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Now available in its sixth edition, it has been revised and updated to reflect the latest terms in the field. Includes in excess of 5,100 terms, grouped into over 3,000 entries Coverage reflects recommendations by a team of experts in phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, making it exceptionally comprehensive Incorporates new ideas stemming from the minimalist program Contains a separate table of abbreviations and table of symbols, along with an updated International Phonetic Alphabet Updates entries to reflect the way established terms are now perceived in light of changes in the field, providing a unique insight into the historical development of linguistics Remains the standard single-volume reference for the field of linguistics and phonetics. 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Disciplines","num_pages":560,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"David Crystal's A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics has long been the standard single-volume reference for its field. Now available in its sixth edition, it has been revised and updated to reflect the latest terms in the field. Includes in excess of 5,100 terms, grouped into over 3,000 entries Coverage reflects recommendations by a team of experts in phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, making it exceptionally comprehensive Incorporates new ideas stemming from the minimalist program Contains a separate table of abbreviations and table of symbols, along with an updated International Phonetic Alphabet Updates entries to reflect the way established terms are now perceived in light of changes in the field, providing a unique insight into the historical development of linguistics Remains the standard single-volume reference for the field of linguistics and phonetics. ","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA535","order":564,"title":"535","h":781}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3D3ZPQVuSgDAkC%26q%3DClause%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA78","highlights":[{"X":203,"Y":284,"W":38,"H":13},{"X":105,"Y":312,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":231,"Y":383,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":468,"Y":397,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":362,"Y":568,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":441,"Y":568,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":471,"Y":611,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":105,"Y":668,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":105,"Y":697,"W":32,"H":13},{"X":224,"Y":725,"W":32,"H":13}],"flags":8,"order":107,"vq":"Clause"}]},null,{"number_of_results":79,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR20","page_number":"xx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e introduced by subordinator simple active affirmative declarative small \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e structural change strict cycle condition structural description semantic-feature hypothesis subject S-structure S′ SAAD small \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e structural\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PR20\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e see REDUCE (3) abbreviation (n.) The everyday sense of this term has been refined in LINH GUISTICS as part of the study of WORDHFORMATION, distinguishing several ways in which words can be shortened. Initialisms or alphabetisms\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA1\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... grammatical areas (e.g. relative \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e formation, the use of reflexives, and quantifiers), but the full application of this principle remains to be explored. 6 accessible accessible (adj.) see ACCESSIBILITy HIERARCHy accidence (n.) Most.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA5\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, or VERB FORM where, from a SEMANTIC point of view, the grammatical SUBjECT is typically the actor, in relation to the verb, e.g. The boy wrote a letter. \u0026#39;Active voice\u0026#39; (or \u0026#39;the active\u0026#39;) is contrasted with PASSIVE, and sometimes\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA9\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e (e.g. he\u0026#39;s the man I saw). See ATTRIBUTIVE, PREDICATIVE. adjoin (v.) see ADjUNCTION adjunct (n.) A term used in GRAMMATICAL theory to refer to an optional or secondary element in a CONSTRUCTION: an adjunct may be removed without\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA12\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure (along with SUBjECT, OBjECT, etc.), and the two usages need to be kept clearly distinct. Within adverbials, many syntactic roles have been identified, of which verb MODIfiCATION has traditionally been seen as central. A\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA14\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"David Crystal. affix 15 adverb \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e see ADVERB adverbial (adj./n.) see ADVERB adverb phrase see ADVERB adversative (adj./n.) In GRAMMAR and SEMANTICS, a form or construction which expresses an antithetical circumstance. Adversative\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC\u0026pg=PA15\u0026vq=Clause"},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e of a CONDITIONAL sentence; also called the consequent, and opposed to the protasis, which expresses the condition. In the sentence We shall get in if we queue, we shall get in is the apodosis, if we queue is the protasis. A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e-initial position occu- pied by a wh-phrase. The extension (or generalization) of the approach from the former to the latter is known as generalized binding. Elements which are not bound are FREE. Binding theory is one of the (sub\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, but neither quantifier takes scope over the other. For example, in Most relatives of each villager and most relatives of each townsman love each other, the quantifiers in either CONjUNCT do not take scope over the quantifiers in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e combinations in languages where the distinction between COHORDINATION and SUBORDINATION does not easily apply. In a \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e-chaining