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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Medieval_times_to_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Medieval_times_to_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>From Medieval times to today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Medieval_times_to_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>German wine regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorted_by_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorted_by_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sorted by size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorted_by_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tafelwein_and_Landwein_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tafelwein_and_Landwein_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tafelwein and Landwein regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tafelwein_and_Landwein_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grape_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grape varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grape_varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grape varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grape_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grape_variety_trends_over_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape_variety_trends_over_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Grape variety trends over time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grape_variety_trends_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_white_wine_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_white_wine_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Common white wine grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_white_wine_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_red_wine_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_red_wine_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Common red wine grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_red_wine_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permitted_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permitted_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Permitted varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permitted_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticultural_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticultural_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viticultural practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticultural_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Winemaking practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Industry structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industry structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industry_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_German_wineries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_German_wineries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Largest German wineries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_German_wineries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German wine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynbou_in_Duitsland" title="Wynbou in Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wynbou in Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نبيذ ألماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبيذ ألماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Германи эрехĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи эрехĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_vin" title="Tysk vin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk vin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbau_in_Deutschland" title="Weinbau in Deutschland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weinbau in Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa_veinid" title="Saksamaa veinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa veinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_de_Alemania" title="Vino de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vino de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_en_Allemagne" title="Viticulture en Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viticulture en Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADonsaothr%C3%BA_sa_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="Fíonsaothrú sa Ghearmáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíonsaothrú sa Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="독일 포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_Jerman" title="Anggur Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anggur Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticoltura_in_Germania" title="Viticoltura in Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viticoltura in Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_Jerman" title="Anggur Jerman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggur Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="გერმანული ღვინო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ღვინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Германско вино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германско вино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijnbouw_in_Duitsland" title="Wijnbouw in Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijnbouw in Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ドイツワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_vin" title="Tysk vin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk vin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wina_niemieckie" title="Wina niemieckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wina niemieckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinhos_da_Alemanha" title="Vinhos da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vinhos da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Виноделие в Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноделие в Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German wine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinintuotanto_Saksassa" title="Viinintuotanto Saksassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viinintuotanto Saksassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska_viner" title="Tyska viner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska viner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_%C5%9Farab%C4%B1" title="Alman şarabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman şarabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Виноробство у Німеччині – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноробство у Німеччині" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/German_wine" title="Special:EditPage/German wine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22German+wine%22">"German wine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22German+wine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22German+wine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22German+wine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22German+wine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22German+wine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg/300px-WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg/450px-WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg/600px-WeinbaugebieteDeutschland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The German wine regions</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg/300px-Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg/450px-Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg/600px-Vineyards_at_the_Rhine_bend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Steep vineyards on <i>Rüdesheimer Berg</i> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">river Rhine</a>. These vineyards are located in the southwestern part of the region Rheingau at a bend in the river. These vineyards are planted with Riesling grapes, with some Spätburgunder (Pinot noir), and produce some of the finest wine in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg/300px-%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg/450px-%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg/600px-%C3%9Crziger_W%C3%BCrzgarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Steep vineyards along the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, close to the village <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Crzig" title="Ürzig">Ürzig</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>German wine</b> is primarily produced in the west of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, along the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> era. Approximately 60 percent of German <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> is produced in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, where 6 of the 13 regions (<i>Anbaugebiete</i>) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> (252,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_19-20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total wine production is usually around 10 million <a href="/wiki/Hectoliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectoliter">hectoliters</a> annually, corresponding to 1.3 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth-largest wine-producing country in the world. <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a> accounts for almost two thirds of the total production. </p><p>As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as <a href="/wiki/Liebfraumilch" title="Liebfraumilch">Liebfraumilch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet wine">sweet</a> and of enormous aromatic concentration. While primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at slightly more than a third of the total surface. For the red wines, <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Spätburgunder">Spätburgunder</a>, the domestic name for <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, is in the lead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_styles">Wine styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Wine styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany produces wines in many styles:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dry, semi-sweet and sweet white wines, rosé wines, red wines and sparkling wines, called <a href="/wiki/Sekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekt">Sekt</a>. (The only wine style not commonly produced is fortified wine.) Due to the northerly location of the German vineyards, the country has produced wines quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Between the 1950s and the 1980s German wine was known abroad for cheap, sweet or semi-sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as <a href="/wiki/Liebfraumilch" title="Liebfraumilch">Liebfraumilch</a>. </p><p>The wines have historically been predominantly white, and the finest made from <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>. Many wines have been sweet and low in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, light and <a href="/wiki/Unoaked" class="mw-redirect" title="Unoaked">unoaked</a>. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry (<a href="/wiki/Trocken" title="Trocken">trocken</a>), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, which are the leading export markets both in terms of volume and value.