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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thick_and_thin_tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thick_and_thin_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Thick and thin tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thick_and_thin_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chabako_temae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chabako_temae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><span><i>Chabako temae</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chabako_temae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakobi_temae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakobi_temae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span><span><i>Hakobi temae</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakobi_temae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obon_temae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obon_temae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span><span><i>Obon temae</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obon_temae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ryūrei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryūrei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span><span><i>Ryūrei</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryūrei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Essential elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Essential_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Essential elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Essential_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea_room" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_room"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tea room</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_room-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanging_scroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanging_scroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Hanging scroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanging_scroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flower_arrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flower_arrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Flower arrangement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flower_arrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Meal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senchadō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senchadō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span><span><i>Senchadō</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senchadō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese tea ceremony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জাপানী চাহ অনুষ্ঠান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাপানী চাহ অনুষ্ঠান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_%C3%A7ay_m%C9%99rasimi" title="Yapon çay mərasimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon çay mərasimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seremonya_sa_tsa_kan_Hapon" title="Seremonya sa tsa kan Hapon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seremonya sa tsa kan Hapon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Японска чаена церемония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японска чаена церемония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerim%C3%B2nia_del_te" title="Cerimònia del te – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cerimònia del te" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_teceremoni" title="Japansk teceremoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japansk teceremoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Teezeremonie" title="Japanische Teezeremonie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Teezeremonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teetseremoonia" title="Teetseremoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teetseremoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonia_del_t%C3%A9_japonesa" title="Ceremonia del té japonesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ceremonia del té japonesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_teceremonio" title="Japana teceremonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana teceremonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tearen_japoniar_zeremonia" title="Tearen japoniar zeremonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tearen japoniar zeremonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مراسم چای ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مراسم چای ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_du_th%C3%A9_japonaise" title="Cérémonie du thé japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cérémonie du thé japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8F%84_(%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8)" title="다도 (일본) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다도 (일본)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Չանոյու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չանոյու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_%C4%8Dajna_ceremonija" title="Japanska čajna ceremonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanska čajna ceremonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upacara_minum_teh_(Jepang)" title="Upacara minum teh (Jepang) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upacara minum teh (Jepang)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%B6nsk_teath%C3%B6fn" title="Japönsk teathöfn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Japönsk teathöfn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_no_yu" title="Cha no yu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cha no yu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="טקס תה יפני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקס תה יפני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81%C5%86u_t%C4%93jas_ceremonija" title="Japāņu tējas ceremonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japāņu tējas ceremonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni%C5%A1ka_arbatos_ceremonija" title="Japoniška arbatos ceremonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japoniška arbatos ceremonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_teaszertart%C3%A1s" title="Japán teaszertartás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán teaszertartás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јапонска чајна церемонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонска чајна церемонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ചായ ചടങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ചായ ചടങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upacara_teh_Jepun" title="Upacara teh Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Upacara teh Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_theeceremonie" title="Japanse theeceremonie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse theeceremonie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E9%81%93" title="茶道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="茶道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoyu" title="Chanoyu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chanoyu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_teseremoni" title="Japansk