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id="toc-Second_generation_(1930s–1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation_(1930s–1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Second generation (1930s–1940s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation_(1930s–1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singing_cowboys_and_western_swing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_cowboys_and_western_swing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Singing cowboys and western swing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing_cowboys_and_western_swing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Changing instrumentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hillbilly_boogie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hillbilly_boogie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Hillbilly boogie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hillbilly_boogie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluegrass,_folk_and_gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluegrass,_folk_and_gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Bluegrass, folk and gospel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluegrass,_folk_and_gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honky_tonk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honky_tonk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Honky tonk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honky_tonk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation_(1950s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation_(1950s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Third generation (1950s–1960s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation_(1950s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rockabilly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockabilly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Rockabilly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockabilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nashville_and_countrypolitan_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nashville_and_countrypolitan_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nashville_and_countrypolitan_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-soul_crossover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-soul_crossover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Country-soul crossover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-soul_crossover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakersfield_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakersfield_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Bakersfield sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakersfield_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_music_merges_with_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_music_merges_with_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Western music merges with country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_music_merges_with_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_generation_(1970s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_generation_(1970s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fourth generation (1970s–1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_generation_(1970s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outlaw_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlaw_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Outlaw movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlaw_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Country pop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Country rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neocountry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neocountry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Neocountry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neocountry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truck-driving_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truck-driving_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.5 Truck-driving country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truck-driving_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neotraditionalist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neotraditionalist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.6 Neotraditionalist movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neotraditionalist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_generation_(1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_generation_(1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Fifth generation (1990s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_generation_(1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Success_of_female_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success_of_female_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Success of female artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success_of_female_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_dancing_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_dancing_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Line dancing revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_dancing_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Alternative country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_generation_(2000s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_generation_(2000s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Sixth generation (2000s–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_generation_(2000s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Modern variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_of_rock,_pop_and_hip-hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_rock,_pop_and_hip-hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2.1 Influence of rock, pop and hip-hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_rock,_pop_and_hip-hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bro_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bro_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2.1.1 Bro country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bro_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluegrass_and_Americana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluegrass_and_Americana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2.2 Bluegrass and Americana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluegrass_and_Americana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_country_and_western_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_country_and_western_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2.3 Contemporary country and western revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_country_and_western_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 International </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico_and_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico_and_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Mexico and Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico_and_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Japan and Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_international_country_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_international_country_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Other international country music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_international_country_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Continental Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performers_and_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers_and_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Performers and shows </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performers_and_shows-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performers and shows subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performers_and_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_cable_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_cable_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 US cable television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_cable_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Canadian television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_cable_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_cable_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Australian cable television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_cable_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_digital_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_digital_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 British digital television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_digital_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Country music</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country-Musik" title="Country-Musik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Country-Musik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="كانتري (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانتري (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кантры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кантры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кантры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кантры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кънтри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кънтри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikong_country" title="Musikong country – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Musikong country" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canu_gwlad" title="Canu gwlad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canu gwlad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country-Musik" title="Country-Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Country-Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantrimuusika" title="Kantrimuusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kantrimuusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Κάντρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάντρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontreo" title="Kontreo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontreo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="موسیقی کانتری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی کانتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryt%C3%B3nleikur" title="Countrytónleikur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Countrytónleikur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_country" title="Musique country – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique country" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_tuaithe" title="Ceol tuaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol tuaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuath-Che%C3%B2l" title="Tuath-Cheòl – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tuath-Cheòl" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_country" title="Música country – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música country" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="컨트리 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컨트리 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Քանթրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քանթրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95)" title="देशी संगीत (कंट्री म्यूजिक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देशी संगीत (कंट्री म्यूजिक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_country" title="Musik country – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik country" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_country" title="Musica country – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Musica country" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ntr%C3%ADt%C3%B3nlist" title="Kántrítónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kántrítónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_country" title="Musica country – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica country" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מוזיקת קאנטרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת קאנטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಹಳ್ಳಿಗಾಡಿನ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಳ್ಳಿಗಾಡಿನ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქანთრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანთრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki_wa_country" title="Muziki wa country – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki wa country" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_rustica" title="Musica rustica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica rustica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantrim%C5%ABzika" title="Kantrimūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kantrimūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri_muzika" title="Kantri muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kantri muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contri" title="Contri – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Contri" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кантри-музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кантри-музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കൺട്രി മ്യൂസിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൺട്രി മ്യൂസിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89" title="كانترى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانترى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_country" title="Muzik country – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik country" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Кантри хөгжим – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кантри хөгжим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ကန်းထရီးဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကန်းထရီးဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countrymuziek" title="Countrymuziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Countrymuziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="カントリー・ミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カントリー・ミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_country" title="Musica country – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Musica country" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_country" title="Muzyka country – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka country" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_country" title="Música country – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música country" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_country" title="Muzică country – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică country" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кантри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кантри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кантри – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кантри" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_country" title="Mùsica country – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica country" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පසල් සංගීතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පසල් සංගීතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Country music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مۆسیقای کەنتری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای کەنتری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кантри музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кантри музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countrymusik" title="Countrymusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Countrymusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_(musika)" title="Country (musika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Country (musika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5)" title="คันทรี (แนวดนตรี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คันทรี (แนวดนตรี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Country" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Country_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Country music (disambiguation)">Country music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Modern Country" and "Country song" redirect here. For the Kai Winding album, see <a href="/wiki/Modern_Country_(album)" title="Modern Country (album)">Modern Country (album)</a>. For specific songs with the name "Country Song", see <a href="/wiki/Country_song_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Country song (disambiguation)">Country song (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Country music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Country+music%22">"Country music"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Country+music%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Country+music%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Country+music%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Country+music%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Country+music%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Country_music" title="Talk:Country music">talk page</a>. 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Country</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Country and western</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_music" title="Creole music">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1920s, <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">Acoustic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">pedal steel guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">lap steel guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">cowboy pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansband" title="Dansband">dansband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">swamp pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_sound" title="Tulsa sound">Tulsa sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk#Music" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">neo-traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">outlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_country" title="Progressive country">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-driving_country" title="Truck-driving country">truck-driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a></li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_country_genres" title="List of country genres">complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">Country folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">country pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">bro-country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett#Musical_style" title="Jimmy Buffett">Gulf and western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">psychobilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">southern soul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">southern rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">swamp rock</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">Contemporary folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_country_music" title="List of years in country music">country music by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country musicians">country musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">country–western dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio formats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">classic country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">regional Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodeling#Yodeling_in_the_United_States" title="Yodeling">yodeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/31px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/47px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/62px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /> <a href="/wiki/2024_in_country_music" title="2024 in country music">2024 in country music</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Country (also called country and western) is a <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">music genre</a> originating in the southern regions of the United States, both the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American southwest">the Southwest</a>. First produced in the 1920s, country music is primarily focused on singing <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">stories</a> about <a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> American life.<a href="#cite_note-Fox_2004_p.-2">[2]</a> Country music is known for its <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> and dance tunes (i.e., "<a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk#Music" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk music</a>") with simple form, folk lyrics, and harmonies generally accompanied by instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonicas</a>, and many types of <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator</a> guitars).<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionaryoxford-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Though it is primarily rooted in various forms of <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Duncan_Burns_Steisel_Shumaker_2019_p.-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2020_p.-7">[7]</a> many other traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian music</a>, have had a formative influence on the genre.<a href="#cite_note-Center_2017-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz_scale#Blues_scale" title="Jazz scale">Blues modes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Blues_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues music">blues music</a> have been used extensively throughout its history as well.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Once called "<a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">hillbilly</a> music", the term country music gained <a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">popularity</a> in the 1940s. The genre came to encompass <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">western music</a>, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. Contemporary styles of western music include <a href="/wiki/Texas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas country">Texas country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">red dirt</a>, and Hispano- and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Trevino_2002_p.-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Blogs_2020-11">[11]</a> which still exists alongside longstanding <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America#Southwest" title="Indigenous music of North America">indigenous traditions</a>. In 2009, in the United States, country music was the most-listened-to rush-hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second-most popular in the morning commute.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic folk">Celtic folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music (North America)</a></div> The main components of the modern country music style date back to music traditions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, while its place in <a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American popular music</a> was established in the 1920s during the early days of music recording.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-13">[13]</a> According to country historian <a href="/wiki/Bill_C._Malone" title="Bill C. Malone">Bill C. Malone</a>, country music was "introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Migration into the southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>, brought the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> and instruments of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> along with it for nearly 300 years, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a>. As the country expanded westward, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> became a crossroads for country music, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a>. In the Southwestern United States, it was the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> that acted as a similar backdrop for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> ballads, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">western music</a>, and it is directly related to Red Dirt, Texas country, and Tejano music styles. In the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> sound of country music has its provenance in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">music of Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tiki_with_Ray_2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magazine_Shah_2019-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_East_Tennessee">Role of East Tennessee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of East Tennessee">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Tennessee" title="Music of East Tennessee">Music of East Tennessee</a></div> The U.S. Congress has <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">formally recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol, Tennessee</a> as the "Birthplace of Country Music",<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> based on the historic <a href="/wiki/Bristol_sessions" title="Bristol sessions">Bristol recording sessions</a> of 1927.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Since 2014, the city has been home to the <a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Country_Music_Museum" title="Birthplace of Country Music Museum">Birthplace of Country Music Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Historians have also noted the influence of the less-known <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City_sessions" title="Johnson City sessions">Johnson City sessions</a> of 1928 and 1929,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_City_Fiddlers_Convention" title="Mountain City Fiddlers Convention">Mountain City Fiddlers Convention</a>, held in 1925, helped to inspire modern country music. Before these, pioneer settlers, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> region, had developed a rich musical heritage.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generations">Generations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generations">edit</a>]</div> The first generation emerged in the 1920s, with <a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Atlanta" title="Country music in Atlanta">Atlanta's music scene</a> playing a major role in launching country's earliest recording artists. <a href="/wiki/Gid_Tanner" title="Gid Tanner">James Gideon "Gid" Tanner</a> (1885–1960) was an American old-time fiddler and one of the earliest stars of what would come to be known as country music. His band, the <a href="/wiki/Skillet_Lickers" title="Skillet Lickers">Skillet Lickers</a>, was one of the most <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovative</a> and influential string bands of the 1920s and 1930s. Its most notable members were <a href="/wiki/Clayton_McMichen" title="Clayton McMichen">Clayton McMichen</a> (fiddle and vocal), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hornsby" title="Dan Hornsby">Dan Hornsby</a> (vocals), <a href="/wiki/Riley_Puckett" title="Riley Puckett">Riley Puckett</a> (guitar and vocal) and Robert Lee Sweat (guitar). New York City record label <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a> began issuing hillbilly music records by <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a> as early as 1923, followed by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") (<a href="/wiki/Samantha_Bumgarner" title="Samantha Bumgarner">Samantha Bumgarner</a>) in 1924, and <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor Records">RCA Victor Records</a> in 1927 with the first famous pioneers of the genre <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, who is widely considered the "Father of Country Music", and the first family of country music the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78discography.com-27">[27]</a> Many "hillbilly" musicians recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_14,_15,_25,_31,_45,_59,_73,_107,_157,_161,_165,_167,_225-28">[28]</a> During the second generation (1930s–1940s), radio became a popular source of entertainment, and "barn dance" shows featuring country music were started all over the South, as far north as Chicago, and as far west as California. The most important was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a>, aired starting in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/WSM_(AM)" title="WSM (AM)">WSM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> and continuing to the present day. During the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood, many featuring <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a>, who was known as king of the "singing cowboys," and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> was another country musician from the Lower <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> who had become very popular as the leader of a "<a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">hot</a> <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string band</a>," and who also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Hollywood westerns</a>. His mix of country and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a>. Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Takecountryback.com-29">[29]</a> Country musicians began recording <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie</a> in 1939, shortly after it had been played at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Barfield" title="Johnny Barfield">Johnny Barfield</a> recorded "Boogie Woogie". The third generation (1950s–1960s) started at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with "mountaineer" string band music known as <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, which emerged when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Lester_Flatt" title="Lester Flatt">Lester Flatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a>, were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a> at the Grand Ole Opry. <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a> remained a popular component of country music. The <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, Hispano, and <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> music of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>, became popular among poor communities in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; the basic ensemble consisted of <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">classical guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">dobro</a> or steel guitar, though some larger ensembles featured <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboards</a> (especially the honky-tonk piano, a type of <a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">tack piano</a>), <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>. By the early 1950s it blended with <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> sound produced by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Petty" title="Norman Petty">Norman Petty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Keane" title="Bob Keane">Bob Keane</a>. Musicians like <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> emerged as enduring representatives of the style. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a> turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Reeves" title="Jim Reeves">Jim Reeves</a> were two of the most broadly popular Nashville sound artists, and their deaths in separate plane crashes in the early 1960s were a factor in the genre's decline. Starting in the 1950s to the mid-1960s, western singer-songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a> rose in prominence as did others, throughout western music traditions, like <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a>. The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, many desired a return to the "old values" of rock n' roll. At the same time there was a lack of <a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiasm</a> in the country sector for Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a>. Fourth generation (1970s–1980s) music included <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">outlaw country</a> with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">country pop</a> with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">countrypolitan</a>, folk music and <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a>. Between 1972 and 1975 singer/guitarist <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a> released a series of hugely successful songs blending country and folk-rock musical styles. By the mid-1970s, <a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> gained popularity with performers like <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Fender" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddie Fender">Freddie Fender</a>. During the early 1980s country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. In 1980 a style of "neocountry disco music" was popularized. During the mid-1980s a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts in favor of more traditional "back-to-basics" production. During the fifth generation (the 1990s), <a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">neotraditionalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stadium_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium rock">stadium country</a> acts prospered. The sixth generation (2000s–present) has seen a certain amount of diversification in regard to country music styles. It has also, however, seen a shift into patriotism and conservative politics since <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, though such themes are less prevalent in more modern trends.