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_19-20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red wine has always been hard to produce in the German climate, and in the past was usually light-colored, closer to <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> or the red wines of <a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace</a>. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often <a href="/wiki/Barrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrique">barrique</a>-aged) are produced from grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a> and Spätburgunder, the German name for <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WRG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> in them, caused both by the lesser <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripeness (wine)">ripeness</a> in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, which retain acidity even at high ripeness levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg/300px-Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg/450px-Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg/600px-Kammerbau_Eberbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Vine trellising according to the <i>Pfälzer Kammertbau</i> system traditional to the Palatinate, where it was widely used until the 18th century. In an all-wooden version (without the steel wires), this system is supposed to date back to Roman times.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a> in present-day Germany dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> times, to sometime from 70 to 270 CE/AD (<a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>). In those days, the western parts of today's Germany made up the outpost of the Roman empire against the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> on the other side of Rhine. What is generally considered Germany's oldest city, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, was founded as a Roman garrison and is situated directly on the river <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> (<i>Mosel</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)" title="Mosel (wine region)">eponymous wine region</a>. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeological</a> finds that may indicate early German viticulture are curved <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> knives found in the vicinity of Roman garrisons, dating from the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not absolutely certain that these knives were used for viticultural purposes. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a>, whose reign can be dated two centuries later than these knives, is generally considered the founder of German viticulture, but for solid documentation of winemaking on German soil, we must go to around 370 AD, when <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> wrote <i>Mosella</i>, where he in enthusiastic terms described the steep vineyards on the river Moselle.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vitis_sylvestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis sylvestris">wild vine</a>, the forerunner of the cultivated <i>Vitis vinifera</i> is known to have grown on upper Rhine back to historic time, and it is possible (but not documented) that Roman-era German viticulture was started using local varieties. Many viticultural practices were however taken from other parts of the Roman empire, as evidenced by Roman-style <a href="/wiki/Trellising_systems_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellising systems (vine)">trellising systems</a> surviving into the 18th century in some parts of Germany, such as the <i>Kammertbau</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)" title="Palatinate (wine region)">Palatinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost nothing is known of the style or quality of "German" wines that were produced in the Roman era, with the exception of the fact that the poet <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus" title="Venantius Fortunatus">Venantius Fortunatus</a> mentions red German wine around AD 570. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Medieval_times_to_today">From Medieval times to today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From Medieval times to today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the era of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Germanic viticulture was practiced primarily, although not exclusively, on the western side of Rhine. Charlemagne is supposed to have brought viticulture to Rheingau. The eastward spread of viticulture coincided with the spread of Christianity, which was supported by Charlemagne. Thus, in Medieval Germany, churches and monasteries played the most important role in viticulture, and especially in the production of quality wine. Two Rheingau examples illustrate this: archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard_of_Mainz" title="Ruthard of Mainz">Ruthard of Mainz</a> (reigning 1089–1109) founded a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> abbey on slopes above <a href="/wiki/Geisenheim" title="Geisenheim">Geisenheim</a>, the ground of which later became <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Johannisberg" title="Schloss Johannisberg">Schloss Johannisberg</a>. His successor <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Mainz" title="Adalbert of Mainz">Adalbert of Mainz</a> donated land above <a href="/wiki/Hattenheim" title="Hattenheim">Hattenheim</a> in 1135 to <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>, sent out from <a href="/wiki/Ville-sous-la-Fert%C3%A9" title="Ville-sous-la-Ferté">Clairvaux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champagne,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne, France">Champagne</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Kloster_Eberbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloster Eberbach">Kloster Eberbach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many grape varieties commonly associated with German wines have been documented back to the 14th or 15th century. Riesling has been documented from 1435 (close to Rheingau), and Pinot noir from 1318 on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> under the name <i>Klebroth</i>, from 1335 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affenthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affenthal (page does not exist)">Affenthal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and from 1470 in Rheingau, where the monks kept a <i>Clebroit-Wyngart</i> in Hattenheim.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most grown variety in medieval Germany was however <a href="/wiki/Elbling" title="Elbling">Elbling</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Silvaner" title="Silvaner">Silvaner</a> also being common, and <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uschling" title="Räuschling">Räuschling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a> also being recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several centuries of the Medieval era, the vineyards of Germany (including Alsace) expanded, and is believed to have reached their greatest extent sometime around 1500, when perhaps as much as four times the present vineyard surface was planted. Basically, the wine regions were located in the same places as today, but more lands around the rivers, and land further upstream Rhine's tributaries, was cultivated. The subsequent decline can be attributed to locally produced <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> becoming the everyday beverage in northern Germany in the 16th century, leading to a partial loss of market for wine, to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> ravaging Germany in the 17th century, to the dissolution of the monasteries, where much of the winemaking know-how was concentrated, in those areas that accepted the Protestant reformation, and to the climatic changes of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> that made viticulture difficult or impossible in marginal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important event took place in 1775 at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Johannisberg" title="Schloss Johannisberg">Schloss Johannisberg</a> in Rheingau, when the courier delivering the harvest permission was delayed for two weeks, with the result that most of the grapes in Johannisberg's Riesling-only vineyard had been affected by <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a> before the harvest began. Unexpectedly, these "rotten grapes" gave a very good sweet wine, which was termed <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese" title="Spätlese">Spätlese</a>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late harvest</a>. From this time, late harvest wines from grapes affected by noble rot have been produced intentionally. The subsequent differentiation of wines based on harvested ripeness, starting with <a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a> in 1787, laid the ground for the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4dikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Prädikat">Prädikat</a> system. These laws, introduced in 1971, define the designations still used today. </p><p>At one point the Church controlled most of the major vineyards in Germany. Quality instead of quantity become important and spread quickly down the river Rhine. In the 1800s, Napoleon took control of all the vineyards from the Church, including the best, and divided and <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularized</a> them. In 1801, all German states west of the Rhine river were incorporated into the French state. This included the wine regions Ahr, Mosel, Nahe, Rheinhessen, and Pfalz, i.e., the vast majority of German wine production. Since then the Napoleonic inheritance laws in Germany broke up the parcels of vineyards further, leading to the establishment of many cooperatives. However, many notable and world-famous wineries in Germany have managed to acquire or hold enough land to produce wine not only for domestic consumption, but also export. After the battle of Waterloo and Napoleon’s final defeat, the Rhineland (which encompasses the viticultural regions Mosel, Mittelrhein, Nahe and Ahr) fell to Prussia, while the Palatinate (Pfalz) fell to Bavaria. <a href="/wiki/Hesse_Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse Darmstadt">Hesse Darmstadt</a> received what is today known as Rheinhessen. Many of the best vineyards were transferred to the new states, where they were wrapped up as state domains. </p><p>Custom-free access to the vast Prussian markets in the east and the growing industrial clusters on the Ruhr and protection from non-Prussian competitors, including from southern German regions such Baden, Württemberg, Palatinate and Rheinhessen, fostered Mosel, Rhine, Nahe and Ahr winemakers, due to high tariff barriers for all other producers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German wine regions are some of the most northerly in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main wine-producing climate lies below the 50th parallel, which runs through the regions Rheingau and Mosel. Above this line the climate becomes less conducive to wine production, but there are still some vineyards above this line and