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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Quark</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Quark" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Quark" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quark" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the elementary particle and its antiparticle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quark_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quark (disambiguation)">Quark (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>A quark (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kwɔːrk, kwɑːrk/</a>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a> and a fundamental constituent of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. Quarks combine to form <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particles</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>, the most stable of which are <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, the components of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. Owing to a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">color confinement</a>, quarks are never found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, which include <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> (such as protons and neutrons) and <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasmas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HyperphysicsConfinment-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-HyperphysicsBagModel-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 1]</a> For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons. <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Quark</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_structure_proton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three colored balls (symbolizing quarks) connected pairwise by springs (symbolizing gluons), all inside a gray circle (symbolizing a proton). The colors of the balls are red, green, and blue, to parallel each quark's color charge. The red and blue balls are labeled "u" (for "up" quark) and the green one is labeled "d" (for "down" quark)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/225px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/338px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/450px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="695"></a><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> is composed of two <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up quarks</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down quark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gluons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluons">gluons</a> that mediate the forces "binding" them together. The <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color assignment</a> of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present; red, blue and green are used as an analogy to the primary colors that together produce a white color.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermionic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)" title="Generation (particle physics)">Generation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1st, 2nd, 3rd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interaction">electromagnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"> q </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">antiquark ( q )</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theorized</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">George Zweig</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">6 (<a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠2/3⁠ <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>, −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">ħ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">Baryon number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠</td></tr></tbody></table> Quarks have various <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_and_extrinsic_properties" title="Intrinsic and extrinsic properties">intrinsic</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">properties</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>. They are the only elementary particles in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> to experience all four <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a>, also known as fundamental forces (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>), as well as the only known particles whose electric charges are not <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> multiples of the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a>. There are six types, known as <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)" title="Flavour (particle physics)">flavors</a>, of quarks: <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HyperphysicsQuark-5">[4]</a> Up and down quarks have the lowest <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> of all quarks. The heavier quarks rapidly change into up and down quarks through a process of <a href="/wiki/Particle_decay" title="Particle decay">particle decay</a>: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Because of this, up and down quarks are generally stable and the most common in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, whereas strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks can only be produced in <a href="/wiki/High_energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High energy physics">high energy</a> collisions (such as those involving <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>). For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiparticle</a>, known as an antiquark, that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties (such as the electric charge) have <a href="/wiki/Additive_inverse" title="Additive inverse">equal magnitude but opposite sign</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> was independently proposed by physicists <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">George Zweig</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Carithers-6">[5]</a> Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until <a href="/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Deep inelastic scattering">deep inelastic scattering</a> experiments at the <a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breidenbach-8">[7]</a> Accelerator program experiments have provided evidence for all six flavors. The top quark, first observed at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> in 1995, was the last to be discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Carithers-6">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification">1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology">3 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Properties">4 Properties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Electric_charge">4.1 Electric charge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Spin">4.2 Spin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Weak_interaction">4.3 Weak interaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Strong_interaction_and_color_charge">4.4 Strong interaction and color charge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mass">4.5 Mass</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Size">4.6 Size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Table_of_properties">4.7 Table of properties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Interacting_quarks">5 Interacting quarks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sea_quarks">5.1 Sea quarks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Other_phases_of_quark_matter">5.2 Other phases of quark matter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">7 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A four-by-four table of particles. Columns are three generations of matter (fermions) and one of forces (bosons). In the first three columns, two rows contain quarks and two leptons. The top two rows' columns contain up (u) and down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns contain electron neutrino (ν sub e) and electron (e), muon neutrino (ν sub μ) and muon (μ), and tau neutrino (ν sub τ) and tau (τ), and Z sup 0 and W sup ± weak force. Mass, charge, and spin are listed for each particle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/400px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 383px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/400px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" data-alt="A four-by-four table of particles. Columns are three generations of matter (fermions) and one of forces (bosons). In the first three columns, two rows contain quarks and two leptons. The top two rows' columns contain up (u) and down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns contain electron neutrino (ν sub e) and electron (e), muon neutrino (ν sub μ) and muon (μ), and tau neutrino (ν sub τ) and tau (τ), and Z sup 0 and W sup ± weak force. Mass, charge, and spin are listed for each particle." data-width="400" data-height="383" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/600px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/800px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Six of the particles in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> are quarks (shown in purple). Each of the first three columns forms a <a href="/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)" title="Generation (particle physics)">generation</a> of matter.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> is the theoretical framework describing all the known <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>. This model contains six <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)" title="Flavour (particle physics)">flavors</a> of quarks ( q ), named <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a> ( u ), <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a> ( d ), <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a> ( s ), <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm</a> ( c ), <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a> ( b ), and <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a> ( t ).