<a href="#cite_note-Hudak,_Yahoo-30">[30]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> in country has become more overt during the late 2000s and early 2010s. Most of the best-selling country songs of this era were those by <a href="/wiki/Lady_A" title="Lady A">Lady A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line" title="Florida Georgia Line">Florida Georgia Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Underwood" title="Carrie Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-best-selling-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a> also made its mark on country music with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">country rap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_generation_(1920s)">First generation (1920s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First generation (1920s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg/170px-Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg/255px-Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg/340px-Vernon_Dalhart_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dalhart" title="Vernon Dalhart">Vernon Dalhart</a> was the first country star to have a major hit record</figcaption></figure> The first commercial recordings of what was considered instrumental music in the traditional country style were "<a href="/wiki/The_Arkansas_Traveler_(song)" title="The Arkansas Traveler (song)">Arkansas Traveler</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Straw" title="Turkey in the Straw">Turkey in the Straw</a>" by fiddlers Henry Gilliland & <a href="/wiki/Eck_Robertson" title="Eck Robertson">A.C. (Eck) Robertson</a> on June 30, 1922, for Victor Records and released in April 1923.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> began issuing records with "hillbilly" music (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") as early as 1924.<a href="#cite_note-78discography.com-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Family_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carter_Family_1927.jpg/170px-Carter_Family_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carter_Family_1927.jpg/255px-Carter_Family_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carter_Family_1927.jpg/340px-Carter_Family_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The Carter Family are a dynasty of country music and began with (left to right) <a href="/wiki/A.P._Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Carter">A.P. Carter</a>, wife <a href="/wiki/Sara_Carter" title="Sara Carter">Sara Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maybelle_Carter" title="Maybelle Carter">Maybelle Carter</a></figcaption></figure> The first commercial recording of what is widely considered to be the first country song featuring vocals and lyrics was <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a> with "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Old_Log_Cabin_in_the_Lane" title="The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane">Little Log Cabin in the Lane</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a> on June 14, 1923.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dalhart" title="Vernon Dalhart">Vernon Dalhart</a> was the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May 1924 with "<a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Old_97" title="Wreck of the Old 97">Wreck of the Old 97</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The flip side of the record was "Lonesome Road Blues", which also became very popular.<a href="#cite_note-cohn-39">[39]</a> In April 1924, "Aunt" <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Bumgarner" title="Samantha Bumgarner">Samantha Bumgarner</a> and Eva Davis became the first female musicians to record and release country songs.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The record 129-D produced by Columbia features Samantha playing fiddle and singing Big-Eyed Rabbit while Eva Davis plays banjo. The other side features Eva Davis playing banjo while singing Wild Bill Jones. Many of the early country musicians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodel">yodeler</a> <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Carlisle" title="Cliff Carlisle">Cliff Carlisle</a>, recorded blues songs into the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_163,_165,_167-41">[41]</a> Other important early recording artists were <a href="/wiki/Riley_Puckett" title="Riley Puckett">Riley Puckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Richardson_(musician)" title="Don Richardson (musician)">Don Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon" title="Uncle Dave Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hopkins" title="Al Hopkins">Al Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Stoneman" title="Ernest Stoneman">Ernest V. Stoneman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blind_Alfred_Reed" title="Blind Alfred Reed">Blind Alfred Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Poole_and_the_North_Carolina_Ramblers" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers">Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Skillet_Lickers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skillet Lickers">the Skillet Lickers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ferera" title="Frank Ferera">Frank Ferera</a> on the West Coast.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a> are widely considered to be important early country musicians. From <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia" title="Scott County, Virginia">Scott County, Virginia</a>, the Carters had learned <a href="/wiki/Sight_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight reading">sight reading</a> of hymnals and sheet music using <a href="/wiki/Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">solfege</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Their songs were first captured at a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_sessions" title="Bristol sessions">historic recording session</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol, Tennessee</a>, on August 1, 1927, where <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peer" title="Ralph Peer">Ralph Peer</a> was the talent scout and sound recordist.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanjek-45">[45]</a> A scene in the movie <a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a> depicts a similar occurrence in the same timeframe. Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk, and many of his best songs were his compositions, including "<a href="/wiki/Blue_yodel" title="Blue yodel">Blue Yodel</a>",<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> which sold over a million records and established Rodgers as the premier singer of early country music.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years, the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs and gospel hymns, all representative of America's southeastern folklore and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Maybelle Carter went on to continue the family tradition with her daughters as <a href="/wiki/The_Carter_Sisters" title="The Carter Sisters">The Carter Sisters</a>; her daughter <a href="/wiki/June_Carter_Cash" title="June Carter Cash">June</a> would marry (in succession) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Smith_(musician)" title="Carl Smith (musician)">Carl Smith</a>, Rip Nix and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, having children with each who would also become country singers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_generation_(1930s–1940s)">Second generation (1930s–1940s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second generation (1930s–1940s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1940s_in_music#Country_music" title="1940s in music">1940s in music § Country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG/170px-Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG/255px-Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG/340px-Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></figcaption></figure> Record sales declined during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. However, radio became a popular source of entertainment, and "barn dance" shows featuring country music were started by radio stations all over the South, as far north as Chicago, and as far west as California. The most important was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a>, aired starting in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/WSM_(AM)" title="WSM (AM)">WSM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> and continuing to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Some of the early stars on the Opry were <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon" title="Uncle Dave Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a> and African American harmonica player <a href="/wiki/DeFord_Bailey" title="DeFord Bailey">DeFord Bailey</a>. WSM's 50,000-watt signal (in 1934) could often be heard across the country.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many musicians performed and recorded songs in any number of styles. <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, for example, played <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a> but also recorded songs that can be called <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>. Between 1947 and 1949, country crooner <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a> placed eight songs in the top 10.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> From 1945 to 1955 <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lou_Carson" title="Jenny Lou Carson">Jenny Lou Carson</a> was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singing_cowboys_and_western_swing">Singing cowboys and western swing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Singing cowboys and western swing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg/170px-Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg/255px-Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg/340px-Roy_Rogers_and_Gail_Davis_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Publicity photo of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gail_Davis" title="Gail Davis">Gail Davis</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure> In the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular <a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">singing cowboys</a> from the era were <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Pioneers" title="Sons of the Pioneers">Sons of the Pioneers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Country music and western music were frequently played together on the same radio stations, hence the term country and western music, despite country and western being two distinct genres. Cowgirls contributed to the sound in various family groups. <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Montana" title="Patsy Montana">Patsy Montana</a> opened the door for female artists with her history-making song "I Want To Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart". This would begin a movement toward opportunities for women to have successful solo careers. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> was another country musician from the Lower <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> who had become very popular as the leader of a "<a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">hot</a> <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string band</a>," and who also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Hollywood westerns</a>. His mix of country and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Bruner" title="Cliff Bruner">Cliff Bruner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Brown" title="Milton Brown">Milton Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Hofner" title="Adolph Hofner">Adolph Hofner</a> were other early western swing pioneers. <a href="/wiki/Spade_Cooley" title="Spade Cooley">Spade Cooley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tex_Williams" title="Tex Williams">Tex Williams</a> also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, western swing rivaled the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> swing music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changing_instrumentation">Changing instrumentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Changing instrumentation">edit</a>]</div> Drums were scorned by early country musicians as being "too loud" and "not pure", but by 1935 western swing big band leader Bob Wills had added drums to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Playboys">Texas Playboys</a>. In the mid-1940s, the Grand Ole Opry did not want the Playboys' drummer to appear on stage. Although drums were commonly used by rockabilly groups by 1955, the less-conservative-than-the-Grand-Ole-Opry <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Hayride" title="Louisiana Hayride">Louisiana Hayride</a> kept its infrequently used drummer backstage as late as 1956. By the early 1960s, however, it was rare for a country band not to have a drummer.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-55">[55]</a> Bob Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> to his band, in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Takecountryback.com-29">[29]</a> A decade later (1948) <a href="/wiki/Arthur_%22Guitar_Boogie%22_Smith" title="Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith">Arthur Smith</a> achieved top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recording of "<a href="/wiki/Guitar_Boogie_(song)" title="Guitar Boogie (song)">Guitar Boogie</a>", which crossed over to the US pop chart, introducing many people to the potential of the electric guitar. For several decades Nashville session players preferred the warm tones of the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a> archtop electrics, but a "hot" <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> style, using guitars which became available beginning in the early 1950s, eventually prevailed as the signature guitar sound of country.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hillbilly_boogie">Hillbilly boogie</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hillbilly boogie">edit</a>]</div> Country musicians began recording <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie</a> in 1939, shortly after it had been played at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Barfield" title="Johnny Barfield">Johnny Barfield</a> recorded "Boogie Woogie". The trickle of what was initially called hillbilly boogie, or okie boogie (later to be renamed country boogie), became a flood beginning in late 1945. One notable release from this period was <a href="/wiki/The_Delmore_Brothers" title="The Delmore Brothers">the Delmore Brothers</a>' "Freight Train Boogie", considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>. In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_%22Guitar_Boogie%22_Smith" title="Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith">Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith</a> achieved top ten US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of "<a href="/wiki/Guitar_Boogie_(song)" title="Guitar Boogie (song)">Guitar Boogie</a>" and "Banjo Boogie", with the former crossing over to the US pop charts.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Other country boogie artists included <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Moore_(musician)" title="Merrill Moore (musician)">Merrill Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford" title="Tennessee Ernie Ford">Tennessee Ernie Ford</a>. The hillbilly boogie period lasted into the 1950s and remains one of many subgenres of country into the 21st century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bluegrass,_folk_and_gospel">Bluegrass, folk and gospel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bluegrass, folk and gospel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonroeBrothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/MonroeBrothers.jpg/220px-MonroeBrothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/MonroeBrothers.jpg/330px-MonroeBrothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/MonroeBrothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Bill and Charlie Monroe (1936). Bill Monroe (1911–1996) and the Blue Grass Boys created the bluegrass by the end of World War II.</figcaption></figure> By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, "mountaineer" string band music known as <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> had emerged when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a> joined with <a href="/wiki/Lester_Flatt" title="Lester Flatt">Lester Flatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a>, introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. That was the ordination of bluegrass music and how <a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a> came to be known as the "Father of Bluegrass." <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a>, too, remained a popular component of bluegrass and other sorts of country music. <a href="/wiki/Red_Foley" title="Red Foley">Red Foley</a>, the biggest country star following World War II, had one of the first million-selling gospel hits ("<a href="/wiki/Peace_in_the_Valley" title="Peace in the Valley">Peace in the Valley</a>") and also sang boogie, blues and rockabilly. In the post-war period, country music was called "folk" in the trades, and "hillbilly" within the industry.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> replaced the term "hillbilly" with "folk songs and blues," and switched to "country and western" in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honky_tonk">Honky tonk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honky tonk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg/440px-Hank_Williams_MGM_Records_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a></figcaption></figure> Another type of stripped-down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">dobro</a> or steel guitar (and later) drums became popular, especially among rural residents in the three states of <a href="/wiki/Texhomex" title="Texhomex">Texhomex</a>, those being <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Country_Music_Magazine_(Périodique)_1994-61">[61]</a> It became known as <a href="/wiki/Honky_tonk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky tonk music">honky tonk</a> and had its roots in western swing and the <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a> music of Mexico and the border states, particularly New Mexico and Texas,<a href="#cite_note-Ingman_1997_p.-62">[62]</a> together with the blues of the American South. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and His Texas Playboys personified this music which has been described as "a little bit of this, and a little bit of that, a little bit of black and a little bit of white ... just loud enough to keep you from thinking too much and to go right on ordering the whiskey."<a href="#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_135-63">[63]</a> East Texan <a href="/wiki/Al_Dexter" title="Al Dexter">Al Dexter</a> had a hit with "Honky Tonk Blues", and seven years later "<a href="/wiki/Pistol_Packin%27_Mama" title="Pistol Packin' Mama">Pistol Packin' Mama</a>".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> These "honky tonk" songs were associated with barrooms, and was performed by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Tubb" title="Ernest Tubb">Ernest Tubb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Wells" title="Kitty Wells">Kitty Wells</a> (the first major female country solo singer), <a href="/wiki/Ted_Daffan" title="Ted Daffan">Ted Daffan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Tillman" title="Floyd Tillman">Floyd Tillman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maddox_Brothers_and_Rose" title="Maddox Brothers and Rose">Maddox Brothers and Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefty_Frizzell" title="Lefty Frizzell">Lefty Frizzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>; the music of these artists would later be called "traditional" country. Williams' influence in particular would prove to be enormous, inspiring many of the pioneers of rock and roll,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9-65">[65]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a>, while providing a framework for emerging honky tonk talents like <a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Webb_Pierce" title="Webb Pierce">Webb Pierce</a> was the top-charting country artist of the 1950s, with 13 of his singles spending 113 weeks at number one. He charted 48 singles during the decade; 31 reached the top ten and 26 reached the top four. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_generation_(1950s–1960s)">Third generation (1950s–1960s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Third generation (1950s–1960s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1950s_in_music" title="1950s in music">1950s in music</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_music" title="1960s in music">1960s in music</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Loretta_Lynn_LCCN2021643178_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6244" data-file-height="7734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></figcaption></figure> By the early 1950s, a blend of western swing, country boogie, and honky tonk was played by most country bands, a mixture which followed in the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Montana" title="Patsy Montana">Patsy Montana</a>. Western music, influenced by the cowboy ballads, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> rhythms of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>, reached its peak in popularity in the late 1950s, most notably with the song "<a href="/wiki/El_Paso_(song)" title="El Paso (song)">El Paso</a>", first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a> in September 1959. Western music's influence would continue to grow within the country music sphere, western musicians like <a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_Murphey" title="Michael Martin Murphey">Michael Martin Murphey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Apodaca" title="Antonia Apodaca">Antonia Apodaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> performer <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(singer)" title="Little Joe (singer)">Little Joe</a>, and even folk revivalist <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>, all first rose to prominence during this time. This western music influence largely kept the music of the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">folk revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> from influencing the country music genre much, despite the similarity in instrumentation and origins (see, for instance, <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>' negative reception during their appearance on the Grand Ole Opry). The main concern was largely political: most folk revival was largely driven by progressive activists, a stark contrast to the culturally conservative audiences of country music. John Denver was perhaps the only musician to have major success in both the country and folk revival genres throughout his career, later only a handful of artists like <a href="/wiki/Burl_Ives" title="Burl Ives">Burl Ives</a> and Canadian musician <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot" title="Gordon Lightfoot">Gordon Lightfoot</a> successfully made the crossover to country after folk revival fell out of fashion. During the mid-1950s a new style of country music became popular, eventually to be referred to as rockabilly.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg/220px-Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg/330px-Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg/440px-Bill_Haley_and_the_Comets1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> in 1956 </figcaption></figure> In 1953, the first all-country radio station was established in <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hamilton-67">[67]</a> The music of the 1960s and 1970s targeted the American working class, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the trucking industry in the United States">truckers</a> in particular. As country radio became more popular, trucking songs like the 1963 hit song Six Days on the Road by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Dudley" title="Dave Dudley">Dave Dudley</a> began to make up their own subgenre of country. These revamped songs sought to portray American truckers as a "new folk hero", marking a significant shift in sound from earlier country music. The song was written by actual truckers and contained numerous references to the trucker culture of the time like "ICC" for <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> and "little white pills" as a reference to <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Starday_Records" title="Starday Records">Starday Records</a> in Nashville followed up on Dudley's initial success with the release of Give Me 40 Acres by the <a href="/wiki/Willis_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Brothers">Willis Brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hamilton-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rockabilly">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg/170px-Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg/255px-Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg/340px-Johnny_Cash_Promotional_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></figcaption></figure> Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s; one of the first rock and roll superstars was former western yodeler <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley" title="Bill Haley">Bill Haley</a>, who repurposed his Four Aces of Western Swing into a rockabilly band in the early 1950s and renamed it the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Comets</a>. Bill Haley & His Comets are credited with two of the first successful rock and roll records, "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Man,_Crazy" title="Crazy Man, Crazy">Crazy Man, Crazy</a>" of 1953 and "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>" in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> 1956 could be called the year of <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> in country music. Rockabilly was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, an upbeat combination of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and country music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_7–8-69">[69]</a> The number two, three and four songs on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard's</a> charts for that year were <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel" title="Heartbreak Hotel">Heartbreak Hotel</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, "<a href="/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line" title="I Walk the Line">I Walk the Line</a>"; and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes" title="Blue Suede Shoes">Blue Suede Shoes</a>". Reflecting this success, George Jones released a rockabilly record that year under the pseudonym "Thumper Jones", wanting to capitalize on the popularity of rockabilly without alienating his traditional country base.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Cash and Presley placed songs in the top 5 in 1958 with No. 3 "Guess Things Happen That Way/Come In, Stranger" by Cash, and No. 5 by Presley "Don't/I Beg of You."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Presley acknowledged the influence of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> artists and his style, saying "The colored folk been singin' and playin' it just the way I'm doin' it now, man for more years than I know." Within a few years, many rockabilly musicians returned to a more mainstream style or had defined their own unique style. Country music gained national television exposure through <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Jubilee" title="Ozark Jubilee">Ozark Jubilee</a> on ABC-TV and radio from 1955 to 1960 from <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>. The program showcased top stars including several rockabilly artists, some from the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>. As Webb Pierce put it in 1956, "Once upon a time, it was almost impossible to sell country music in a place like New York City. Nowadays, television takes us everywhere, and country music records and sheet music sell as well in large cities as anywhere else."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association" title="Country Music Association">Country Music Association</a> was founded in 1958, in part because numerous country musicians were appalled by the increased influence of rock and roll on country music.<a href="#cite_note-RollingstoneDeath-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Nashville_and_countrypolitan_sounds">The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Nashville and countrypolitan sounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/200px-Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/300px-Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg/400px-Patsy_Cline_1960_publicity_portrait_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the Nashville sound turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>. Under the direction of producers such as <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Porter_(sound_engineer)" title="Bill Porter (sound engineer)">Bill Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen_(record_producer)" title="Paul Cohen (record producer)">Paul Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Bradley" title="Owen Bradley">Owen Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Ferguson (music)">Bob Ferguson</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Billy_Sherrill" title="Billy Sherrill">Billy Sherrill</a>, the sound brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period. This subgenre was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and smooth vocal, backed by a <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> (violins and other orchestral strings) and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasized in favor of trademark "licks". Leading artists in this genre included <a href="/wiki/Jim_Reeves" title="Jim Reeves">Jim Reeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeeter_Davis" title="Skeeter Davis">Skeeter Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connie_Smith" title="Connie Smith">Connie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Browns" title="The Browns">the Browns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_10–11-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a>. The "slip note" piano style of session musician <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Cramer" title="Floyd Cramer">Floyd Cramer</a> was an important component of this style.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Nashville Sound collapsed in mainstream popularity in 1964, a victim of both the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> and the deaths of Reeves and Cline in separate airplane crashes. By the mid-1960s, the genre had developed into <a href="/wiki/Countrypolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Countrypolitan">countrypolitan</a>. Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets, and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Top artists included <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Anderson" title="Lynn Anderson">Lynn Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rich" title="Charlie Rich">Charlie Rich</a>, as well as such former "hard country" artists as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Price (musician)">Ray Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a>. Despite the appeal of the Nashville sound, many traditional country artists emerged during this period and dominated the genre: <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck_Owens" title="Buck Owens">Buck Owens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter_Wagoner" title="Porter Wagoner">Porter Wagoner</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonny_James" title="Sonny James">Sonny James</a> among them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country-soul_crossover">Country-soul crossover</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Country-soul crossover">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Country soul">Country soul</a></div> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> surprised the pop world by turning his attention to country and western music, topping the charts and rating number three for the year on Billboard's pop chart<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> with the "<a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Stop_Loving_You" title="I Can't Stop Loving You">I Can't Stop Loving You</a>" single, and recording the landmark album <a href="/wiki/Modern_Sounds_in_Country_and_Western_Music" title="Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music">Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_16-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bakersfield_sound">Bakersfield sound</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bakersfield sound">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Merle_Haggard_1975_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> in a 1975 publicity photo for Capitol Records</figcaption></figure> Another subgenre of country music grew out of hardcore honky tonk with elements of <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">western swing</a> and originated 112 miles (180 km) north-northwest of Los Angeles in <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>, where many "<a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okies</a>" and other <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> migrants had settled. Influenced by one-time West Coast residents <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lefty_Frizzell" title="Lefty Frizzell">Lefty Frizzell</a>, by 1966 it was known as the <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a>. It relied on electric instruments and amplification, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Telecaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecaster">Telecaster</a> electric guitar, more than other subgenres of the country music of the era, and it can be described as having a sharp, hard, driving, no-frills, edgy flavor—hard guitars and honky-tonk harmonies.<a href="#cite_note-hamilton-67">[67]</a> Leading practitioners of this style were <a href="/wiki/Buck_Owens" title="Buck Owens">Buck Owens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Collins_(country_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Collins (country music)">Tommy Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Allan" title="Gary Allan">Gary Allan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wynn_Stewart" title="Wynn Stewart">Wynn Stewart</a>, each of whom had his own style.