language (such as the Papuan language, Hua), identity or lack of identity between the SUBjECTS of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e VERB, and whose function is seen as one of confirmation, or \u0026#39;checking\u0026#39;, e.g. It\u0026#39;s Sunday today, isn\u0026#39;t it. Other types of tag would be referred to as \u0026#39;copy\u0026#39; tags. (2) In the MINIMALIST PROGRAMME, a term describing a procedure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e taken over (or \u0026#39;usurped\u0026#39;) by another nominal; abbreviated as cho. For example, in a PASSIVE SENTENCE, the UNDERLyING SUBjECT is seen as having its subject FUNCTION usurped by the DIRECT OBjECT from the ACTIVE sentence; as a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA78","page_number":"78","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e, e.g. The girl arrived/after the rain started. Some grammars distinguish fiNITE and non-finite types of \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, depending on the FORM of the VERB used, and further subdivisions are sometimes made (e.g. a reduced \u0026#39;verbless\u0026#39; \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e-mates. \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e-wall (n.) A term used in NONHDISCRETE GRAMMAR, to refer to the dif- ferent degrees of DEPENDENCy existing between \u003cb\u003eCLAUSES\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eClauses\u003c/b\u003e which have a relatively high \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e-wall between them are more independent than\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA88","page_number":"88","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e A type of \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e recognized in QUiRk GRAMMAR, referring to an optional structure whose function is to add a parenthetic comment to another \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e. There is a wide range of comment \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e in English, e.g. you know, to be honest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e or comparative sentence, e.g. He is bigger than I am. comparative linguistics see COMPARATIVE (1) comparative method see COMPARATIVE (1) comparative philology see COMPARATIVE (1), PHILOLOGy comparative reconstruction see\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e of various kinds are recog- nized, this notion sometimes being interpreted as any kind of SUBORDINATE \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, sometimes as only one type of subordinate \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (e.g. a \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e following be, such as That is what I said). However\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, or one consisting of a main \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e and at least one SUBORDINATE \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e), \u0026#39;complex PREPOSITION\u0026#39; (a preposition consisting of more than one word), \u0026#39;complex word\u0026#39; (one containing a free MORPHEME and at least one bound morpheme)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e. In a somewhat narrower sense, it refers to a sentence consisting of a main \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e and at least one SUBH ORDINATE \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, thus contrasting with such notions as compound sentence. complex symbol A term used in some MODELS of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, PHRASE, WORD, and MORPHEME is sometimes described as one of composition (CONSTITUENCy, or RANk), the units ... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSES\u003c/b\u003e); but other applications of the term exist, as in \u0026#39;compound VERBS\u0026#39; (e.g. come in), \u0026#39;compound conative 97\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (the concessive \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e). In English, the most widely used markers of concession are although and though. concord (n.) A term used in GRAMMATICAL theory and description to refer to a formal relationship between ELEMENTS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA108","page_number":"108","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e with no relative PRONOUN, and where the \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e is thus directly \u0026#39;in contact\u0026#39; with the HEAD NOUN (e.g. the book I bought): a contact \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e or contact relative. In the context of GENERATIVE grammar, these \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e have no OVERT\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e is said to be under the \u0026#39;control\u0026#39; of the MAIN-\u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e subject (its controller), after a VERB like promise; but after a verb like persuade it is controlled by the OBjECT of that verb (it is \u0026#39;non-subject- controlled\u0026#39;): compare I 1\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure, especially SUBjECT and COMPLEMENT. In English, the main copular (or copulative) verb is be, e.g. She is a doctor, and the term is often restricted to this verb; but there are many others which have a similar function\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e types typically used in the expression of STATEMENTS, e.g. the man is walking. The term \u0026#39;indicative\u0026#39; is also sometimes used in this sense. See also MOOD. declension (n.) In GRAMMAR, a traditional term for a CLASS of NOUNS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, for example, might recognize AFfiRMATIVE v. INTERROGATIVE types; interrogative \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e could then be analysed into several qUESTION types; and so on. Other scales in this approach are labelled RANk and ExPONENCE. delimitative\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e types: opposed to MAIN, and synonymous with SUBORDINATE. (2) See DEPENDENCy GRAMMAR. deponent verb A term from TRADITIONAL Latin GRAMMAR, used for VERBS which are PASSIVE in most of their FORMS, but ACTIVE in meaning. Examples\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e types used for the expression of wants and desires – approxim- ately translatable by \u0026#39;I want +sentence\u0026#39;, but often LExICALIzED, e.g. to want