">0-936756-13-6</a> hardcover 0-936756-12-2 paperback </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Peters_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersEsposito2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis E. Peters">Peters, Francis E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2006). The children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12769-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+children+of+Abraham%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12769-9&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-244"><a href="#cite_ref-cs_244-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm">Alawis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203947/http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Countrystudies.us, U.S. Library of Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1980217–236-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1980217–236_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaini1980">Jaini 1980</a>, pp. 217–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sethia2004p31-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Sethia2004p31_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTara_Sethia2004" class="citation book cs1">Tara Sethia (2004). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahims%C4%81%2C+Anek%C4%81nta%2C+and+Jainism&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2036-4&rft.au=Tara+Sethia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 226–230 </li> <li id="cite_note-krishan43-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krishan43_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krishan43_248-1">b</a> Krishan, Yuvraj (1997): p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn64-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn64_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn64_250-1">b</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 64–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Rankin, Aidan (2006) p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaini108-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaini108_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaini108_253-1">b</a> Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> The Jain hierarchy of life classifies living beings on the basis of the senses: five-sensed beings like humans and animals are at the top, and single sensed beings like microbes and plants are at the bottom. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) pp. 108–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Jaini, Padmanabh (2000) p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Krishan, Yuvraj (1997) p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn28-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn28_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn28_258-1">b</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 65–66, 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_261-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis (1995). The Jewish religion: a companion. Oxford Berlin: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 417–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826463-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826463-7"><bdi>978-0-19-826463-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+religion%3A+a+companion&rft.place=Oxford+Berlin&rft.pages=417-418&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826463-7&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2003" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Lawrence (2003). Physician of the soul, healer of the cosmos: Isaac Luria and his kabbalistic fellowship. Stanford studies in Jewish history & culture. 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Twin Research and Human Genetics. 5 (3): 154–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1375%2F136905202320227790">10.1375/136905202320227790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12184881">12184881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5982761">5982761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twin+Research+and+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Yoruba%27s+Cultural+Perspective+of+Death+with+Special+Reference+to+Twins&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=154-155&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5982761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12184881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1375%2F136905202320227790&rft.aulast=Olaleye-Oruene&rft.aufirst=Taiwo+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1375%252F136905202320227790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prothero-286"><a href="#cite_ref-prothero_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero2011" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, Stephen R. 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Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orisa.com.ng&rft.atitle=AKUDAAYA+%28Meaning+and+Explanation%29&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft.au=AJE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orisa.com.ng%2F2023%2F06%2Fakudaaya-meaning-and-explanation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orishada_akudaaya-289"><a href="#cite_ref-orishada_akudaaya_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAworeni" class="citation web cs1">Aworeni, Babalawo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orishada.com/wordpress/?p=365">"The Araba Agbaya: The Akudaaya"</a>. orishada.com. Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orishada.com&rft.atitle=The+Araba+Agbaya%3A+The+Akudaaya&rft.aulast=Aworeni&rft.aufirst=Babalawo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forishada.com%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fp%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akudaaya_movie_1-290"><a href="#cite_ref-akudaaya_movie_1_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrabor" class="citation web cs1">Irabor, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/akudaaya-is-bringing-back-the-chills/">""Akudaaya" is Bringing Back the Chills"</a>. thenollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenollywoodreporter.com&rft.atitle=%22Akudaaya%22+is+Bringing+Back+the+Chills&rft.aulast=Irabor&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenollywoodreporter.com%2Ffilm%2Fakudaaya-is-bringing-back-the-chills%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akudaaya_movie_2-291"><a href="#cite_ref-akudaaya_movie_2_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrabor" class="citation web cs1">Irabor, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/akudaaya-dramatizes-the-dilemma-of-a-man-caught-between-worlds/">""Akudaaya" Dramatizes The Dilemma Of A Man Caught Between Worlds"</a>. thenollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenollywoodreporter.com&rft.atitle=%22Akudaaya%22+Dramatizes+The+Dilemma+Of+A+Man+Caught+Between+Worlds&rft.aulast=Irabor&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenollywoodreporter.com%2Ffilm%2Fakudaaya-dramatizes-the-dilemma-of-a-man-caught-between-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess2010-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Hess2010_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Hess2010" class="citation book cs1">David J. Hess (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGxsfV-lTtEC&pg=PA16">Spirits and Scientists: Ideology, Spiritism and Brazilian Culture</a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04080-6"><bdi>978-0-271-04080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirits+and+Scientists%3A+Ideology%2C+Spiritism+and+Brazilian+Culture&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04080-6&rft.au=David+J.