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<ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كريتيان دي تروا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريتيان دي تروا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Крэцьен дэ Труа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэцьен дэ Труа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Кретиен дьо Троа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кретиен дьо Троа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC" title="Κρετιέν ντε Τρουά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρετιέν ντε Τρουά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کرتین دو تروا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرتین دو تروا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%B5_%EB%93%9C_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%95%84" title="크레티앵 드 트루아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크레티앵 드 트루아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Կրետիեն դը Տրուա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրետիեն դը Տրուա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="כרטיאן מטרואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרטיאן מטרואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Кретьен де Труа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кретьен де Труа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianus_de_Trecis" title="Christianus de Trecis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christianus de Trecis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Кретјен де Троа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кретјен де Троа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كريتيان دى تروا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريتيان دى تروا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AF" title="クレティアン・ド・トロワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレティアン・ド・トロワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Trou%C3%A8yes" title="Chrétien de Trouèyes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chrétien de Trouèyes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Кретьен де Труа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кретьен де Труа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Кретјен де Троа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кретјен де Троа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="เครเตียง เดอ ทรัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครเตียง เดอ ทรัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chrétien de Troyes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">12th century French poet and trouvère</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this medieval name, the personal name is <i> Chrétien</i> and <i>de Troyes</i> is an appellation or descriptor. There is no family name.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg/220px-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg/330px-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg/440px-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Engraving considered to be a representation of Chrétien de Troyes in his work studio (1530)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chrétien de Troyes</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Modern French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kʁetjɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>tʁwa]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">Crestien de Troies</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kresˈtjẽn<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtrojəs]</a></span>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160–1191) was a French poet and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> known for his writing on <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian</a> subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perceval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceval">Perceval</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>. Chrétien's <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yvain,_the_Knight_of_the_Lion" title="Yvain, the Knight of the Lion">Yvain</a></i>, represent some of the best-regarded works of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>. His use of structure, particularly in <i>Yvain</i>, has been seen as a step towards the modern <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> or at least intimately connected with it. Between 1160 and 1172 he served (perhaps as herald-at-arms, as <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a> speculated) at the court of his patroness <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie of France, Countess of Champagne</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">King Louis VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry I, Count of Champagne">Count Henry I of Champagne</a> in 1164. Later, he served the court of <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gut_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gut-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kdu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kdu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As proposed by <a href="/wiki/Urban_T._Holmes_III" title="Urban T. Holmes III">Urban T. Holmes III</a>, Chrétien's name, meaning literally "Christian from Troyes", might be a <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> moniker of a Jewish convert from Judaism to Christianity, also known as <i>Crestien li Gois</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrétien's works include five major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets. Four of these are complete: <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1170</span>); <i><a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1176</span>); <i><a href="/wiki/Yvain,_the_Knight_of_the_Lion" title="Yvain, the Knight of the Lion">Yvain, the Knight of the Lion</a></i>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</a></i>, the latter two written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. <i>Yvain</i> is generally considered Chrétien's most masterful work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last romance commonly attributed to Chrétien, <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>, was written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished. It is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Count of Flanders">Philip, Count of Flanders</a>, to whom Chrétien may have been attached<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in his last years. He finished only 9,000 lines of the work, but four successors of varying talents added 54,000 additional lines in what are known as the <a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail#The_Continuations" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Four Continuations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAEcontinuations_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAEcontinuations-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the last thousand lines of <i>Lancelot</i> were written by <a href="/wiki/Godefroi_de_Leigni" title="Godefroi de Leigni">Godefroi de Leigni</a>, apparently by arrangement with Chrétien.