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Nelson_(United_States_record_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Nelson (United States record producer)">Ken Nelson</a>, who had produced Owens and Haggard and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Maddox" title="Rose Maddox">Rose Maddox</a> became interested in the trucking song subgenre following the success of Six Days on the Road and asked <a href="/wiki/Red_Simpson" title="Red Simpson">Red Simpson</a> to record an album of trucking songs. Haggard's White Line Fever was also part of the trucking subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-hamilton-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_music_merges_with_country">Western music merges with country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Western music merges with country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music (North America)</a></div> The country music scene of the 1940s until the 1970s was largely dominated by western music influences, so much so that the genre began to be called "country and western".<a href="#cite_note-June-Friesen_2011-80">[80]</a> Even today, cowboy and frontier values continue to play a role in the larger country music, with <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">western wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">cowboy boots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hats</a> continues to be in fashion for country artists.<a href="#cite_note-Wide_Open_Country_2018-81">[81]</a> West of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, many of these western genres continue to flourish, including the <a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Texas,_LIVE!_2018-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Latino_USA_2017-83">[83]</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dansby_2006-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Highways_2016-85">[85]</a> During the 1950s until the early 1970s, the latter part of the western heyday in country music, many of these genres featured popular artists that continue to influence both their distinctive genres and larger country music. Red Dirt featured <a href="/wiki/Bob_Childers" title="Bob Childers">Bob Childers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ripley" title="Steve Ripley">Steve Ripley</a>; for New Mexico music <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane_Jr." title="Al Hurricane Jr.">Al Hurricane Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Apodaca" title="Antonia Apodaca">Antonia Apodaca</a>; and within the Texas scenes <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Fender" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddie Fender">Freddie Fender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rodriguez" title="Johnny Rodriguez">Johnny Rodriguez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(singer)" title="Little Joe (singer)">Little Joe</a>. As Outlaw country music emerged as subgenre in its own right, Red Dirt, New Mexico, Texas country, and Tejano grew in popularity as a part of the Outlaw country movement. Originating in the bars, fiestas, and honky-tonks of Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, their music supplemented outlaw country's singer-songwriter tradition as well as 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">alternative country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip hop</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">country rap</a> artists.<a href="#cite_note-Beaujohn_2018-86">[86]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of cowboy hat and cowboy boots, two prominent components of country music fashion"><img alt="Example of cowboy hat and cowboy boots, two prominent components of country music fashion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png/311px-Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png/466px-Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png/621px-Cowboy-Boots-And-Hat.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="759" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy boots">cowboy boots</a>, two prominent components of country music fashion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atypicalwesternshirt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western wear shirt design, with snap fasteners"><img alt="Western wear shirt design, with snap fasteners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atypicalwesternshirt.svg/222px-Atypicalwesternshirt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atypicalwesternshirt.svg/333px-Atypicalwesternshirt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Atypicalwesternshirt.svg/443px-Atypicalwesternshirt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="436" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> shirt design, with <a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">snap fasteners</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eakins,_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a cowboy singing by Thomas Eakins (1890)"><img alt="Painting of a cowboy singing by Thomas Eakins (1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg/199px-Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg/299px-Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg/398px-Eakins%2C_Cowboy_Singing_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> singing by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a> (1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freddy Fender performing Tejano music after The Johnny Cash Show in Nashville, Tennessee (1977)"><img alt="Freddy Fender performing Tejano music after The Johnny Cash Show in Nashville, Tennessee (1977)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg/210px-Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg/315px-Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg/419px-Freddy_Fender_singing_in_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2998" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Fender" title="Freddy Fender">Freddy Fender</a> performing <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> after <a href="/wiki/The_Johnny_Cash_Show" title="The Johnny Cash Show">The Johnny Cash Show</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> (1977)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob%26RDR07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bob Childers performing Red dirt in Okemah, Oklahoma (2001)"><img alt="Bob Childers performing Red dirt in Okemah, Oklahoma (2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bob%26RDR07.jpg/378px-Bob%26RDR07.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bob%26RDR07.jpg/567px-Bob%26RDR07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bob%26RDR07.jpg/756px-Bob%26RDR07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Childers" title="Bob Childers">Bob Childers</a> performing <a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">Red dirt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okemah,_Oklahoma" title="Okemah, Oklahoma">Okemah, Oklahoma</a> (2001)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane,_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Hurricane and Al Hurricane Jr. performing New Mexico music at a fiesta in Old Town Albuquerque (2014)"><img alt="Al Hurricane and Al Hurricane Jr. performing New Mexico music at a fiesta in Old Town Albuquerque (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg/349px-Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg/524px-Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg/699px-Al_Hurricane_and_Al_Hurricane%2C_Jr._performing_at_the_San_Felipe_De_Neri_2014_fiestas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane_Jr." title="Al Hurricane Jr.">Al Hurricane Jr.</a> performing <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a> at a fiesta in <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Albuquerque" title="Old Town Albuquerque">Old Town Albuquerque</a> (2014)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_generation_(1970s–1980s)">Fourth generation (1970s–1980s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fourth generation (1970s–1980s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_music#Country" title="1970s in music">1970s in music § Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_music#Country_music" title="1980s in music">1980s in music § Country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outlaw_movement">Outlaw movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outlaw movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Willie_Nelson_Promotional_Photo_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> (1974)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a> was derived from the traditional western, including <a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a> musical styles of the late 1950s and 1960s. Songs such as the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> popularized "<a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_(song)" title="Ring of Fire (song)">Ring of Fire</a>" show clear influences from the likes of <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(singer)" title="Little Joe (singer)">Little Joe</a>, this influence just happened to culminate with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Price (musician)">Ray Price</a> (whose band, the "Cherokee Cowboys", included <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Miller" title="Roger Miller">Roger Miller</a>) and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, a collection of musicians that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">outlaw movement</a> revolutionized the genre of country music in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Billboard_1974_TX-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Billboard_1974_NM-88">[88]</a> "After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, 'Well, that's pretty cool.' And started listening." (Willie Nelson)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The term outlaw country is traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Jeff_Walker" title="Jerry Jeff Walker">Jerry Jeff Walker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Williams, Jr.">Hank Williams, Jr.</a>, Merle Haggard, <a href="/wiki/Waylon_Jennings" title="Waylon Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ely" title="Joe Ely">Joe Ely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It was encapsulated in the 1976 album <a href="/wiki/Wanted!_The_Outlaws" title="Wanted! The Outlaws">Wanted! The Outlaws</a>. Though the outlaw movement as a cultural fad had died down after the late 1970s (with Jennings noting in 1978 that it had <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_You_Think_This_Outlaw_Bit%27s_Done_Got_Out_of_Hand" title="Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand">gotten out of hand</a> and led to real-life legal scrutiny), many western and outlaw country music artists maintained their popularity during the 1980s by forming <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(music)" title="Supergroup (music)">supergroups</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Highwaymen_(country_supergroup)" title="The Highwaymen (country supergroup)">The Highwaymen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tornados" title="Texas Tornados">Texas Tornados</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandido_(supergroup)" title="Bandido (supergroup)">Bandido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country_pop">Country pop</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Country pop">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Denver_1975.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/John_Denver_1975.JPG/170px-John_Denver_1975.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/John_Denver_1975.JPG/255px-John_Denver_1975.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/John_Denver_1975.JPG/340px-John_Denver_1975.JPG 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a> (1975)</figcaption></figure> Country pop or soft pop, with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Countrypolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Countrypolitan">countrypolitan</a> sound, folk music, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a>, is a subgenre that first emerged in the 1970s. Although the term first referred to country music songs and artists that crossed over to top 40 radio, country pop acts are now more likely to cross over to <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary music</a>. It started with pop music singers like <a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobbie_Gentry" title="Bobbie Gentry">Bobbie Gentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Murray" title="Anne Murray">Anne Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._J._Thomas" title="B. J. Thomas">B. J. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bellamy_Brothers" title="The Bellamy Brothers">the Bellamy Brothers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> having hits on the country charts. Between 1972 and 1975, singer/guitarist John Denver released a series of hugely successful songs blending country and folk-rock musical styles ("<a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_High" title="Rocky Mountain High">Rocky Mountain High</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_on_My_Shoulders" title="Sunshine on My Shoulders">Sunshine on My Shoulders</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Annie%27s_Song" title="Annie's Song">Annie's Song</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Thank_God_I%27m_a_Country_Boy" title="Thank God I'm a Country Boy">Thank God I'm a Country Boy</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Sorry_(John_Denver_song)" title="I'm Sorry (John Denver song)">I'm Sorry</a>"), and was named Country Music Entertainer of the Year in 1975. The year before, Olivia Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, won the "Best Female Country Vocal Performance" as well as the Country Music Association's most coveted award for females, "Female Vocalist of the Year". In response George Jones, Tammy Wynette, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepard" title="Jean Shepard">Jean Shepard</a> and other traditional Nashville country artists dissatisfied with the new trend formed the short-lived "Association of Country Entertainers" in 1974; the ACE soon unraveled in the wake of Jones and Wynette's bitter divorce and Shepard's realization that most others in the industry lacked her passion for the movement. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolly_Parton,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg/170px-Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg/255px-Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg/340px-Dolly_Parton%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></figcaption></figure> During the mid-1970s, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, a successful mainstream country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to cross over to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit "<a href="/wiki/Here_You_Come_Again" title="Here You Come Again">Here You Come Again</a>", which topped the U.S. country singles chart, and also reached No. 3 on the pop singles charts. Parton's male counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, came from the opposite direction, aiming his music at the country charts, after a successful career in pop, rock and folk music with <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers_and_the_First_Edition" title="Kenny Rogers and the First Edition">the First Edition</a>, achieving success the same year with "<a href="/wiki/Lucille_(Kenny_Rogers_song)" title="Lucille (Kenny Rogers song)">Lucille</a>", which topped the country charts and reached No. 5 on the U.S. pop singles charts, as well as reaching Number 1 on the British all-genre chart. Parton and Rogers would both continue to have success on both country and pop charts simultaneously, well into the 1980s. Country music propelled Kenny Rogers’ career, making him a three-time <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Award</a> winner and six-time <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards" title="Country Music Association Awards">Country Music Association Awards</a> winner. Having sold more than 50 million albums in the US, one of his Song "The Gambler," inspired several TV films, with Rogers as the main character.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Artists like <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Gayle" title="Crystal Gayle">Crystal Gayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap" title="Ronnie Milsap">Ronnie Milsap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell" title="Barbara Mandrell">Barbara Mandrell</a> would also find success on the pop charts with their records. In 1975, author Paul Hemphill stated in the Saturday Evening Post, "Country music isn't really country anymore; it is a hybrid of nearly every form of popular music in America."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WIKI_KENNY_ROGERS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WIKI_KENNY_ROGERS.jpg/200px-WIKI_KENNY_ROGERS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/WIKI_KENNY_ROGERS.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juice_Newton" title="Juice Newton">Juice Newton</a> each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted "<a href="/wiki/Always_on_My_Mind" title="Always on My Mind">Always on My Mind</a>" (#5, 1982) and "<a href="/wiki/To_All_the_Girls_I%27ve_Loved_Before" title="To All the Girls I've Loved Before">To All the Girls I've Loved Before</a>" (#5, 1984, a duet with <a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a>), and Newton achieved success with "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Hank_DeVito_song)" title="Queen of Hearts (Hank DeVito song)">Queen of Hearts</a>" (#2, 1981) and "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Morning" title="Angel of the Morning">Angel of the Morning</a>" (#4, 1981). Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: "<a href="/wiki/Lady_(Kenny_Rogers_song)" title="Lady (Kenny Rogers song)">Lady</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, from the late fall of 1980; "<a href="/wiki/9_to_5_(Dolly_Parton_song)" title="9 to 5 (Dolly Parton song)">9 to 5</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, "<a href="/wiki/I_Love_a_Rainy_Night" title="I Love a Rainy Night">I Love a Rainy Night</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rabbitt" title="Eddie Rabbitt">Eddie Rabbitt</a> (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and "<a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(song)" title="Islands in the Stream (song)">Islands in the Stream</a>", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>. Newton's "Queen of Hearts" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut "<a href="/wiki/Endless_Love_(song)" title="Endless Love (song)">Endless Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The move of country music toward neotraditional styles led to a marked decline in country/pop crossovers in the late 1980s, and only one song in that period—<a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/You_Got_It" title="You Got It">You Got It</a>", from 1989—made the top 10 of both the Billboard <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Singles</a>" and Hot 100 charts, due largely to a revival of interest in Orbison after his sudden death.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The only song with substantial country airplay to reach number one on the pop charts in the late 1980s was "<a href="/wiki/At_This_Moment" title="At This Moment">At This Moment</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Vera" title="Billy Vera">Billy Vera</a> and the Beaters, an R&B song with slide guitar embellishment that appeared at number 42 on the country charts from minor crossover airplay.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The record-setting, multi-platinum group <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a> was named Artist of the Decade for the 1980s by the Academy of Country Music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country_rock">Country rock</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Country rock">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagles_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eagles_cropped.jpg/220px-Eagles_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eagles_cropped.jpg/330px-Eagles_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eagles_cropped.jpg/440px-Eagles_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A reunited <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Country rock is a genre that started in the 1960s but became prominent in the 1970s. The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, many desired a return to the "old values" of rock n' roll. At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the country sector for Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a>. Early innovators in this new style of music in the 1960s and 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, who was the first to revert to country music with his 1967 album <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding" title="John Wesley Harding">John Wesley Harding</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_54-101">[101]</a> (and even more so with that album's follow-up, <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Skyline" title="Nashville Skyline">Nashville Skyline</a>), followed by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Clark" title="Gene Clark">Gene Clark</a>, Clark's former band <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons">Gram Parsons</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sweetheart_of_the_Rodeo" title="Sweetheart of the Rodeo">Sweetheart of the Rodeo</a>) and its spin-off <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers" title="The Flying Burrito Brothers">the Flying Burrito Brothers</a> (also featuring Gram Parsons), guitarist <a href="/wiki/Clarence_White" title="Clarence White">Clarence White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nesmith" title="Michael Nesmith">Michael Nesmith</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">the Monkees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="First National Band">First National Band</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen" title="Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen">Commander Cody</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">the Allman Brothers Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Daniels" title="Charlie Daniels">Charlie Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marshall_Tucker_Band" title="The Marshall Tucker Band">the Marshall Tucker Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poco_(band)" title="Poco (band)">Poco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield" title="Buffalo Springfield">Buffalo Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Stills" title="Stephen Stills">Stephen Stills</a>' band <a href="/wiki/Manassas_(band)" title="Manassas (band)">Manassas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a>, among many, even the former folk music duo <a href="/wiki/Ian_%26_Sylvia" title="Ian & Sylvia">Ian & Sylvia</a>, who formed <a href="/wiki/Great_Speckled_Bird_(band)" title="Great Speckled Bird (band)">Great Speckled Bird</a> in 1969. The Eagles would become the most successful of these country rock acts, and their compilation album <a href="/wiki/Their_Greatest_Hits_(1971%E2%80%931975)" title="Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)">Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)</a> remains the second-best-selling album in the US with 29 million copies sold.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> also got into the act with songs like "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Flowers_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Flowers (The Rolling Stones song)">Dead Flowers</a>"; the original recording of "<a href="/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Women" title="Honky Tonk Women">Honky Tonk Women</a>" was performed in a country style, but it was subsequently re-recorded in a hard rock style for the single version, and the band's preferred country version was later released on the album <a href="/wiki/Let_It_Bleed" title="Let It Bleed">Let It Bleed</a>, under the title "Country Honk". <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gram_Parsons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gram_Parsons.jpg/200px-Gram_Parsons.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gram_Parsons.jpg/300px-Gram_Parsons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gram_Parsons.jpg/400px-Gram_Parsons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons">Gram Parsons</a> often considered one of the pioneers of country rock.</figcaption></figure> Described by <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> as the "father of country-rock",<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Gram Parsons' work in the early 1970s was acclaimed for its purity and for his appreciation for aspects of traditional country music.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Though his career was cut tragically short by his 1973 death, his legacy was carried on by his protégé and duet partner <a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a>; Harris would release her debut solo in 1975, an amalgamation of country, rock and roll, folk, blues and pop. Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres, other offspring soon resulted, including <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">heartland rock</a> and in more recent years, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">alternative country</a>. In the decades that followed, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Juice_Newton" title="Juice Newton">Juice Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Williams, Jr.">Hank Williams, Jr.</a> (and, to an even greater extent, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams_III" title="Hank Williams III">Hank Williams III</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gary_Allan" title="Gary Allan">Gary Allan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn" title="Brooks & Dunn">Brooks & Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosanne_Cash" title="Rosanne Cash">Rosanne Cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> moved country further towards rock influence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neocountry">Neocountry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Neocountry">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, a style of "neocountry disco music" was popularized by the film <a href="/wiki/Urban_Cowboy" title="Urban Cowboy">Urban Cowboy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_259-105">[105]</a> It was during this time that a glut of pop-country crossover artists began appearing on the country charts: former pop stars <a href="/wiki/Bill_Medley" title="Bill Medley">Bill Medley</a> (of <a href="/wiki/The_Righteous_Brothers" title="The Righteous Brothers">the Righteous Brothers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Seals" title="Dan Seals">"England Dan" Seals</a> (of <a href="/wiki/England_Dan_and_John_Ford_Coley" class="mw-redirect" title="England Dan and John Ford Coley">England Dan and John Ford Coley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Osmond" title="Merrill Osmond">Merrill Osmond</a> (both alone and with some of <a href="/wiki/The_Osmonds" title="The Osmonds">his brothers</a>; his younger sister <a href="/wiki/Marie_Osmond" title="Marie Osmond">Marie Osmond</a> was already an established country star) all recorded significant country hits in the early 1980s. Sales in record stores rocketed to $250 million in 1981; by 1984, 900 radio stations began programming country or neocountry pop full-time. As with most sudden trends, however, by 1984 sales had dropped below 1979 figures.<a href="#cite_note-Workin_1999._page_259-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Truck-driving_country">Truck-driving country</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Truck-driving country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Truck-driving_country" title="Truck-driving country">Truck-driving country</a></div> Truck-driving country music is a genre of country music<a href="#cite_note-truckers-jukebox-106">[106]</a> and is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">country rock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-starpulse-107">[107]</a> It has the <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> of country rock and the emotion of honky-tonk,<a href="#cite_note-starpulse-107">[107]</a> and its lyrics focus on a <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">truck driver</a>'s lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-amazon-108">[108]</a> Truck-driving country songs often deal with the profession of trucking and love.<a href="#cite_note-starpulse-107">[107]</a> Well-known artists who sing truck driving country include <a href="/wiki/Dave_Dudley" title="Dave Dudley">Dave Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sovine" title="Red Sovine">Red Sovine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Curless" title="Dick Curless">Dick Curless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Simpson" title="Red Simpson">Red Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Reeves" title="Del Reeves">Del Reeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Willis_Brothers" title="The Willis Brothers">the Willis Brothers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Reed" title="Jerry Reed">Jerry Reed</a>, with <a href="/wiki/C._W._McCall" title="C. W. McCall">C. W. McCall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cledus_Maggard" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledus Maggard">Cledus Maggard</a> (pseudonyms of Bill Fries and Jay Huguely, respectively) being more humorous entries in the subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-starpulse-107">[107]</a> Dudley is known as the father of truck driving country.<a href="#cite_note-amazon-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-mp3com-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neotraditionalist_movement">Neotraditionalist movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neotraditionalist movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neotraditionalist_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotraditionalist country">Neotraditionalist country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Strait_2014_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Strait_2014_1.jpg/170px-George_Strait_2014_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Strait_2014_1.jpg/255px-George_Strait_2014_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/George_Strait_2014_1.jpg/340px-George_Strait_2014_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, a pioneer of the neotraditionalist movement and dubbed the "King of Country,"<a href="#cite_note-martings-110">[110]</a> Strait is one of the best selling musicians of all time.<a href="#cite_note-martings-110">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> During the mid-1980s, a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts, in favor of more, traditional, "back-to-basics" production. Many of the artists during the latter half of the 1980s drew on traditional honky-tonk, bluegrass, folk and western swing. Artists who typified this sound included <a href="/wiki/Travis_Tritt" title="Travis Tritt">Travis Tritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Whitley" title="Keith Whitley">Keith Whitley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jackson" title="Alan Jackson">Alan Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anderson (musician)">John Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Loveless" title="Patty Loveless">Patty Loveless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Mattea" title="Kathy Mattea">Kathy Mattea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Travis" title="Randy Travis">Randy Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Black" title="Clint Black">Clint Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Judds" title="The Judds">the Judds</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_generation_(1990s)">Fifth generation (1990s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fifth generation (1990s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg/170px-Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg/255px-Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg/340px-Garth_Brooks_at_We_Are_One_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music#Country_music" title="1990s in music">1990s in music § Country</a></div> Country music was aided by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>'s (FCC) Docket 80–90, which led to a significant expansion of <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> in the 1980s by adding numerous higher-fidelity FM signals to rural and suburban areas. At this point, country music was mainly heard on rural <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a> stations; the expansion of FM was particularly helpful to country music, which migrated to FM from the AM band as AM became overcome by <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> (the country music stations that stayed on AM developed the <a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">classic country</a> format for the AM audience). At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Beautiful_music" title="Beautiful music">beautiful music</a> stations already in rural areas began abandoning the format (leading to its effective demise) to adopt country music as well. This wider availability of country music led to producers seeking to polish their product for a wider audience. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>, which had published a <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">country music chart</a> since the 1940s, changed the methodology it used to compile the chart: singles sales were removed from the methodology, and only airplay on <a href="/wiki/Country_radio" title="Country radio">country radio</a> determined a song's place on the chart.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide2-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide3-114">[114]</a> who enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> has certified his recordings at a combined (128× <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">platinum</a>), denoting roughly 113 million U.S. shipments.