+Hess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGxsfV-lTtEC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/theosophical-society">"Theosophical Society | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Theosophical+Society+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fother-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms%2Fmiscellaneous-religion%2Ftheosophical-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChajes2017" class="citation book cs1">Chajes, Julie (2017). Reincarnation in H.P. Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine. pp. 66–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation+in+H.P.+Blavatsky%27s+The+Secret+Doctrine&rft.pages=66-90&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chajes&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1980" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Bruce F. (1980). Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520039681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520039681"><bdi>978-0520039681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wisdom+Revived%3A+A+History+of+the+Theosophical+Movement&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0520039681&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bruce+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> See e.g. Reincarnation and Karma by Steiner </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Steiner, Karmic Relationships, volumes 1–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer2003-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2003_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2003" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZYsPQgBNioC&pg=PA495">Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age</a>. Brill. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13638-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13638-X"><bdi>90-04-13638-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Knowledge%3A+Strategies+of+Epistemology+from+Theosophy+to+the+New+Age&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13638-X&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZYsPQgBNioC%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Jutta (2013). "The Theosophical Heritage in Modern Astrology". The Mountain Astrologer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mountain+Astrologer&rft.atitle=The+Theosophical+Heritage+in+Modern+Astrology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Forrest_and_Jeffrey_Wolf_Green" class="citation web cs1">Steven Forrest and Jeffrey Wolf Green. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forrestastrology.com/about-us/about-evolutionary-astrology">"About Evolutionary Astrology"</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Evolutionary+Astrology&rft.au=Steven+Forrest+and+Jeffrey+Wolf+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forrestastrology.com%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-evolutionary-astrology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613231607/http://www.scientology.org/html/opencms/cos/scientology/en_US/news-media/faq/pg016.html">"Scientology Church & Religion – What is Scientology?"</a>. Scientology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/html/opencms/cos/scientology/en_US/news-media/faq/pg016.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientology&rft.atitle=Scientology+Church+%26+Religion+%E2%80%93+What+is+Scientology%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fhtml%2Fopencms%2Fcos%2Fscientology%2Fen_US%2Fnews-media%2Ffaq%2Fpg016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Encyclopedia of Wicca and Witchcraft, Raven Grimassi </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2015" class="citation book cs1">Grant, John (2015). Spooky Science: Debunking the Pseudoscience of the Afterlife. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-1654-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-1654-3"><bdi>978-1-4549-1654-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spooky+Science%3A+Debunking+the+Pseudoscience+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4549-1654-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1996" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul (1996). Reincarnation: a critical examination. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-005-6"><bdi>978-1-57392-005-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33439860">33439860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation%3A+a+critical+examination&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33439860&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-005-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> The Boundaries of Knowledge in Buddhism, Christianity, and Science, by Paul David Numrich, p. 13, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-56987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-56987-0">978-3-525-56987-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/after-the-afterlife-debate/">After the afterlife debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228225637/https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/after-the-afterlife-debate/">Archived</a> 2019-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, referencing Sagan's book The Demon Haunted World </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadoret2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cadoret, Remi J. (April 2005). "European Cases of the Reincarnation Type". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (4): 823–824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.162.4.823">10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=European+Cases+of+the+Reincarnation+Type&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=823-824&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.162.4.823&rft.aulast=Cadoret&rft.aufirst=Remi+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shroder2007-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Shroder2007_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShroder2007" class="citation news cs1">Shroder, Tom (11 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001393.html">"Ian Stevenson; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ian+Stevenson%3B+Sought+To+Document+Memories+Of+Past+Lives+in+Children&rft.date=2007-02-11&rft.aulast=Shroder&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F10%2FAR2007021001393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2018" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Jim B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84">"Reports of Past-life Memories"</a>. In Presti, David E. (ed.). Mind Beyond Brain: Buddhism, Science, and the Paranormal. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54839-7"><bdi>978-0-231-54839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reports+of+Past-life+Memories&rft.btitle=Mind+Beyond+Brain%3A+Buddhism%2C+Science%2C+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54839-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Jim+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2NbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan,_Carl1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Demon Haunted World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">300</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulqPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53512-8"><bdi>978-0-394-53512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demon+Haunted+World&rft.pages=300-302&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-394-53512-8&rft.au=Sagan%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulqPDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (17 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr">The End of Faith</a> (Reprint ed.). W. W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/n41">41</a> endnote 18 on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/n243">page 242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32765-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32765-5"><bdi>0-393-32765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Faith&rft.pages=41+endnote+18+on+page+242&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2005-09-17&rft.isbn=0-393-32765-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendoffaithreligi00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Emily Williams (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvzTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386">Science, the Self, and Survival after Death: Selected Writings of Ian Stevenson</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2115-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-2115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+the+Self%2C+and+Survival+after+Death%3A+Selected+Writings+of+Ian+Stevenson&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2115-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Emily+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvzTCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skepticreport.com-313"><a href="#cite_ref-skepticreport.com_313-0">^</a> Rockley, Richard. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807184113/http://skepticreport.com/sr/?p=482">"Book Review: Children who Remember Previous Lives"</a>. SkepticReport. Retrieved 11 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a>. (1996, reprinted in 2001). Reincarnation: A Critical Examination. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-921-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-921-2">1-57392-921-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/keith_augustine/immortality.html">"The Case Against Immortality"</a>. Infidels.org. 31 March 1997. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Immortality&rft.pub=Infidels.org&rft.date=1997-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fkeith_augustine%2Fimmortality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Cogan, Robert. (1998). Critical Thinking: Step by Step. University Press of America. pp. 202–203. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-1067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-1067-6">0-7618-1067-6</a> "Edwards catalogs common sense objections which have been made against reincarnation. 1) How does a soul exist between bodies? 2) Tertullian's objection: If there is reincarnation, why are not babies born with the mental abilities of adults? 3) Reincarnation claims an infinite series of prior incarnations. Evolution teaches that there was a time when humans did not yet exist. So reincarnation is inconsistent with modern science. 4) If there is reincarnation, then what is happening when the population increases? 5) If there is reincarnation, then why do so few, if any people, remember past lives?... To answer these objections believers in reincarnation must accept additional assumptions... Acceptance of these silly assumptions, Edwards says, amounts to a crucifixion of one's intellect." </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a>. (1996, reprinted in 2001). Reincarnation: A Critical Examination. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-921-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-921-2">1-57392-921-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)" title="Ian Wilson (author)">Wilson, Ian</a>. (1981). Mind Out of Time: Reincarnation Investigated. Gollancz. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02968-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-02968-4">0-575-02968-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomason" title="Sarah Thomason">Thomason, Sarah G.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~thomason/papers/xenogl.pdf">"Xenoglossy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911112406/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~thomason/papers/xenogl.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a>. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5">1-57392-021-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamesgmatlock.net/resources/researchers/mills/">"Mills"</a>. Signs of Reincarnation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Signs+of+Reincarnation&rft.atitle=Mills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamesgmatlock.net%2Fresources%2Fresearchers%2Fmills%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraesBarbosaCastroTucker2022" class="citation journal cs1">Moraes, Lucam J.; Barbosa, Gabrielle S.; Castro, João Pedro G.B.; Tucker, Jim B.; Moreira-Almeida, Alexander (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.explore.2021.05.006">"Academic studies on claimed past-life memories: A scoping review"</a>. Explore. 18 (3): 371–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.explore.2021.05.006">10.1016/j.explore.2021.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34147343">34147343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235491940">235491940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explore&rft.atitle=Academic+studies+on+claimed+past-life+memories%3A+A+scoping+review&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-378&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235491940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34147343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.explore.2021.05.006&rft.aulast=Moraes&rft.aufirst=Lucam+J.&rft.au=Barbosa%2C+Gabrielle+S.&rft.au=Castro%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Pedro+G.B.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Jim+B.&rft.au=Moreira-Almeida%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.explore.2021.05.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rl1xxx-322"><a href="#cite_ref-rl1xxx_322-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20020805break0805p1.asp">Breakfast with Brian Weiss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041212040150/http://www.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20020805break0805p1.asp">Archived</a> 2004-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 5 August 2002, Accessed 25 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Weinstein-Moser, Edie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wisdom-magazine.com/Article.aspx/478/">"Interview with Brian Weiss"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719172533/http://wisdom-magazine.com/Article.aspx/478/">Archived</a> 2019-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wisdom magazine. Wisdom-Magazine.com. 