the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">effects of climate change on wine production</a> are growing. </p><p>Because of the northerly climate, there has been a search for suitable grape varieties (particularly frost resistant and early harvesting ones), and many crosses have been developed, such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geisenheim_Grape_Breeding_Institute" title="Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute">Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute</a>. Since several years ago<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> there has been an increase in plantings of Riesling as local and international demand has been demanding high quality wines. </p><p>The wines are all produced around rivers, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and its tributaries, often sheltered by mountains. The rivers have significant <a href="/wiki/Microclimate_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microclimate (wine)">microclimate</a> effects to moderate the temperature. The soil is slate in the steep valleys, to absorb the sun's heat and retain it overnight. On the rolling hills the soil is lime and clay dominated. The great sites are often extremely steep so they catch the most sunlight, but they are difficult to harvest mechanically. The slopes are also positioned facing the south or south-west to angle towards the sun. </p><p>The vineyards are extremely small compared to New World vineyards and wine making is dominated by craft rather than industry wines. This makes the lists of wines produced long and complex, and many wines hard to obtain as production is so limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bocksbeutels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bocksbeutels.jpg/300px-Bocksbeutels.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bocksbeutels.jpg/450px-Bocksbeutels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bocksbeutels.jpg/600px-Bocksbeutels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1839" /></a><figcaption>German wine from <a href="/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)" title="Franconia (wine region)">Franken</a> in the characteristic round bottles (<a href="/wiki/Bocksbeutel" title="Bocksbeutel">Bocksbeutel</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The wine regions in Germany usually referred to are the 13 defined regions for quality wine. The German wine industry has organised itself around these regions and their division into districts. However, there are also a number of regions for the insignificant table wine (<i>Tafelwein</i>) and country wine (<i>Landwein</i>) categories. Those regions, with a few exceptions overlap, with the quality wine regions. To make a clear distinction between the quality levels, the regions and subregions for different quality levels have different names on purpose, even when they are allowed to be produced in the same geographical area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_wine_regions">German wine regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_wine_regions" title="List of German wine regions">List of German wine regions</a></div> <p>There are 13 defined regions ("Anbaugebiete") in Germany:<sup id="cite_ref-WRG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ahr_(wine_region)" title="Ahr (wine region)">Ahr</a> – a small region along the river <a href="/wiki/Ahr" title="Ahr">Ahr</a>, a tributary of Rhine, that despite its northernly location primarily produces red wine from Spätburgunder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)" title="Baden (wine region)">Baden</a> – Germany's southernmost, warmest and sunniest winegrowing region, in Germany's southwestern corner, across river Rhine from <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and the only German wine region situated in <a href="/wiki/European_Union_wine_growing_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union wine growing zone">European Union wine growing zone</a> B rather than A, which results in higher minimum required maturity of grapes and less <a href="/wiki/Chaptalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaptalisation">chaptalisation</a> allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Baden_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Baden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the land is cultivated with Pinot family. That include Pinot Noir (Spätburgunder), Pinot Gris (Grauburgunder) and Pinot Blanc (Weissburgunder).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kaiserstuhl_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)">Kaiserstuhl region</a> in the winegrowing region of Baden is Germany's warmest location. One of two wine regions in the state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)" title="Franconia (wine region)">Franconia</a> or <i>Franken</i> – around portions of <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> river, and the only wine region situated in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Noted for growing many varieties on chalky soil and for producing powerful dry Silvaner wines. In Germany, only Franconia and certain small parts of the Baden region are allowed to use the distinctive flattened <a href="/wiki/Bocksbeutel" title="Bocksbeutel">Bocksbeutel</a> bottle shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessische_Bergstra%C3%9Fe" title="Hessische Bergstraße">Hessische Bergstraße</a> (Hessian Mountain Road) – a small region in the state <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> dominated by Riesling.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)" title="Mittelrhein (wine region)">Mittelrhein</a> – along the middle portions of river Rhine, primarily between the regions Rheingau and Mosel, and dominated by Riesling.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosel_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosel wine">Mosel</a> – along the river <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> (<i>Mosel</i>) and its tributaries, the rivers <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruwer" title="Ruwer">Ruwer</a>, and was previously known as <i>Mosel-Saar-Ruwer</i>. The Mosel region is dominated by Riesling grapes and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> soils, and the best wines are grown in dramatic-looking steep vineyards directly overlooking the rivers. This region produces wine that is light in body due to lower alcohol levels, crisp, of high acidity and with pronounced mineral character. The only region to stick to Riesling wine with noticeable residual sweetness as the "standard" style, although dry wines are also produced.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahe_(wine_region)" title="Nahe (wine region)">Nahe</a> – around the river <a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe</a> where volcanic origins give very varied soils. Mixed grape varieties but the best-known producers primarily grow Riesling, and some of them have achieved world reputation in recent years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)" title="Palatinate (wine region)">Palatinate</a> or <i>Pfalz</i> – the second largest producing region in Germany, with production of very varied styles of wine (especially in the southern half), where red wine has been on the increase. The northern half of the region is home to many well-known Riesling producers with a long history, which specialize in powerful Riesling wines in a dry style. Until 1995, it was known in German as <i>Rheinpfalz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_Pfalz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Pfalz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheingau_(wine_region)" title="Rheingau (wine region)">Rheingau</a> – a small region at a bend in the Rhine that provide excellent conditions for winegrowing. The oldest documented references to Riesling come from the Rheingau region<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the region where many German winemaking practices have originated, such as the use of <i>Prädikat</i> designations. Dominated by Riesling with some Spätburgunder. The Rheingau Riesling style is in-between Mosel and the Palatinate and other southern regions, and at its finest combines the best aspects of both.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)" title="Rheinhessen (wine region)">Rheinhessen</a> or Rhenish Hesse – the largest production area in Germany. Once known as Liebfraumilch land, but a quality revolution has taken place since the 1990s. Mixed wine styles and both red and white wines. The best Riesling wines are similar to Palatinate Riesling – dry and powerful. Despite its name, it lies in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, not in Hesse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Unstrut" title="Saale-Unstrut">Saale-Unstrut</a> – one of two regions in former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unstrut" title="Unstrut">Unstrut</a>, and Germany's northernmost winegrowing region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)" title="Saxony (wine region)">Saxony</a> or <i>Sachsen</i> – one of two regions in former East Germany, in the southeastern corner of the country, along the river <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)" title="Württemberg (wine region)">Württemberg</a> – a traditional red wine region, where grape varieties Trollinger (the region's signature variety), Schwarzriesling and Lemberger outnumber the varieties that dominate elsewhere. One of two wine regions in the state of Baden-Württemberg.</li></ol> <p>These 13 regions (<i>Anbaugebiete</i>) are broken down into 39 districts (<i>Bereiche</i>) which are further broken down into collective vineyard sites (<i>Großlagen</i>) of which there are 167. The individual vineyard sites (<i>Einzellagen</i>) number 2,658. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorted_by_size">Sorted by size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sorted by size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_17-18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_17-18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Vineyard area (ha) </th> <th>% White </th> <th>% Red </th> <th>Districts </th> <th>Collective sites </th> <th>Individual sites </th> <th class="unsortable">Most grown varieties </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rheinhessen</td> <td>26628</td> <td>71</td> <td>29</td> <td>3</td> <td>24</td> <td>442</td> <td>Riesling (17.0%), Müller-Thurgau (16.4%), Dornfelder (12.7%), Silvaner (8.6%), Pinot gris (6.3%), Pinot Noir (5.5%), Pinot blanc (4.7%), Portugieser (4.5%), Kerner (3.1%), </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palatinate</td> <td>23590</td> <td>64</td> <td>36</td> <td>2</td> <td>25</td> <td>330</td> <td>Riesling (24.8%), Dornfelder (12.7%), Müller-Thurgau (8.6%), Pinot noir (7.1%), Pinot gris (6.5%), Portugieser (6.3%), Pinot blanc (5.2%), Kerner (3.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baden</td> <td>15812</td> <td>59</td> <td>41</td> <td>9</td> <td>15</td> <td>315</td> <td>Pinot noir (34.5%), Müller-Thurgau (15.5%), Pinot gris (12.9%), Pinot blanc (9.4%), Gutedel (7.0%), Riesling (6.8)% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Württemberg</td> <td>11306</td> <td>31</td> <td>69</td> <td>6</td> <td>20</td> <td>207</td> <td>Trollinger (19.4%), Riesling (18.7%), Lemberger (15.2%), Pinot Meunier (12.8%), Pinot noir (11.