<a href="#cite_note-HyperphysicsQuark-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a> of quarks are called antiquarks, and are denoted by a bar over the symbol for the corresponding quark, such as u for an up antiquark. As with <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> in general, antiquarks have the same mass, <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">mean lifetime</a>, and spin as their respective quarks, but the electric charge and other <a href="/wiki/Charge_(physics)" title="Charge (physics)">charges</a> have the opposite sign.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Quarks are <a href="/wiki/Spin_1/2" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin 1/2">spin-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠</a> particles, which means they are <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93statistics_theorem" title="Spin–statistics theorem">spin–statistics theorem</a>. They are subject to the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>, which states that no two identical fermions can simultaneously occupy the same <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum state</a>. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a> (particles with integer spin), of which any number can be in the same state.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>, quarks possess <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>, which causes them to engage in the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>. The resulting attraction between different quarks causes the formation of composite particles known as <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> (see <a href="#Strong_interaction_and_color_charge">§ Strong interaction and color charge</a> below). The quarks that determine the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a> of hadrons are called valence quarks; apart from these, any hadron may contain an indefinite number of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> "<a href="#Sea_quarks">sea</a>" quarks, antiquarks, and <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>, which do not influence its quantum numbers.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> There are two families of hadrons: <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a>, with three valence quarks, and <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a>, with a valence quark and an antiquark.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The most common baryons are the proton and the neutron, the building blocks of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knowing-13">[12]</a> A great number of hadrons are known (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">list of baryons</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">list of mesons</a>), most of them differentiated by their quark content and the properties these constituent quarks confer. The existence of <a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">"exotic" hadrons</a> with more valence quarks, such as <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">tetraquarks</a> ( q q q q ) and <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">pentaquarks</a> ( q q q q q ), was conjectured from the beginnings of the quark model<a href="#cite_note-PDGTetraquarks-14">[13]</a> but not discovered until the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Belletetra-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belletetrapress-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-LHCbtetra-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-LHCbpenta-18">[17]</a> Elementary fermions are grouped into three <a href="/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)" title="Generation (particle physics)">generations</a>, each comprising two leptons and two quarks. The first generation includes up and down quarks, the second strange and charm quarks, and the third bottom and top quarks. All searches for a fourth generation of quarks and other elementary fermions have failed,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and there is strong indirect evidence that no more than three generations exist.<a href="#cite_note-21">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Particles in higher generations generally have greater mass and less stability, causing them to <a href="/wiki/Particle_decay" title="Particle decay">decay</a> into lower-generation particles by means of <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interactions</a>. Only first-generation (up and down) quarks occur commonly in nature. Heavier quarks can only be created in high-energy collisions (such as in those involving <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>), and decay quickly; however, they are thought to have been present during the first fractions of a second after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, when the universe was in an extremely hot and dense phase (the <a href="/wiki/Quark_epoch" title="Quark epoch">quark epoch</a>). Studies of heavier quarks are conducted in artificially created conditions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Having electric charge, mass, color charge, and flavor, quarks are the only known elementary particles that engage in all four <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a> of contemporary physics: electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction.<a href="#cite_note-Knowing-13">[12]</a> Gravitation is too weak to be relevant to individual particle interactions except at extremes of energy (<a href="/wiki/Planck_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck energy">Planck energy</a>) and distance scales (<a href="/wiki/Planck_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck distance">Planck distance</a>). However, since no successful <a href="/wiki/Quantum_theory_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum theory of gravity">quantum theory of gravity</a> exists, gravitation is not described by the Standard Model. See the <a href="#Table_of_properties">table of properties</a> below for a more complete overview of the six quark flavors' properties. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg/220px-MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg/220px-MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg/330px-MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg/440px-MurrayGellMannJI1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Murray Gell-Mann (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Zweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/220px-George_Zweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="717"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/220px-George_Zweig.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/330px-George_Zweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/George_Zweig.jpg/440px-George_Zweig.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>George Zweig (2015)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> was independently proposed by physicists <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a><a href="#cite_note-Gell-Man1964-26">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">George Zweig</a><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964a-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964b-28">[26]</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Carithers-6">[5]</a> The proposal came shortly after Gell-Mann's 1961 formulation of a particle classification system known as the <a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold Way</a> – or, in more technical terms, <a href="/wiki/SU(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(3)">SU(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavor_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor symmetry">flavor symmetry</a>, streamlining its structure.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Physicist <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" title="Yuval Ne'eman">Yuval Ne'eman</a> had independently developed a scheme similar to the Eightfold Way in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> An early attempt at constituent organization was available in the <a href="/wiki/Sakata_model" title="Sakata model">Sakata model</a>. At the time of the quark theory's inception, the "<a href="/wiki/Particle_zoo" title="Particle zoo">particle zoo</a>" included a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>, among other particles. Gell-Mann and Zweig posited that they were not elementary particles, but were instead composed of combinations of quarks and antiquarks. Their model involved three flavors of quarks, <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a>, to which they ascribed properties such as spin and electric charge.<a href="#cite_note-Gell-Man1964-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964a-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zweig1964b-28">[26]</a> The initial reaction of the physics community to the proposal was mixed. There was particular contention about whether the quark was a physical entity or a mere abstraction used to explain concepts that were not fully understood at the time.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In less than a year, extensions to the Gell-Mann–Zweig model were proposed. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James Bjorken</a> predicted the existence of a fourth flavor of quark, which they called charm. The addition was proposed because it allowed for a better description of the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a> (the mechanism that allows quarks to decay), equalized the number of known quarks with the number of known <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>, and implied a mass formula that correctly reproduced the masses of the known <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Deep inelastic scattering">Deep inelastic scattering</a> experiments conducted in 1968 at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a> (SLAC) and published on October 20, 1969, showed that the proton contained much smaller, <a href="/wiki/Point_particle" title="Point particle">point-like objects</a> and was therefore not an elementary particle.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breidenbach-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Physicists were reluctant to firmly identify these objects with quarks at the time, instead calling them "<a href="/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics)" title="Parton (particle physics)">partons</a>" – a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-37">[35]</a> The objects that were observed at SLAC would later be identified as up and down quarks as the other flavors were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Nevertheless, "parton" remains in use as a collective term for the constituents of hadrons (quarks, antiquarks, and <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>). <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Richard Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Kendall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Friedman</a> received the 1990 Nobel Prize in physics for their work at SLAC. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charmed-dia-w.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Photo of bubble chamber tracks next to diagram of same tracks. A neutrino (unseen in photo) enters from below and collides with a proton, producing a negatively charged muon, three positively charged pions, and one negatively charged pion, as well as a neutral lambda baryon (unseen in photograph). The lambda baryon then decays into a proton and a negative pion, producing a "V" pattern.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Charmed-dia-w.png/220px-Charmed-dia-w.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="257"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Charmed-dia-w.png/220px-Charmed-dia-w.png" data-alt='Photo of bubble chamber tracks next to diagram of same tracks. A neutrino (unseen in photo) enters from below and collides with a proton, producing a negatively charged muon, three positively charged pions, and one negatively charged pion, as well as a neutral lambda baryon (unseen in photograph). The lambda baryon then decays into a proton and a negative pion, producing a "V" pattern.' data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Charmed-dia-w.png/330px-Charmed-dia-w.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6d/Charmed-dia-w.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photograph of the event that led to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Charmed_sigma_baryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmed sigma baryon"> Σ++ c baryon</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> The strange quark's existence was indirectly validated by SLAC's scattering experiments: not only was it a necessary component of Gell-Mann and Zweig's three-quark model, but it provided an explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">kaon</a> ( K ) and <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pion</a> ( π ) hadrons discovered in cosmic rays in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In a 1970 paper, Glashow, <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/GIM_mechanism" title="GIM mechanism">GIM mechanism</a> (named from their initials) to explain the experimental non-observation of <a href="/wiki/Flavor-changing_neutral_current" title="Flavor-changing neutral current">flavor-changing neutral currents</a>. This theoretical model required the existence of the as-yet undiscovered <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The number of supposed quark flavors grew to the current six in 1973, when <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Makoto Kobayashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> noted that the experimental observation of <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[nb 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KM-43">[40]</a> could be explained if there were another pair of quarks. Charm quarks were produced almost simultaneously by two teams in November 1974 (see <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="November Revolution (physics)">November Revolution</a>) – one at SLAC under <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a>, and one at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel Ting</a>. The charm quarks were observed <a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">bound</a> with charm antiquarks in mesons. The two parties had assigned the discovered meson two different symbols, J and ψ; thus, it became formally known as the <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="J/ψ meson"> J/ψ meson</a>. The discovery finally convinced the physics community of the quark model's validity.<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-37">[35]</a> In the following years a number of suggestions appeared for extending the quark model to six quarks. Of these, the 1975 paper by <a href="/wiki/Haim_Harari" title="Haim Harari">Haim Harari</a><a href="#cite_note-Harari-44">[41]</a> was the first to coin the terms <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a> for the additional quarks.<a href="#cite_note-StaleyTopBottomNames-45">[42]</a> In 1977, the bottom quark was observed by a team at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Lederman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> This was a strong indicator of the top quark's existence: without the top quark, the bottom quark would have been without a partner. It was not until 1995 that the top quark was finally observed, also by the <a href="/wiki/Collider_Detector_at_Fermilab" title="Collider Detector at Fermilab">CDF</a><a href="#cite_note-CDF-1995-48">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%98_experiment" title="DØ experiment">DØ</a><a href="#cite_note-D0-1995-49">[46]</a> teams at Fermilab.<a href="#cite_note-Carithers-6">[5]</a> It had a mass much larger than expected,<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> almost as large as that of a <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> atom.<a href="#cite_note-BNLTop-51">[48]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> For some time, Gell-Mann was undecided on an actual spelling for the term he intended to coin, until he found the word quark in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s 1939 book <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a>:<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> – Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he hasn't got much of a bark And sure any he has it's all beside the mark. </div> </blockquote> The word quark is an outdated English word meaning to croak<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and the above-quoted lines are about a bird choir mocking king <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a> in the legend of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Especially in the German-speaking parts of the world there is a widespread legend, however, that Joyce had taken it from the word Quark,<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> origin which denotes <a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">a curd cheese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> but is also a colloquial term for "trivial nonsense".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> In the legend it is said that he had heard it on a journey to Germany at a <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">farmers' market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Some authors, however, defend a possible German origin of Joyce's word quark.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Gell-Mann went into further detail regarding the name of the quark in his 1994 book The Quark and the Jaguar:<a href="#cite_note-Murray-61">[58]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon, I had the sound first, without the spelling, which could have been "kwork". Then, in one of my occasional perusals of Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across the word "quark" in the phrase "Three quarks for Muster Mark". Since "quark" (meaning, for one thing, the cry of the gull) was clearly intended to rhyme with "Mark", as well as "bark" and other such words, I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as "kwork". But the book represents the dream of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Words in the text are typically drawn from several sources at once, like the "<a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a>" words in <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a>. From time to time, phrases occur in the book that are partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar. I argued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple sources of the cry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" might be "Three quarts for Mister Mark", in which case the pronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. In any case, the number three fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature.</blockquote> Zweig preferred the name ace for the particle he had theorized, but Gell-Mann's terminology came to prominence once the quark model had been commonly accepted.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The quark flavors were given their names for several reasons. The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a>, which they carry.