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Other artists who experienced success during this time included <a href="/wiki/Clint_Black" title="Clint Black">Clint Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Montgomery" title="John Michael Montgomery">John Michael Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Lawrence" title="Tracy Lawrence">Tracy Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_McGraw" title="Tim McGraw">Tim McGraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Chesney" title="Kenny Chesney">Kenny Chesney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_Tritt" title="Travis Tritt">Travis Tritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jackson" title="Alan Jackson">Alan Jackson</a> and the newly formed duo of <a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn" title="Brooks & Dunn">Brooks & Dunn</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. <a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a> began his career as a more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990s, evolving into an outlaw persona in the early 2000s with <a href="/wiki/Pull_My_Chain" title="Pull My Chain">Pull My Chain</a> and its follow-up, <a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(Toby_Keith_album)" title="Unleashed (Toby Keith album)">Unleashed</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Success_of_female_artists">Success of female artists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Success of female artists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg/150px-LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg/225px-LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg/300px-LindaRonstadtPerforming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="3341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></figcaption></figure> Female artists such as <a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Loveless" title="Patty Loveless">Patty Loveless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_McBride" title="Martina McBride">Martina McBride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deana_Carter" title="Deana Carter">Deana Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes" title="LeAnn Rimes">LeAnn Rimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindy_McCready" title="Mindy McCready">Mindy McCready</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pam_Tillis" title="Pam Tillis">Pam Tillis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrie_Morgan" title="Lorrie Morgan">Lorrie Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a> all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Chicks">Dixie Chicks</a> became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album <a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_Spaces_(album)" title="Wide Open Spaces (album)">Wide Open Spaces</a> went on to become certified 12× platinum while their 1999 album <a href="/wiki/Fly_(Dixie_Chicks_album)" title="Fly (Dixie Chicks album)">Fly</a> went on to become 10× platinum. After their third album, <a href="/wiki/Home_(Dixie_Chicks_album)" title="Home (Dixie Chicks album)">Home</a>, was released in 2003, the band made political news in part because of lead singer <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Maines" title="Natalie Maines">Natalie Maines</a>'s comments disparaging then-President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> while the band was overseas (Maines stated that she and her bandmates were ashamed to be from the same state as Bush, who had just commenced the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> a few days prior). The comments caused a rift between the band and the country music scene, and the band's fourth (and most recent) album, 2006's <a href="/wiki/Taking_the_Long_Way" title="Taking the Long Way">Taking the Long Way</a>, took a more rock-oriented direction; the album was commercially successful overall among non-country audiences but largely ignored among country audiences. After Taking the Long Way, the band broke up for a decade (with two of its members continuing as the <a href="/wiki/Court_Yard_Hounds" title="Court Yard Hounds">Court Yard Hounds</a>) before reuniting in 2016 and releasing new material in 2020. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShaniaTwain3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ShaniaTwain3.jpg/170px-ShaniaTwain3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ShaniaTwain3.jpg/255px-ShaniaTwain3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ShaniaTwain3.jpg/340px-ShaniaTwain3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> performing during her <a href="/wiki/Up!_Tour" title="Up! Tour">Up! Tour</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> became the best selling female country artist of the decade. This was primarily due to the success of her breakthrough sophomore 1995 album, <a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_Me_(album)" title="The Woman in Me (album)">The Woman in Me</a>, which was certified 12× platinum sold over 20 million copies worldwide and its follow-up, 1997's <a href="/wiki/Come_On_Over" title="Come On Over">Come On Over</a>, which was certified 20× platinum and sold over 40 million copies. The album became a major worldwide phenomenon and became one of the world's best selling albums for three years (1998, 1999 and 2000); it also went on to become the best selling country album of all time. Unlike the majority of her contemporaries, Twain enjoyed large international success that had been seen by very few country artists, before or after her. Critics have noted that Twain enjoyed much of her success due to breaking free of traditional country stereotypes and for incorporating elements of rock and pop into her music. In 2002, she released her successful fourth studio album, titled <a href="/wiki/Up!_(album)" title="Up! (album)">Up!</a>, which was certified 11× platinum and sold over 15 million copies worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> has been nominated eighteen times for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> and won five Grammys. [<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>] She was the best-paid country music star in 2016 according to Forbes, with a net worth of $27.5 million. [<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>]Twain has been credited with breaking international boundaries for country music, as well as inspiring many country artists to incorporate different genres into their music in order to attract a wider audience. She is also credited with changing the way in which many female country performers would market themselves, as unlike many before her she used fashion and her sex appeal to get rid of the stereotypical '<a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a>' image the majority of country singers had in order to distinguish herself from many female country artists of the time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Line_dancing_revival">Line dancing revival</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Line dancing revival">edit</a>]</div> In the early-mid-1990s, country western music was influenced by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Line_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Line dancing">line dancing</a>. This influence was so great that <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a> was quoted as saying, "The music has gotten pretty bad, I think. It's all that damn line dancing."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> By the end of the decade, however, at least one line dance choreographer complained that good country line dance music was no longer being released. In contrast, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Don_Williams" title="Don Williams">Don Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a> who had more or less had consistent chart success through the 1970s and 1980s suddenly had their fortunes fall rapidly around 1991 when the new chart rules took effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_country">Alternative country</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Alternative country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alt_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt country">Alt country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Earle_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Earle_2.jpg/250px-Steve_Earle_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Earle_2.jpg/375px-Steve_Earle_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Steve_Earle_2.jpg/500px-Steve_Earle_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a> performing in Ireland in 2007</figcaption></figure> Country influences combined with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> to forge the "<a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a>" scene in Southern California during the 1980s, which included bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Ryders" title="The Long Ryders">the Long Ryders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lone_Justice" title="Lone Justice">Lone Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beat_Farmers" title="The Beat Farmers">the Beat Farmers</a>, as well as the established punk group <a href="/wiki/X_(American_band)" title="X (American band)">X</a>, whose music had begun to include country and rockabilly influences.<a href="#cite_note-Malone2002-119">[119]</a> Simultaneously, a generation of diverse country artists outside of California emerged that rejected the perceived cultural and musical conservatism associated with Nashville's mainstream country musicians in favor of more countercultural outlaw country and the folk singer-songwriter traditions of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram_Parsons" title="Gram Parsons">Gram Parsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>. Artists from outside California who were associated with early alternative country included singer-songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Williams" title="Lucinda Williams">Lucinda Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Lovett" title="Lyle Lovett">Lyle Lovett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Earle" title="Steve Earle">Steve Earle</a>, the Nashville country rock band <a href="/wiki/Jason_and_the_Scorchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason and the Scorchers">Jason and the Scorchers</a>, the Providence "<a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">cowboy pop</a>" band <a href="/wiki/Rubber_Rodeo" title="Rubber Rodeo">Rubber Rodeo</a>, and the British post-punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Mekons" title="The Mekons">the Mekons</a>. Earle, in particular, was noted for his popularity with both country and <a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">college rock</a> audiences: He promoted his 1986 debut album <a href="/wiki/Guitar_Town" title="Guitar Town">Guitar Town</a> with a tour that saw him open for both country singer <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a> and alternative rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">the Replacements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Yoakam also cultivated a fanbase spanning multiple genres through his stripped-down <a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk#Music" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a> influenced sound, association with the cowpunk scene, and performances at Los Angeles punk rock clubs.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> These early styles had coalesced into a genre by the time the Illinois group <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tupelo" title="Uncle Tupelo">Uncle Tupelo</a> released their influential debut album <a href="/wiki/No_Depression_(album)" title="No Depression (album)">No Depression</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-smith2009-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicNoDepression-123">[123]</a> The album is widely credited as being the first "alternative country" album, and inspired the name of <a href="/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)" title="No Depression (magazine)">No Depression</a> magazine, which exclusively covered the new genre.<a href="#cite_note-smith2009-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicNoDepression-123">[123]</a> Following Uncle Tupelo's disbanding in 1994, its members formed two significant bands in genre: <a href="/wiki/Wilco" title="Wilco">Wilco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Son_Volt" title="Son Volt">Son Volt</a>. Although Wilco's sound had moved away from country and towards <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> by the time they released their critically acclaimed album <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Hotel_Foxtrot" title="Yankee Hotel Foxtrot">Yankee Hotel Foxtrot</a> in 2002, they have continued to be an influence on later alt-country artists. Other acts who became prominent in the alt-country genre during the 1990s and 2000s included <a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_Rockets" title="The Bottle Rockets">the Bottle Rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Handsome_Family" title="The Handsome Family">the Handsome Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(band)" title="Blue Mountain (band)">Blue Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Fulks" title="Robbie Fulks">Robbie Fulks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_Oranges_(band)" title="Blood Oranges (band)">Blood Oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(band)" title="Bright Eyes (band)">Bright Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drive-By_Truckers" title="Drive-By Truckers">Drive-By Truckers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_97%27s" title="Old 97's">Old 97's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Medicine_Show" title="Old Crow Medicine Show">Old Crow Medicine Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel_Creek" title="Nickel Creek">Nickel Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neko_Case" title="Neko Case">Neko Case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whiskeytown" title="Whiskeytown">Whiskeytown</a>, whose lead singer <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Adams" title="Ryan Adams">Ryan Adams</a> later had a successful solo-career.<a href="#cite_note-WolfandDuanep549-92-124">[124]</a> Alt-country, in various iterations overlapped with other genres, including <a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dirt (music)">Red Dirt country music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_Canadian_Ragweed" title="Cross Canadian Ragweed">Cross Canadian Ragweed</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jam bands</a> (<a href="/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket" title="My Morning Jacket">My Morning Jacket</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_String_Cheese_Incident" title="The String Cheese Incident">the String Cheese Incident</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">indie folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Avett_Brothers" title="The Avett Brothers">the Avett Brothers</a>). Despite the genre's growing popularity in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, alternative country and neo-traditionalist artists saw minimal support from country radio in those decades, despite strong sales and critical acclaim for albums such as the soundtrack to the 2000 film <a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F_(soundtrack)" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1987, the Beat Farmers gained airplay on country music stations with their song "Make It Last", but the single was pulled from the format when station programmers decreed the band's music was too rock-oriented for their audience.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, some alt-country songs have been <a href="/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">crossover hits</a> to mainstream country radio in cover versions by established artists on the format; Lucinda Williams' "<a href="/wiki/Passionate_Kisses" title="Passionate Kisses">Passionate Kisses</a>" was a hit for <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a> in 1993, Ryan Adams' "<a href="/wiki/When_the_Stars_Go_Blue" title="When the Stars Go Blue">When the Stars Go Blue</a>" was a hit for <a href="/wiki/Tim_McGraw" title="Tim McGraw">Tim McGraw</a> in 2007, and Old Crow Medicine Show's "<a href="/wiki/Wagon_Wheel_(song)" title="Wagon Wheel (song)">Wagon Wheel</a>" was a hit for <a href="/wiki/Darius_Rucker" title="Darius Rucker">Darius Rucker</a> (member of <a href="/wiki/Hootie_%26_The_Blowfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hootie & The Blowfish">Hootie & The Blowfish</a>) in 2013. In the 2010s, the alt-country genre saw an increase in its critical and commercial popularity, owing to the success of artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_Wars" title="The Civil Wars">the Civil Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stapleton" title="Chris Stapleton">Chris Stapleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgill_Simpson" title="Sturgill Simpson">Sturgill Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Isbell" title="Jason Isbell">Jason Isbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Loveless" title="Lydia Loveless">Lydia Loveless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margo_Price" title="Margo Price">Margo Price</a>. In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a> – a country artist who had gained a following with <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> fans and music critics despite minimal airplay on country radio – won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year">Grammy Award for Album of the Year</a> for her album <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kacey_Musgraves_album)" title="Golden Hour (Kacey Musgraves album)">Golden Hour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_generation_(2000s–present)">Sixth generation (2000s–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sixth generation (2000s–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Country music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_music#Country" title="2000s in music">2000s in music § Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_music#Country" title="2010s in music">2010s in music § Country</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG/250px-Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG/375px-Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG/500px-Luke_Bryan_in_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luke_Bryan" title="Luke Bryan">Luke Bryan</a></figcaption></figure> The sixth generation of country music continued to be influenced by other genres such as pop, rock, and R&B. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marx" title="Richard Marx">Richard Marx</a> crossed over with his <a href="/wiki/Days_in_Avalon" title="Days in Avalon">Days in Avalon</a> album, which features five country songs and several singers and musicians. <a href="/wiki/Alison_Krauss" title="Alison Krauss">Alison Krauss</a> sang background vocals to Marx's single "Straight from My Heart." Also, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> had a hit single, "<a href="/wiki/Who_Says_You_Can%27t_Go_Home" title="Who Says You Can't Go Home">Who Says You Can't Go Home</a>", with <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Nettles" title="Jennifer Nettles">Jennifer Nettles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sugarland" title="Sugarland">Sugarland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kid_Rock" title="Kid Rock">Kid Rock</a>'s collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Crow" title="Sheryl Crow">Sheryl Crow</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Picture_(song)" title="Picture (song)">Picture</a>," was a major crossover hit in 2001 and began Kid Rock's transition from hard rock to a country-rock hybrid that would later produce another major crossover hit, 2008's "<a href="/wiki/All_Summer_Long_(Kid_Rock_song)" title="All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)">All Summer Long</a>." (Crow, whose music had often incorporated country elements, would also officially cross over into country with her hit "<a href="/wiki/Easy_(Sheryl_Crow_song)" title="Easy (Sheryl Crow song)">Easy</a>" from her debut country album <a href="/wiki/Feels_like_Home_(Sheryl_Crow_album)" title="Feels like Home (Sheryl Crow album)">Feels like Home</a>). <a href="/wiki/Darius_Rucker" title="Darius Rucker">Darius Rucker</a>, frontman for the 1990s pop-rock band <a href="/wiki/Hootie_%26_the_Blowfish" title="Hootie & the Blowfish">Hootie & the Blowfish</a>, began a country solo career in the late 2000s, one that to date has produced five albums and several hits on both the country charts and the Billboard Hot 100. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Unknown_Hinson" title="Unknown Hinson">Unknown Hinson</a> became famous for his appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> television show Wild, Wild, South, after which Hinson started his own band and toured in southern states. Other rock stars who featured a country song on their albums were <a href="/wiki/Don_Henley" title="Don Henley">Don Henley</a> (who released <a href="/wiki/Cass_County_(album)" title="Cass County (album)">Cass County</a> in 2015, an album which featured collaborations with numerous country artists) and <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>. The back half of the 2010–2020 decade saw an increasing number of mainstream country acts collaborate with pop and R&B acts; many of these songs achieved commercial success by appealing to fans across multiple genres; examples include collaborations between <a href="/wiki/Kane_Brown" title="Kane Brown">Kane Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshmello" title="Marshmello">Marshmello</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maren_Morris" title="Maren Morris">Maren Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zedd" title="Zedd">Zedd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> There has also been interest from pop singers in country music, including <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Keys" title="Alicia Keys">Alicia Keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Stefani" title="Gwen Stefani">Gwen Stefani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Supporting this movement is the new generation of contemporary pop-country, including <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Lambert" title="Miranda Lambert">Miranda Lambert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Underwood" title="Carrie Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus" title="Billy Ray Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hunt" title="Sam Hunt">Sam Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Young_(singer)" title="Chris Young (singer)">Chris Young</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-131">[131]</a> who introduced new themes in their works, touching on fundamental rights, feminism, and controversies about racism and religion of the older generations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/154px-191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/231px-191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/308px-191125_Carrie_Underwood_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Underwood" title="Carrie Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019" title="American Music Awards of 2019">2019 American Music Awards</a></figcaption></figure> In 2005, country singer <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Underwood" title="Carrie Underwood">Carrie Underwood</a> rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of <a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a>; she has since become one of the most prominent recording artists in the genre, with worldwide sales of more than 65 million records and seven <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> With her first single, "<a href="/wiki/Inside_Your_Heaven" title="Inside Your Heaven">Inside Your Heaven</a>", Underwood became the only solo country artist to have a number 1 hit on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> chart in the 2000–2009 decade and also broke Billboard chart history as the first country music artist ever to debut at No. 1 on the Hot 100. Underwood's debut album, <a href="/wiki/Some_Hearts_(Carrie_Underwood_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Hearts (Carrie Underwood album)">Some Hearts</a>, became the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history, the fastest-selling debut country album in the history of the SoundScan era and the best-selling country album of the last 10 years, being ranked by <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> as the number 1 Country Album of the 2000–2009 decade. She has also become the female country artist with the most number one hits on the Billboard <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a> chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present), having 14 #1s and breaking her own <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book">Guinness Book</a> record of ten. In 2007, Underwood won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist" title="Grammy Award for Best New Artist">Grammy Award for Best New Artist</a>, becoming only the second Country artist in history (and the first in a decade) to win it. She also made history by becoming the seventh woman to win Entertainer of the Year at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards" title="Academy of Country Music Awards">Academy of Country Music Awards</a>, and the first woman in history to win the award twice, as well as twice consecutively. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> has listed Underwood as one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people in the world</a>. In 2016, Underwood topped the <a href="/wiki/Country_Airplay" title="Country Airplay">Country Airplay</a> chart for the 15th time, becoming the female artist with the most number ones on that chart. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg/153px-Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg/229px-Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg/306px-Miranda-Lambert-Bandwagon-Tour-2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Lambert" title="Miranda Lambert">Miranda Lambert</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> Carrie Underwood was only one of several country stars produced by a television series in the 2000s. In addition to Underwood, American Idol launched the careers of <a href="/wiki/Kellie_Pickler" title="Kellie Pickler">Kellie Pickler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Gracin" title="Josh Gracin">Josh Gracin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucky_Covington" title="Bucky Covington">Bucky Covington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristy_Lee_Cook" title="Kristy Lee Cook">Kristy Lee Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Gokey" title="Danny Gokey">Danny Gokey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Alaina" title="Lauren Alaina">Lauren Alaina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotty_McCreery" title="Scotty McCreery">Scotty McCreery</a> (as well as that of occasional country singer <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson" title="Kelly Clarkson">Kelly Clarkson</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-134">[134]</a>) in the decade, and would continue to launch country careers in the 2010s. The series <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Star" title="Nashville Star">Nashville Star</a>, while not nearly as successful as Idol, did manage to bring <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Lambert" title="Miranda Lambert">Miranda Lambert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Young_(singer)" title="Chris Young (singer)">Chris Young</a> to mainstream success, also launching the careers of lower-profile musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Jewell" title="Buddy Jewell">Buddy Jewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Patrick_McGraw" title="Sean Patrick McGraw">Sean Patrick McGraw</a>, and Canadian musician <a href="/wiki/George_Canyon" title="George Canyon">George Canyon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Can_You_Duet" title="Can You Duet">Can You Duet</a>? produced the duos <a href="/wiki/Steel_Magnolia" title="Steel Magnolia">Steel Magnolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joey_%2B_Rory" title="Joey + Rory">Joey + Rory</a>. Teen sitcoms also have influenced modern country music; in 2008, actress <a href="/wiki/Jennette_McCurdy" title="Jennette McCurdy">Jennette McCurdy</a> (best known as the sidekick Sam on the teen sitcom <a href="/wiki/ICarly" title="ICarly">iCarly</a>) released her first single, "So Close", following that with the single "<a href="/wiki/Generation_Love" title="Generation Love">Generation Love</a>" in 2011. Another teen sitcom star, <a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a> (of Disney Channel's <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Montana" title="Hannah Montana">Hannah Montana</a>), also had a crossover hit in the late 2000s with "<a href="/wiki/The_Climb_(Miley_Cyrus_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Climb (Miley Cyrus song)">The Climb</a>" and another with a duet with her father, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus" title="Billy Ray Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a>, with "<a href="/wiki/Ready,_Set,_Don%27t_Go" title="Ready, Set, Don't Go">Ready, Set, Don't Go</a>." <a href="/wiki/Jana_Kramer" title="Jana Kramer">Jana Kramer</a>, an actress in the teen drama <a href="/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)" title="One Tree Hill (TV series)">One Tree Hill</a>, released a country album in 2012 that has produced two hit singles as of 2013. Actresses <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Panettiere" title="Hayden Panettiere">Hayden Panettiere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Britton" title="Connie Britton">Connie Britton</a> began recording country songs as part of their roles in the TV shows <a href="/wiki/Nashville_(2012_TV_series)" title="Nashville (2012 TV series)">Nashville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Little_Liars" title="Pretty Little Liars">Pretty Little Liars</a> star <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Hale" title="Lucy Hale">Lucy Hale</a> released her debut album <a href="/wiki/Road_Between" title="Road Between">Road Between</a> in 2014. In 2010, the group <a href="/wiki/Lady_A" title="Lady A">Lady Antebellum</a> won five Grammys, including the coveted <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Song of the Year">Song of the Year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Record_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Record of the Year">Record of the Year</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Need_You_Now_(Lady_Antebellum_song)" title="Need You Now (Lady Antebellum song)">Need You Now</a>".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A large number of duos and vocal groups emerged on the charts in the 2010s, many of which feature <a href="/wiki/Close_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Close harmony">close harmony</a> in the lead vocals. In addition to Lady A, groups such as <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Town" title="Little Big Town">Little Big Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Band_Perry" title="The Band Perry">the Band Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloriana_(band)" title="Gloriana (band)">Gloriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Square" title="Thompson Square">Thompson Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Young_Band" title="Eli Young Band">Eli Young Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zac_Brown_Band" title="Zac Brown Band">Zac Brown Band</a> and British duo <a href="/wiki/The_Shires_(duo)" title="The Shires (duo)">the Shires</a> have emerged to occupy a large share of mainstream success alongside solo singers such as <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Lambert" title="Miranda Lambert">Miranda Lambert</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/133px-191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/199px-191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/266px-191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019" title="American Music Awards of 2019">2019 American Music Awards</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most commercially successful country artists of the late 2000s and early 2010s has been singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>. Swift first became widely known in 2006 when her debut single, "<a href="/wiki/Tim_McGraw_(song)" title="Tim McGraw (song)">Tim McGraw</a>", was released when Swift was only 16 years old. In 2006, Swift released her <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)" title="Taylor Swift (album)">self-titled debut studio album</a>, which spent 275 weeks on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a>, one of the longest runs of any album on that chart. In 2008, Taylor Swift released her second studio album, <a href="/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)" title="Fearless (Taylor Swift album)">Fearless</a>, which made her the second longest number-one charted on Billboard 200 and the second best-selling album (just behind <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>'s <a href="/wiki/21_(Adele_album)" title="21 (Adele album)">21</a>) within the past 5 years. At the <a href="/wiki/52nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="52nd Annual Grammy Awards">2010 Grammys</a>, Taylor Swift was 20 and won Album of the Year for Fearless, which made her the youngest artist to win this award. Swift has received fourteen <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammys</a> already. Buoyed by her <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a> status among girls and a change in the methodology of compiling the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> charts to favor pop-crossover songs, Swift's 2012 single "<a href="/wiki/We_Are_Never_Ever_Getting_Back_Together" title="We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together">We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together</a>" spent the most weeks at the top of Billboard's <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> chart and <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a> chart of any song in nearly five decades. The song's long run at the top of the chart was somewhat controversial, as the song is largely a pop song without much country influence and its success on the charts was driven by a change to the chart's criteria to include airplay on non-country radio stations, prompting disputes over what constitutes a country song; many of Swift's later releases, such as album <a href="/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 (Taylor Swift album)">1989</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Reputation_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputation (Taylor Swift album)">Reputation</a> (2017), and <a href="/wiki/Lover_(album)" title="Lover (album)">Lover</a> (2019) were released solely to <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> audiences.