teseremoni – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Japansk teseremoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_choy_marosimi" title="Yapon choy marosimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yapon choy marosimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japo%C5%84ska_ceremonia_picia_herbaty" title="Japońska ceremonia picia herbaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Japońska ceremonia picia herbaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerim%C3%B3nia_do_ch%C3%A1" title="Cerimónia do chá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerimónia do chá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonia_japonez%C4%83_a_ceaiului" title="Ceremonia japoneză a ceaiului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceremonia japoneză a ceaiului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Японская чайная церемония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японская чайная церемония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese tea ceremony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonski_obred_pitja_%C4%8Daja" title="Japonski obred pitja čaja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonski obred pitja čaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јапанска чајна церемонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапанска чајна церемонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_%C4%8Dajna_ceremonija" title="Japanska čajna ceremonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanska čajna ceremonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanilainen_teetaide" title="Japanilainen teetaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanilainen teetaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_teceremoni" title="Japansk teceremoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japansk teceremoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="தேனீர் சடங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேனீர் சடங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="ซาโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_%C3%A7ay_seremonisi" title="Japon çay seremonisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon çay seremonisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тядо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тядо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="جاپانی چائے کی تقریب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپانی چائے کی تقریب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Trà đạo Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chado.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chado.svg/130px-Chado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chado.svg/195px-Chado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chado.svg/260px-Chado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadō</i></span>, the 'Way of Tea'. While known in the Western Europe as the "tea ceremony", in the original Japanese fabric and context the practice of tea can be more accurately described as "Teaism".</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Japanese tea ceremony</b> (known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sadō/chadō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶道</span></span>, 'The Way of Tea')</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chanoyu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶の湯</span></span>)</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese cultural</a> activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">抹茶</span></span>)</span>, powdered <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, the procedure of which is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">点前</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English term "<b>Teaism</b>" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Okakura_Kakuz%C5%8D" title="Okakura Kakuzō">Okakura Kakuzō</a> to describe the unique worldview associated with Japanese tea ceremonies as opposed to focusing just on <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">the ceremonial aspect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1500s, <a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a> revolutionized Japanese tea culture, essentially perfecting what is now known as the Japanese tea ceremony and elevating it to the status of an art form. He redefined the rules of the tea house, tea garden, utensils, and procedures of the tea ceremony with his own interpretation, introduced a much smaller <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">chashitsu</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (tea house)</span> and rustic, distorted ceramic tea bowls specifically for the tea ceremony, and perfected the tea ceremony based on the aesthetic sense of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">wabi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sen no Rikyū's great-grandchildren founded the <a href="/wiki/Omotesenke" title="Omotesenke">Omotesenke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urasenke" title="Urasenke">Urasenke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mushak%C5%8Djisenke" title="Mushakōjisenke">Mushakōjisenke</a> schools of tea ceremony, and the tea ceremony spread not only to <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (feudal lords)</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class but also to the general public, leading to the establishment of various tea ceremony schools that continue to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhism was a primary influence in the development of the culture of Japanese tea. <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> has also greatly influenced the Japanese tea ceremony. For example, the practice of purifying one's hands and mouth before practicing the tea ceremony is influenced by the Shinto purification ritual of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">misogi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"></span>. The architectural style of the <i>chashitsu</i> and the gate that serves as the boundary between the tea garden and the secular world have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> architecture and the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (shrine gate)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much less commonly, Japanese tea practice uses leaf tea, primarily <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">sencha</a></i></span>, a practice known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Senchad%C5%8D" title="Senchadō">senchadō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">煎茶道</span></span>, 'the way of sencha')</span>. </p><p>Tea gatherings are classified as either an informal tea gathering (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶会</span></span>, 'tea gathering')</span>) or a formal tea gathering (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶事</span></span>, 'tea event')</span>). A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakai</i></span> is a relatively simple course of hospitality that includes <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">wagashi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (confections)</span>, thin tea, and perhaps a light meal. A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> is a much more formal gathering, usually including a full-course <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">kaiseki</a></i></span> meal followed by confections, thick tea, and thin tea. A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> may last up to four hours. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">History of tea in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg/220px-Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg/330px-Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg/440px-Sen_no_Rikyu_JPN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="8379" /></a><figcaption>Master <a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a>, who codified the way of tea (painting by <a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg/220px-Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg/330px-Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg/440px-Kan%C5%8D_Osanobu_71_utaiawase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>An open <a href="/wiki/Tea_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea house">tea house</a> serving <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ippuku issen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一服一銭</span></span>)</span>, right) and a peddler selling extracts (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">senjimono-uri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">煎じ物売</span></span>)</span> left), illustration from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shichiju-ichiban shokunin utaawase</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">七十一番職人歌合</span></span>)</span>, Muromachi period; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ippuku issen</i></span>'s monk clothing depicts the relationship between <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span> culture, tea offerings, and Buddhism</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_monkey_scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_monkey_scroll.jpg/400px-The_monkey_scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_monkey_scroll.jpg/600px-The_monkey_scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_monkey_scroll.jpg/800px-The_monkey_scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest surviving images of the formal serving of tea. Here monkeys, who were sacred to the shrine, imitate humans in a poetry competition that lasts all night. The monkeys try to stay awake by drinking strong green tea, but some have fallen asleep.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first documented evidence of tea in Japan dates to the 9th century. It is found in an entry in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_K%C5%8Dki" title="Nihon Kōki">Nihon Kōki</a></i></span> having to do with the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> Eichū<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">永忠</span></span>)</span>, who had brought some tea back to Japan on his return from <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>. The entry states that Eichū personally prepared and served <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sencha</i></span> (tea beverage made by steeping tea leaves in hot water) to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a>, who was on an excursion in <a href="/wiki/Karasaki_Station" title="Karasaki Station">Karasaki</a> (in present <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>) in 815. By imperial order in 816, tea plantations began to be cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Kinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinki">Kinki</a> region of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the interest in tea in Japan faded after this.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">In China</a>, tea had already been known, according to legend, for more than three thousand years (though the earliest archaeological evidence of tea-drinking dates to the 2nd century BCE). The form of tea popular in China in Eichū's time was <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">dancha</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">団茶</span></span>, "cake tea" or "brick tea")</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – tea compressed into a nugget in the same manner as the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">pu-er</a></i></span> tea is today. This then would be ground in a mortar, and the resulting ground tea mixed together with various other herbs and flavourings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of drinking tea, first for medicinal, and then largely for pleasurable reasons, was already widespread throughout China. In the early 9th century, Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i>, a treatise on tea focusing on its <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a> and preparation. Lu Yu's life had been heavily influenced by Buddhism, particularly the Zen–<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a> Buddhist school. His ideas would have a strong influence in the development of the Japanese tea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the end of the 12th century, the style of tea preparation called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tencha</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">点茶</span></span>)</span>, in which powdered <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span> was placed into a bowl, hot water added, and the tea and hot water whipped together, was introduced to Japan by Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> on his return from China. He also took tea seeds back with him, which eventually produced tea that was considered to be the most superb quality in all of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This powdered green tea was first used in religious rituals in <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist monasteries</a>. By the 13th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> ruled the nation and tea and the luxuries associated with it became a kind of status symbol among the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">warrior class</a>, there arose <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dcha" title="Tōcha">tōcha</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">闘茶</span></span>, "tea tasting")</span> parties wherein contestants could win extravagant prizes for guessing the best quality tea – that was grown in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, deriving from the seeds that Eisai brought from China. </p><p>The next major period in Japanese history was the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, pointing to the rise of Kitayama Culture<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="ja:北山文化">ja:北山文化</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitayama bunka</i></span>)</span>, centered around the cultural world of <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshimitsu">Ashikaga Yoshimitsu</a> and his villa in the northern hills of Kyoto (<a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji</a>), and later during this period, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama_culture" title="Higashiyama culture">Higashiyama culture</a>, centered around the elegant cultural world of <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimasa" title="Ashikaga Yoshimasa">Ashikaga Yoshimasa</a> and his retirement villa in the eastern hills of Kyoto (<a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">Ginkaku-ji</a>). This period, approximately 1336 to 1573, saw the budding of what is generally regarded as Japanese traditional culture as it is known today. </p><p>The use of Japanese tea developed as a "transformative practice" and began to evolve its own aesthetic, in particular that of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">wabi-sabi</a></i></span> principles. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wabi</i></span> represents the inner, or spiritual, experiences of human lives. Its original meaning indicated quiet or sober refinement, or subdued taste "characterized by humility, restraint, simplicity, naturalism, profundity, imperfection, and asymmetry" and "emphasizes simple, unadorned objects and architectural space, and celebrates the mellow beauty that time and care impart to materials."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sabi</i></span>, on the other hand, represents the outer, or material side of life. Originally, it meant "worn", "weathered", or "decayed". Particularly among the nobility, understanding emptiness was considered the most effective means to spiritual awakening, while embracing imperfection was honoured as a reminder to cherish one's unpolished and unfinished nature – considered to be the first step to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">satori</i></span>, or enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central are the concepts of <i><a href="/wiki/Omotenashi" title="Omotenashi">omotenashi</a></i>, which revolves around <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Murata_Juk%C5%8D" title="Murata Jukō">Murata Jukō</a> is known in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chanoyu</i></span> history as an early developer of tea as a spiritual practice. He studied Zen under the monk <a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a>, who revitalized Zen in the 15th century, and this is considered to have influenced his concept of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chanoyu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, tea drinking had spread to all levels of society in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a> and his work <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Record" title="Southern Record">Southern Record</a></i>, perhaps the best-known – and still revered – historical figure in tea, followed his master <a href="/wiki/Takeno_J%C5%8D%C5%8D" title="Takeno Jōō">Takeno Jōō</a>'s concept of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ichi-go_ichi-e" title="Ichi-go ichi-e">ichi-go ichi-e</a></i></span>, a philosophy that each meeting should be treasured, for it can never be reproduced. His teachings perfected many newly developed forms in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">art</a>, and the full development of the "way of tea". The principles he set forward – harmony<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">wa</i></span>)</span>, respect<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">敬</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, purity<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">清</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, and tranquility<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寂</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jaku</i></span>)</span> – are still central to tea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sen no Rikyū was the leading teamaster of the regent <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, who greatly supported him in codifying and spreading the way of tea, also as a means of solidifying his own political power. Hideyoshi's tastes were influenced by his teamaster, but nevertheless he also had his own ideas to cement his power such as constructing the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Tea_Room" title="Golden Tea Room">Golden Tea Room</a> and hosting the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kitano_Tea_Ceremony" title="Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony">Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony</a> in 1587. The symbiotic relationship between politics and tea was at its height. However, it was increasingly at odds with the rustic and simple aesthetics continuously advertised by his tea master, which the regent increasingly saw as a threat to cementing his own power and position, and their once close relationship began to suffer. </p><p>In 1590, one of the leading disciples of Rikyu, <a href="/wiki/Yamanoue_S%C5%8Dji" title="Yamanoue Sōji">Yamanoue Sōji</a>, was brutally executed on orders of the regent. One year later the regent ordered his teamaster to commit <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">ritual suicide</a>. The way of tea was never so closely intertwined with politics before or after. After the death of Rikyū, essentially three schools descended from him to continue the tradition. The way of tea continued to spread throughout the country and later developed not only from the court and samurai class, but also towards the townspeople. Many <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Japanese_tea" title="Schools of Japanese tea">schools of Japanese tea ceremony</a> have evolved through the long history of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadō</i></span> and are active today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venues">Venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_in_Urakuen,_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/220px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/330px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg/440px-Joan_in_Urakuen%2C_Gomonsaki_Inuyama_Inuyama_City_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jo-an" title="Jo-an">Jo-an</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">chashitsu</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of Japan">National Treasure</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese tea ceremonies are typically conducted in specially constructed spaces or rooms designed for the purpose of tea ceremony. While a purpose-built <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">tatami</a></i></span>-floored room is considered the ideal venue, any place where the necessary implements for the making and serving of the tea can be set out and where the host can make the tea in the presence of the seated guest(s) can be used as a venue for tea. For instance, a tea gathering can be held <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnic</a>-style in the outdoors, known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nodate</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">野点</span></span>)</span>. For this occasion a red <a href="/wiki/Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasol">parasol</a> called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nodatekasa</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">野点傘</span></span>)</span> is used. </p><p>A purpose-built room designed for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">wabi</i></span> style of tea is called a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">chashitsu</a></i></span>, and is ideally 4.5-<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> in floor area. A purpose-built <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chashitsu</i></span> typically has a low ceiling, a hearth built into the floor, an alcove for hanging scrolls and placing other decorative objects, and separate entrances for host and guests. It also has an attached preparation area known as a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">mizuya</a></i></span>. </p><p>A 4.5-mat room is considered standard, but smaller and larger rooms are also used. Building materials and decorations are deliberately simple and rustic in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">wabi</i></span> style tea rooms. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chashitsu</i></span> can also refer to free-standing buildings for tea. Known in English as tea houses, such structures may contain several tea rooms of different sizes and styles, dressing and waiting rooms, and other amenities, and be surrounded by a tea garden called a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">roji</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasons">Seasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonality and the changing of the seasons are considered important for enjoyment of tea and tea ceremony. Traditionally, tea practitioners divide the year into two main seasons: the sunken hearth<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">炉</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ro</i></span>)</span> season, constituting the colder months (traditionally November to April), and the brazier<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">風炉</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">furo</i></span>)</span> season, constituting the warmer months (traditionally May to October). </p><p>For each season, there are variations in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span> performed and utensils and other equipment used. Ideally, the configuration of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> in a 4.5 mat room changes with the season as well. </p><p>During the sunken hearth season, the Chajin opens the sunken hearth in the middle of the tea room. Water is heated using the sunken hearth. The sunken hearth is the only form of heat in the room during the winter. During the brazier season, water is heated in a raised brazier.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather determines the exact time to use the sunken hearth or brazier. During the time of year when the brazier does not provide enough heat to the room for the guests to be warm, but the hearth was too warm, the Chajin could cover the hearth with the lid, and put the brazier on top of it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the hearth or brazier is the biggest change between seasons, however, there are many other changes that are made, such as the incense, utensils, and clothing worn. During the winter, a type of incense known as Neriko, a type of incense that is formed into pellets, is used. Jin or Byakudan are used in the summer, and during the end of spring or the beginning of autumn, the Chajin puts out Kokukobei or Umegako.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guests drink tea from a more cylindrical style of bowl in the winter to keep in heat, and use a flat bowl in the summer to release heat. Different designs are depicted on the tea bowl based on the season.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer, participants wear a kimono made up of one layer to ensure that it is not too hot. However, outside the summer, participants wear a double-layered kimono so they will be warmer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thick_and_thin_tea">Thick and thin tea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thick and thin tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main ways of preparing <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span> for tea consumption: thick<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">濃茶</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span>)</span> and thin<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">薄茶</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span>)</span>, with the best quality tea leaves used in preparing thick tea. Historically, the tea leaves used as packing material for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> leaves in the tea urn<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶壺</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chatsubo</i></span>)</span> would be served as thin tea. Japanese historical documents about tea that differentiate between <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> first appear in the Tenmon era (1532–1555).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented appearance of the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> is in 1575.<sup id="cite_ref-Koicha_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koicha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the terms imply, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> is a thick blend of matcha and hot water that requires about three times as much tea to the equivalent amount of water than <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span>. To prepare <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span> and hot water are whipped using the tea whisk<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶筅</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chasen</i></span>)</span>, while <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> is kneaded with the whisk to smoothly blend the large amount of powdered tea with the water. </p><p>The host serves thin tea to each guest in an individual bowl, while one bowl of thick tea is shared among several guests. This style of sharing a bowl of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span> first appeared in historical documents in 1586, and is a method considered to have been invented by Sen no Rikyū.<sup id="cite_ref-Koicha_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koicha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important part of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> is the preparation and drinking of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span>, which is followed by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span>. A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakai</i></span> may involve only the preparation and serving of thin tea (and accompanying confections), representing the more relaxed, finishing portion of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_utensils" title="Japanese tea utensils">Japanese tea utensils</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg/220px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg/330px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg/440px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_utensils" title="Japanese tea utensils">Tea utensils</a> used by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Urasenke" title="Urasenke">Urasenke</a> iemoto</i></span> Sen Sōshitsu XV</figcaption></figure> <p>The equipment for tea ceremony is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadōgu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶道具</span></span>)</span>. A wide range of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadōgu</i></span> is