<a href="#cite_note-sakurai-63">[60]</a> Strange quarks were given their name because they were discovered to be components of the <a href="/wiki/Strange_particle" title="Strange particle">strange particles</a> discovered in cosmic rays years before the quark model was proposed; these particles were deemed "strange" because they had unusually long lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-DHPerkins-64">[61]</a> Glashow, who co-proposed the charm quark with Bjorken, is quoted as saying, "We called our construct the 'charmed quark', for we were fascinated and pleased by the symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world."<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The names "bottom" and "top", coined by Harari, were chosen because they are "logical partners for up and down quarks".<a href="#cite_note-Harari-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-StaleyTopBottomNames-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-DHPerkins-64">[61]</a> Alternative names for bottom and top quarks are "beauty" and "truth" respectively,<a href="#cite_note-69">[nb 4]</a> but these names have somewhat fallen out of use.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> While "truth" never did catch on, accelerator complexes devoted to massive production of bottom quarks are sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/B-factory" title="B-factory">beauty factories</a>".<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_charge">Electric charge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electric charge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></div> Quarks have <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathematics)">fractional</a> electric charge values – either (−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠) or (+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠) times the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a> (e), depending on flavor. Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠ e; down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have a charge of −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ e. Antiquarks have the opposite charge to their corresponding quarks; up-type antiquarks have charges of −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠ e and down-type antiquarks have charges of +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ e. Since the electric charge of a <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a> is the sum of the charges of the constituent quarks, all hadrons have integer charges: the combination of three quarks (baryons), three antiquarks (antibaryons), or a quark and an antiquark (mesons) always results in integer charges.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> For example, the hadron constituents of atomic nuclei, neutrons and protons, have charges of 0 e and +1 e respectively; the neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark, and the proton of two up quarks and one down quark.<a href="#cite_note-Knowing-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin">Spin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin (physics)</a></div> Spin is an intrinsic property of elementary particles, and its direction is an important <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)" title="Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)">degree of freedom</a>. It is sometimes visualized as the rotation of an object around its own axis (hence the name "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spin" class="extiw" title="wikt:spin">spin</a>"), though this notion is somewhat misguided at subatomic scales because elementary particles are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Point_particle" title="Point particle">point-like</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Spin can be represented by a <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> whose length is measured in units of the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant">reduced Planck constant</a> ħ (pronounced "h bar"). For quarks, a measurement of the spin vector <a href="/wiki/Vector_projection" title="Vector projection">component</a> along any axis can only yield the values +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠ħ/2⁠ or −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠ħ/2⁠; for this reason quarks are classified as <a href="/wiki/Spin_1/2" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin 1/2">spin-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠</a> particles.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The component of spin along a given axis – by convention the z axis – is often denoted by an up arrow ↑ for the value +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ and down arrow ↓ for the value −<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠, placed after the symbol for flavor. For example, an up quark with a spin of +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ along the z axis is denoted by u↑.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weak_interaction">Weak interaction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weak interaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A tree diagram consisting mostly of straight arrows. A down quark forks into an up quark and a wavy-arrow W[superscript minus] boson, the latter forking into an electron and reversed-arrow electron antineutrino." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/192px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/192px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" data-alt="A tree diagram consisting mostly of straight arrows. A down quark forks into an up quark and a wavy-arrow W[superscript minus] boson, the latter forking into an electron and reversed-arrow electron antineutrino." data-width="192" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/288px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/384px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> with time flowing upwards. The CKM matrix (discussed below) encodes the probability of this and other quark decays.</figcaption></figure> A quark of one flavor can transform into a quark of another flavor only through the weak interaction, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a> in particle physics. By absorbing or emitting a <a href="/wiki/W_boson" class="mw-redirect" title="W boson">W boson</a>, any up-type quark (up, charm, and top quarks) can change into any down-type quark (down, strange, and bottom quarks) and vice versa. This flavor transformation mechanism causes the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, in which a neutron ( n ) "splits" into a proton ( p ), an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> ( e− ) and an <a href="/wiki/Electron_antineutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron antineutrino">electron antineutrino</a> ( ν e) (see picture). This occurs when one of the down quarks in the neutron ( u d d ) decays into an up quark by emitting a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> W− boson, transforming the neutron into a proton ( u u d ). The W− boson then decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino.<a href="#cite_note-SLAC-76">[72]</a> <table style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="5%"> <tbody><tr> <td> n </td> <td>→</td> <td> p </td> <td>+</td> <td> e− </td> <td>+</td> <td> ν e</td> <td>(Beta decay, hadron notation) </td></tr> <tr> <td> u d d </td> <td>→</td> <td> u u d </td> <td>+</td> <td> e− </td> <td>+</td> <td> ν e</td> <td>(Beta decay, quark notation) </td></tr></tbody></table> Both beta decay and the inverse process of <a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">inverse beta decay</a> are routinely used in medical applications such as <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) and in experiments involving <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detector" title="Neutrino detector">neutrino detection</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_weak_interactions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Three balls "u", "c", and "t" noted "up-type quarks" stand above three balls "d", "s", "b" noted "down-type quark". The "u", "c", and "t" balls are vertically aligned with the "d", "s", and b" balls respectively. Colored lines connect the "up-type" and "down-type" quarks, with the darkness of the color indicating the strength of the weak interaction between the two; The lines "d" to "u", "c" to "s", and "t" to "b" are dark; The lines "c" to "d" and "s" to "u" are grayish; and the lines "b" to "u", "b" to "c", "t" to "d", and "t" to "s" are almost white.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quark_weak_interactions.svg/271px-Quark_weak_interactions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 271px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quark_weak_interactions.svg/271px-Quark_weak_interactions.svg.png" data-alt='Three balls "u", "c", and "t" noted "up-type quarks" stand above three balls "d", "s", "b" noted "down-type quark". The "u", "c", and "t" balls are vertically aligned with the "d", "s", and b" balls respectively. Colored lines connect the "up-type" and "down-type" quarks, with the darkness of the color indicating the strength of the weak interaction between the two; The lines "d" to "u", "c" to "s", and "t" to "b" are dark; The lines "c" to "d" and "s" to "u" are grayish; and the lines "b" to "u", "b" to "c", "t" to "d", and "t" to "s" are almost white.' data-width="271" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quark_weak_interactions.svg/407px-Quark_weak_interactions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Quark_weak_interactions.svg/542px-Quark_weak_interactions.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(physics)" title="Coupling (physics)">strengths</a> of the weak interactions between the six quarks. The "intensities" of the lines are determined by the elements of the <a href="/wiki/CKM_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="CKM matrix">CKM matrix</a>.