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosel</td> <td>8796</td> <td>91</td> <td>9</td> <td>6</td> <td>20</td> <td>507</td> <td>Riesling (61.3%), Müller-Thurgau (11.6%), Elbling (5.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Franconia</td> <td>6107</td> <td>81</td> <td>19</td> <td>3</td> <td>22</td> <td>211</td> <td>Müller-Thurgau (26.4%), Silvaner (24.1%), Bacchus (12.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nahe</td> <td>4205</td> <td>76</td> <td>24</td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td>312</td> <td>Riesling (28.6%), Müller-Thurgau (12.8%), Dornfelder (10.2%); Pinot gis (7.2%), Pinot blanc (6.7%), Pinot noir (6.6%), Silvaner (5.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rheingau</td> <td>3125</td> <td>85</td> <td>15</td> <td>1</td> <td>11</td> <td>120</td> <td>Riesling (78.3%), Pinot noir (12.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saale-Unstrut</td> <td>765</td> <td>75</td> <td>25</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>20</td> <td>Müller-Thurgau (15.0%), Pinot blanc (14.1%), Riesling (9.07%), Dornfelder (6.9%), Silvaner (6.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ahr</td> <td>563</td> <td>17</td> <td>83</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>43</td> <td>Pinot noir (64.7%), Riesling (8.2%), Pinot Noir Précoce (6.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxony</td> <td>499</td> <td>82</td> <td>18</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>16</td> <td>Müller-Thurgau (14.6%), Riesling (14.2%), Pinot blanc (11.8%), Pinot gris (9.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mittelrhein</td> <td>467</td> <td>85</td> <td>15</td> <td>2</td> <td>11</td> <td>111</td> <td>Riesling (66.2%), Pinot noir (9.4%), Müller-Thurgau (5.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hessische Bergstraße</td> <td>461</td> <td>79</td> <td>21</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>24</td> <td>Riesling (43.8%), Pinot gris (10.8%), Pinot noir (10.2%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tafelwein_and_Landwein_regions">Tafelwein and Landwein regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tafelwein and Landwein regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven regions for Tafelwein (<i>Weinbaugebiete für Tafelwein</i>), three of which are divided into two or three subregions (<i>Untergebiete</i>) each, and 21 regions for Landwein (<i>Landweingebiete</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WeinV_1995_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeinV_1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These regions have the following relationship to each other, and to the quality wine regions:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tafelwein region</th> <th>Tafelwein subregion</th> <th>Landwein region</th> <th>Corresponding quality wine region</th> <th>Number on map </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">Rhein-Mosel</td> <td rowspan="7">Rhein</td> <td>Ahrtaler Landwein</td> <td>Ahr</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rheinburgen-Landwein</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)" title="Mittelrhein (wine region)">Mittelrhein</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rheingauer Landwein</td> <td>Rheingau</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nahegauer Landwein</td> <td>Nahe</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rheinischer Landwein</td> <td>Rheinhessen</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pfälzer Landwein</td> <td>Palatinate</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Starkenburger Landwein</td> <td>Hessische Bergstraße</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Moseltal</td> <td>Landwein der Mosel</td> <td rowspan="4">Mosel</td> <td rowspan="4">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landwein der Saar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saarländischer Landwein </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landwein der Ruwer </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Bayern</td> <td>Main</td> <td>Landwein Main</td> <td rowspan="2">Franconia</td> <td rowspan="2">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Donau</td> <td>Regensburger Landwein </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lindau</td> <td>Bayerischer Bodensee-Landwein</td> <td rowspan="2">Württemberg</td> <td rowspan="2">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neckar</td> <td>–</td> <td>Schwäbischer Landwein </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Oberrhein</td> <td>Römertor</td> <td>Badischer Landwein</td> <td rowspan="2">Baden</td> <td rowspan="2">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burgengau</td> <td>Taubertäler Landwein </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albrechtsburg</td> <td>–</td> <td>Sächsischer Landwein</td> <td>Saxony</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saale-Unstrut</td> <td></td> <td>Mitteldeutscher Landwein</td> <td>Saale-Unstrut</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niederlausitz_(wine_region)" title="Niederlausitz (wine region)">Niederlausitz</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Landwein" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburger Landwein">Brandenburger Landwein</a></td> <td><small>In the state of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, outside the quality wine regions</small></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stargarder_Land_(wine_region)" title="Stargarder Land (wine region)">Stargarder Land</a></td> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburger_Landwein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburger Landwein">Mecklenburger Landwein</a></td> <td><small>In the state of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, outside the quality wine regions</small></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grape_varieties">Grape varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grape varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall nearly 135 <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> varieties may be cultivated in Germany – 100 are released for white wine production and 35 for red wine production. According to the international image, Germany is still considered a region for white wine production. Since the 1980s, demand for German red wine has constantly increased, and this has resulted in a doubling of the vineyards used for red wine. Nowadays, over 35% of the vineyards are cultivated with red grapes. Some of the red grapes are also used to produce <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a>. </p><p>Out of all the grape varieties listed below, only 20 have a significant market share. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Most common grape varieties in Germany (2022 situation, all varieties >1%)<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th>Variety</th> <th>Color</th> <th>Synonym(s)</th> <th>Area (%)</th> <th>Area (hectares)</th> <th>Trend</th> <th>Major regions (with large plantations or high proportion) </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">23.6</td> <td align="right">24 410</td> <td>increasing</td> <td>Mosel, Palatinate, Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Nahe, Mittelrhein, Hessische Bergstraße </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></td> <td>white</td> <td>Rivaner</td> <td align="right">10.6</td> <td align="right">10 970</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen, Baden, Franconia, Mosel, Saale-Unstrut, Sachsen </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Spätburgunder">Spätburgunder</a></td> <td>red</td> <td>Pinot noir</td> <td align="right">11.1</td> <td align="right">11 512</td> <td>constant</td> <td>Baden, Palatinate, Rheinhessen, Württemberg, Rheingau, Ahr </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Grauburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Grauburgunder">Grauburgunder</a></td> <td>white</td> <td>Pinot gris, Grauer Burgunder Ruländer</td> <td align="right">7.8</td> <td align="right">8 094</td> <td>increasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Mosel </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a></td> <td>red</td> <td></td> <td align="right">6.6</td> <td align="right">6 812</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Nahe </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißburgunder">Weißburgunder</a></td> <td>white</td> <td>Pinot blanc, Weißer Burgunder, Klevner</td> <td align="right">6.0</td> <td align="right">6 181</td> <td>increasing</td> <td>- bgcolor="FFA07A" </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Silvaner" title="Silvaner">Silvaner</a></td> <td>white</td> <td>Grüner Silvaner</td> <td align="right">4.3</td> <td align="right">4 419</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen, Franconia, Saale-Unstrut, Ahr </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">2.6</td> <td align="right">2 731</td> <td>increasing</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Blauer_Portugieser" title="Blauer Portugieser">Blauer Portugieser</a></td> <td>red</td> <td></td> <td align="right">2.2</td> <td align="right">2 295</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Palatinate, Rheinhessen, Ahr </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Kerner_(grape)" title="Kerner (grape)">Kerner</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">2.0</td> <td align="right">2 032</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Mosel, Württemberg </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>11. <a href="/wiki/Trollinger" title="Trollinger">Trollinger</a></td> <td>red</td> <td></td> <td align="right">1.9</td> <td align="right">1 940</td> <td>constant</td> <td>Württemberg </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>12. <a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Lemberger</a></td> <td>red</td> <td>Blaufränkisch</td> <td align="right">1.9</td> <td align="right">1 929</td> <td>increasing</td> <td>Württemberg </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>13. <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">1.9</td> <td align="right">1 923</td> <td>increasing</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>14. <a href="/wiki/Schwarzriesling" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzriesling">Schwarzriesling</a></td> <td>red</td> <td>Müllerrebe, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a></td> <td align="right">1.6</td> <td align="right">1 698</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Württemberg </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td>15. <a href="/wiki/Regent_(grape)" title="Regent (grape)">Regent</a></td> <td>red</td> <td></td> <td align="right">1.6</td> <td align="right">1 618</td> <td>constant</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>16. <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(grape)" title="Bacchus (grape)">Bacchus</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">1.5</td> <td align="right">1 558</td> <td>decreasing</td> <td>Franconia </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>17. <a href="/wiki/Scheurebe" title="Scheurebe">Scheurebe</a></td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td align="right">1.4</td> <td align="right">1 483</td> <td>increasing</td> <td>Rheinhessen </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>18. <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a></td> <td>white</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a></td> <td align="right">1.1</td> <td align="right">1 120</td> <td>increasing</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td>19. <a href="/wiki/Gutedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutedel">Gutedel</a></td> <td>white</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a></td> <td align="right">1.0</td> <td align="right">1 065</td> <td>constant</td> <td>Baden </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td><b>Grand total</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">103 391</td> <td>constant</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grape_variety_trends_over_time">Grape variety trends over time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grape variety trends over time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png/300px-Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png/450px-Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png/600px-Grape_varieties_in_Germany_over_time.