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanos-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanos_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanos_324-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanos_NP1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Spanos NP</a> (1996). Multiple Identities & False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA). pp. 135–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-340-4"><bdi>978-1-55798-340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiple+Identities+%26+False+Memories%3A+A+Sociocognitive+Perspective&rft.pages=135-40&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association+%28APA%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55798-340-4&rft.au=Spanos+NP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepdic-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_RT2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll RT</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary: a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions</a>. New York: Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA276">276–277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7"><bdi>978-0-471-27242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary%3A+a+collection+of+strange+beliefs%2C+amusing+deceptions%2C+and+dangerous+delusions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276-277&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-27242-7&rft.au=Carroll+RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumner-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Sumner_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2003" class="citation book cs1">Sumner D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vOLM-qpXdoC&pg=PA50">Just Smoke and Mirrors: Religion, Fear and Superstition in Our Modern World</a>. San Jose, [Calif.]: Writers Club Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-26523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-26523-7"><bdi>978-0-595-26523-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Smoke+and+Mirrors%3A+Religion%2C+Fear+and+Superstition+in+Our+Modern+World&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+%5BCalif.%5D&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-26523-7&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vOLM-qpXdoC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-327"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinseShermer2002" class="citation book cs1">Linse P, Shermer M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA206">The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+encyclopedia+of+pseudoscience&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.aulast=Linse&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Shermer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4snwg7iaEC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordon-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordon_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordon_328-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordón_LA2005" class="citation book cs1">Cordón LA (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183">Popular psychology: an encyclopedia</a>. Westport, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183">183–185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+psychology%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=183-185&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32457-4&rft.au=Cord%C3%B3n+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularpsycholog0000cord%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrade_2017-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade_2017_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade_2017_329-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrade_2017_329-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2017" class="citation journal cs1">Andrade G (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797677">"Is past life regression therapy ethical?"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 10: 11. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797677">5797677</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29416831">29416831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics+and+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+past+life+regression+therapy+ethical%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5797677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29416831&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5797677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ">God: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7"><bdi>978-0-19-870895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870895-7&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe9wBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1974" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Zvelebil (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC">Tamil Literature</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0"><bdi>978-3-447-01582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01582-0&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQ33i496MsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReincarnation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reincarnation&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reincarnation research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reincarnation_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Reincarnation_research">Reincarnation research</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal field researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlendur_Haraldsson" title="Erlendur Haraldsson">Erlendur Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Mills" title="Antonia Mills">Antonia Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satwant_Pasricha" title="Satwant Pasricha">Satwant Pasricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stevenson" title="Ian Stevenson">Ian Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_B._Tucker" title="Jim B. Tucker">Jim B. Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Almeder" title="Robert F. Almeder">Robert Almeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Bowman" title="Carol Bowman">Carol Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Cerminara" title="Gina Cerminara">Gina Cerminara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._K._Chari" title="C. T. K. Chari">C. T. K. Chari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse" title="Curt John Ducasse">Curt Ducasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fenwick_(neuropsychologist)" title="Peter Fenwick (neuropsychologist)">Peter Fenwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Fisher_(journalist)" title="Joe Fisher (journalist)">Joe Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Flournoy" title="Théodore Flournoy">Théodore Flournoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Foulkes" title="Andrea Foulkes">Andrea Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonassan_Gershom" title="Yonassan Gershom">Yonassan Gershom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guirdham" title="Arthur Guirdham">Arthur Guirdham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynor_Johnson" title="Raynor Johnson">Raynor Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lenz" title="Frederick Lenz">Frederick Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Mackenzie" title="Vicki Mackenzie">Vicki Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moody" title="Raymond Moody">Raymond Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_of_Souls" title="Destiny of Souls">Michael Newton</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Scott_Rogo" title="D. Scott Rogo">D. Scott Rogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godwin_Samararatne" title="Godwin Samararatne">Godwin