</figcaption></figure> While the process of flavor transformation is the same for all quarks, each quark has a preference to transform into the quark of its own generation. The relative tendencies of all flavor transformations are described by a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">mathematical table</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix</a> (CKM matrix). Enforcing <a href="/wiki/Unitary_operator" title="Unitary operator">unitarity</a>, the approximate <a href="/wiki/Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">magnitudes</a> of the entries of the CKM matrix are:<a href="#cite_note-PDG2010-77">[73]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.974</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.225</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.003</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.225</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.973</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.041</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.009</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.040</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.999</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d64ab2ac693afec2fa8c8a30a80bf3648b39ee8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:50.491ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50.491ex;height: 9.843ex;vertical-align: -4.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d64ab2ac693afec2fa8c8a30a80bf3648b39ee8" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}|V_{\mathrm {ud} }|&|V_{\mathrm {us} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ub} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {cd} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cs} }|&|V_{\mathrm {cb} }|\\|V_{\mathrm {td} }|&|V_{\mathrm {ts} }|&|V_{\mathrm {tb} }|\end{bmatrix}}\approx {\begin{bmatrix}0.974&0.225&0.003\\0.225&0.973&0.041\\0.009&0.040&0.999\end{bmatrix}},}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> where Vij represents the tendency of a quark of flavor i to change into a quark of flavor j (or vice versa).<a href="#cite_note-78">[nb 5]</a> There exists an equivalent weak interaction matrix for leptons (right side of the W boson on the above beta decay diagram), called the <a href="/wiki/Pontecorvo%E2%80%93Maki%E2%80%93Nakagawa%E2%80%93Sakata_matrix" title="Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix">Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix</a> (PMNS matrix).<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> Together, the CKM and PMNS matrices describe all flavor transformations, but the links between the two are not yet clear.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_interaction_and_color_charge">Strong interaction and color charge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Strong interaction and color charge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadron_colors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='A green and a magenta ("antigreen") arrow canceling out each other out white, representing a meson; a red, a green, and a blue arrow canceling out to white, representing a baryon; a yellow ("antiblue"), a magenta, and a cyan ("antired") arrow canceling out to white, representing an antibaryon.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hadron_colors.svg/170px-Hadron_colors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="515" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="606"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 515px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hadron_colors.svg/170px-Hadron_colors.svg.png" data-alt='A green and a magenta ("antigreen") arrow canceling out each other out white, representing a meson; a red, a green, and a blue arrow canceling out to white, representing a baryon; a yellow ("antiblue"), a magenta, and a cyan ("antired") arrow canceling out to white, representing an antibaryon.' data-width="170" data-height="515" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hadron_colors.svg/255px-Hadron_colors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hadron_colors.svg/340px-Hadron_colors.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>All types of hadrons have zero total color charge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strong_force_charges.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strong_force_charges.svg/200px-Strong_force_charges.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strong_force_charges.svg/200px-Strong_force_charges.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strong_force_charges.svg/300px-Strong_force_charges.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strong_force_charges.svg/400px-Strong_force_charges.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The pattern of strong charges for the three colors of quark, three antiquarks, and eight gluons (with two of zero charge overlapping).</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> (QCD), quarks possess a property called <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>. There are three types of color charge, arbitrarily labeled blue, green, and red.<a href="#cite_note-81">[nb 6]</a> Each of them is complemented by an anticolor – antiblue, antigreen, and antired. Every quark carries a color, while every antiquark carries an anticolor.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> The system of attraction and repulsion between quarks charged with different combinations of the three colors is called <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>, which is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Force_carrier" title="Force carrier">force carrying particles</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluons</a>; this is discussed at length below. The theory that describes strong interactions is called <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> (QCD). A quark, which will have a single color value, can form a <a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">bound system</a> with an antiquark carrying the corresponding anticolor. The result of two attracting quarks will be color neutrality: a quark with color charge ξ plus an antiquark with color charge −ξ will result in a color charge of 0 (or "white" color) and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">meson</a>. This is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive color</a> model in basic <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. Similarly, the combination of three quarks, each with different color charges, or three antiquarks, each with different anticolor charges, will result in the same "white" color charge and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antibaryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibaryon">antibaryon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> In modern particle physics, <a href="/wiki/Gauge_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge symmetry">gauge symmetries</a> – a kind of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_group" title="Symmetry group">symmetry group</a> – relate interactions between particles (see <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge theories">gauge theories</a>). Color <a href="/wiki/SU(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(3)">SU(3)</a> (commonly abbreviated to SU(3)c) is the gauge symmetry that relates the color charge in quarks and is the defining symmetry for quantum chromodynamics.<a href="#cite_note-PeskinSchroeder-84">[78]</a> Just as the laws of physics are independent of which directions in space are designated x, y, and z, and remain unchanged if the coordinate axes are rotated to a new orientation, the physics of quantum chromodynamics is independent of which directions in three-dimensional color space are identified as blue, red, and green. SU(3)c color transformations correspond to "rotations" in color space (which, mathematically speaking, is a <a href="/wiki/Complex_vector_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex vector space">complex space</a>). Every quark flavor f, each with subtypes fB, fG, fR corresponding to the quark colors,<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> forms a triplet: a three-component <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum field">quantum field</a> that transforms under the fundamental <a href="/wiki/Representation_theory" title="Representation theory">representation</a> of SU(3)c.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> The requirement that SU(3)c should be <a href="/wiki/Local_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Local symmetry">local</a> – that is, that its transformations be allowed to vary with space and time – determines the properties of the strong interaction. In particular, it implies the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gluon#Eight_colors" title="Gluon">eight gluon types</a> to act as its force carriers.<a href="#cite_note-PeskinSchroeder-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_masses_as_balls.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/220px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/220px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/330px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quark_masses_as_balls.svg/440px-Quark_masses_as_balls.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Current quark masses for all six flavors in comparison, as <a href="/wiki/Ball_(mathematics)" title="Ball (mathematics)">balls</a> of proportional volumes. <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a> (gray) and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> (red) are shown in bottom left corner for scale.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Invariant mass</a></div> Two terms are used in referring to a quark's mass: <a href="/wiki/Current_quark" title="Current quark">current quark</a> mass refers to the mass of a quark by itself, while <a href="/wiki/Constituent_quark" title="Constituent quark">constituent quark</a> mass refers to the current quark mass plus the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">particle field</a> surrounding the quark.