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Swift returned to country music in her recent folk-inspired releases, <a href="/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)" title="Folklore (Taylor Swift album)">Folklore</a> (2020) and <a href="/wiki/Evermore_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evermore (Taylor Swift album)">Evermore</a> (2020), with songs like "<a href="/wiki/Betty_(Taylor_Swift_song)" title="Betty (Taylor Swift song)">Betty</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/No_Body,_No_Crime" title="No Body, No Crime">No Body, No Crime</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_variations">Modern variations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Influence_of_rock,_pop_and_hip-hop">Influence of rock, pop and hip-hop</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Influence of rock, pop and hip-hop">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor,_2022-05-29_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg/220px-Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg/330px-Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg/440px-Brad_Paisley_performing_at_Caesars_Windsor%2C_2022-05-29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>With his distinctive voice, exceptional guitar skills, and witty songwriting, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Paisley" title="Brad Paisley">Brad Paisley</a> became one of the most successful male artists.</figcaption></figure> In the mid to late 2010s, country music began to increasingly sound more like the style of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-131">[131]</a> with more simple and repetitive lyrics, more electronic-based instrumentation, and experimentation with "talk-singing" and rap, pop-country pulled farther away from the traditional sounds of country music and received criticisms from country music purists while gaining in popularity with mainstream audiences.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The topics addressed have also changed, turning controversial such as acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>, safe sex, recreational marijuana use, and questioning religious sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a> Influences also come from some pop artists' interest in the country genre, including <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> with the album <a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Woods" title="Man of the Woods">Man of the Woods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Daddy_Lessons" title="Daddy Lessons">Daddy Lessons</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemonade (Beyoncé album)">Lemonade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson" title="Kelly Clarkson">Kelly Clarkson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Stefani" title="Gwen Stefani">Gwen Stefani</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Nobody_but_You_(Blake_Shelton_and_Gwen_Stefani_song)" title="Nobody but You (Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani song)">Nobody but You</a>",<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Keys" title="Alicia Keys">Alicia Keys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> in country has become more overt during the late 2000s and early 2010s as artists like <a href="/wiki/Eric_Church" title="Eric Church">Eric Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aldean" title="Jason Aldean">Jason Aldean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brantley_Gilbert" title="Brantley Gilbert">Brantley Gilbert</a> have had success; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lewis_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Lewis (musician)">Aaron Lewis</a>, former frontman for the rock group <a href="/wiki/Staind" title="Staind">Staind</a>, had a moderately successful entry into country music in 2011 and 2012, as did <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Smith" title="Dallas Smith">Dallas Smith</a>, former frontman of the band <a href="/wiki/Default_(band)" title="Default (band)">Default</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maren_Morris" title="Maren Morris">Maren Morris</a> success collaboration "<a href="/wiki/The_Middle_(Zedd,_Maren_Morris_and_Grey_song)" title="The Middle (Zedd, Maren Morris and Grey song)">The Middle</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">EDM</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Zedd" title="Zedd">Zedd</a> is considered one of the representations of the fusion of electro-pop with country music.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Road" title="Old Town Road">Old Town Road</a>" <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">spent 19 weeks</a> atop the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> chart, becoming the longest-running number-one song since the chart debuted in 1958, winning <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards" title="Billboard Music Awards">Billboard Music Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards" title="MTV Video Music Awards">MTV Video Music Awards</a> and Grammy Award.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hunt" title="Sam Hunt">Sam Hunt</a> "<a href="/wiki/Leave_the_Night_On" title="Leave the Night On">Leave the Night On</a>" peaked concurrently on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, making Hunt the first country artist in 22 years, since <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus" title="Billy Ray Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a>, to reach the top of three country charts simultaneously in the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a>-era.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> With the fusion genre of "country <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>"—a fusion of country/western themes to a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> beat, but usually with fully sung lyrics—emerging in the late 2010s, line dancing country had a minor revival, examples of the phenomenon include "<a href="/wiki/The_Git_Up" title="The Git Up">The Git Up</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Blanco_Brown" title="Blanco Brown">Blanco Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chow_2019-150">[150]</a> Blanco Brown has gone on to make more traditional country soul songs such as "I Need Love" and a rendition of "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Take_the_Girl" title="Don't Take the Girl">Don't Take the Girl</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Tim_McGraw" title="Tim McGraw">Tim McGraw</a>, and collaborations like "<a href="/wiki/Just_the_Way" title="Just the Way">Just the Way</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Parmalee" title="Parmalee">Parmalee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MusicRow.com_2021-151">[151]</a> Another country trap artist known as <a href="/wiki/Breland_(musician)" title="Breland (musician)">Breland</a> has seen success with "<a href="/wiki/My_Truck" title="My Truck">My Truck</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Throw_It_Back_(Breland_song)" title="Throw It Back (Breland song)">Throw It Back</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Keith_Urban" title="Keith Urban">Keith Urban</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Praise_the_Lord_(Breland_song)" title="Praise the Lord (Breland song)">Praise the Lord</a>" featuring <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhett" title="Thomas Rhett">Thomas Rhett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zisman_2022-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Sueco" title="Sueco">Sueco</a>, released a <a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a> song in collaboration is country musician <a href="/wiki/Warren_Zeiders" title="Warren Zeiders">Warren Zeiders</a> titled "Ride It Hard".<a href="#cite_note-MusicRow.com_2022-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Bro_country">Bro country</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bro country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg/170px-Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg/255px-Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg/340px-Florida_Georgia_Line_Night_Train_Tour_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line" title="Florida Georgia Line">Florida Georgia Line</a> whose hit song "<a href="/wiki/Cruise_(song)" title="Cruise (song)">Cruise</a>" drew attention to the <a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">bro-country</a> genre</figcaption></figure> In the early 2010s, "<a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">bro-country</a>", a genre noted primarily for its themes on drinking and partying, girls, and pickup trucks became particularly popular.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-kanuch-156">[156]</a> Notable artists associated with this genre are <a href="/wiki/Luke_Bryan" title="Luke Bryan">Luke Bryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aldean" title="Jason Aldean">Jason Aldean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blake_Shelton" title="Blake Shelton">Blake Shelton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Owen" title="Jake Owen">Jake Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line" title="Florida Georgia Line">Florida Georgia Line</a> whose song "<a href="/wiki/Cruise_(song)" title="Cruise (song)">Cruise</a>" became the best-selling country song of all time.<a href="#cite_note-best-selling-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Research in the mid-2010s suggested that about 45 percent of country's best-selling songs could be considered bro-country, with the top two artists being Luke Bryan and Florida Georgia Line.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Albums by bro-country singers also sold very well—in 2013, Luke Bryan's <a href="/wiki/Crash_My_Party" title="Crash My Party">Crash My Party</a> was the third best-selling of all albums in the United States, with Florida Georgia Line's <a href="/wiki/Here%27s_to_the_Good_Times" title="Here's to the Good Times">Here's to the Good Times</a> at sixth, and Blake Shelton's <a href="/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story..." title="Based on a True Story...">Based on a True Story</a> at ninth.<a href="#cite_note-fox-159">[159]</a> It is also thought that the popularity of bro-country helped country music to surpass classic rock as the most popular genre in the American country in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-fox-159">[159]</a> The genre however is controversial as it has been criticized by other country musicians and commentators over its themes and depiction of women,<a href="#cite_note-smith-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> opening up a divide between the older generation of country singers and the younger bro country singers that was described as "civil war" by musicians, critics, and journalists."<a href="#cite_note-time-163">[163]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Maddie_%26_Tae" title="Maddie & Tae">Maddie & Tae</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Girl_in_a_Country_Song" title="Girl in a Country Song">Girl in a Country Song</a>", addressing many of the controversial bro-country themes, peaked at number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_Airplay" title="Country Airplay">Country Airplay</a> chart. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bluegrass_and_Americana">Bluegrass and Americana</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bluegrass and Americana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Country music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass music</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg/168px-Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg/252px-Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg/336px-Emmylou_Harris_2008_The_Woodland_Park_Zootunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Bluegrass is a genre that contain songs about going through hard times, country loving, and telling stories. Its history can be traced back to the 1600s. During this time, many people were coming to America from Ireland, Scotland and England.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Those people brought the first version of Bluegrass to the Americas. After several years of bluegrass' development, Bill Monroe became the "father" of bluegrass.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Other sources argue that The Monroe Brothers were the first stars of bluegrass.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Newer artists like <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strings" title="Billy Strings">Billy Strings</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grascals" title="The Grascals">the Grascals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molly_Tuttle" title="Molly Tuttle">Molly Tuttle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Childers" title="Tyler Childers">Tyler Childers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Infamous_Stringdusters" title="The Infamous Stringdusters">the Infamous Stringdusters</a> have been increasing the popularity of this genre, alongside some of the genres more established stars who still remain popular including <a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Vincent" title="Rhonda Vincent">Rhonda Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Krauss" title="Alison Krauss">Alison Krauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (band)">Union Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Del_McCoury" title="Del McCoury">Del McCoury</a>. The genre has developed in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kentucky" title="Northern Kentucky">Northern Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> area. Other artists include <a href="/wiki/New_South_(band)" title="New South (band)">New South (band)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Brothers" title="Osborne Brothers">Osborne Brothers</a>, and many others. In an effort to combat the over-reliance of mainstream country music on pop-infused artists, the sister genre of <a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana</a> began to gain popularity and increase in prominence, receiving eight <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> categories of its own in 2009. Though Americana music gained popularity in 2009, the first Americana singer was likely Hank Williams in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Americana music incorporates elements of country music, bluegrass, folk, blues, gospel, rhythm and blues, roots rock and southern soul and is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Americana_Music_Association" title="Americana Music Association">Americana Music Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americana_Music_Honors_%26_Awards" title="Americana Music Honors & Awards">Americana Music Honors & Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> As a result of an increasingly pop-leaning mainstream, many more traditional-sounding artists such as <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Childers" title="Tyler Childers">Tyler Childers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zach_Bryan" title="Zach Bryan">Zach Bryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Medicine_Show" title="Old Crow Medicine Show">Old Crow Medicine Show</a> began to associate themselves more with Americana and the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">alternative country</a> scene where their sound was more celebrated. Similarly, many established country acts who no longer received commercial airplay, including <a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Lovett" title="Lyle Lovett">Lyle Lovett</a>, began to flourish again.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Contemporary_country_and_western_revival">Contemporary country and western revival</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Contemporary country and western revival">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/173px-Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/260px-Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/346px-Kacey_Musgraves_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="5148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a> became one of the most controversial figures in contemporary country music.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></figcaption></figure> During the mid-1980s, a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts, in favor of more, traditional, "back-to-basics" production. Many of the artists during the latter half of the 1980s drew on traditional honky-tonk, bluegrass, folk and western swing. Artists who typified this sound included <a href="/wiki/Travis_Tritt" title="Travis Tritt">Travis Tritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Whitley" title="Keith Whitley">Keith Whitley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jackson" title="Alan Jackson">Alan Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anderson (musician)">John Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Loveless" title="Patty Loveless">Patty Loveless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Mattea" title="Kathy Mattea">Kathy Mattea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Travis" title="Randy Travis">Randy Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam" title="Dwight Yoakam">Dwight Yoakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Black" title="Clint Black">Clint Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Judds" title="The Judds">the Judds</a>. Beginning in 1989, a confluence of events brought an unprecedented commercial boom to country music. New marketing strategies were used to engage fans, powered by technology that more accurately tracked the popularity of country music, and boosted by a political and economic climate that focused attention on the genre. <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a> ("Friends in Low Places") in particular attracted fans with his fusion of neotraditionalist country and <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">stadium rock</a>. Other artists such as <a href="/wiki/Brooks_and_Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks and Dunn">Brooks and Dunn</a> ("Boot Scootin' Boogie") also combined conventional country with slick, rock elements, while <a href="/wiki/Lorrie_Morgan" title="Lorrie Morgan">Lorrie Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Mattea" title="Kathy Mattea">Kathy Mattea</a> updated neotraditionalist styles.<a href="#cite_note-Country_Music-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg/220px-Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg/330px-Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg/440px-Midland_in_concert_-_NYS_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3733" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midland_(band)" title="Midland (band)">Midland</a>, one of the most popular neotraditional honky-tonk bands</figcaption></figure> Roots of conservative country was Lee Greenwood's "God Bless the USA".<a href="#cite_note-Mendez_2020-172">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001 and the economic recession helped move country music back into the spotlight. Many country artists, such as Alan Jackson with his ballad on terrorist attacks, "<a href="/wiki/Where_Were_You_(When_the_World_Stopped_Turning)" title="Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)">Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)</a>", wrote songs that celebrated the military, highlighted the gospel, and emphasized home and family values over wealth. Alt-Country singer Ryan Adams song "<a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York_(Ryan_Adams_song)" title="New York, New York (Ryan Adams song)">New York, New York</a>" pays tribute to New York City, and its popular music video (which was shot 4 days before the attacks) shows Adams playing in front of the Manhattan skyline, Along with several shots of the city. In contrast, more rock-oriented country singers took more direct aim at the attacks' perpetrators; Toby Keith's "<a href="/wiki/Courtesy_of_the_Red,_White_and_Blue_(The_Angry_American)" title="Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)">Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)</a>" threatened to "a boot in" the posterior of the enemy, while Charlie Daniels's "<a href="/wiki/This_Ain%27t_No_Rag,_It%27s_a_Flag" title="This Ain't No Rag, It's a Flag">This Ain't No Rag, It's a Flag</a>" promised to "hunt" the perpetrators "down like a mad dog hound." These songs gained such recognition that it put country music back into popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Darryl Worley recorded "Have You Forgotten" also. There have been numerous patriotic country songs throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-Country_Thang_Daily_2021-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2022-175">[175]</a> Some modern artists that primarily or entirely produce <a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">country pop</a> music include <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maren_Morris" title="Maren Morris">Maren Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelsea_Ballerini" title="Kelsea Ballerini">Kelsea Ballerini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hunt" title="Sam Hunt">Sam Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kane_Brown" title="Kane Brown">Kane Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lane" title="Chris Lane">Chris Lane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dan_%2B_Shay" title="Dan + Shay">Dan + Shay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The singers who are part of this country movement are also defined as "Nashville's new generation of country".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Although the changes made by the new generation, it has been recognized by major music awards associations and successes in <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Billboard</a> and international charts. <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kacey_Musgraves_album)" title="Golden Hour (Kacey Musgraves album)">Golden Hour</a> by Kacey Musgraves won album of the year at <a href="/wiki/61st_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="61st Annual Grammy Awards">61st Annual Grammy Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards" title="Academy of Country Music Awards">Academy of Country Music Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards" title="Country Music Association Awards">Country Music Association Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> although it has received criticism from some traditional country music fans.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg/150px-Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg/225px-Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg/300px-Olivia_Newton-John_Sydney_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a> singing in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a> has a long tradition. Influenced by US country music, it has developed a distinct style, shaped by British and Irish folk ballads and Australian <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush balladeers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>. Country instruments, including the guitar, <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> and harmonica, create the distinctive sound of country music in Australia and accompany songs with strong storyline and memorable chorus. Folk songs sung in Australia between the 1780s and 1920s, based around such themes as the struggle against government <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, or the lives of <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushrangers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swagmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Swagmen">swagmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drover_(Australian)" title="Drover (Australian)">drovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockman_(Australia)" title="Stockman (Australia)">stockmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearer" title="Sheep shearer">shearers</a>, continue to influence the genre. This strain of Australian country, with lyrics focusing on Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "<a href="/wiki/Bush_band" title="Bush band">bush band</a> music". "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>", often regarded as Australia's unofficial <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, is a quintessential Australian country song, influenced more by British and Irish folk ballads than by US country and western music. The lyrics were composed by the poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. Other popular songs from this tradition include "<a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy" title="The Wild Colonial Boy">The Wild Colonial Boy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Click_Go_the_Shears" title="Click Go the Shears">Click Go the Shears</a>", "The Queensland Drover" and "The Dying Stockman". Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginality</a> and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast distances.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Kasey_Chambers_at_APRA_Music_Awards_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kasey_Chambers" title="Kasey Chambers">Kasey Chambers</a> arguably one of the most successful Australian female country singers.</figcaption></figure> Pioneers of a more Americanised popular country music in Australia included <a href="/wiki/Tex_Morton" title="Tex Morton">Tex Morton</a> (known as "The Father of Australian Country Music") in the 1930s. Author Andrew Smith delivers a through research and engaged view of Tex Morton's life and his impact on the country music scene in Australia in the 1930s and 1940s. Other early stars included <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Williams_(country_musician)" title="Buddy Williams (country musician)">Buddy Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Thoms" title="Shirley Thoms">Shirley Thoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Dawson" title="Smoky Dawson">Smoky Dawson</a>. Buddy Williams (1918–1986) was the first Australian-born to record country music in Australia in the late 1930s and was the pioneer of a distinctly Australian style of country music called the bush ballad that others such as Slim Dusty would make popular in later years. During the Second World War, many of Buddy Williams recording sessions were done whilst on leave from the Army. At the end of the war, Williams would go on to operate some of the largest travelling tent rodeo shows Australia has ever seen. In 1952, Dawson began a radio show and went on to national stardom as a singing cowboy of radio, TV and film. <a href="/wiki/Slim_Dusty" title="Slim Dusty">Slim Dusty</a> (1927–2003) was known as the "King of Australian Country Music" and helped to popularise the Australian <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush ballad</a>. His successful career spanned almost six decades, and his 1957 hit "<a href="/wiki/A_Pub_with_No_Beer" title="A Pub with No Beer">A Pub with No Beer</a>" was the biggest-selling record by an Australian to that time, and with over seven million record sales in Australia he is the most successful artist in Australian musical history.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-obit-182">[182]</a> Dusty recorded and released his one-hundredth album in the year 2000 and was given the honour of singing "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>" in the closing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">Sydney 2000 Olympic Games</a>. Dusty's wife <a href="/wiki/Joy_McKean" title="Joy McKean">Joy McKean</a> penned several of his most popular songs. <a href="/wiki/Chad_Morgan" title="Chad Morgan">Chad Morgan</a>, who began recording in the 1950s, has represented a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> style of comic Australian country; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ifield" title="Frank Ifield">Frank Ifield</a> achieved considerable success in the early 1960s, especially in the UK Singles Charts and <a href="/wiki/Reg_Lindsay" title="Reg Lindsay">Reg Lindsay</a> was one of the first Australians to perform at Nashville's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bogle" title="Eric Bogle">Eric Bogle</a>'s 1972 folk lament to the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> "<a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda" title="And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda">And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda</a>" recalled the British and Irish origins of Australian folk-country. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Australian_musician)" title="Paul Kelly (Australian musician)">Paul Kelly</a>, whose music style straddles folk, rock and country, is often described as the <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">poet laureate</a> of Australian music.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Keith_Urban_in_PoAH_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keith_Urban" title="Keith Urban">Keith Urban</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> By the 1990s, country music had attained crossover success in the pop charts, with artists like <a href="/wiki/James_Blundell_(singer)" title="James Blundell (singer)">James Blundell</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Reyne" title="James Reyne">James Reyne</a> singing "<a href="/wiki/The_Dingoes" title="The Dingoes">Way Out West</a>", and country star <a href="/wiki/Kasey_Chambers" title="Kasey Chambers">Kasey Chambers</a> winning the <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Female_Artist" title="ARIA Award for Best Female Artist">ARIA Award for Best Female Artist</a> in three years (2000, 2002 and 2004), tying with pop stars <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Matthews" title="Wendy Matthews">Wendy Matthews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a> for the most wins in that category. Furthermore, Chambers has gone on to win nine <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Country_Album" title="ARIA Award for Best Country Album">ARIA Awards for Best Country Album</a> and, in 2018, became the youngest artist to ever be inducted into the <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Hall_of_Fame" title="ARIA Hall of Fame">ARIA Hall of Fame</a>. The crossover influence of Australian country is also evident in the music of successful contemporary bands <a href="/wiki/The_Waifs" title="The Waifs">the Waifs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Butler_Trio" title="John Butler Trio">John Butler Trio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a> has been heavily influenced by the country artist <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>. In 2000, Cash, covered Cave's "<a href="/wiki/The_Mercy_Seat_(song)" title="The Mercy Seat (song)">The Mercy Seat</a>" on the album <a href="/wiki/American_III:_Solitary_Man" title="American III: Solitary Man">American III: Solitary Man</a>, seemingly repaying Cave for the compliment he paid by covering Cash's "The Singer" (originally "<a href="/wiki/The_Folk_Singer" title="The Folk Singer">The Folk Singer</a>") on his <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Against_the_Pricks" title="Kicking Against the Pricks">Kicking Against the Pricks</a> album. Subsequently, Cave cut a duet with Cash on a version of <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>' "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_So_Lonesome_I_Could_Cry" title="I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry">I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry</a>" for Cash's <a href="/wiki/American_IV:_The_Man_Comes_Around" title="American IV: The Man Comes Around">American IV: The Man Comes Around</a> album (2002).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sara_Storer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sara_Storer.png/170px-Sara_Storer.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sara_Storer.png/255px-Sara_Storer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sara_Storer.png/340px-Sara_Storer.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sara_Storer" title="Sara Storer">Sara Storer</a> celebrated for her heartfelt songwriting and authentic storytelling.</figcaption></figure> Popular contemporary performers of Australian country music include <a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_(singer)" title="John Williamson (singer)">John Williamson</a> (who wrote the iconic "<a href="/wiki/True_Blue_(John_Williamson_song)" title="True Blue (John Williamson song)">True Blue</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kernaghan" title="Lee Kernaghan">Lee Kernaghan</a> (whose hits include "Boys from the Bush" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Outback_Club" title="The Outback Club">The Outback Club</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Gina_Jeffreys" title="Gina Jeffreys">Gina Jeffreys</a>, Forever Road and <a href="/wiki/Sara_Storer" title="Sara Storer">Sara Storer</a>. In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherri%C3%A9_Austin" title="Sherrié Austin">Sherrié Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Urban" title="Keith Urban">Keith Urban</a> have attained great success. During her time as a country singer in the 1970s, Newton-John became the first (and to date only) non-US winner of the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Female_Vocalist_of_the_Year" title="Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year">Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year</a> which many considered a controversial decision by the CMA; after starring in the rock-and-roll musical film <a href="/wiki/Grease_(film)" title="Grease (film)">Grease</a> in 1978, Newton-John (mirroring the character she played in the film) shifted to pop music in the 1980s. Urban is arguably considered the most successful international Australian country star, winning nine CMA Awards, including three <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Male_Vocalist_of_the_Year" title="Country Music Association Award for Male Vocalist of the Year">Male Vocalist of the Year</a> wins and two wins of the CMA's top honour <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Entertainer_of_the_Year" title="Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the Year">Entertainer of the Year</a>. Pop star <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> found success with her 2018 country pop album <a href="/wiki/Golden_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Golden (Kylie Minogue album)">Golden</a> which she recorded in Nashville reaching number one in Scotland, the UK and her native Australia. Country music has been a particularly popular form of musical expression among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Troy_Cassar-Daley" title="Troy Cassar-Daley">Troy Cassar-Daley</a> is among Australia's successful contemporary indigenous performers, and <a href="/wiki/Kev_Carmody" title="Kev Carmody">Kev Carmody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archie_Roach" title="Archie Roach">Archie Roach</a> employ a combination of folk-rock and country music to sing about Aboriginal rights issues.