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Per cent share of common grape varieties in Germany 1964–2007. Data taken from German Wine Statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_05-06_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_05-06-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_06-07_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_06-07-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the last century several changes have taken place with respect to the most planted varieties. Until the early 20th century, Elbling was Germany's most planted variety, after which it was eclipsed by Silvaner during the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Silvaner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Silvaner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few decades in the top spot, in the late 1960s Silvaner was overtaken by the high-yielding Müller-Thurgau, which in turn started to lose ground in the 1980s. From the mid-1990s, Riesling became the most planted variety, a position it probably had never enjoyed before on a national level. Red grapes in Germany have experienced several ups and downs. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, there was a downward trend, which was reversed around 1980. From mid-1990s and during the next decade, there was an almost explosive growth of plantation of red varieties. Plantings was shared between traditional Spätburgunder and a number of new <a href="/wiki/Crossings_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossings (vine)">crossings</a>, led by Dornfelder, while other traditional German red varieties such as Portugieser only held their ground. From around 2005, the proportion of red varieties has stabilized around 37%, about three times the 1980 level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_white_wine_grapes">Common white wine grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Common white wine grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White grape varieties account for 66% of the area planted in Germany. Principal varieties are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></b> is the benchmark grape in Germany and covers the most area in German vineyards. It is an aromatic variety with a high level of acidity that can be used for dry, semi-sweet, sweet and sparkling wines. The drawback to Riesling is that it takes 130 days to ripen and, in marginal years, the Riesling crop tends to be poor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a> is an alternative grape to Riesling that growers have been using, and is one of the so-called <i>new crossings</i>. Unlike the long ripening time of Riesling, this grape variety only requires 100 days to ripen, can be planted on more sites, and is higher yielding. However, this grape has a more neutral flavour than Riesling, and as the main ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Liebfraumilch" title="Liebfraumilch">Liebfraumilch</a> its reputation has taken a beating together with that wine variety. Germany's most planted variety from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, it has been losing ground for a number of years. Dry Müller-Thurgau is usually labeled Rivaner.</li> <li>Grauer Burgunder or Ruländer (<a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a>)</li> <li>Weisser Burgunder (<a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvaner" title="Silvaner">Silvaner</a> is another subtle, fairly neutral, but quite old grape variety that was Germany's most planted until the 1960s and after that has continued to lose ground. It has however remained popular in Franconia and Rheinhessen, where it is grown on chalky soils to produce powerful dry wines with a slightly earthy and rustic but also food-friendly character.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerner_(grape)" title="Kerner (grape)">Kerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus grape">Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheurebe" title="Scheurebe">Scheurebe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_red_wine_grapes">Common red wine grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Common red wine grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red wine varieties account for 34% of the plantations in Germany but has increased in recent years. </p> <ul><li>Spätburgunder (<a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>) – a much-appreciated grape variety that demands good sites to produce good wines and therefore competes with Riesling. It is considered to give the most elegant red wines of Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a> – a "new crossing" that has become much appreciated in Germany since it is easy to grow and gives dark-coloured, full-bodied, fruity and tannic wines of a style that used to be hard to produce in Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugieser" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugieser">Portugieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollinger" title="Trollinger">Trollinger</a></li> <li>Lemberger (<a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Blaufränkisch</a>)</li> <li>Schwarzriesling (<a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_(grape)" title="Regent (grape)">Regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Laurent_(grape)" title="St. Laurent (grape)">St. Laurent</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permitted_varieties">Permitted varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Permitted varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">List of grape varieties</a></div> <p>According to the German <a href="/wiki/Wine_law" title="Wine law">wine law</a>, the state governments are responsible for drawing up lists of grape varieties allowed in wine production. The varieties listed below are officially permitted for commercial cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lists include varieties permitted only for selected experimental cultivation. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th colspan="4"> <table width="100%" style="background:lightgrey"> <tbody><tr> <td width="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/14px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/21px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/28px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">permitted white grapes </td> <td width="10" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/14px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/21px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/28px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFFFE0"> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albalonga_(grape)" title="Albalonga (grape)">Albalonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnsburger" title="Arnsburger">Arnsburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxerrois_blanc" title="Auxerrois blanc">Auxerrois blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus grape">Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blauer_Silvaner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blauer Silvaner (page does not exist)">Blauer Silvaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner_(grape)" title="Bronner (grape)">Bronner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenbreitsteiner" title="Ehrenbreitsteiner">Ehrenbreitsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfelser" title="Ehrenfelser">Ehrenfelser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbling" title="Elbling">Elbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faberrebe" title="Faberrebe">Faberrebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Findling_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Findling (grape) (page does not exist)">Findling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fontanara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontanara (page does not exist)">Fontanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freisamer" title="Freisamer">Freisamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BCher_Malingre" class="mw-redirect" title="Früher Malingre">Früher Malingre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelber_Muskateller" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelber Muskateller">Gelber Muskateller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldriesling" title="Goldriesling">Goldriesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grauburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Grauburgunder">Grauburgunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutedel">Gutedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernal_(grape)" title="Hibernal (grape)">Hibernal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6lder_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hölder (grape) (page does not exist)">Hölder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxelrebe" title="Huxelrebe">Huxelrebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Irsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Irsay">Irsay Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johanniter_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johanniter (grape) (page does not exist)">Johanniter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juwel_(grape)" title="Juwel (grape)">Juwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzler_(grape)" title="Kanzler (grape)">Kanzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerner_(grape)" title="Kerner (grape)">Kerner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernling (page does not exist)">Kernling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariensteiner_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariensteiner (grape) (page does not exist)">Mariensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merzling" title="Merzling">Merzling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morio-Muskat" class="mw-redirect" title="Morio-Muskat">Morio-Muskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a> (Rivaner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskat-Ottonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskat-Ottonel">Muskat-Ottonel</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobling" title="Nobling">Nobling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optima_(grape)" title="Optima (grape)">Optima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(grape)" title="Orion (grape)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortega_(grape)" title="Ortega (grape)">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osteiner (page does not exist)">Osteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perle_von_Alzey" class="mw-redirect" title="Perle von Alzey">Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perle_von_Csaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Perle von Csaba">Perle von Csaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(grape)" title="Phoenix (grape)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinzipal_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinzipal (grape) (page does not exist)">Prinzipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regner" title="Regner">Regner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichensteiner" title="Reichensteiner">Reichensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieslaner" title="Rieslaner">Rieslaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roter_Elbling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roter Elbling (page does not exist)">Roter Elbling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roter_Gutedel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roter Gutedel (page does not exist)">Roter Gutedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Muskateller" class="mw-redirect" title="Roter Muskateller">Roter Muskateller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheurebe" title="Scheurebe">Scheurebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nburger" title="Schönburger">Schönburger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimer_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimer (grape) (page does not exist)">Septimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegerrebe" title="Siegerrebe">Siegerrebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silcher_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silcher (grape) (page does not exist)">Silcher</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silcher_(Rebsorte)" class="extiw" title="de:Silcher (Rebsorte)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvaner" title="Silvaner">Silvaner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirius_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirius (grape) (page does not exist)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staufer_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staufer (grape) (page does not exist)">Staufer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veltliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Veltliner">Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Weißer Burgunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzer_(grape)" title="Würzer (grape)">Würzer</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th colspan="4"> <table width="100%" style="background:lightgrey"> <tbody><tr> <td width="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/15px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/23px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/30px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">permitted red grapes </td> <td width="10" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/15px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/23px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/30px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFA07A"> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolon" title="Acolon">Acolon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André (grape) (page does not exist)">André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blauburger" title="Blauburger">Blauburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Dorsa" title="Cabernet Dorsa">Cabernet Dorsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Mitos" title="Cabernet Mitos">Cabernet Mitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakapo (page does not exist)">Dakapo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deckrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deckrot (page does not exist)">Deckrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domina_(grape)" title="Domina (grape)">Domina</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkelfelder" title="Dunkelfelder">Dunkelfelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BChburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frühburgunder">Frühburgunder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegel_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegel (grape) (page does not exist)">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helfensteiner" title="Helfensteiner">Helfensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroldrebe" title="Heroldrebe">Heroldrebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Lemberger</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskat-Trollinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskat-Trollinger">Muskat-Trollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palas_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palas (grape) (page does not exist)">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blauer_Portugieser" title="Blauer Portugieser">Portugieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_(grape)" title="Regent (grape)">Regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_(grape)" title="Rondo (grape)">Rondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotberger" title="Rotberger">Rotberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzriesling" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzriesling">Schwarzriesling</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tburgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Spätburgunder">Spätburgunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Laurent_(grape)" title="St. Laurent (grape)">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauberschwarz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauberschwarz (page does not exist)">Tauberschwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trollinger" title="Trollinger">Trollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweigelt" title="Zweigelt">Zweigelt</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticultural_practices">Viticultural practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Viticultural practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:080110_zell_mosel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/080110_zell_mosel.JPG/300px-080110_zell_mosel.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/080110_zell_mosel.JPG/450px-080110_zell_mosel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/080110_zell_mosel.JPG/600px-080110_zell_mosel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>In the Mosel region, such as here close to the village of Zell, vines are often <a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">trained</a> on individual wooden stakes, <i>Einzelpfahlerziehung</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the best vineyards in Germany are steep vineyards overlooking rivers, where mechanisation is impossible and a lot of manual labour is needed to produce the wine. </p><p>Since it can be difficult to get ripe grapes in such a northernly location as Germany, the sugar maturity of grapes (<a href="/wiki/Must_weight" title="Must weight">must weight</a>) as measured by the <a href="/wiki/Oechsle_scale" title="Oechsle scale">Oechsle scale</a> have played a great role in Germany. </p><p>German vintners on average crop their vineyards quite high, with <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> averaging around 64–99 hl/ha,<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a high figure in international comparison. Some <a href="/wiki/Cross_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross (wine)">crossings</a> used for low-quality white wine yield up to 150–200 hl/ha, while quality-conscious producers who strive to produce well-balanced wines of concentrated flavours rarely exceed 50 hl/ha. </p><p>Many wines in Germany are produced using <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">biodynamic</a> methods. With an average annual growth rate of 25 percent and a cultivated area of more than 7,000 hectares, Germany ranks in place six worldwide. The market share of organic wine is between four and five percent.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking_practices">Winemaking practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Winemaking practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a> is allowed only up to the <a href="/wiki/QbA" class="mw-redirect" title="QbA">QbA</a> level, not for <i>Prädikatswein</i> and all wines must be fermented dry if chaptalised. To balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a>, may be added after fermentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_wine_classification" title="German wine classification">German wine classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheingaufloete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rheingaufloete.jpg/170px-Rheingaufloete.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rheingaufloete.jpg/255px-Rheingaufloete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rheingaufloete.jpg/340px-Rheingaufloete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>A German wine bottle, designed for Rheingau wine</figcaption></figure> <p>German wine classification is sometimes the source of confusion. However, to those familiar with the terms used, a <a href="/wiki/German_wine_label" class="mw-redirect" title="German wine label">German wine label</a> reveals much information about the wine's origin, the minimum ripeness of the grapes used for the wine, as well as the dryness/sweetness of the wine. </p><p>In general, the ripeness classifications of German wines reflect minimum sugar content in the grape (also known as "potential alcohol" = the amount of alcohol resulting from fermenting all sugar in the juice) at the point of harvest of the grape. They have nothing to do with the sweetness of the wine after fermentation, which is one of the most common mis-perceptions about German wines. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Tafelwein" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Tafelwein">Deutscher Tafelwein</a></b> (German <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">table wine</a>) is mostly consumed in the country and not exported. Generally used for blended wines that can not be Qualitätswein.</li> <li><b>Deutscher Landwein</b> (German <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">country wine</a>) comes from a larger designation and again doesn't play an important role in the export market.</li> <li><b>Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete</b> (<a href="/wiki/QbA" class="mw-redirect" title="QbA">QbA</a>) wines from a defined appellation with the exception of Liebfraumilch, which can be blended from several regions and still be classified as Qualitätswein.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4dikatswein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prädikatswein">Prädikatswein</a></b>, recently (August 1, 2007) renamed from <b>Qualitätswein mit Prädikat</b> (QmP) wines made from grapes of higher ripeness. As ripeness increases, the fruit characteristics and price increase. Categories within Prädikatswein are Kabinett, Spätlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese, Trockenbeerenauslese and Eiswein. Wines of these categories can not be chaptalized. All these categories within Prädikatswein are solely linked to minimum requirements of potential alcohol. While these may correlate with harvest time, there are no legally defined harvest time restrictions anymore. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabinett" title="Kabinett">Kabinett</a></b> wines are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Kabinett is the first level of reserve grape selection.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese" title="Spätlese">Spätlese</a></b> wines ("late harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Spatlese is the second level of reserve grape selection.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a></b> wines ("select harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Auslese is the third level of reserve grape selection.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beerenauslese" title="Beerenauslese">Beerenauslese</a></b> wines ("berry selection") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. The concentration of the grape juice may have been facilitated by a fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Botryotinia" title="Botryotinia">Botrytis</a></i>, which perforates the skin of the grape forcing water to drip out and all remaining elements to concentrate. Due to the high potential alcohol level required for this category of ripeness, these wines are generally made into sweet wines and can make good dessert wines.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a></b> wines ("dry berries selection") are made from grapes of an even higher potential alcohol level, generally reachable only with the help of Botrytis. The grapes used for Trockenbeerenauslese have reached an even more raisin-like state than those used for Beerenauslese. Due to the high concentration of sugar in the raisin-like grape, these wines can only be made in a sweet style and make extremely sweet, concentrated and usually quite expensive wines.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eiswein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiswein">Eiswein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a>) wine is made grapes that freeze naturally on the vine and have to reach the same potential alcohol level as Beerenauslese. The grapes are harvested and <a href="/wiki/Pressed_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed (wine)">pressed</a> in the frozen state. The ice stays in the press during pressing and hence a concentrated juice flows off the press leading to higher potential alcohol levels, which in turn generally result in sweet wines due to the high potential alcohol. The taste differs from the other high-level wines since Botrytis infection is usually lower, ideally completely absent.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine. <b>Trocken</b> refers to dry wine. These wines have less than 9 grams/liter of residual sugar. <b>Halbtrocken</b> wines are off-dry and have 9–18 grams/liter of residual sugar. Due to the high acidity ("crispness") of many German wines, the taste profile of many halbtrocken wines fall within the "internationally dry" spectrum rather than being appreciably sweet. <b>Feinherb</b> wines are slightly more sweet than halbtrocken wines. <b>Lieblich</b> wines are noticeably sweet; except for the high category Prädikatsweine of type Beerenauslese and above, lieblich wines from Germany are usually of the low Tafelwein category. The number of German wines produced in a lieblich style has dropped markedly since the style went out of fashion in the 1980s. </p><p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Verband_Deutscher_Pr%C3%A4dikatsweing%C3%BCter" title="Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter">Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter</a> (VDP), which is a private marketing club founded in 1910, has lobbied for the recognition of a vineyard classification, but its effort have not yet changed national law. </p><p>There are also several terms to identify the grower and producers of the wine: </p> <ul><li><b>Weingut</b> refers to a winegrowing and wine-producing estate, rather <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> than industry.</li> <li><b>Weinkellerei</b> refers to a maturing and bottling facility, a bottler or shipper.</li> <li><b>Winzergenossenschaft</b> refers to a <a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">winemaking cooperative</a>.</li> <li><b>Gutsabfüllung</b> refers to a grower/producer wine that is estate bottled.</li> <li><b>Abfüller</b> refers to a bottler or shipper.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_structure">Industry structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Industry structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German wine scene consists of many small <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> oriented vineyard owners. The 1999 viticultural survey counted 68 598 vineyard owners, down from 76 683 in Western Germany in 1989/90, for an average size of 1.5 ha. Most of the 40 625 operators of less than 0.5 ha should likely be classified as hobby winemakers. The 2016 viticultural survey counted 15 931 vineyard owners. Two digit decreases of operating owners change the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_17-18_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_17-18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many smaller vineyard owners do not pursue viticulture as a full-time occupation, but rather as a supplement to other agriculture or to hospitality. It is not uncommon for a visitor to a German wine region to find that a small family-owned <i>Gasthaus</i> has its own wine. Smaller grape-growers who do not wish to, or are unable to, commercialise their own wine have several options available: sell the grapes (either on the market each harvest year, or on long-term contract with larger wineries looking to supplement their own production), deliver the grapes to a <a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">winemaking cooperative</a> (called <i>Winzergenossenschaft</i> in Germany), or sell the wine in bulk to winemaking firms that use them in "bulk brands" or as a base wine for <a href="/wiki/Sekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekt">Sekt</a>. Those who own vineyards in truly good locations also have the option of renting them out to larger producers to operate. </p><p>A total of 5,864 vineyard owners owned more than 5 ha each in 2016, accounting for 81% of Germany's total vineyard surface, and it is in this category that the full-time vintners and commercial operations are primarily found.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_19-20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, truly large wineries, in terms of their own vineyard holdings, are rare in Germany. Hardly any German wineries reach the size of <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World winemaking</a> companies, and only a few are of the same size as a typical <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a> <a href="/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Grand_cru" title="Cru (wine)">Grand Cru</a> Classé château. Of the ten wineries considered as Germany's best by <i>Gault Millau Weinguide</i> in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nine had 10,2 — 19 ha of vineyards, and one (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weingut_Robert_Weil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weingut Robert Weil (page does not exist)">Weingut Robert Weil</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Suntory" title="Suntory">Suntory</a>) had 70 ha. This means that most of the high-ranking German wineries each only produces around 100,000 bottles of wine per year. That production is often distributed over, say, 10–25 different wines from different vineyards, of different <i>Prädikat</i>, sweetness and so on. The largest vineyard owner is the Hessian State Wineries (<i>Hessische Staatsweingüter</i>), owned by the state of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, with 200 ha vineyards, the produce of which is vinified in three separate wineries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest privately held winery is Dr. Bürklin-Wolf in the Palatinate with 85,5 ha.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_German_wineries">Largest German wineries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Largest German wineries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By April 2014, the ten largest German wine producers were:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Weingut Lergenmüller Hainfeld (Palatinate), 110 ha; and Schloss Reinhartshausen, 80 ha<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusspital" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliusspital">Juliusspital</a>, Würzburg (Franken), 170 ha</li> <li>Weingut Heinz Pfaffmann, Walsheim (Palatinate), 150 ha</li> <li>Hessische Staatsweingüter Eltville (Rheingau), 140 ha</li> <li>Markgraf von Baden Salem (Baden), 140 ha</li> <li>Bischöfliche Weingüter Trier (Mosel), 95 ha</li> <li>Staatlicher Hofkeller Würzburg (Franconia), 120 ha</li> <li>Weingut Anselmann Edesheim (Palatinate), 115 ha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerspital_zum_Heiligen_Geist" title="Bürgerspital zum Heiligen Geist">Bürgerspital zum Heiligen Geist</a> Würzburg (Franconia), 110 ha</li> <li>Weingut Friedrich Kiefer Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl (Baden), 110 ha</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbereinigung" title="Flurbereinigung">Flurbereinigung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austrian wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Swiss wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_19-20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_19-20_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutscheweine.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Statistik_2019-2020.pdf">German Wine Institute, German Wine Statistics 2019–2020</a> (PDF-file; 700 kB). Retrieved 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Ellson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/roll-out-the-riesling-german-wines-are-making-a-comeback-5zxb25hwl">Roll out the riesling, German wines are making a comeback</a>, in: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/magazine/wp/2019/09/05/feature/how-german-wine-found-its-sweet-spot/">How German Wine Found Its Sweet Spot</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 5 September 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRG_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRG_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.cellarer.com/the-wine-regions-of-germany/">The wine regions of Germany</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW_Ge_Hist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Ge_Hist_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry on "German History" in J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition, pp. 304-308, Oxford University Press 2006, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Pinot+Noir.htm">Wein-Plus Glossar: <i>Pinot noir'</i></a><i>, accessed on February 17, 2008.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Kloster+Eberbach">Wein-Plus Glossar: <i>Kloster Eberbach</i></a>, accessed on February 17, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/289/2892c412-768a-401b-e592-6461d7937aae$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm">German Wine Institute: Wine growing regions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207153803/http://www.deutscheweine.de/internet-en/nav/289/2892c412-768a-401b-e592-6461d7937aae$20950559-5a8d-4501-e76c-d461d7937aae.