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> These masses typically have very different values. Most of a hadron's mass comes from the gluons that bind the constituent quarks together, rather than from the quarks themselves. While gluons are inherently massless, they possess energy – more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics_binding_energy" title="Quantum chromodynamics binding energy">quantum chromodynamics binding energy</a> (QCBE) – and it is this that contributes so greatly to the overall mass of the hadron (see <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">mass in special relativity</a>). For example, a proton has a mass of approximately 938 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>, of which the rest mass of its three valence quarks only contributes about 9 MeV/c2; much of the remainder can be attributed to the field energy of the gluons<a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Chiral_symmetry_breaking" title="Chiral symmetry breaking">chiral symmetry breaking</a>). The Standard Model posits that elementary particles derive their masses from the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a>, which is associated to the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>. It is hoped that further research into the reasons for the top quark's large mass of ~173 GeV/c2, almost the mass of a gold atom,<a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> might reveal more about the origin of the mass of quarks and other elementary particles.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In QCD, quarks are considered to be point-like entities, with zero size. As of 2014, experimental evidence indicates they are no bigger than 10−4 times the size of a proton, i.e. less than 10−19 metres.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_properties">Table of properties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Table of properties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)" title="Flavour (particle physics)">Flavour (particle physics)</a></div> The following table summarizes the key properties of the six quarks. <a href="/wiki/Flavour_quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour quantum numbers">Flavor quantum numbers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a> (I3), <a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">charm</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a> (S, not to be confused with spin), <a href="/wiki/Topness" title="Topness">topness</a> (T), and <a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">bottomness</a> (B′)) are assigned to certain quark flavors, and denote qualities of quark-based systems and hadrons. The <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon number</a> (B) is +<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ for all quarks, as baryons are made of three quarks. For antiquarks, the electric charge (Q) and all flavor quantum numbers (B, I3, C, S, T, and B′) are of opposite sign. Mass and <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">total angular momentum</a> (J; equal to spin for point particles) do not change sign for the antiquarks. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"> <caption>Quark flavor properties<a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-89">[83]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Particle </th> <th rowspan="2">Mass* (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt#Mass" title="Electronvolt">MeV/c2</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">J </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">B </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">Q (<a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">I3 </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">C </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">S </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">T </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50">B′ </th> <th colspan="2">Antiparticle </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13">First generation </td></tr> <tr> <td>up </td> <td> u </td> <td>2.3±0.7 ± 0.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>antiup </td> <td> u </td></tr> <tr> <td>down </td> <td> d </td> <td>4.8±0.5 ± 0.3 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>antidown </td> <td> d </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13">Second generation </td></tr> <tr> <td>charm </td> <td> c </td> <td>1275±25 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>anticharm </td> <td> c </td></tr> <tr> <td>strange </td> <td> s </td> <td>95±5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>antistrange </td> <td> s </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13">Third generation </td></tr> <tr> <td>top </td> <td> t </td> <td>173210±510 ± 710 * </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠2/3⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>antitop </td> <td> t </td></tr> <tr> <td>bottom </td> <td> b </td> <td>4180±30 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ </td> <td>+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>−<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/3⁠ </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−1 </td> <td>antibottom </td> <td> b </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> J = <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Total angular momentum">total angular momentum</a>, B = <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon number</a>, Q = <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>, I3 = <a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">isospin</a>, C = <a href="/wiki/Charm_(quantum_number)" title="Charm (quantum number)">charm</a>, S = <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a>, T = <a href="/wiki/Topness" title="Topness">topness</a>, B′ = <a href="/wiki/Bottomness" title="Bottomness">bottomness</a>. * Notation such as 173210±510 ± 710, in the case of the top quark, denotes two types of <a href="/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty" title="Measurement uncertainty">measurement uncertainty</a>: The first uncertainty is <a href="/wiki/Statistical_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical error">statistical</a> in nature, and the second is <a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">systematic</a>.</div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Interacting_quarks">Interacting quarks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interacting quarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></div> As described by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> between quarks is mediated by gluons, massless <a href="/wiki/Vector_boson" title="Vector boson">vector</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">gauge bosons</a>. Each gluon carries one color charge and one anticolor charge. In the standard framework of particle interactions (part of a more general formulation known as <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)">perturbation theory</a>), gluons are constantly exchanged between quarks through a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> emission and absorption process. When a gluon is transferred between quarks, a color change occurs in both; for example, if a red quark emits a red–antigreen gluon, it becomes green, and if a green quark absorbs a red–antigreen gluon, it becomes red. Therefore, while each quark's color constantly changes, their strong interaction is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veltman45-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Since gluons carry color charge, they themselves are able to emit and absorb other gluons. This causes <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>: as quarks come closer to each other, the chromodynamic binding force between them weakens.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Conversely, as the distance between quarks increases, the binding force strengthens. The color field becomes stressed, much as an elastic band is stressed when stretched, and more gluons of appropriate color are spontaneously created to strengthen the field. Above a certain energy threshold, pairs of quarks and antiquarks <a href="/wiki/Pair_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pair creation">are created</a>. These pairs bind with the quarks being separated, causing new hadrons to form. This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">color confinement</a>: quarks never appear in isolation.<a href="#cite_note-Veltman295-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> This process of <a href="/wiki/Hadronization" title="Hadronization">hadronization</a> occurs before quarks formed in a high energy collision are able to interact in any other way. The only exception is the top quark, which may decay before it hadronizes.<a href="#cite_note-PDB-top-quark-100">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_quarks">Sea quarks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sea quarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hadrons contain, along with the <a href="/wiki/Valence_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence quark">valence quarks</a> ( q v) that contribute to their <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> quark–antiquark ( q q ) pairs known as sea quarks ( q s). Sea quarks form when a gluon of the hadron's color field splits; this process also works in reverse in that the <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a> of two sea quarks produces a gluon. The result is a constant flux of gluon splits and creations colloquially known as "the sea".