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <i>Perceval</i>, one continuer says the poet's death prevented him from completing the work; in the case of <i>Lancelot</i>, no reason is given. This has not stopped speculation that Chrétien did not approve of <i>Lancelot</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s adulterous subject (in which case he seems unlikely to have invented Lancelot). </p><p>There are also several lesser works, not all of which can be securely ascribed to Chrétien. <i><a href="/wiki/Philomela#From_antiquity_and_the_influence_of_Ovid" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></i> is the only one of his four poems based on <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)">Metamorphoses</a></i> that has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two short-lyric <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chansons</a> on the subject of love are also very likely his, but the attribution of the pious romance <i>Guillaume d'Angleterre</i> to him is now widely doubted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dent_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that Chrétien might be the author of two short verse romances titled <i>Le Chevalier à l'épée</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Mule_sans_frein" title="La Mule sans frein">La Mule sans frein</a></i>, but this theory has not found much support.<sup id="cite_ref-Dent_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrétien names his treatments of Ovid in the introduction to <i>Cligès</i>, where he also mentions his work about <a href="/wiki/King_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mark">King Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a>. The latter is presumably related to the legend of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a> is not named. Chrétien's take on Tristan has not survived, though in the introduction of Cligès, Chrétien himself says that his treatment of Tristan was not well received, possibly explaining why it does not survive. Chrétien's works are written in vernacular <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, although it is marked by traits of the regional <a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois dialect</a> (which is still fairly similar to the "standard" French of Paris). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_influence">Sources and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immediate and specific sources for his romances are uncertain, as Chrétien speaks in the vaguest way of the materials he used. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> might have supplied some of the names, but neither author mentioned <a href="/wiki/Erec" class="mw-redirect" title="Erec">Erec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gornemant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gornemant">Gornemant</a> and many others who play an important role in Chrétien's narratives. One is left to guess about Latin or French literary originals which are now lost, or upon continental lore that goes back to a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic</a> source in the case of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9roul" title="Béroul">Béroul</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> who wrote around 1150. For his <i>Perceval, the Story of the Grail</i>, the influence of the story is clearly tied to the story of Saint Galgano (<a href="/wiki/Galgano_Guidotti" title="Galgano Guidotti">Galgano Guidotti</a>) who died in 1180–1181 and was canonized in 1185: a knight struck by god's vision, planted his sword in the ground that immediately solidified (kept in <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_San_Galgano" title="Abbey of San Galgano">Abbey San Galgano</a>). However, Chrétien found his sources immediately at hand, without much understanding of its primitive spirit, but appreciating it as a setting for the ideal society dreamed of, although not realized, in his own day. And Chrétien's five romances together form the most complete expression from a single author of the ideals of French <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>. Though so far there has been little critical attention paid to the subject, it is not inaccurate to say that Chrétien was influenced by the changing face of secular and canonical law in the 12th century. This is particularly relevant for his <i>Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</i>, which makes repeated use of the customary law prevalent in Chrétien's day.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Wistar_Comfort" title="William Wistar Comfort">William Wistar Comfort</a> praised de Troyes' "significance as a literary artist and as the founder of a precious literary tradition [which] distinguishes him from all other poets of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Latin races</a> between the close of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Empire</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-wwcp_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwcp-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrétien's writing was very popular, as evidenced by the high number of surviving copies of his romances and their many adaptations into other languages. Three of <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> literature's finest examples, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_(poem)" title="Erec (poem)">Erec</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iwein_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwein (poem)">Iwein</a></i>, were based on <i>Perceval</i>, <i>Erec</i>, and <i>Yvain</i>; the Three <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romances" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Romances">Welsh Romances</a> associated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peredur,_son_of_Efrawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Peredur, son of Efrawg">Peredur, son of Efrawg</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geraint_and_Enid" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraint and Enid">Geraint and Enid</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Owain,_or_the_Lady_of_the_Fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain">Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain</a></i>) are derived from the same trio. Especially in the case of <i>Peredur</i>, however, the connection between the Welsh romances and their source is probably not direct and has never been satisfactorily delineated. Chrétien also has the distinction of being the first writer to mention the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Perceval</i>), <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a> (<i>Lancelot</i>), and the love affair between Queen <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> and Lancelot (<i>Lancelot</i>), subjects of household recognition even today. </p><p>There is a specific <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> influence in Chrétien's romances, the likes of which (the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>) were "translated into the Old French vernacular during the 1150s".