Samararatne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shroder" title="Tom Shroder">Tom Shroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Stearn" title="Jess Stearn">Jess Stearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Weiss" title="Brian Weiss">Brian Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wickland" title="Carl Wickland">Carl Wickland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Past_Lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Past Lives">Children's Past Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cases_of_the_Reincarnation_Type" title="European Cases of the Reincarnation Type">European Cases of the Reincarnation Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(1975_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life After Life (1975 book)">Life After Life: The Investigation of a Phenomenon—Survival of Bodily Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence For Past Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_and_Biology" title="Reincarnation and Biology">Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Reincarnation_and_Biology_Intersect" title="Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect">Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_Chotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corliss Chotkin">Corliss Chotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Cockell" title="Jenny Cockell">Jenny Cockell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Devi" title="Shanti Devi">Shanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Eady" title="Dorothy Eady">Dorothy Eady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flowerdew" title="Arthur Flowerdew">Arthur Flowerdew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Grant" title="Joan Grant">Joan Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy#Notable_claims" title="Xenoglossy">Dolores Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_F._Kay" title="Ada F. Kay">Ada Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridey_Murphy" title="Bridey Murphy">Bridey Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Rampa" title="Lobsang Rampa">Lobsang Rampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ryall" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Ryall">Edward Ryall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Smith" title="Hélène Smith">Hélène Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Druze" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze_footer" title="Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze_footer" title="Template talk:Druze footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druze" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidūn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muwahhid_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhid Muslim">Mowahhid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawh%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhīd">Ahl at-Tawhīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Druze">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Durzi pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad al-Darazī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (Rasa'il al-Hikma)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidr_Festival" title="Al-Khidr Festival">Al-Khidr Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid Al Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Druze">Judaism and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Zionist movement">Druze Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Druze communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Location" title="Druze">Druze diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine" title="Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine">Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash clan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_dynasty" title="Alam al-Din dynasty">Alam al-Din dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze cuisine">Druze cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumblatt_family" title="Jumblatt family">Jumblatt family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Majid Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowafaq_Tarif" title="Mowafaq Tarif">Mowafaq Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> (existing and extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128593#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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[\"CITEREFK_Kailasapathy1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl_Sigmund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarma-gliṅ-paChogyam_TrungpaFrancesca_Fremantle2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlerBroydé\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishanKrishan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKusum_P._Merh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaumakis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonid_Zhmud2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinseShermer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoy1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm_B._Hamilton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerv_Fowler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMobolade1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraesBarbosaCastroTucker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaomi_Appleton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_L._GeislerAbdul_Saleeb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlaleye-Oruene2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Leaman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrul_RinpocheDalai_Lama1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPetersEsposito2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPius_X1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.D.Ranade1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahula1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay_Billington2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRink\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_Langer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_DeCaroli2004\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFWoods2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong_Choon_KimDavid_H._Freeman1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuvraj_Krishan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuangzi1889\"] = 1,\n [\"Reincarnation_research\"] = 1,\n [\"yoruba_dopamu\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Bquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Buddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 126,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Reincarnation\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze footer\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 26,\n [\"Jainism\"] = 1,\n [\"Kabbalah\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 11,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 2,\n [\"Paganism\"] = 1,\n [\"Paranormal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reincarnation research\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 39,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spirituality-related topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 20,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","26.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.8"],["dataWrapper 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