<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Sea quarks are much less stable than their valence counterparts, and they typically annihilate each other within the interior of the hadron. Despite this, sea quarks can hadronize into baryonic or mesonic particles under certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_phases_of_quark_matter">Other phases of quark matter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other phases of quark matter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QCDphasediagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Quark–gluon plasma exists at very high temperatures; the hadronic phase exists at lower temperatures and baryonic densities, in particular nuclear matter for relatively low temperatures and intermediate densities; color superconductivity exists at sufficiently low temperatures and high densities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/QCDphasediagram.svg/250px-QCDphasediagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/QCDphasediagram.svg/250px-QCDphasediagram.svg.png" data-alt="Quark–gluon plasma exists at very high temperatures; the hadronic phase exists at lower temperatures and baryonic densities, in particular nuclear matter for relatively low temperatures and intermediate densities; color superconductivity exists at sufficiently low temperatures and high densities." data-width="250" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/QCDphasediagram.svg/375px-QCDphasediagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/QCDphasediagram.svg/500px-QCDphasediagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A qualitative rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> of quark matter. The precise details of the diagram are the subject of ongoing research.<a href="#cite_note-Ruester-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alford-104">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> Under sufficiently extreme conditions, quarks may become "deconfined" out of bound states and propagate as thermalized "free" excitations in the larger medium. In the course of <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>, the strong interaction becomes weaker at increasing temperatures. Eventually, color confinement would be effectively lost in an extremely hot <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> of freely moving quarks and gluons. This theoretical phase of matter is called <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> The exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation. An estimate puts the needed temperature at (1.90±0.02)×1012 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> While a state of entirely free quarks and gluons has never been achieved (despite numerous attempts by <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in the 1980s and 1990s),<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> recent experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</a> have yielded evidence for liquid-like quark matter exhibiting "nearly perfect" <a href="/wiki/Fluid_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid motion">fluid motion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RHIC-108">[102]</a> The quark–gluon plasma would be characterized by a great increase in the number of heavier quark pairs in relation to the number of up and down quark pairs. It is believed that in the period prior to 10−6 seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Quark_epoch" title="Quark epoch">quark epoch</a>), the universe was filled with quark–gluon plasma, as the temperature was too high for hadrons to be stable.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Given sufficiently high baryon densities and relatively low temperatures – possibly comparable to those found in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> – quark matter is expected to degenerate into a <a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi liquid">Fermi liquid</a> of weakly interacting quarks. This liquid would be characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of colored quark <a href="/wiki/Cooper_pair" title="Cooper pair">Cooper pairs</a>, thereby <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">breaking the local SU(3)c symmetry</a>. Because quark Cooper pairs harbor color charge, such a phase of quark matter would be <a href="/wiki/Color_superconductivity" title="Color superconductivity">color superconductive</a>; that is, color charge would be able to pass through it with no resistance.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="25" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93flavor_locking" title="Color–flavor locking">Color–flavor locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koide_formula" title="Koide formula">Koide formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon_magnetic_moment" title="Nucleon magnetic moment">Nucleon magnetic moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93lepton_complementarity" title="Quark–lepton complementarity">Quark–lepton complementarity</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> There is also the theoretical possibility of <a href="#Other_phases_of_quark_matter">more exotic phases of quark matter</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The main evidence is based on the <a href="/wiki/Resonance_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance width">resonance width</a> of the <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons"> Z0 boson</a>, which constrains the 4th generation neutrino to have a mass greater than ~45 GeV/c2. This would be highly contrasting with the other three generations' neutrinos, whose masses cannot exceed 2 MeV/c2. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> CP violation is a phenomenon that causes weak interactions to behave differently when left and right are swapped (<a href="/wiki/P_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="P symmetry">P symmetry</a>) and particles are replaced with their corresponding antiparticles (<a href="/wiki/C_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="C symmetry">C symmetry</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> "Beauty" and "truth" are contrasted in the last lines of <a href="/wiki/Keats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats">Keats</a>' 1819 poem "<a href="/wiki/Ode_on_a_Grecian_Urn" title="Ode on a Grecian Urn">Ode on a Grecian Urn</a>" and may have been the origin of those names.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The actual probability of decay of one quark to another is a complicated function of (among other variables) the decaying quark's mass, the masses of the <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a>, and the corresponding element of the CKM matrix. This probability is directly proportional (but not equal) to the magnitude squared (|Vij |2) of the corresponding CKM entry. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Despite its name, color charge is not related to the color spectrum of visible light. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/486323/quark">"Quark (subatomic particle)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnl.gov/rhic/news2/news.asp?a=303&t=pr">the original</a> on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHIC+Scientists+Serve+Up+%22Perfect%22+Liquid&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Frhic%2Fnews2%2Fnews.asp%3Fa%3D303%26t%3Dpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Yulsman2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Yulsman (2002). 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Alford (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pairingfermionic00sedr">Pairing in Fermionic Systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pairingfermionic00sedr/page/n12">2</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-907-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-907-3"><bdi>978-981-256-907-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pairing+in+Fermionic+Systems&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-256-907-3&rft.au=A.+Sedrakian&rft.au=J.+W.+Clark&rft.au=M.+G.+Alford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpairingfermionic00sedr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._AliG._Kramer2011" class="citation journal cs1">A. Ali; G. Kramer (2011). "JETS and QCD: A Historical Review of the Discovery of the Quark and Gluon Jets and Its Impact on QCD". <a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Journal_H" title="European Physical Journal H">European Physical Journal H</a>. 36 (2): 245. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.2288">1012.2288</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EPJH...36..245A">2011EPJH...36..245A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1">10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54062126">54062126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.atitle=JETS+and+QCD%3A+A+Historical+Review+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Quark+and+Gluon+Jets+and+Its+Impact+on+QCD&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.2288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54062126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EPJH...36..245A&rft.au=A.+Ali&rft.au=G.+Kramer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._BowleyE._Copeland" class="citation web cs1">R. Bowley; E. Copeland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/quarks.htm">"Quarks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty Symbols">Sixty Symbols</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Quarks&rft.au=R.+Bowley&rft.au=E.+Copeland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fquarks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._J._Griffiths2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Griffiths (physicist)">D. J. Griffiths</a> (2008). Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley%E2%80%93VCH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley–VCH">Wiley–VCH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40601-2"><bdi>978-3-527-40601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40601-2&rft.au=D.+J.+Griffiths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._S._Hughes1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Simpson_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Simpson Hughes (page does not exist)">I. S. Hughes</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic00hugh">Elementary Particles</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26092-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26092-3"><bdi>978-0-521-26092-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Particles&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26092-3&rft.au=I.