<sup id="cite_ref-Uitti_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uitti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster Guyer argues that specifically <i>Yvain, the Knight of the Lion</i> contains definite <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovidian</a> influence: "Yvain was filled with grief and showed the Ovidian love symptoms of weeping and sighing so bitterly that he could scarcely speak. He declared that he would never stay away a full year. Using words like those of Leander in the seventeenth of Ovid's Epistles he said: 'If only I had the wings of a dove/to fly back to you at will/Many and many a time I would come'."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chrétien has been termed "the inventor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>". Karl Uitti argues: "With [Chrétien's work] a new era opens in the history of European story telling… this poem reinvents the genre we call narrative romance; in some important respects it also initiates the vernacular novel."<sup id="cite_ref-Uitti_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uitti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "story" could be anything from a single battle scene, to a prologue, to a minimally cohesive tale with little to no chronological layout. Uitti argues that <i>Yvain</i> is Chrétien's "most carefully contrived romance… It has a beginning, a middle, and an end: we are in no doubt that Yvain's story is over."<sup id="cite_ref-Uitti_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uitti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This very method of having three definite parts, including the build in the middle leading to the climax of the story, is in large part why Chrétien is seen to be a writer of novels five centuries before novels, as we know them, existed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_poetry" title="12th century in poetry">12th century in poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gut-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gut_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/dtroy10.txt">"Four Arthurian Romances"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Four+Arthurian+Romances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext97%2Fdtroy10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agora.qc.ca/dossiers/Chretien_de_Troyes">"Chrétien de Troyes"</a>. <i>agora.qc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agora.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagora.qc.ca%2Fdossiers%2FChretien_de_Troyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kdu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kdu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~lancelot/romance.html">"Background Information on Chrétien de Troyes's Le Chevalier de la Charrette"</a>. <i>princeton.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Background+Information+on+Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes%27s+Le+Chevalier+de+la+Charrette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~lancelot%2Fromance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarina2014" class="citation book cs1">Farina, William (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q1qe21qLQoC&pg=PA205"><i>Chretien de Troyes and the Dawn of Arthurian Romance</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786457946" title="Special:BookSources/9780786457946"><bdi>9780786457946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chretien+de+Troyes+and+the+Dawn+of+Arthurian+Romance&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=9780786457946&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Q1qe21qLQoC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1956" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Raphael (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/460649">"The Motivation of Perceval and the Authorship of Philomena"</a>. <i>PMLA</i>. <b>71</b> (4): 853–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F460649">10.2307/460649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/460649">460649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164127302">164127302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+Motivation+of+Perceval+and+the+Authorship+of+Philomena&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=853-862&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164127302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F460649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F460649&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F460649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrétienCline1975" class="citation book cs1">Chrétien; Cline, Ruth Harwood (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yvainorknightwit00chr"><i>Yvain: or, The knight with the lion</i></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820303275" title="Special:BookSources/0820303275"><bdi>0820303275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yvain%3A+or%2C+The+knight+with+the+lion&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0820303275&rft.au=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.au=Cline%2C+Ruth+Harwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyvainorknightwit00chr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAEcontinuations-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAEcontinuations_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigsby, John L. (1991). "Continuations of <i>Perceval</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Norris_J._Lacy" title="Norris J. Lacy">Norris J. Lacy</a>, <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 99–100. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4">0-8240-4377-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrétien de Troyes, D.D.R. Owen (translator) (1988) <i>Arthurian Romances</i>, Tuttle Publishing, reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87389-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87389-X">0-460-87389-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacyGrimbert2008" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Norris J.; Grimbert, Joan Tasker (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpRg2FT3-rgC&q=philomela+de+troyes&pg=PA91"><i>A Companion to Chrétien de Troyes</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843841616" title="Special:BookSources/9781843841616"><bdi>9781843841616</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781843841616&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.