to eat ⇒ to hunger. designated terminal element (DTE) A term used in METRICAL PHONOLOGy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e STRUCTURE, the other being labelled INDIRECT. The relationship between the two is illustrated by such SENTENCES as The man gave the boy a book, where a book is the direct object (What did the man give?) and the boy is the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e I don\u0026#39;t care is used as the equivalent of a WORD in the SENTENCE That\u0026#39;s a very I-don\u0026#39;t-care attitude; it has thus been downgraded (compare the notion of RANk shift). downstep (n.) A term used in the PHONOLOGy of TONE languages\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e within a NOUN PHRASE is an example of embedding, e.g. The man who has a suitcase is in the bar. In a process ... \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e can also be COMPLEMENTS, as in the discussion of his new book. A derivative notion is SELFHEMBEDDING\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e. The whole of LANGUAGE is viewed as a network of systems of this kind. INTERROGATIVE environment (n.) (1) A general term used in LINGUISTICS and PHONETICS to refer to specific parts of an UTTERANCE (or TExT) near or adjacent to a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e in a SENTENCE when it is COHREFERENTIAL with another noun phrase in the main \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e of the same sentence. An example is John wants to see the film, where the underlying subject of see is John. In later approaches, this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA175","page_number":"175","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e constructed from the minimal \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e contained in the antecedent. For example, in Few players like the manager, and they are all newcomers, the pronoun they is seen as equivalent to the players who like the manager. The term was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA184","page_number":"184","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, and where the speaker PRESUPPOSES the truth of the PROPOSITION expressed in that \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e. For example, know, agree, realize, etc. are \u0026#39;factive verbs\u0026#39; (or \u0026#39;factives\u0026#39;): in she knows that the cat is in the garden, the speaker\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA189","page_number":"189","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSES\u003c/b\u003e. A finite verb (PHRASE) is a form that can occur on its own in an 190 finite automata independent SENTENCE (or MAIN \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e); it permits."},{"page_id":"PA190","page_number":"190","snippet_text":"David Crystal. 190 finite automata independent SENTENCE (or MAIN \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e); it permits FORMAL CONTRASTS in TENSE and MOOD. Non-finite forms of the verb, on the other hand, occur on their own only in DEPENDENT \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e, and lack tense and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e). More speci- fically still, it refers to a particular instance of a grammatical CATEGORy, as in such phrases as \u0026#39;the analysis of the forms be, seem, have ...\u0026#39; A set of forms displaying similar or identical grammatical FEATURES\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e see RELATIVE free syllable see OPEN (3) free variation A term used in PHONOLOGy, referring to the SUBSTITUTABILITy of one sound for another in a given ENVIRONMENT, with no consequent change in the word\u0026#39;s MEANING, as when a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure as SUBjECT, OBjECT, COMPLEMENT, etc., these roles being defined distributionally. Syntactic functions (or \u0026#39;syntactic relations\u0026#39; or \u0026#39;grammatical relations\u0026#39;) of this kind are a major feature of several MODELS of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, e.g. She went to London and he to New York. garden-path sentences A term used in psycholinguistics for ... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e verb but as an elliptical relative \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (\u0026#39;that was raced\u0026#39;). The study of such sentences provides insights\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA222","page_number":"222","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e and WORD. For example, in the SENTENCE The car was parked in the street, the car is a \u0026#39;NOMINAL group\u0026#39;, was parked is a \u0026#39;VERBAL group\u0026#39;, and in the street is an \u0026#39;ADVERBIAL group\u0026#39;. The term PHRASE is equivalent in most other\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#39; or \u0026#39;higher sentence\u0026#39; is the idea surprises me. Alternative terms are MATRIx and \u0026#39;super- ordinate\u0026#39;. The usual term for the \u0026#39;lower\u0026#39; verb/\u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e is EMBEDDED. high tone see TONE (1) historic (adj.) see PAST HISTORIC historical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA241","page_number":"241","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e see \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e indeterminacy (n.) A term used in LINGUISTICS to refer to a state of affairs in linguistic study in which there is uncertainty on the part of a NATIVEHSPEAkER, or disagreement between native-speakers, as to what is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA242","page_number":"242","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e types used in the expression of STATEMENTS and qUESTIONS, e.g. the horse is walking. With reference to statements, the term \u0026#39;declarative\u0026#39; may be used. indicator (n.) In SOCIOLINGUISTICS, a term which refers to a linguistic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA243","page_number":"243","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e is used for constructions with to-infinitive. infix (n.) A term used in MORPHOLOGy referring to an AFfix which is added within a ROOT or STEM. The process of infixation (or infixing) is not encoun- tered in European LANGUAGES\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA251","page_number":"251","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e types typically used in the expression