+S.+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementarypartic00hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Oerter2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oerter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Oerter (page does not exist)">R. Oerter</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofalmostev0000oert">The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pi_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pi Press">Pi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-236678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-236678-6"><bdi>978-0-13-236678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Almost+Everything%3A+The+Standard+Model%2C+the+Unsung+Triumph+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Pi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-236678-6&rft.au=R.+Oerter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoryofalmostev0000oert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Pickering1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pickering" title="Andrew Pickering">A. Pickering</a> (1984). Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66799-7"><bdi>978-0-226-66799-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Quarks%3A+A+Sociological+History+of+Particle+Physics&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66799-7&rft.au=A.+Pickering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Povh1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogdan_Povh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogdan Povh (page does not exist)">B. Povh</a> (1995). Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-59439-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-59439-2"><bdi>978-0-387-59439-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particles+and+Nuclei%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Physical+Concepts&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-387-59439-2&rft.au=B.+Povh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Riordan1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Riordan_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Riordan (scientist) (page does not exist)">M. Riordan</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/huntingofquarktr00mich">The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64884-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64884-8"><bdi>978-0-671-64884-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunting+of+the+Quark%3A+A+True+Story+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-64884-8&rft.au=M.+Riordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhuntingofquarktr00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._A._Schumm2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_A._Schumm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce A. Schumm (page does not exist)">B. A. Schumm</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepdownthingsbr00schu">Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7971-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-7971-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Down+Things%3A+The+Breathtaking+Beauty+of+Particle+Physics&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7971-5&rft.au=B.+A.+Schumm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepdownthingsbr00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuark" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quark" class="extiw" title="commons:Quark">Quark</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quark" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:quark">quark</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/index.html">1969 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Murray Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/richter-lecture.html">1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Burton Richter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/ting-lecture.html">1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Samuel C.C. Ting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/kobayashi-lecture.html">2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/maskawa-lecture.html">2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Toshihide Maskawa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0-309-04893-1&page=236">The Top Quark And The Higgs Particle by T.A. Heppenheimer</a> – A description of <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>'s experiment to count the families of quarks.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/what-rules-the-proton-quarks-or-gluons/">Think Big website, Quarks and Gluons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/there-are-no-free-quarks/">Think Big website, Quarks 2019</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quark&oldid=1259106855">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quark&oldid=1259106855</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 11:41 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كوارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কোয়ার্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোয়ার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwarc" title="Cwarc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwarc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark_(fysik)" title="Kvark (fysik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvark (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كوارك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوارك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvargid" title="Kvargid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvargid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Κουάρκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουάρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuark" title="Cuark – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuark" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarko" title="Kvarko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarc" title="Cuarc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuarc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿼크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Քվարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkemfe" title="Inkemfe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkemfe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarki" title="Kvarki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvarki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quark (particella)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="קווארק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווארק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კვარკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кварктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кварктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwak" title="Kwak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ຄວາກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarcum" title="Quarcum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarcum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarki" title="Kvarki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvarki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarkas" title="Kvarkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvarkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarc" title="Cuarc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cuarc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്വാർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വാർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(parti%C4%8Belli)" title="Quark (partiċelli) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Quark (partiċelli)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ကွာ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွာ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="क्वार्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्वार्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="クォーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クォーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaarkii" title="Kuwaarkii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuwaarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੁਆਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਆਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(Physik)" title="Quark (Physik) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quark (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwark" title="Kwark – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwark" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarku" title="Kuarku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuarku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarkki" title="Kvarkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvarkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="குவார்க்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவார்க்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kvark" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="క్వార్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్వార్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ควาร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควาร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кварк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(parteze%C5%82a)" title="Quark (partezeła) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Quark (partezeła)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark" title="Quark – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Quark" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夸克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 11:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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