&rft.au=Grimbert%2C+Joan+Tasker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpRg2FT3-rgC%26q%3Dphilomela%2Bde%2Btroyes%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrappier1974" class="citation book cs1">Frappier, Jean (1974) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianliterat00roge/page/159">"Chrétien de Troyes"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger Sherman</a> (ed.). <i>Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianliterat00roge/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198115881" title="Special:BookSources/0198115881"><bdi>0198115881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Collaborative+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0198115881&rft.aulast=Frappier&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianliterat00roge%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dent-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dent_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dent_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1987" class="citation book cs1">Owen, D. D. R. (trans.) (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianromance00chre"><i>Chrétien de Troyes Arthurian Romances</i></a></span>. London: Dent. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0460116983" title="Special:BookSources/0460116983"><bdi>0460116983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+Arthurian+Romances&rft.place=London&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0460116983&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=D.+D.+R.+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianromance00chre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur1996" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Ross G., ed. (1996). <i>Three Arthurian Romances: Poems from Medieval France</i>. London: Everyman. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0460875779" title="Special:BookSources/0460875779"><bdi>0460875779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Arthurian+Romances%3A+Poems+from+Medieval+France&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0460875779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonOwen1972" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, R. C.; Owen, D. D. R., eds. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301905257/page/23"><i>Two Old French Gauvain Romances</i></a>. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301905257/page/23">23–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0701118717" title="Special:BookSources/0701118717"><bdi>0701118717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Old+French+Gauvain+Romances&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=23-26&rft.pub=Scottish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0701118717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116301905257%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Esther. The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France. Boston: Brill Publishing, 1992, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwcp-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwcp_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319214224/http://library.haverford.edu/file-id-862">"William Wistar Comfort Papers 1867–1941"</a>. <i>Haverford College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.haverford.edu/file-id-862">the original</a> on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haverford+College&rft.atitle=William+Wistar+Comfort+Papers+1867%E2%80%931941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.haverford.edu%2Ffile-id-862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uitti-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uitti_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uitti_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uitti_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uitti, <i>Chrétien de Troyes Revisited</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyer1960" class="citation book cs1">Guyer, Foster Erwin (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZfwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22showed+the+Ovidian%22"><i>Chrétien de Troyes: Inventor of the Modern Novel</i></a>. London: Vision Press. p. 101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes%3A+Inventor+of+the+Modern+Novel&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Vision+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Guyer&rft.aufirst=Foster+Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZfwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522showed%2Bthe%2BOvidian%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). <i>The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol</i>. Princeton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2">0-691-02075-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Altieri, <i>Les Romans de Chrétien de Troyes: Leur perspective proverbiale et gnomique</i> (1976, A G Nizet, Paris).</li> <li>Jean Frappier, "Chrétien de Troyes" in <i>Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</i>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Loomis" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger S. Loomis">Roger S. Loomis</a> (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811588-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811588-1">0-19-811588-1</a></li> <li>Jean Frappier, <i>Chrétien de Troyes: The Man and His Work</i>. Translated by Raymond J. Cormier. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Idris Llewelyn Foster, "<i>Gereint, Owein</i> and <i>Peredur</i>" in <i>Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</i>, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959.</li> <li>K. Sarah-Jane Murray, "A Preface to Chretien de Troyes," Syracuse University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3160-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3160-X">0-8156-3160-X</a></li> <li>Gerald Seaman, "Signs of a New Literary Paradigm: The 'Christian' Figures in Chrétien de Troyes," in: <i>Nominalism and Literary Discourse</i>, ed. Hugo Keiper, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Bode" title="Christoph Bode">Christoph Bode</a>, and Richard Utz (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997), pp. 87–109.</li> <li>Albert W. Thompson, "The Additions to Chrétien's <i>Perceval</i>" in <i>Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</i>, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959</li> <li>Karl D. Uitti, <i>Chrétien de Troyes Revisited</i>, Twayne: New York, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-4307-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-4307-3">0-8057-4307-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiduTomaryn_Bruckner2020" class="citation book cs1">Haidu, Peter; Tomaryn Bruckner, Matilda (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255369712"><i>Philomena of Chrétien the Jew: the semiotics of evil</i></a>. Legenda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78188-929-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78188-929-9"><bdi>978-1-78188-929-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255369712">1255369712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philomena+of+Chr%C3%A9tien+the+Jew%3A+the+semiotics+of+evil&rft.pub=Legenda&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1255369712&rft.isbn=978-1-78188-929-9&rft.aulast=Haidu&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Tomaryn+Bruckner%2C+Matilda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1255369712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates material from an essay by W. W. 