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Country_Music_Festival" title="Tamworth Country Music Festival">Tamworth Country Music Festival</a> began in 1973 and now attracts up to 100,000 visitors annually. Held in <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth, New South Wales</a> (country music capital of Australia), it celebrates the culture and heritage of Australian country music. During the festival the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_of_Australia" title="Country Music Association of Australia">CMAA</a> holds the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Awards_of_Australia" title="Country Music Awards of Australia">Country Music Awards of Australia</a> ceremony awarding the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Guitar" title="Golden Guitar">Golden Guitar</a> trophies. Other significant country music festivals include the Whittlesea Country Music Festival (near <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Mildura_Country_Music_Festival" title="Mildura Country Music Festival">Mildura Country Music Festival</a> for "independent" performers during October, and the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Country_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Country Music Festival">Canberra Country Music Festival</a> held in the national capital during November. Country HQ showcases new talent on the rise in the country music scene <a href="/wiki/Down_under" class="mw-redirect" title="Down under">down under</a>. CMC (the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Channel" title="Country Music Channel">Country Music Channel</a>), a 24‑hour music channel dedicated to non-stop country music, can be viewed on <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> and features once a year the Golden Guitar Awards, CMAs and CCMAs alongside international shows such as The Wilkinsons, The Road Hammers, and Country Music Across America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Canadian country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Association" title="Canadian Country Music Association">Canadian Country Music Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame">Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg/170px-ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg/255px-ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/ShaniaTwainJunoAwardsMar2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Shania Twain in 2011</figcaption></figure> Outside of the United States, Canada has the largest country music fan and artist base, something that is to be expected given the two countries' proximity and cultural parallels. Mainstream country music is culturally ingrained in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairie provinces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">British Columbia Interior</a>, Northern Ontario, and in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-book-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic traditional music</a> developed in Atlantic Canada in the form of Scottish, Acadian and Irish folk music popular amongst Irish, French and Scottish immigrants to Canada's Atlantic Provinces (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>).<a href="#cite_note-book-187">[187]</a> Like the southern United States and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, all four regions are of heavy <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> stock and rural; as such, the development of traditional music in the Maritimes somewhat mirrored the development of country music in the US South and Appalachia. Country and western music never really developed separately in Canada; however, after its introduction to Canada, following the spread of radio, it developed quite quickly out of the Atlantic Canadian traditional scene. While true Atlantic Canadian traditional music is very Celtic or "<a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a>" in nature, even today, the lines have often been blurred. Certain areas often are viewed as embracing one strain or the other more openly. For example, in Newfoundland the traditional music remains unique and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish</a> in nature, whereas traditional musicians in other parts of the region may play both genres interchangeably. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg/220px-Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg/330px-Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg/440px-Terri_Clark_on_CP_Holiday_Train_2017-12-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3902" data-file-height="3902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terri_Clark" title="Terri Clark">Terri Clark</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Don_Messer%27s_Jubilee" title="Don Messer's Jubilee">Don Messer's Jubilee</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>-based country/folk variety television show that was broadcast nationally from 1957 to 1969. In Canada it out-performed <a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a> broadcast from the United States and became the top-rated television show throughout much of the 1960s. Don Messer's Jubilee followed a consistent format throughout its years, beginning with a tune named "Goin' to the Barndance Tonight", followed by fiddle tunes by Messer, songs from some of his "Islanders" including singers <a href="/wiki/Marg_Osburne" title="Marg Osburne">Marg Osburne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chamberlain" title="Charlie Chamberlain">Charlie Chamberlain</a>, the featured guest performance, and a closing hymn. It ended with "<a href="/wiki/Till_We_Meet_Again_(1918_song)" title="Till We Meet Again (1918 song)">Till We Meet Again</a>". The guest performance slot gave national exposure to numerous Canadian folk musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Stompin%27_Tom_Connors" title="Stompin' Tom Connors">Stompin' Tom Connors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKinnon" title="Catherine McKinnon">Catherine McKinnon</a>. Some Maritime country performers went on to further fame beyond Canada. <a href="/wiki/Hank_Snow" title="Hank Snow">Hank Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilf_Carter_(musician)" title="Wilf Carter (musician)">Wilf Carter</a> (also known as Montana Slim), and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Murray" title="Anne Murray">Anne Murray</a> are the three most notable. The cancellation of the show by the public broadcaster in 1969 caused a nationwide protest, including the raising of questions in the Parliament of Canada. The Prairie provinces, due to their western cowboy and agrarian nature, are the true heartland of Canadian country music.<a href="#cite_note-book-187">[187]</a> While the Prairies never developed a traditional music culture anything like the Maritimes, the folk music of the Prairies often reflected the cultural origins of the settlers, who were a mix of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadians_of_German_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadians of German ethnicity">German</a> and others. For these reasons <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a> and western music were always popular in the region, and with the introduction of the radio, mainstream country music flourished. As the culture of the region is western and frontier in nature, the specific genre of country and western is more popular today in the Prairies than in any other part of the country. No other area of the country embraces all aspects of the culture, from two-step dancing, to the cowboy dress, to rodeos, to the music itself, like the Prairies do. The Atlantic Provinces, on the other hand, produce far more traditional musicians, but they are not usually specifically country in nature, usually bordering more on the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic</a> genres.<a href="#cite_note-book-187">[187]</a> Canadian country pop star <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> is the best-selling female country artist of all time and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling artists of all time</a> in any genre.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Furthermore, she is the only woman to have three consecutive albums be certified <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">Diamond</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico_and_Latin_America">Mexico and Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mexico and Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg/170px-Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg/255px-Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg/340px-Lorenzo-Antonio-Performing-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Antonio" title="Lorenzo Antonio">Lorenzo Antonio</a></figcaption></figure> Country music artists from the U.S. have seen crossover with Latin American audiences, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Country music artists from throughout the U.S. have recorded renditions of Mexican folk songs, including "<a href="/wiki/El_Rey_(song)" title="El Rey (song)">El Rey</a>" which was performed on <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twang_(album)" title="Twang (album)">Twang</a> album and during <a href="/wiki/Al_Hurricane" title="Al Hurricane">Al Hurricane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Tribute_to_Al_Hurricane" title="A Tribute to Al Hurricane">tribute concert</a>. American <a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a> crossover musicians, like <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Antonio" title="Lorenzo Antonio">Lorenzo Antonio</a>'s "Ranchera Jam" have also combined Mexican songs with country songs in a <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a> style.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While Tejano and New Mexico music is typically thought of as being Spanish language, the genres have also had charting musicians focused on English language music.<a href="#cite_note-Escamilla_2022-190">[190]</a> During the 1970s, singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Fender" title="Freddy Fender">Freddy Fender</a> had two #1 country music singles, that were popular throughout <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, with "<a href="/wiki/Before_the_Next_Teardrop_Falls_(song)" title="Before the Next Teardrop Falls (song)">Before the Next Teardrop Falls</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Wasted_Days_and_Wasted_Nights" title="Wasted Days and Wasted Nights">Wasted Days and Wasted Nights</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lamitschka_2021-191">[191]</a> Notable songs which have been influenced by Hispanic and Latin culture as performed by US country music artists include <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a>' "<a href="/wiki/El_Paso_(song)" title="El Paso (song)">El Paso</a>" trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Townes_Van_Zandt" title="Townes Van Zandt">Townes Van Zandt</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Pancho_and_Lefty" title="Pancho and Lefty">Pancho and Lefty</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Toes_(Zac_Brown_Band_song)" title="Toes (Zac Brown Band song)">Toes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Zac_Brown_Band" title="Zac Brown Band">Zac Brown Band</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Sangria_(song)" title="Sangria (song)">Sangria</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Blake_Shelton" title="Blake Shelton">Blake Shelton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Patricia_Vonne_-_Hamburg_Harley_Days_2017_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Vonne" title="Patricia Vonne">Patricia Vonne</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a> is a radio format featuring many of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>'s versions of country music. It includes a number of different styles, usually named after their region of origin. One specific song style, the <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Canción Ranchera</a>, or simply Ranchera, literally meaning "<a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a> song", found its origins in the Mexican countryside and was first popularized with <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a>. It has since also become popular with <a href="/wiki/Grupera" title="Grupera">Grupero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_music" title="Tierra Caliente music">Tierra Caliente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duranguense" title="Duranguense">Duranguense</a> and other regional Mexican styles. The <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a>, a different song style with a similar history, is also performed in many other regional styles, and is most related to the <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">western</a> style of the United States and Canada. Other song styles performed in regional Mexican music include <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boleros" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleros">Boleros</a>, among others. Country en Español (Country in Spanish) is also popular in Mexico. Some Mexican artists began performing country songs in Spanish during the 1970s, and the genre became prominent mainly in the northern regions of the country during the 1980s. A Country en Español popularity boom also reached the central regions of Mexico during the 1990s. For most of its history, Country en Español mainly resembled <a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">Neotraditional country</a>. However, in more modern times, some artists have incorporated influences from other country music subgenres. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, on the last weekend of September, the yearly San Pedro Country Music Festival<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] takes place in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Pedro, Buenos Aires">San Pedro, Buenos Aires</a>. The festival features bands from different places in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, as well as international artists from Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and the U.S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnie_woman1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bonnie_woman1_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Bonnie_woman1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bonnie_woman1_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Bonnie_woman1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Bonnie_woman1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Before pop stardom, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler" title="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</a> had a country hit with "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Heartache" title="It's a Heartache">It's a Heartache</a>"</figcaption></figure> Country music is popular in the United Kingdom, although somewhat less so than in other English-speaking countries. There are some British country music acts and publications. Although radio stations devoted to country are among the most popular in other Anglophone nations, none of the top ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">most-listened-to stations in the UK</a> are country stations, and national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> does not offer a full-time country station (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2_Country" title="BBC Radio 2 Country">BBC Radio 2 Country</a>, a "pop-up" station, operated four days each year between 2015 and 2017). The BBC does offer a country show on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a> each week hosted by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Harris_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Harris (radio)">Bob Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The most successful British country music act of the 21st century are <a href="/wiki/Ward_Thomas_(band)" title="Ward Thomas (band)">Ward Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Shires_(duo)" title="The Shires (duo)">the Shires</a>. In 2015, the Shires' album <a href="/wiki/Brave_(The_Shires_album)" title="Brave (The Shires album)">Brave</a>, became the first UK country act ever to chart in the Top 10 of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart" title="UK Albums Chart">UK Albums Chart</a> and they became the first UK country act to receive an award from the American <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association" title="Country Music Association">Country Music Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Ward_Thomas_(band)" title="Ward Thomas (band)">Ward Thomas</a> then became the first UK country act to hit number 1 in the <a href="/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart" title="UK Albums Chart">UK Albums Chart</a> with their album <a href="/wiki/Cartwheels_(Ward_Thomas_album)" title="Cartwheels (Ward Thomas album)">Cartwheels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG/220px-Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG/330px-Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG/440px-Cowboy_humpy_10-31-2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(singer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a> had hits with country songs</figcaption></figure> There is the <a href="/wiki/C2C:_Country_to_Country" title="C2C: Country to Country">C2C: Country to Country</a> festival held every year, and for many years there was a festival at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a>, which was broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, the International Festivals of Country Music, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Conn" title="Mervyn Conn">Mervyn Conn</a>, held at the venue between 1969 and 1991. The shows were later taken into Europe, and featured such stars as <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Allan_Coe" title="David Allan Coe">David Allan Coe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxcar_Willie" title="Boxcar Willie">Boxcar Willie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Russell_(singer)" title="Johnny Russell (singer)">Johnny Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>. A handful of country musicians had even greater success in mainstream British music than they did in the U.S., despite a certain amount of disdain from the music press. Britain's largest music festival <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury</a> has featured major US country acts in recent years, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> in 2013 and Dolly Parton in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG/170px-Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG/255px-Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG/340px-Nathan_Carter._Royal_Concert_Hall._Glasgow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Carter" title="Nathan Carter">Nathan Carter</a> a British-born Irish country music singer based in the UK and Ireland.</figcaption></figure> From within the UK, few country musicians achieved widespread mainstream success. Many British singers who performed the occasional country songs are of other genres. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a>, by this point near the end of his peak success as a pop singer, had a string of country hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a> had some fleeting success in the genre, with one country hit as artists ("<a href="/wiki/Rest_Your_Love_on_Me" title="Rest Your Love on Me">Rest Your Love on Me</a>") and a major hit as songwriters ("<a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(song)" title="Islands in the Stream (song)">Islands in the Stream</a>"); <a href="/wiki/Barry_Gibb" title="Barry Gibb">Barry Gibb</a>, the band's usual lead singer and last surviving member, acknowledged that country music was a major influence on the band's style.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Singer <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(singer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>, while charting only once in the U.S. country top 40 with "<a href="/wiki/After_the_Lovin%27" title="After the Lovin'">After the Lovin'</a>", achieved widespread success on both the U.S. and British pop charts with his covers of Nashville country ballads such as "<a href="/wiki/Release_Me_(1949_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Release Me (1949 song)">Release Me</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Am_I_That_Easy_to_Forget" title="Am I That Easy to Forget">Am I That Easy to Forget</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/There_Goes_My_Everything_(song)" title="There Goes My Everything (song)">There Goes My Everything</a>". Welsh singer <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler" title="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</a> initially started her career making country records, and in 1978 her single "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Heartache" title="It's a Heartache">It's a Heartache</a>" reached number four on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>. In 2013, Tyler returned to her roots, blending the country elements of her early work with the rock of her successful material on her album <a href="/wiki/Rocks_and_Honey" title="Rocks and Honey">Rocks and Honey</a> which featured a duet with <a href="/wiki/Vince_Gill" title="Vince Gill">Vince Gill</a>. The songwriting tandem of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cook_(songwriter)" title="Roger Cook (songwriter)">Roger Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Greenaway" title="Roger Greenaway">Roger Greenaway</a> wrote a number of country hits, in addition to their widespread success in pop songwriting; Cook is notable for being the only Briton to be inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame">Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame</a>. A niche country subgenre popular in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> is <a href="/wiki/Scrumpy_and_Western" title="Scrumpy and Western">Scrumpy and Western</a>, which consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">novelty songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">comedy music</a> recorded there (its name comes from <a href="/wiki/Scrumpy" title="Scrumpy">scrumpy</a>, an alcoholic beverage). A primarily local interest, the largest Scrumpy and Western hit in the UK and Ireland was "<a href="/wiki/The_Combine_Harvester" title="The Combine Harvester">The Combine Harvester</a>", which pioneered the genre and reached number one in both the UK and Ireland; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Wedlock" title="Fred Wedlock">Fred Wedlock</a> had a number-six hit in 1981 with "The Oldest Swinger in Town". In 1975, comedian <a href="/wiki/Billy_Connolly" title="Billy Connolly">Billy Connolly</a> topped the UK Singles Chart with "<a href="/wiki/D.I.V.O.R.C.E." title="D.I.V.O.R.C.E.">D.I.V.O.R.C.E.</a>", a parody of the <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a> song "<a href="/wiki/D-I-V-O-R-C-E" title="D-I-V-O-R-C-E">D-I-V-O-R-C-E</a>".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishcountrymusicfestival.com">The British Country Music Festival</a> is an annual three-day festival held in the seaside resort of <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>. It uniquely promotes artists from the United Kingdom and Ireland to celebrate the impact that Celtic and British settlers to America had on the origins of country music. Past headline artists have included <a href="/wiki/Amy_Wadge" title="Amy Wadge">Amy Wadge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ward_Thomas_(band)" title="Ward Thomas (band)">Ward Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Odell" title="Tom Odell">Tom Odell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Carter" title="Nathan Carter">Nathan Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_McHugh" title="Lisa McHugh">Lisa McHugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McGrath" title="Catherine McGrath">Catherine McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildwood_Kin" title="Wildwood Kin">Wildwood Kin</a>, The Wandering Hearts and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Priestman" title="Henry Priestman">Henry Priestman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_McGrath_(52338298859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg/200px-Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg/300px-Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg/400px-Catherine_McGrath_%2852338298859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McGrath" title="Catherine McGrath">Catherine McGrath</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a> is a music genre that combines traditional <a href="/wiki/Irish_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish folk music">Irish folk music</a> with US country music. Television channel <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a> began a quest for Ireland's next country star called <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3r_T%C3%ADre" title="Glór Tíre">Glór Tíre</a>, translated as "Country Voice". It is now in its sixth season and is one of TG4's most-watched TV shows. Over the past ten years, country and gospel recording artist <a href="/wiki/James_Kilbane" title="James Kilbane">James Kilbane</a> has reached multi-platinum success with his mix of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Christian</a> and traditional country influenced albums. James Kilbane like many other Irish artists is today working closer with Nashville. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Donnell" title="Daniel O'Donnell">Daniel O'Donnell</a> achieved international success with his brand of music crossing country, Irish folk and <a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">European easy listening</a>, earning a strong following among older women<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> both in the British Isles and in North America. A recent success in the Irish arena has been <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Swing" title="Crystal Swing">Crystal Swing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_and_Asia">Japan and Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Japan and Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClaraChung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ClaraChung.jpg/200px-ClaraChung.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ClaraChung.jpg/300px-ClaraChung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ClaraChung.jpg/400px-ClaraChung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clara_Chung" title="Clara Chung">Clara Chung</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, country and western music first developed a following before World War II, but many Japanese became exposed to it after the war due to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Network" title="Far East Network">Far East Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kitazawa_2019-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFAR_Media_2020-203">[203]</a> One of the first Japanese western acts was Biji Kuroda & The Chuck Wagon Boys, other vintage artists include Jimmie Tokita and His Mountain Playboys, The Blue Rangers, Wagon Aces, and <a href="/wiki/Tomi_Fujiyama" title="Tomi Fujiyama">Tomi Fujiyama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kitazawa_2019-202">[202]</a> While the majority of these musicians sung in English, a few of them sang in the Japanese language, such as Fujiyama and Kazuya Kosaka.<a href="#cite_note-Kitazawa_2019-202">[202]</a> The genre continues to have a dedicated following in Japan, thanks to Charlie Nagatani, Katsuoshi Suga, J.T. Kanehira, Dicky Kitano, and Manami Sekiya.<a href="#cite_note-Kitazawa_2019-202">[202]</a> Country and western venues in Japan include the former annual Country Gold which were put together by Charlie Nagatani, and the modern honky tonks at <a href="/wiki/Little_Texas_(Tokyo_restaurant)" title="Little Texas (Tokyo restaurant)">Little Texas</a> in Tokyo and Armadillo in <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nerozzi_2020-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-KPRC_2021-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-赤坂カントリーミュージック_ライブハウス-206">[206]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, there is an annual concert festival called "Blazing Guitars"<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> brings together Anglo-Indian musicians from all over the country (including some who have emigrated to places like Australia). The year 2003 brought home-grown Indian, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Cash_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby Cash (singer)">Bobby Cash</a> to the forefront of the country music culture in India when he became India's first international country music artist to chart singles in Australia. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, country music has found their way into Cordilleran way of life, which often compares the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a> lifestyle to that of US cowboys. The Philippines was once a US Commonwealth from 1900 to 1946, and country music began to be exported to the islands in the early 20th centurty. <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> City has an FM station that caters to country music, <a href="/wiki/DZWR" title="DZWR">DZWR</a> 99.9 Country, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Media_Network" title="Catholic Media Network">Catholic Media Network</a>. Bombo Radyo Baguio has a segment on its Sunday slot for Igorot, Ilocano and country music. And as of recently, <a href="/wiki/DWUB" title="DWUB">DWUB</a> occasionally plays country music. Many country music musicians tour the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Original_Pinoy_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Pinoy Music">Original Pinoy Music</a> has influences from country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_international_country_music">Other international country music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other international country music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jill_Johnson2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jill_Johnson2.jpg/220px-Jill_Johnson2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jill_Johnson2.jpg/330px-Jill_Johnson2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jill_Johnson2.jpg/440px-Jill_Johnson2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Swedish singer <a href="/wiki/Jill_Johnson" title="Jill Johnson">Jill Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> Tom Roland, from the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association" title="Country Music Association">Country Music Association</a> International, explains country music's global popularity: "In this respect, at least, Country Music listeners around the globe have something in common with those in the United States. In Germany, for instance, Rohrbach identifies three general groups that gravitate to the genre: people intrigued with the US cowboy icon, middle-aged fans who seek an alternative to harder rock music and younger listeners drawn to the pop-influenced sound that underscores many current Country hits."<a href="#cite_note-int-208">[208]</a> One of the first US people to perform country music abroad was <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_IV" title="George Hamilton IV">George Hamilton IV</a>. He was the first country musician to perform in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; he also toured in Australia and the Middle East. He was deemed the "International Ambassador of Country Music" for his contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> of country music.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Keith Urban, and Dwight Yoakam have also made numerous international tours.<a href="#cite_note-int-208">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association" title="Country Music Association">Country Music Association</a> undertakes various initiatives to promote country music internationally.<a href="#cite_note-int-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, country music has appeared in recent years. According to Melody Music Magazine, the pioneer of country music in Iran is the English-speaking country music band <a href="/wiki/Dream_Rovers" title="Dream Rovers">Dream Rovers</a>, whose founder, singer and songwriter is Erfan Rezayatbakhsh (elf).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The band was formed in 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> and during this time they have been trying to introduce and popularize country music in Iran by releasing two studio albums<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and performing live at concerts, despite the difficulties that the Islamic regime in Iran makes for bands that are active in the western music field.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Musician <a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a> performed alongside Saudi Arabian folk musician <a href="/wiki/Rabeh_Sager" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabeh Sager">Rabeh Sager</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2017-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-France-Presse_2017-215">[215]</a> This concert was similar to the performances of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_ambassadors" title="Jazz ambassadors">Jazz ambassadors</a> that performed distinctively American style music internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Plis_2017-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Continental Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Country music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg/220px-Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg/330px-Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg/440px-Vanha-Isanta-1974-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5422" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>Vanha Isäntä, a <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> country rock band, performing at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Festival" title="Helsinki Festival">Helsinki Festival</a>'s open-air concert in <a href="/wiki/Kaivopuisto" title="Kaivopuisto">Kaivopuisto</a> in 1974. Seppo Sillanpää (violin) on the left and Olli Haavisto (guitar) on the right.