of qUESTIONS, e.g. the inverted order of is he coming?, or the use of an interrogative word (or simply \u0026#39;interrogative\u0026#39;), often subclassified as interrogative ADjECTIVES (e.g. which), ADVERBS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA328","page_number":"328","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e. In the phrase nominative island condition, it refers to a type of CONSTRAINT on the freedom of MOVEMENT of items occurring inside a \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e containing a nominative-marked subject. In GOVERNMENTHBINDING THEORy, NOM CASE is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA336","page_number":"336","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure, tradi- tionally associated with the \u0026#39;receiver\u0026#39; or \u0026#39;goal\u0026#39; of an action, as in The cat bit the dog. Traditional analysis distinguishes a direct versus an indirect object, to allow for sentences such as The teacher gave a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA341","page_number":"341","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e; and TENSE, which affects the \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e PERIPHERy. (4) In GOVERNMENTHBINDING THEORy, a notion that applies to several TRANSH FORMATIONS (e.g. WH -movement, RELATIVE \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e formulation, TOUGH-movement, CLEFTING and TOPICALIzATION)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA349","page_number":"349","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e can be suppressed. Determining the parametric values for given languages is known as parameter-setting. The overall approach has been called the principles and parameters theory (PPT) of universal grammar, and has since come to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA358","page_number":"358","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure; opposed to core. The peripheral layer contains a range of optional ADjUNCTIVAL elements. periphrasis (n.) A term used in GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION to refer to the use of separate WORDS instead of INflECTIONS to express\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA362","page_number":"362","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e has been used primarily in PSyCHOLINGUISTIC research into the distribution and function of PAUSES: it refers to a GRAMMATH ICAL structure produced within a single INTONATION CONTOUR, and bounded by jUNCTURES. The term phonemic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA367","page_number":"367","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSES\u003c/b\u003e); abbreviated as P in such combinations as NP (= noun phrase), PP (= prepositional phrase), etc. Tradi- tionally, it is seen as part of a structural HIERARCHy, falling between \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e and word, several types being distinguished\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA383","page_number":"383","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e (e.g. since they finished their breakfast) or nothing (e.g. I haven\u0026#39;t seen him since). In this account, it is possible to talk of \u0026#39;TRANSITIVE\u0026#39; and \u0026#39;intransitive\u0026#39; prepositions. See also ADPOSITION. 384 prerequisites prerequisites\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA395","page_number":"395","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e has been divided into two separate sections, each with its own VERB, but with the essential difference that the subject is a free-standing wh-\u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e. For example, the sentence You are a fool is related to What you are is a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA400","page_number":"400","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e which is interrogative in form are sometimes called indirect questions (or embedded questions), as in They ... (\u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, SUBjECT, VERB, OBjECT, etc.), but a number of novel terms are introduced, such as COMMENT \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, ECHO\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA401","page_number":"401","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e + COMPLEMENT \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (e.g. he believes John to be honest) are BRACkETED so that the SUBjECT of the complement \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e appears to have been raised to become the OBjECT of the HIGHER \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (he believes it + John is honest becoming\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA402","page_number":"402","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e working within a group (as in RELATIVE \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e, e.g. the lady who came in asked ... ) is said to be a rank-shifted \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e. rate (n.) An application of the general sense of this term in PHONETICS and PHONOLOGy to refer to speed of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA406","page_number":"406","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e (a reduced \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e) which lacks one or more of the ELEMENTS required to enable it to be used as a FULL, independent construction, e.g. to see the book. Such \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e may be referred to as \u0026#39;abbreviated\u0026#39;, ELLIPTICAL or CONTRACTED\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA415","page_number":"415","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e or ELEMENT whose MEANING expresses the notion of consequence or effect. Several features of grammar have a ... \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e introduced by the CONjUNCTIONS so or so that (e.g. I went so that I could see what was happening). In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA418","page_number":"418","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, analysed into a \u0026#39;core\u0026#39; layer (a \u0026#39;nuclear\u0026#39; VERB and its associated ARGUH MENTS) and a \u0026#39;periphery\u0026#39; (e.g. ADjUNCTS), and supplemented by a theory of jUNCTURE (how sub-clausal UNITS combine) and a theory of NExUS (the types