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on February 17, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein.de/1453.0.html">Wein.de (German Agricultural Society): 13 winegrowing areas in Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029055913/http://www.wein.de/1453.0.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW_Baden-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Baden_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry on <i>"Baden"</i> in J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition, p. 59, Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winetourism.com/baden-wine-route/">"Your 2022 guide to Baden Wine Route"</a>. <i>www.winetourism.com</i>. 2022-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.winetourism.com&rft.atitle=Your+2022+guide+to+Baden+Wine+Route&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winetourism.com%2Fbaden-wine-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Pfalz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Pfalz_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Pfalz">Wein-Plus Glossar: Pfalz</a>, accessed on December 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/">http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/</a> All about The History of the County of Katzenelnbogen and the First Riesling of the World.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_17-18-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_17-18_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_17-18_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.germanwines.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Website/Service/Downloads/PDF/Statistik_2017-2018.pdf">"2017 / 2018 Deutscher Wein Statistik"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>germanwines.de/</i>. Deutsches Weininstitut GmbH. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=germanwines.de%2F&rft.atitle=2017+%2F+2018+Deutscher+Wein+Statistik&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanwines.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FWebsite%2FService%2FDownloads%2FPDF%2FStatistik_2017-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeinV_1995-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WeinV_1995_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/weinv_1995/gesamt.pdf">Weinverordnung (WeinV 1995), updated until Art. 1 V v. 11.3.2008 I 383</a>, § 1 for Tafelwein and § 2 for Landwein.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2005" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Owen (2005). <i>Rheingold – The German wine renaissance</i>. Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Arima publishing. pp. 259–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84549-079-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84549-079-7"><bdi>1-84549-079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheingold+%E2%80%93+The+German+wine+renaissance&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=259-260&rft.pub=Arima+publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84549-079-7&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutscheweine.de/fileadmin/DWI/News_Medien/Publikationen/Deutscher_Wein_Statistik/Statistik_2023-2024.pdf">German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2023–2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_05-06-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_05-06_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/b2b/b2b50494-b00c-b601-33e2-dc952196117f,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf">German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2005–2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231455/http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/b2b/b2b50494-b00c-b601-33e2-dc952196117f,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_06-07-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_06-07_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/beb/beb77ebd-3a08-d017-288b-5952196117f5,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf">German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2006–2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231544/http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/beb/beb77ebd-3a08-d017-288b-5952196117f5,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW_Silvaner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Silvaner_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry on <i>"Silvaner"</i> in J. Robinson (ed), <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i>, Third Edition, pp. 630-631, Oxford University Press 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.germanwines.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Website/Service/Downloads/PDF/825_Silvaner_engl.pdf">Silvaner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429222840/http://www.germanwines.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Website/Service/Downloads/PDF/825_Silvaner_engl.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> subtle, shapely & stylish, retrieved 9 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Hillebrand, Heinz Lott & Franz Pfaff (2003). <i>Taschenbuch der Rebsorten</i>, 13th edition. Mainz: Fachverlag Fraund. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921156-53-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-921156-53-X">3-921156-53-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Brandl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prowein.de/de/Magazin/ProWein_Magazinbeitr%C3%A4ge/Bio-Wein_boomt_immer_st%C3%A4rker">Bio-Wein boomt immer stärker</a> (Organic wine is booming stronger) retrieved 15 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weinguide.de/bewertung/besten.htm">Weinguide.de: Unsere Besten</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214024549/http://www.weinguide.de/bewertung/besten.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on December 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Hessische+Staatsweing%FCter">Wein-Plus Glossar: Hessische Staatsweingüter</a>, accessed on December 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=B%FCrklin-Wolf">Wein-Plus Glossar: Bürklin-Wolf</a>, accessed on December 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanwines.de/service/wineries/">List of wineries indicating the biggest German producers</a>, germanwines.de, retrieved 14 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://michael-liebert.de/weintipps/schloss-reinhartshausen-lergenmueller-neuer-besitzer/">http://michael-liebert.de/weintipps/schloss-reinhartshausen-lergenmueller-neuer-besitzer/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420110614/http://michael-liebert.de/weintipps/schloss-reinhartshausen-lergenmueller-neuer-besitzer/">Archived</a> 2013-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Weingut Lergenmüller – new owner of Schloss Reinhartshausen.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barr, Andrew (1988). <i>Wine Snobbery: An Insiders Guide to the Booze Business</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-15060-8">0-571-15060-8</a>. Chapter 8 on history of sweetness in German wines.</li> <li>Brook, Stephen (2006). <i>The Wines of Germany</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840007916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840007916">978-1840007916</a>.</li> <li>Hallgarten, S.F. (1981). <i>German Wines</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9507410-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9507410-0-0">0-9507410-0-0</a>.</li> <li>Langenbach, Alfred (1962). <i>German Wines and Vines</i>. Vista Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5530662">5530662</a>.</li> <li>Reinhardt, Stephan (2012). <i>The Finest Wines of Germany: A Regional Guide to the Best Producers and Their Wines</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520273221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520273221">978-0520273221</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutscheweine.de/fileadmin/user_upload/9732_Seminarhandbuch2019Web_engl.pdf">German Wine Manual</a> by German Wine Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanwines.de">German Wine Institute</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyman1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weyman, C. S. (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Germany, Wines of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Germany,_Wines_of">"Germany, Wines of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+Wines+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Weyman&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_wine" title="Template:German wine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_wine" title="Template talk:German wine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German wine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_wine_classification" title="German wine classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabinett" title="Kabinett">Kabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese" title="Spätlese">Spätlese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auslese" title="Auslese">Auslese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerenauslese" title="Beerenauslese">Beerenauslese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Eiswein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_wine_regions" title="List of German wine regions">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahr_(wine_region)" title="Ahr (wine region)">Ahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_(wine_region)" title="Baden (wine region)">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)" title="Franconia (wine region)">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessische_Bergstra%C3%9Fe" title="Hessische Bergstraße">Hessische Bergstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelrhein_(wine_region)" title="Mittelrhein (wine region)">Mittelrhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)" title="Mosel (wine region)">Mosel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahe_(wine_region)" title="Nahe (wine region)">Nahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)" title="Palatinate (wine region)">Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheingau_(wine_region)" title="Rheingau (wine region)">Rheingau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)" title="Rheinhessen (wine region)">Rheinhessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Unstrut" title="Saale-Unstrut">Saale-Unstrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)" title="Saxony (wine region)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)" title="Württemberg (wine region)">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verband_Deutscher_Pr%C3%A4dikats-_und_Qualit%C3%A4tsweing%C3%BCter" class="mw-redirect" title="Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter">Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechsle_scale" title="Oechsle scale">Oechsle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocken" title="Trocken">Trocken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebfraumilch" title="Liebfraumilch">Liebfraumilch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a 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