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chrétien de Troyes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes">"Chrétien de Troyes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=273&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/435">Works by Chrétien de Troyes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Troyes%2C%20C%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chrétien%20de%20Troyes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chrétien%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chrétien%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chrétien%20de%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chrétien%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20de%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Troyes%2C%20C%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Troyes%2C%20C%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chrétien%20Troyes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Chrétien%20de%20Troyes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Chrétien%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Chrétien%20Troyes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chrétien%20de%20Troyes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chrétien%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20d%2E%20Troyes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chrétien%20Troyes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Troyes%2C%20Chrétien%22%20OR%20%28Chr%2Atien%20Troyes%29%29%20OR%20%28%221130s-1180s%22%20AND%20Troyes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Chrétien de Troyes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4739">Works by Chrétien de Troyes</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109163210/http://lancelot.baylor.edu/">The Charrette Project 2 at Baylor University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atilf.fr/dect">Dictionnaire Électronique de Chrétien de Troyes</a> complete lexicon and transcriptions of the five romances of this Old French author by ATILF/CNRS-Université de Lorraine and LFA/University of Ottawa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211535/https://spanishliterarytranslation.com/capella-de-ministrers-el-grial/">El Grial, including poetry by Chrétien de Troyes set to music by Capella de Ministrers & Carlos Magraner</a></li> <li>Bibliography of his works on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlima.net/no/7">Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_794" title="BnF Français 794">BnF Français 794</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godefroi_de_Leigni" title="Godefroi de Leigni">Godefroi de Leigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trouvère" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template talk:Trouvère"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trouvère" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Givenchi" title="Adam de Givenchi">Adam de Givenchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenet_Le_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenet Le Roi">Adenet Le Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubertin_d%27Airaines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubertin d'Airaines (page does not exist)">Aubertin d'Airaines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubin_de_S%C3%A9zanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubin de Sézanne (page does not exist)">Aubin de Sézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_des_Auteus" title="Baudouin des Auteus">Baudouin des Auteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestourn%C3%A9s" title="Bestournés">Bestournés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carasaus" title="Carasaus">Carasaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardon_de_Croisilles" title="Chardon de Croisilles">Chardon de Croisilles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2telain_d%27Arras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Châtelain d'Arras (page does not exist)">Châtelain d'Arras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colart_le_Boutellier" title="Colart le Boutellier">Colart le Boutellier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colart_le_Changeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colart le Changeur (page does not exist)">Colart le Changeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupart (page does not exist)">Coupart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_Caupain" title="Ernoul Caupain">Ernoul Caupain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_le_Vieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernoul le Vieux">Ernoul le Vieux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Meaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne de Meaux (page does not exist)">Étienne de Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_le_Peintre_de_Reims" title="Eustache le Peintre de Reims">Eustache le Peintre de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaidifer_d%27Avion" title="Gaidifer d'Avion">Gaidifer d'Avion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_le_Vinier" title="Gilles le Vinier">Gilles le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobin_de_Reims" title="Gobin de Reims">Gobin de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibert_Kaukesel" title="Guibert Kaukesel">Guibert Kaukesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Amiens" title="Guillaume d'Amiens">Guillaume d'Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Guillaume de Ferrières">Guillaume de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Veau" title="Guillaume Veau">Guillaume Veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Provins" title="Guiot de Provins">Guiot de Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Amion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Amion (page does not exist)">Henry Amion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Henry III, Duke of Brabant">Henry le Débonnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henri de Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hue_de_la_Fert%C3%A9" title="Hue de la Ferté">Hue de la Ferté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Berz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues de Berzé">Hugues de Berzé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_d%27Oisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon d'Oisi (page does not exist)">Huon d'Oisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_de_Saint-Quentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon de Saint-Quentin (page does not exist)">Huon de Saint-Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaque_de_Dampierre" title="Jaque de Dampierre">Jaque de Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bretel" title="Jacques Bretel">Jacques Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cambrai" title="Jacques de Cambrai">Jacques de Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cysoing" title="Jacques de Cysoing">Jacques de Cysoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Vinier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Vinier">Jacques le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Renaut">Jean Renaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">Jean le Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Braine" title="Jehan de Braine">Jehan de Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Fremaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Fremaux (page does not exist)">Jehan Fremaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Grieviler" title="Jehan de Grieviler">Jehan de Grieviler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Nuevile" title="Jehan de Nuevile">Jehan de Nuevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Trie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehan de Trie">Jehan de Trie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelin_de_Dijon" title="Jocelin de Dijon">Jocelin de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Ferri" title="Lambert Ferri">Lambert Ferri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorris_Acot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorris Acot (page does not exist)">Lorris Acot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_de_Gant" title="Mahieu de Gant">Mahieu de Gant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_le_Juif" title="Mahieu le Juif">Mahieu le Juif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_de_Paris" title="Moniot de Paris">Moniot de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oede_de_la_Couroierie" title="Oede de la Couroierie">Oede de la Couroierie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othon_III_de_Grandson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othon III de Grandson (page does not exist)">Othon de Grandson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrot_de_Neele" title="Perrot de Neele">Perrot de Neele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Nanteuil" title="Philippe de Nanteuil">Philippe de Nanteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Remy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Corbie" title="Pierre de Corbie">Pierre de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Molins" title="Pierre de Molins">Pierre de Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrekin_de_la_Coupele" title="Pierrekin de la Coupele">Pierrekin de la Coupele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Beauvais" title="Raoul de Beauvais">Raoul de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Ferier" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul de Ferier">Raoul de Ferier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Fournival" title="Richard de Fournival">Richard de Fournival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richart_de_Semilli" title="Richart de Semilli">Richart de Semilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Blois" title="Robert de Blois">Robert de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Castel" title="Robert de Castel">Robert de Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Reims">Robert de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_la_Piere" title="Robert de la Piere">Robert de la Piere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_d%27Authie" title="Simon d'Authie">Simon d'Authie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauvage_d%27Arraz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauvage d'Arraz (page does not exist)">Sauvage d'Arraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibaut_de_Blazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thibaut de Blazon">Thibaut de Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Thibaut le Chansonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierri_de_Soissons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierri de Soissons">Thierri de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herier" title="Thomas Herier">Thomas de Herier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vielart_de_Corbie" title="Vielart de Corbie">Vielart de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Bibbesworth" title="Walter of Bibbesworth">Walter of Bibbesworth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/100px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/150px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/200px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dame_de_la_Chaucie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dame de la Chaucie (page does not exist)">Dame de la Chaucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_de_Gosnai" title="Dame de Gosnai">Dame de Gosnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Dagsburg" title="Gertrude of Dagsburg">Gertrude of Dagsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorete" title="Lorete">Lorete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Margot_(trouv%C3%A8re)" title="Dame Margot (trouvère)">Margot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroie_de_Diergnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroie de Diergnau">Maroie de Diergnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_des_Prez" title="Sainte des Prez">Sainte des Prez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Trovadorismo/trobadorismo</a></li></ul> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova">Ars nova</a></b></i></span> → </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Trouv%C3%A8res" title="Category:Trouvères">Category</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4302#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117735861">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87681171">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47144928079054341845">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/789154381058230292381">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1433159248482204870009">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1812487/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118520547">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066724">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896805x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896805x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620492">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chrétien : de Troyes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007805">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35028158">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603122&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX849893">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/181774">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068860811">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p318679167">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90108824">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00709528?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c64d1c3c-7a77-42ad-8f9c-6c77aa84bc29">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/801544">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118520547.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span 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