of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA422","page_number":"422","snippet_text":"David Crystal. S. S′ An abbreviation used in GENERATIVE GRAMMAR for a \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e introduced by a SUBORDINATING CONjUNCTION or COMPLEMENTIzER. In GOVERNMENTHBINDING THEORy, it is assumed that such \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e are headed by the complementizer, and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA427","page_number":"427","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSES\u003c/b\u003e, such as The dog that the cat scratched ran away. Here, the SENTENCE which UNDERLIES the relative \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e (The cat scratched the dog) is embedded within the sentence The dog ran away. The process can continue indefinitely, but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA433","page_number":"433","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e A type of RELATIVE \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e which modifies the whole of the preceding SENTENCE, instead of only a NOUN. An example is John loves flying – which amazes me. sequence (n.) An application of the general sense of this term in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA434","page_number":"434","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e (or a sequence of \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e) in which the syntactic relation- ship between the items is left unmarked. The verbs share a semantic ARGUMENT, but there is no CONjUNCTION or INflECTION to mark COHORDINATION or SUBH ORDINATION: for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA437","page_number":"437","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e or more than one), and simple and compound/complex PREDICATES (viz. a predicate consisting wholly of a verb) are often used. See COMPLEx for examples in other domains. simple transition network see AUTOMATON simplicity (n.) A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA459","page_number":"459","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure can be defined in terms of STRINGS of such elements as SUBjECT, VERB and OBjECT, or NOUN PHRASES and verb phrases; SyLLABLE structure can be defined in terms of strings of CONSONANTS and VOWELS. The set of items which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA461","page_number":"461","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure, traditionally associated with the \u0026#39;doer\u0026#39; of an action, as in The cat bit the dog. The oldest approaches make a twofold distinction in sentence analysis between subject and PREDICATE, and this is still common, though\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA467","page_number":"467","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e elements (typically, the SUBjECTS) in a CHAIN of \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e. In a given chain, the VERB of each \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e except the last indicates MORPHOLOGICALLy whether its subject is the same (SS, same subject) as the subject of the following\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA476","page_number":"476","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e: a positive \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e takes a negative tag, and vice versa, e.g. she\u0026#39;s leaving, isn\u0026#39;t she/she isn\u0026#39;t leaving, is she. Sometimes, two positive \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e are found (she\u0026#39;s leaving, is she), and, very rarely, two negatives (she doesn\u0026#39;t\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA483","page_number":"483","snippet_text":"David Crystal. theme 483 that-\u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e A term used in some MODELS of English GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPH TION to refer to a DEPENDENT DECLARATIVE \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, introduced by that. The main types are: SUBjECT \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e, e.g. that she wrote surprises me\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA489","page_number":"489","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e, the trace t marks the position of the embedded subject, e.g. it is certain [the man to come] ⇒the man is ... \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e, etc. The former are ANAPHORS and the latter are VARIABLES. The distribution of traces is governed by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA496","page_number":"496","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e limiting the class of entities which are quantified over, and a NUCLEAR SCOPE. triphthong (n.) A term used in the PHONETIC classification of VOWEL sounds on the basis of their MANNER OF ARTICULATION: it refers to a type of vowel\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA501","page_number":"501","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e); also called a long- distance \u003cb\u003eclause\u003c/b\u003e. In English, CLEFT sentences, TOPICALIzATION, WH -qUESTIONS and RELATIVE \u003cb\u003eclauses\u003c/b\u003e have been proposed as examples of constructions which involve this kind of DEPENDENCy; for instance, a wh\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA503","page_number":"503","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e, and so on (see RANk). In some grammatical descriptions, the term unit noun is preferred to COUNTABLE noun. See COGNITIVE GRAMMAR. unit noun see UNIT 504 universal universal (adj./n.) A term used in LINGUISTICS, and."},{"page_id":"PA511","page_number":"511","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e. verb phrase see VERB verb second (V2) In GRAMMAR, a term describing a language in which the VERB appears as the second element in a \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e. Examples include German and Dutch. German, for example, requires In Deutschland findet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA515","page_number":"515","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eCLAUSE\u003c/b\u003e structure, primarily with reference to VERBS, to express the way sentences may alter the relationship between the SUBjECT and OBjECT of a verb, without chang- ing the meaning of the sentence. The main distinction is between\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"Clause"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>