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rednex" title="Rednex">Rednex</a> rose to stardom combining country music with <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">electro-pop</a> in the 1990s. In 1994, the group had a worldwide hit with their version of the traditional Southern tune "<a href="/wiki/Cotton-Eyed_Joe" title="Cotton-Eyed Joe">Cotton-Eyed Joe</a>". Artists popularizing more traditional country music in Sweden have been <a href="/wiki/Ann-Louise_Hanson" title="Ann-Louise Hanson">Ann-Louise Hanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasse_Andersson" title="Hasse Andersson">Hasse Andersson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikki_Danielsson" title="Kikki Danielsson">Kikki Danielsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Andreassen" title="Elisabeth Andreassen">Elisabeth Andreassen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Johnson" title="Jill Johnson">Jill Johnson</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> an international country music festival, known as <a href="/wiki/Piknik_Country" title="Piknik Country">Piknik Country</a>, has been organised in <a href="/wiki/Mr%C4%85gowo" title="Mrągowo">Mrągowo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> since 1983. The number of country music artists in France has increased. Some of the most important[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] are <a href="/wiki/Liane_Edwards" title="Liane Edwards">Liane Edwards</a>, Annabel, Rockie Mountains, Tahiana, and Lili West. French <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Mitchell" title="Eddy Mitchell">Eddy Mitchell</a> is also inspired by <a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana</a> and country music. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> there are many artists producing popular country and Americana music, which is mostly in the English language, as well as Dutch country and country-like music in the Dutch language. The latter is mainly popular on the countrysides in the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands and is less associated with its US brethren, although it sounds sometimes very similar. Well-known popular artists mainly performing in English are <a href="/wiki/Waylon_(singer)" title="Waylon (singer)">Waylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Vera_(singer)" title="Danny Vera (singer)">Danny Vera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilse_DeLange" title="Ilse DeLange">Ilse DeLange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douwe_Bob" title="Douwe Bob">Douwe Bob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henk_Wijngaard" title="Henk Wijngaard">Henk Wijngaard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> had a significant country scene from the late 1970s<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> to the late 2000s, with bands and artists including <a href="/wiki/Hellbillies" title="Hellbillies">Hellbillies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8ro_H%C3%A5land" title="Bjøro Håland">Bjøro Håland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terje_Tysland" title="Terje Tysland">Terje Tysland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassendgutane" title="Vassendgutane">Vassendgutane</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Sunde" title="Øystein Sunde">Øystein Sunde</a>, and Rotlaus. The scene and its concerts were considered mostly a rural scene, such that most bands sang in dialects, but occasional songs made it to national fame even in the larger cities.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The songs occasionally used inspirations from <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian folk music">Norwegian folk music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a>, but remained recognisable as country music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performers_and_shows">Performers and shows</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Performers and shows">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_music_performers" title="List of country music performers">List of country music performers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_performers_by_era" title="List of country performers by era">List of country performers by era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_television_and_radio_shows" title="List of country television and radio shows">List of country television and radio shows</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_cable_television">US cable television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: US cable television">edit</a>]</div> Several US television networks are at least partly devoted to the genre: <a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">Country Music Television</a> (CMT) (the first channel devoted to country music) and <a href="/wiki/CMT_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="CMT Music">CMT Music</a> (both owned by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>), <a href="/wiki/RFD-TV" title="RFD-TV">RFD-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cowboy_Channel" title="The Cowboy Channel">The Cowboy Channel</a> (both owned by Rural Media Group), <a href="/wiki/Heartland_(TV_network)" title="Heartland (TV network)">Heartland</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Get_After_It_Media" title="Get After It Media">Get After It Media</a>), <a href="/wiki/Circle_Country" title="Circle Country">Circle Country</a> (a joint venture of the Grand Ole Opry and <a href="/wiki/Gray_Television" title="Gray Television">Gray Television</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a> (owned by TCN Country, LLC), and Country Music Channel (the country-oriented sister channel of <a href="/wiki/California_Music_Channel" title="California Music Channel">California Music Channel</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_Nashville_Network" title="The Nashville Network">The Nashville Network</a> (TNN) was launched in 1983 as a channel devoted to country music, and later added sports and outdoor lifestyle programming. It actually launched just two days after CMT. In 2000, after TNN and CMT fell under the same corporate ownership, TNN was stripped of its country format and rebranded as The National Network, then Spike TV in 2003, Spike in 2006, and finally <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a> in 2018. TNN was later revived from 2012 to 2013 after <a href="/wiki/Jim_Owens_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Owens Entertainment">Jim Owens Entertainment</a> (the company responsible for prominent TNN hosts <a href="/wiki/Crook_%26_Chase" title="Crook & Chase">Crook & Chase</a>) acquired the trademark and licensed it to <a href="/wiki/Get_After_It_Media" title="Get After It Media">Luken Communications</a>; that channel renamed itself Heartland after Luken was embroiled in an unrelated dispute that left the company bankrupt. <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Family" title="Great American Family">Great American Country</a> (GAC) was launched in 1995, also as a country music-oriented channel that would later add lifestyle programming pertaining to the American Heartland and South. In Spring 2021, GAC's then-owner, <a href="/wiki/Discovery,_Inc." title="Discovery, Inc.">Discovery, Inc.</a> divested the network to <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">GAC Media</a>, which also acquired the equestrian network <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Great American Living">Ride TV</a>. Later, in the summer of that year, GAC Media relaunched Great American Country as GAC Family, a family-oriented general entertainment network, while Ride TV was relaunched as GAC Living, a network devoted to programming pertaining to lifestyles of the American South. The GAC acronym which once stood for "Great American Country" now stands for "Great American Channels". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_television">Canadian television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Canadian television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Country music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Only one television channel was dedicated to country music in Canada: <a href="/wiki/CMT_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="CMT (Canadian TV channel)">CMT</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Corus_Entertainment" title="Corus Entertainment">Corus Entertainment</a> (90%) and Viacom (10%). However, the lifting of strict genre licensing restrictions saw the network remove the last of its music programming at the end of August 2017 for a schedule of generic off-network family sitcoms, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Cancom</a>-compliant lifestyle programming, and reality programming. In the past, the current-day <a href="/wiki/Cottage_Life_(TV_channel)" title="Cottage Life (TV channel)">Cottage Life</a> network saw some country focus as Country Canada and later, CBC Country Canada before that network drifted into an alternate network for overflow CBC content as Bold. <a href="/wiki/Stingray_Music" title="Stingray Music">Stingray Music</a> continues to maintain several country music audio-only channels on <a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">cable radio</a>. In the past, country music had an extensive presence, especially on the Canadian national broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>. The show <a href="/wiki/Don_Messer%27s_Jubilee" title="Don Messer's Jubilee">Don Messer's Jubilee</a> significantly affected country music in Canada; for instance, it was the program that launched <a href="/wiki/Anne_Murray" title="Anne Murray">Anne Murray</a>'s career. <a href="/wiki/Gordie_Tapp" title="Gordie Tapp">Gordie Tapp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Country_Hoedown" title="Country Hoedown">Country Hoedown</a> and its successor, <a href="/wiki/The_Tommy_Hunter_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tommy Hunter Show">The Tommy Hunter Show</a>, ran for a combined 36 years on the CBC, from 1956 to 1992; in its last nine years on air, the U.S. cable network TNN carried Hunter's show. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_cable_television">Australian cable television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Australian cable television">edit</a>]</div> The only network dedicated to country music in Australia was the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Channel" title="Country Music Channel">Country Music Channel</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a>. It ceased operations in June 2020 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/CMT_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="CMT (Australian TV channel)">CMT</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a> parent company <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_digital_television">British digital television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: British digital television">edit</a>]</div> One music video channel is dedicated to country music in the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Memories" title="Music & Memories">Music & Memories</a>, owned by Canis Media. Music & Memories, formerly known as Keep it Country and Spotlight, features a mix of country-western, pop oldies and Celtic folk music.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_music_festivals" title="List of country music festivals">List of country music festivals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Country_Countdown_Awards" title="American Country Countdown Awards">American Country Countdown Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Association" title="Canadian Country Music Association">Canadian Country Music Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_Music_Awards" title="CMT Music Awards">CMT Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(identity)" title="Country (identity)">Country (identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum">Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country-western_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Country-western dance">Country-western dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Music genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_music_performers" title="List of country music performers">List of country music performers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RPM_number-one_country_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RPM number-one country singles">List of RPM number-one country singles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Music_Association" title="Western Music Association">Western Music Association</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFontenot2019" class="citation web cs1">Fontenot, Robert (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008">"What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul"</a>. Liveabout. Retrieved November 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Swamp+Rock%3F+A+look+at+this+Southern+mix+of+country%2C+funk%2C+and+soul&rft.pub=Liveabout&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Fontenot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fwhat-is-swamp-rock-2522008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox_2004_p.-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_2004_p._2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2004" class="citation book cs1">Fox, A.A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMqmJ3o9AzwC">Real Country: Music and Language in Working-Class Culture</a>. 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Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wordweb.info&rft.atitle=WordWeb%3A+Free+English+dictionary+and+thesaurus+download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordweb.info%2Ffree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan_Burns_Steisel_Shumaker_2019_p.-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_Burns_Steisel_Shumaker_2019_p._6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanBurnsSteiselShumaker2019" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Dayton; Burns, Ken; Steisel, Susanna; Shumaker, Susan; Baucom, Pam Tubridy; Mosher, Emily; Hinders, Maggie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hapDwAAQBAJ">Country music</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-52054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-52054-2"><bdi>978-0-525-52054-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057241126">1057241126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+music&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057241126&rft.isbn=978-0-525-52054-2&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Dayton&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ken&rft.au=Steisel%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Shumaker%2C+Susan&rft.au=Baucom%2C+Pam+Tubridy&rft.au=Mosher%2C+Emily&rft.au=Hinders%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hapDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2020_p.-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2020_p._7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu_5DwAAQBAJ">Traditional Country & Western Music</a>. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-7153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-7153-5"><bdi>978-1-4396-7153-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Country+%26+Western+Music&rft.series=Images+of+America&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing+Incorporated&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4396-7153-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPu_5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_2017-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Center_2017_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgge2017" class="citation web cs1">Egge, Sara (March 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nortoncenter.com/2017/03/19/the-origins-of-country-music/">"The Origins of Country Music"</a>. Centre College's Norton Center For The Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203150941/https://nortoncenter.com/2017/03/19/the-origins-of-country-music/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+College%27s+Norton+Center+For+The+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Country+Music&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Egge&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnortoncenter.com%2F2017%2F03%2F19%2Fthe-origins-of-country-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipani2006" class="citation book cs1">Ripani, Richard J. (August 1, 2006). The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-861-6"><bdi>978-1-57806-861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Blue+Music%3A+Changes+in+Rhythm+%26+Blues%2C+1950%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-861-6&rft.aulast=Ripani&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevino_2002_p.-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Trevino_2002_p._10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevino2002" class="citation book cs1">Trevino, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GM8Mknv-onYC">Dance Halls and Last Calls: A History of Texas Country Music</a>. Taylor Trade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6184-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6184-9"><bdi>978-1-4616-6184-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Halls+and+Last+Calls%3A+A+History+of+Texas+Country+Music&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6184-9&rft.aulast=Trevino&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGM8Mknv-onYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Blogs_2020-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Blogs_2020_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefano2020" class="citation web cs1">Stefano, Michelle (June 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2020/06/live-in-the-archive-an-interview-with-lone-pion/">"Live! In the Archive: an Interview with Lone Piñon - Folklife Today"</a>. Library of Congress Blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124011716/https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2020/06/live-in-the-archive-an-interview-with-lone-pion/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Blogs&rft.atitle=Live%21+In+the+Archive%3A+an+Interview+with+Lone+Pi%C3%B1on+-+Folklife+Today&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.aulast=Stefano&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2F2020%2F06%2Flive-in-the-archive-an-interview-with-lone-pion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> AARP Bulletin. Vol. 53 No. 1. "50 Minutes on the Road." Betsy Tower. Page 50, citing Commuting in America III and Arbitron. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1999" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Richard A. (December 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3zWpIOLB-MC&pg=PA9">Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66285-5"><bdi>978-0-226-66285-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Country+Music%3A+Fabricating+Authenticity&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66285-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3zWpIOLB-MC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Malone, Bill. Country Music U.S.A. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiki_with_Ray_2018-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Tiki_with_Ray_2018_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tikiwithray.com/hawaiian-music-influenced-country-music/">"How Hawaiian Music Influenced Country Music"</a>. Tiki with Ray. February 22, 2018. 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Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+Changed+American+Music&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Haleema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2Fhow-hawaiian-steel-guitar-changed-american-music-180972028%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091205043114/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/tn/es_tn_bristol_1.html">"Birthplace of Country Music: A Local Legacy"</a>. America's Library. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/0000014a-114f-d57c-a97e-9fef510f0000">the original</a> on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020 – via National Geographic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birthplace+of+Country+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideo.nationalgeographic.com%2Fvideo%2Fnews%2F0000014a-114f-d57c-a97e-9fef510f0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/tn/es_tn_bristol_1.html">"Birthplace of Country Music"</a>. America's Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Library&rft.atitle=Birthplace+of+Country+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fes%2Ftn%2Fes_tn_bristol_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520105312/http://www.birthplaceofcountrymusic.org/news/dolly-parton-vince-gill-marty-stuart-and-more-appear-orthophonic-joy-1927-bristol-sessions">"Dolly Parton, Vince Gill, Marty Stuart, and more, to appear on Orthophonic Joy: The 1927 Bristol Sessions Revisited"</a>. Birthplace of Country Music Museum. April 30, 2015. 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Retrieved September 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dolly+Parton%2C+Vince+Gill%2C+Marty+Stuart%2C+and+more%2C+to+appear+on+Orthophonic+Joy%3A+The+1927+Bristol+Sessions+Revisited&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birthplaceofcountrymusic.org%2Fnews%2Fdolly-parton-vince-gill-marty-stuart-and-more-appear-orthophonic-joy-1927-bristol-sessions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauphin2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Dauphin, Chuck (August 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/country/bristol-birthplace-of-country-music-museum-6228966/">"Step Inside Bristol's Newly-Opened Birthplace of Country Music Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Step+Inside+Bristol%27s+Newly-Opened+Birthplace+of+Country+Music+Museum&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Dauphin&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fcountry%2Fbristol-birthplace-of-country-music-museum-6228966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2014" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Peter (August 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/08/03/bristol-opens-birthplace-country-music-museum/13553773/">"Bristol opens Birthplace of Country Music Museum"</a>. The Tennessean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Bristol+opens+Birthplace+of+Country+Music+Museum&rft.date=2014-08-03&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F2014%2F08%2F03%2Fbristol-opens-birthplace-country-music-museum%2F13553773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsonsdepot.com/oldtime/oldtime.htm">"Old-Time Music Heritage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131063945/http://www.johnsonsdepot.com/oldtime/oldtime.htm">Archived</a> January 31, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Johnson's Depot </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Wayne Erbsen, "Walter Davis: Fist and Skull Banjo," Bluegrass Unlimited: March 1981, 22–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2016" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Morgan (April 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/museum-of-east-tennessee-history-showcases-st-james-recording-sessions-of-1929-30-2ebd5699-376b-3b0c-375075391.html">"Museum of East Tennessee History showcases St. James recording sessions of 1929-30"</a>. Knox News. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knox+News&rft.atitle=Museum+of+East+Tennessee+History+showcases+St.+James+recording+sessions+of+1929-30&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.knoxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fmuseum-of-east-tennessee-history-showcases-st-james-recording-sessions-of-1929-30-2ebd5699-376b-3b0c-375075391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/news/grammy-nomination.htm">"CD of Old-Time Smokies Music Nominated for Grammy"</a>. Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service). December 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Smoky+Mountains+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.atitle=CD+of+Old-Time+Smokies+Music+Nominated+for+Grammy&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrsm%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fgrammy-nomination.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78discography.com-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-78discography.com_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-78discography.com_27-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.78discography.com/COL15000D.htm">78discography.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917050611/http://78discography.com/COL15000D.htm">Archived</a> September 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Online Discography Project. </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_14,_15,_25,_31,_45,_59,_73,_107,_157,_161,_165,_167,_225-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_14,_15,_25,_31,_45,_59,_73,_107,_157,_161,_165,_167,_225_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2007" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/14">Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/14">14, 15, 25, 31, 45, 59, 73, 107, 157, 161, 165, 167, 225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6"><bdi>978-0-19-532509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+Originals%3A+The+Legends+and+the+Lost&rft.pages=14%2C+15%2C+25%2C+31%2C+45%2C+59%2C+73%2C+107%2C+157%2C+161%2C+165%2C+167%2C+225&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532509-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrymusicorig00russ%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takecountryback.com-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takecountryback.com_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takecountryback.com_29-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://takecountryback.com/reviews/merlebobwills.htm">Takecountryback.com</a>, Merle Haggard – Bob Wills <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513085028/http://takecountryback.com/reviews/merlebobwills.htm">Archived</a> May 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudak,_Yahoo-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Hudak,_Yahoo_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudak" class="citation web cs1">Hudak, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912165416/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/country-music-embraced-jingoism-9-192545801.html">"Country Music Embraced Jingoism after 9/11. It's Finally Moving On"</a>. Yahoo! Entertainment. Yahoo!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/country-music-embraced-jingoism-9-192545801.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Country+Music+Embraced+Jingoism+after+9%2F11.+It%27s+Finally+Moving+On.&rft.aulast=Hudak&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcountry-music-embraced-jingoism-9-192545801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-best-selling-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-best-selling_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-best-selling_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessen2014" class="citation news cs1">Jessen, Wade (January 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/pro/florida-georgia-line-cruise-sets-all-time-country-sales-record/">"Florida Georgia Line's 'Cruise' Sets All-Time Country Sales Record"</a>. Billboard. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Florida+Georgia+Line%27s+%27Cruise%27+Sets+All-Time+Country+Sales+Record&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.aulast=Jessen&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fpro%2Fflorida-georgia-line-cruise-sets-all-time-country-sales-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/country/despite-hits-no-radio-love-yet-for-country-rap-6150280/">"Despite Hits, No Radio Love Yet For Country Rap"</a>. Billboard. Associated Press. July 5, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Despite+Hits%2C+No+Radio+Love+Yet+For+Country+Rap&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fcountry%2Fdespite-hits-no-radio-love-yet-for-country-rap-6150280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2004" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (October 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicreco00tony">Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921–1942</a>. Oxford University Press on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513989-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513989-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513989-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+Records%3A+A+Discography%2C+1921%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+on+Demand&rft.date=2004-10-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513989-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrymusicreco00tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victor.library.ucsb.edu/index.php">"Encyclopedic Dictionary of Victor Recordings"</a>. Victor.library.ucsb.edu. Retrieved May 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Victor+Recordings&rft.pub=Victor.library.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvictor.library.ucsb.edu%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicaire2007" class="citation book cs1">Dicaire, David (July 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYMQl9dsKJEC&q=first+country+song+carson+cabin&pg=PA12">The First Generation of Country Music Stars: Biographies of 50 Artists Born Before 1940</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786485581" title="Special:BookSources/9780786485581"><bdi>9780786485581</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Generation+of+Country+Music+Stars%3A+Biographies+of+50+Artists+Born+Before+1940&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=9780786485581&rft.aulast=Dicaire&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYMQl9dsKJEC%26q%3Dfirst%2Bcountry%2Bsong%2Bcarson%2Bcabin%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232820/http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/chronpop/215">"Our Georgia History"</a>. Our Georgia History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/chronpop/215">the original</a> on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Georgia+History&rft.pub=Our+Georgia+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourgeorgiahistory.com%2Fchronpop%2F215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206151824/http://blueridgeinstitute.org/ballads/old97song.html">"Blue Ridge Institute & Museum"</a>. Blueridgeinstitute.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueridgeinstitute.org/ballads/old97song.html">the original</a> on December 6, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Ridge+Institute+%26+Museum&rft.pub=Blueridgeinstitute.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueridgeinstitute.org%2Fballads%2Fold97song.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209090006/http://www.blueridgeinstitute.org/ballads/old97.html">"Blue Ridge Institute & Museum"</a>. Blueridgeinstitute.org. September 27, 1903. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueridgeinstitute.org/ballads/old97.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Ridge+Institute+%26+Museum&rft.pub=Blueridgeinstitute.org&rft.date=1903-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueridgeinstitute.org%2Fballads%2Fold97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohn-39"><a href="#cite_ref-cohn_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohnAldin,_Mary_KatherineBastin,_Bruce1993" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Lawrence; Aldin, Mary Katherine; Bastin, Bruce (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/238">Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians</a>. Abbeville Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/238">238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1"><bdi>978-1-55859-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+but+the+Blues%3A+The+Music+and+the+Musicians&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1993-09&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-271-1&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Aldin%2C+Mary+Katherine&rft.au=Bastin%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothingbutbluesm00cohn%2Fpage%2F238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesylvaherald.com/history/article_9fe40004-6c2f-11e9-b7b3-7b2963f81bf0.html">"Samantha Bumgarner was a musical pioneer"</a>. The Sylva Herald. May 9, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060509040132/http://www.thesylvaherald.com/B-Full-Sam-workout022201.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sylva+Herald&rft.atitle=Samantha+Bumgarner+was+a+musical+pioneer&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesylvaherald.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_9fe40004-6c2f-11e9-b7b3-7b2963f81bf0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_163,_165,_167-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_163,_165,_167_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2007" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/162">Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/163,">165, 167, 225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6"><bdi>978-0-19-532509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+Originals%3A+The+Legends+and+the+Lost&rft.pages=165%2C+167%2C+225&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532509-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrymusicorig00russ%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1924" class="citation web cs1">Abbott, Billy (March 7, 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernmusic.net/gidtanner.htm">"Southernmusic.net"</a>. Southernmusic.net. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southernmusic.net&rft.pub=Southernmusic.net&rft.date=1924-03-07&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernmusic.net%2Fgidtanner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Cohn, Lawrence: "Nothing But the Blues" chapter titles "A Lighter Shade of Blue – White Country Blues" by Charles Wolfe page 247, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2007" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/68">Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicorig00russ/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532509-6"><bdi>978-0-19-532509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+Originals%3A+The+Legends+and+the+Lost&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532509-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrymusicorig00russ%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjek-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanjek_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbard2004" class="citation book cs1">Weisbard, Eric (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisispopinsearc00weis/page/155">This is Pop: In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisispopinsearc00weis/page/155">155–172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01321-6"><bdi>978-0-674-01321-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+Pop%3A+In+Search+of+the+Elusive+at+Experience+Music+Project&rft.pages=155-172&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01321-6&rft.aulast=Weisbard&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisispopinsearc00weis%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125153442/http://www.lpdiscography.com/r/Rodgers/jimmie-sp.htm">"JIMMIE RODGERS SINGLES"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamhof.org/rodgersj.htm">the original</a> on May 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alamhof.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamhof.org%2Frodgersj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Nothing But the Blues 1993, White Country Blues by Charles Wolfe page 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernmusic.net/carterfamily.htm">Southernmusic.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207060837/http://www.southernmusic.net/carterfamily.htm">Archived</a> February 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the Carter Family. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheapoticketing.com/tn/nashville/grand-ole-opry-history">"The Grand Ole Opry history started on the 28th of November 1925, with George D. Hay, who was its first director"</a>. Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved July 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Ole+Opry&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Ole+Opry+history+started+on+the+28th+of+November+1925%2C+with+George+D.+Hay%2C+who+was+its+first+director&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheapoticketing.com%2Ftn%2Fnashville%2Fgrand-ole-opry-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcode:v_farquharson@kshira_interactive_and_j_nowicki@kshira_interactive_design:k_wilson@framewerk" class="citation web cs1">code:v_farquharson@kshira_interactive and j_nowicki@kshira_interactive design:k_wilson@framewerk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/americanrootsmusic/pbs_arm_episode_summaries.html">"American Roots Music: Episode Summaries"</a>. PBS. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Roots+Music%3A+Episode+Summaries&rft.pub=PBS&rft.au=code%3Av_farquharson%40kshira_interactive+and+j_nowicki%40kshira_interactive+design%3Ak_wilson%40framewerk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Famericanrootsmusic%2Fpbs_arm_episode_summaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903144110/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_index.jsp">Billboard.com</a> Billboard.com </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangleyRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Jerry; Rogers, Arnold (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hillbilly-music.com/library/books/index.php?id=3964">Many Tears Ago: The Life and Times of Jenny Lou Carson</a>. Nova Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9628452-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9628452-4-8"><bdi>0-9628452-4-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Tears+Ago%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Jenny+Lou+Carson&rft.pub=Nova+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9628452-4-8&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillbilly-music.com%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D3964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040216083920/http://www.roughstock.com/history/cowboy.html">"Roughstock's History of Country Music – Cowboy Music"</a>. Roughstock.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughstock.com/history/cowboy.html">the original</a> on February 16, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roughstock%27s+History+of+Country+Music+%E2%80%93+Cowboy+Music&rft.pub=Roughstock.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughstock.com%2Fhistory%2Fcowboy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723204246/http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/experience-museum-programs-school-instruments.aspx">"Instruments | Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum|Nashville, Tennessee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/experience-museum-programs-school-instruments.aspx">the original</a> on July 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instruments+%26%23124%3B+Country+Music+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum%26%23124%3BNashville%2C+Tennessee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrymusichalloffame.com%2Fsite%2Fexperience-museum-programs-school-instruments.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empsfm.org/exhibitions/index.asp?categoryID=129&ccID=132">Empsfm.org </a>, exhibitions – online features <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203052822/http://www.empsfm.org/exhibitions/index.asp?categoryID=129&ccID=132">Archived</a> December 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Arthur-Smith.html">Oldies.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217152558/http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Arthur-Smith.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Arthur Smith Biography. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfeJames_Edward_Akenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Charles K.; James Edward Akenson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9r6l_OZoEC&pg=PA55">Country Music Goes to War</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7188-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-7188-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Music+Goes+to+War&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7188-3&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft.au=James+Edward+Akenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj9r6l_OZoEC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Norm (April 17, 2000). Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong (2d ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06881-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Steel+Rail%3A+The+Railroad+in+American+Folksong+%282d+ed.%29&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06881-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Norm (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY7St4-8x10C&pg=PA30">Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06881-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06881-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Steel+Rail%3A+The+Railroad+in+American+Folksong&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06881-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY7St4-8x10C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Country_Music_Magazine_(Périodique)_1994-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Country_Music_Magazine_(Périodique)_1994_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Music_Magazine_(Périodique)1994" class="citation book cs1">Country Music Magazine (Périodique) (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi_aAAAAMAAJ">The Comprehensive Country Music Encyclopedia</a>. A country music magazine press book. Times Books. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2247-9"><bdi>978-0-8129-2247-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+Country+Music+Encyclopedia&rft.series=A+country+music+magazine+press+book&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-2247-9&rft.au=Country+Music+Magazine+%28P%C3%A9riodique%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBi_aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingman_1997_p.-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingman_1997_p._62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ingman, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ing5AQAAIAAJ">A.O.K.: Record Labels of West Texas & New Mexico</a>. Ingman Music Research. Retrieved June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.O.K.%3A+Record+Labels+of+West+Texas+%26+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Ingman+Music+Research&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ingman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIng5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Workin_1999._page_135-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Workin_1999._page_135_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslamHaslamChon1999" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Gerald W.; Haslam, Alexandra Russell; Chon, Richard (April 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workinmanbluesco00hasl/page/135">Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workinmanbluesco00hasl/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21800-0"><bdi>978-0-520-21800-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workin%27+Man+Blues%3A+Country+Music+in+California&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21800-0&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Gerald+W.&rft.au=Haslam%2C+Alexandra+Russell&rft.au=Chon%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkinmanbluesco00hasl%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkinsMcGee1996" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Carl; McGee, David (1996). Go, Cat, Go!: The Life and Times of Carl Perkins, the King of Rockabilly. Hyperion Books. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6073-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6073-9"><bdi>978-0-7868-6073-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go%2C+Cat%2C+Go%21%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Carl+Perkins%2C+the+King+of+Rockabilly&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6073-9&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=McGee%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_9_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1996" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Craig (September 1, 1996). Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and Its Makers. University of Illinois Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02207-4"><bdi>978-0-252-02207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+Cat+Go%21%3A+Rockabilly+Music+and+Its+Makers&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02207-4&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Shane (2008). "Agrarian Trucking Culture and Deregulatory Capitalism, 1960–80". Trucking Country: The Road to America's Wal-Mart Economy. Princeton University Press. pp. 187–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691135823" title="Special:BookSources/9780691135823"><bdi>9780691135823</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t2vg.12">j.ctt7t2vg.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agrarian+Trucking+Culture+and+Deregulatory+Capitalism%2C+1960%E2%80%9380&rft.btitle=Trucking+Country%3A+The+Road+to+America%27s+Wal-Mart+Economy&rft.pages=187-232&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7t2vg.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691135823&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockabillyhall.com/BillHaley.html">Bill Haley's biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527231722/http://www.rockabillyhall.com/BillHaley.html">Archived</a> May 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. 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Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+Country+Songs+1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BCountry%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020154153/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+Country+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1958">Billboard.com</a> Billboard.com </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Shulman, Art "Dynamo – Country Style" (1956), TV Guide, p, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-RollingstoneDeath-73"><a href="#cite_ref-RollingstoneDeath_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Bobby (February 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-xB7o4kknsiGkHegNeyZ-Q/">"Mac Wiseman, Bluegrass Icon, Dead at 93"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Mac+Wiseman%2C+Bluegrass+Icon%2C+Dead+at+93&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fchannel%2FUC-xB7o4kknsiGkHegNeyZ-Q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_10–11-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969shows_10–11_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, shows 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/floyd-cramer">"Rockhall.com"</a>. Rockhall.com. 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Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Hot+100+1962&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DThe%2BBillboard%2BHot%2B100%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_16-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_16_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406035328/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/haggard_merle/bio.jhtml">"Merle Haggard: Biography"</a>. CMT. April 6, 1937. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melodymag.com/2012/07/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C/">the original</a> on July 28, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C+%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%90+%22%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85+%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%B2%22+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melodymag.com%2F2012%2F07%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D9%2581%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2587-%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dreamrovers.com/biography/">"Dream Rovers – Biography"</a>. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dream+Rovers+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdreamrovers.com%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031171934/http://www.melodymag.com/2011/08/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88/">"آلبوم فلاش‌بک از گروه موسیقی دریم روورز مجله موسیقی ملودی"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melodymag.com/2011/08/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88/">the original</a> on October 31, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85+%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melodymag.com%2F2011%2F08%2F%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A8%25DA%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2587-%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2582%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2585-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/25042011/frnk/iran_country_music">"رؤیانوردان تهران جدید آنلاین"</a>. Retrieved August 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D8%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadidonline.com%2Fstory%2F25042011%2Ffrnk%2Firan_country_music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR.org_2017-214"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR.org_2017_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2017/05/22/529500923/how-did-toby-keith-get-to-do-a-concert-in-saudi-arabia">"How Did Toby Keith Get To Do A Concert In Saudi Arabia?"</a>. NPR. May 22, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Did+Toby+Keith+Get+To+Do+A+Concert+In+Saudi+Arabia%3F&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Ftherecord%2F2017%2F05%2F22%2F529500923%2Fhow-did-toby-keith-get-to-do-a-concert-in-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-Presse_2017-215"><a href="#cite_ref-France-Presse_2017_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/19/women-and-whisky-country-star-toby-keith-to-sing-during-trump-saudi-arabia-visit">"Women and whisky: country star Toby Keith to sing during Trump Saudi Arabia visit"</a>. the Guardian. Agence France-Presse. May 19, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Women+and+whisky%3A+country+star+Toby+Keith+to+sing+during+Trump+Saudi+Arabia+visit&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fmay%2F19%2Fwomen-and-whisky-country-star-toby-keith-to-sing-during-trump-saudi-arabia-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plis_2017-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Plis_2017_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlis2017" class="citation web cs1">Plis, Ivan (May 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/sending-toby-keith-saudi-arabia-genius-move-20736">"Sending Toby Keith to Saudi Arabia Is a Genius Move"</a>. The National Interest. Retrieved October 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Sending+Toby+Keith+to+Saudi+Arabia+Is+a+Genius+Move&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Plis&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fsending-toby-keith-saudi-arabia-genius-move-20736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forskning.no/hogskolen-i-innlandet-musikk-partner/country-musikken-har-gjort-ei-klassereise-i-noreg/2279937">"Country-musikken har gjort ei klassereise i Noreg"</a> (in Norwegian Nynorsk). <a href="/wiki/Forskning.no" title="Forskning.no">Forskning.no</a>. November 19, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country-musikken+har+gjort+ei+klassereise+i+Noreg&rft.pub=Forskning.no&rft.date=2023-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forskning.no%2Fhogskolen-i-innlandet-musikk-partner%2Fcountry-musikken-har-gjort-ei-klassereise-i-noreg%2F2279937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/arkiv/artikkel/hellbillies-1.5950479">"Hellbillies"</a> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>. June 10, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hellbillies&rft.pub=NRK&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Farkiv%2Fartikkel%2Fhellbillies-1.5950479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210451/https://www.a516digital.com/2019/01/keep-it-country-announces-freeview.html">"Country music for the masses? Keep It Country has confirmed it will be expanding its Freeview coverage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.a516digital.com/2019/01/keep-it-country-announces-freeview.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+music+for+the+masses%3F+Keep+It+Country+has+confirmed+it+will+be+expanding+its+Freeview+coverage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a516digital.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fkeep-it-country-announces-freeview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiracree1993" class="citation book cs1">Biracree, Tom (1993). The country music almanac: Tom Biracree. Macmillan General Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79761-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79761-4"><bdi>978-0-671-79761-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+country+music+almanac%3A+Tom+Biracree&rft.pub=Macmillan+General+Reference&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79761-4&rft.aulast=Biracree&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawidoff1998" class="citation book cs1">Dawidoff, Nicholas (April 28, 1998). In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70082-8"><bdi>978-0-375-70082-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Country+of+Country%3A+A+Journey+to+the+Roots+of+American+Music&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1998-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70082-8&rft.aulast=Dawidoff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoggett2000" class="citation book cs1">Doggett, Peter (2000). Are You Ready for the Country: Elvis, Dylan, Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026108-0"><bdi>978-0-14-026108-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+You+Ready+for+the+Country%3A+Elvis%2C+Dylan%2C+Parsons+and+the+Roots+of+Country+Rock&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026108-0&rft.aulast=Doggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscott2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Escott" title="Colin Escott">Escott, Colin</a> (August 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadkillonthreec00esco">Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway: Art and Trash in American Popular Music</a>. New York : Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93783-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roadkill+on+the+Three-Chord+Highway%3A+Art+and+Trash+in+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2002-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93783-2&rft.aulast=Escott&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadkillonthreec00esco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=8">"Tennessee Firebird: American country music before and after Elvis"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Firebird%3A+American+country+music+before+and+after+Elvis&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stacy (October 1, 1993). The Best of Country: The Essential Cd Guide. Collins Pub San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255335-3"><bdi>978-0-00-255335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Country%3A+The+Essential+Cd+Guide&rft.pub=Collins+Pub+San+Francisco&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255335-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thomas S. Johnson (1981) "That Ain't Country: The Distinctiveness of Commercial Western Music" JEMF Quarterly. Vol. 17, No. 62. Summer, 1981. pp 75–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeevil2002" class="citation book cs1">Keevil, Sabine (February 1, 2002). Guitars & Cadillacs. Sabine Keevil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689973-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9689973-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9689973-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitars+%26+Cadillacs&rft.pub=Sabine+Keevil&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9689973-0-7&rft.aulast=Keevil&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_La_Chapelle2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter La Chapelle (April 15, 2007). Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, And Migration to Southern California. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24889-2"><bdi>978-0-520-24889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proud+to+Be+an+Okie%3A+Cultural+Politics%2C+Country+Music%2C+And+Migration+to+Southern+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24889-2&rft.au=Peter+La+Chapelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bill Legere (1977). Record Collectors Guide of Country LPs. Limited ed. Mississauga, Ont.: W.J. Legere. 269, 25, 29, 2 p., thrice perforated and looseleaf. Without ISBN</li> <li>Bill Legere ([1977]). E[lectrical] T[anscription]s: Transcription Library of Bill Legere. Mississauga, Ont.: B. Legere. 3 vols., each of which is thrice perforated and looseleaf. N.B.: Vol. 1–2, Country Artists—vol. 2, Pop Artists. Without ISBN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1985" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Bill C. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrymusicusa00malo">Country music, U.S.A.</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71096-2"><bdi>978-0-292-71096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+music%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71096-2&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Bill+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrymusicusa00malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_C._Malone" title="Bill C. Malone">Malone, Bill C.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontgetaboveyour00malo">Don't Get Above Your Raisin': Country Music and the Southern Working Class</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontgetaboveyour00malo/page/151">151–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02678-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02678-0"><bdi>0-252-02678-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Get+Above+Your+Raisin%27%3A+Country+Music+and+the+Southern+Working+Class&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-252-02678-0&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Bill+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontgetaboveyour00malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Diane Pecknold (ed.) Hidden in the Mix: The African American Presence in Country Music. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1999" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Richard A. (December 15, 1999). Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66285-5"><bdi>978-0-226-66285-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Country+Music%3A+Fabricating+Authenticity&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66285-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamper1999" class="citation book cs1">Stamper, Pete (1999). It All Happened In Renfro Valley. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kentucky Press">University of Kentucky Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0975-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-0975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+All+Happened+In+Renfro+Valley&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-0975-6&rft.aulast=Stamper&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACountry+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Country_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Country music">Country music</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Country_music" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Country music">Country music</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmaworld.com/">The Country Music Association – Nashville, Tennessee(CMA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernmusic.com/">Western Music Association (WMA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017092208/http://www.westernmusic.com/">Archived</a> October 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991209185931/http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/">Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum – Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opry.com/">Grand Ole Opry – Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcountry.ie/">Irish country music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223131529/http://irishcountry.ie/">Archived</a> February 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728224643/http://www.cmfio.com/">Country Music Festivals Ontario Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashvillesongwritersfoundation.com/">Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_country_music,00.shtml">TIME Archive</a> of country music's progression</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617221420/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA98/molinaro/alt.country/thesis-cover.html">Xroad.virginia.edu</a>, alt country from American Studies at the University of Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country.dj/">Largest collection of online Country music radio stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anchor.fm/larry-w-jones">Kingwood Kowboy's History Of Country Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://country-music-archive.com">A Treasure Trove for Country Music Collectors. The British Archive of Country Music Records, BACM, is dedicated to the preservation of traditional country music</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Country_music" title="Template:Country music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Country_music" title="Template talk:Country music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Country_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Country music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Country_music_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Country music</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_genres" title="List of country genres">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive bluegrass">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bluegrass" title="Traditional bluegrass">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Latin_America">Country en Español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_and_Irish" title="Country and Irish">Country and Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_pop" title="Cowboy pop">Cowboy pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky-tonk music">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotraditional_country" title="Neotraditional country">Neotraditional country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_country" title="Progressive country">Progressive country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertanejo_music" title="Sertanejo music">Sertanejo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">Talking blues</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traditional country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-driving_country" title="Truck-driving country">Truck-driving country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Atlanta" title="Country music in Atlanta">Atlantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_band" title="Bush band">Bush band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">Bakersfield sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fiddle" title="Canadian fiddle">Canadian fiddle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_fiddle" title="Quebec fiddle">Quebec fiddle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland & Labrador</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas#Music" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Nigeria" title="Country music in Nigeria">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_music" class="mw-redirect" title="British country music">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrumpy_and_Western" title="Scrumpy and Western">West Country / Scrumpy and Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">Classic country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_radio" title="Country radio">Country radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template talk:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_music" title="Creole music">Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">Zydeco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Gospel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Country music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banjo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banjo" title="Template:Banjo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banjo" title="Template talk:Banjo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banjo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_roll" title="Banjo roll">Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawhammer" title="Clawhammer">Clawhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_run" title="G run">G run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_style" title="Keith style">Keith style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruggs_style" title="Scruggs style">Scruggs style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_guitar" title="Banjo guitar">Banjo guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_ukulele" title="Banjo ukulele">Banjo ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin-banjo" title="Mandolin-banjo">Mandolin-banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_banjo" title="Bass banjo">Bass banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjeaurine" title="Banjeaurine">Banjeaurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Traditional Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-String_Banjo_Hall_of_Fame_Members" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members">Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Giddens" title="Rhiannon Giddens">Rhiannon Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Strayer" title="Emily Strayer">Emily Strayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_(guitar_company)" title="Gibson (guitar company)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingerland">Slingerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Cümbüş">Cümbüş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83440#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4138030-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033470">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965103m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965103m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph224322&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531103705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_music&oldid=1259067617">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_music&oldid=1259067617</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_music" title="Category:Country music">Country music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_music" title="Category:1920s in music">1920s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_music" title="Category:1930s in music">1930s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_music" title="Category:1940s in music">1940s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_music" title="Category:1950s in music">1950s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_music" title="Category:1960s in music">1960s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_music" title="Category:1970s in music">1970s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_music" title="Category:1980s in music">1980s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_in_music" title="Category:1990s in music">1990s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_music" title="Category:2000s in music">2000s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_music" title="Category:2010s in music">2010s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_music" title="Category:2020s in music">2020s in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_styles_of_music" title="Category:American styles of music">American styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Category:Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_formats" title="Category:Radio formats">Radio formats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">African-American music</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2017">Articles with dead external 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