available and different styles and motifs are used for different events and in different seasons. All the tools for tea are handled with exquisite care, being scrupulously cleaned before and after each use and before storing, with some handled only with gloved hands. Some items, such as the tea storage jar which has the name <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chigusa</i></span>, are so revered that, historically, they were given proper names like people, and were admired and documented by multiple diarists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honorary title <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senke_Jusshoku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senke Jusshoku (page does not exist)">Senke Jusshoku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%81%E8%81%B7" class="extiw" title="ja:千家十職">ja</a>]</span></i></span> is given to the ten artisans that provide the utensils for the events held by the three primary <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iemoto" title="Iemoto">iemoto</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Japanese_tea" title="Schools of Japanese tea">Schools of Japanese tea</a> known as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">san-senke</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the more essential components of tea ceremony are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="chakin"><dfn><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chakin</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶巾</span></span>)</span></dfn></dt> <dd>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakin</i></span> is a small rectangular white <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> cloth mainly used to wipe the <a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">tea bowl</a>.</dd> <dt id="chasen"><dfn><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chasen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶筅</span></span>, tea whisk)</span></dfn></dt> <dd>This is the implement used to mix the powdered tea with the hot water. Tea whisks are carved from a single piece of bamboo. There are various types. Tea whisks quickly become worn and damaged with use, and the host should use a new one when holding a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakai</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span>.</dd> <dt id="chashaku"><dfn><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chashaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶杓</span></span>, tea scoop)</span></dfn></dt> <dd>Tea scoops are ladles that are generally are carved from a single piece of bamboo, although they may also be made of ivory or wood. They are used to scoop tea from the tea caddy into the tea bowl. Bamboo tea scoops in the most casual style have a nodule in the approximate center. Larger scoops are used to transfer tea into the tea caddy in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">mizuya</a></i></span> (preparation area), but these are not seen by guests. Different styles and colours are used in various tea traditions.</dd> <dt id="chawan"><dfn><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">Chawan</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶碗</span></span>, tea bowl)</span></dfn></dt> <dd>Tea bowls are available in a wide range of sizes and styles, and different styles are used for thick and thin tea. Shallow bowls, which allow the tea to cool rapidly, are used in summer; deep bowls are used in winter. Bowls are frequently named by their creators or owners, or by a tea master. Bowls over four hundred years old are in use today, but only on unusually special occasions. The best bowls are thrown by hand, and some bowls are extremely valuable. Irregularities and imperfections are prized: they are often featured prominently as the "front" of the bowl.</dd> <dt id="natsume/chaire"><dfn><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Natsume/Chaire</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">棗・茶入</span></span>, tea caddy)</span></dfn></dt> <dd>The small lidded container in which the powdered tea is placed for use in the tea-making procedure<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">[お]手前; [お]点前; [御]手前</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">[o]temae</i></span>)</span>. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">natsume</i></span> is usually employed for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span> and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaire</i></span> for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koicha</i></span>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg/220px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg/330px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg/440px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_Cha_no_yu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Guests seated to receive tea (print by <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yōshū Chikanobu">Yōshū Chikanobu</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Outdoor_Tea_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The hostess fills the bowl with green tea powder and then pours hot water into it and stirs with a bamboo whisk.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg/220px-Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg/330px-Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg/440px-Cha_no_yu_nichinichis%C5%8D_by_Mizuno_Toshikata_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Guests may be allowed after the serving of the tea (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otemae</i></span>) to take a closer look at the objects in the room (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nishiki-e" title="Nishiki-e">Nishiki-e</a></i></span> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizuno_Toshikata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizuno Toshikata (page does not exist)">Mizuno Toshikata</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Procedures vary from school to school, and with the time of year, time of day, venue, and other considerations. The noon tea gathering of one host and a maximum of five guests is considered the most formal <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span>. The following is a general description of a noon <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> held in the cool weather season at a purpose-built tea house. </p><p>The guests arrive a little before the appointed time and enter an interior waiting room, where they store unneeded items such as coats, and put on fresh <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">tabi</a></i></span> socks. Ideally, the waiting room has a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> floor and an alcove (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">tokonoma</a></i></span>), in which is displayed a <a href="/wiki/Hanging_scroll" title="Hanging scroll">hanging scroll</a> which may allude to the season, the theme of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span>, or some other appropriate theme. </p><p>The guests are served a cup of the hot water, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a></i></span> tea, roasted barley tea, or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakurayu" title="Sakurayu">sakurayu</a></i></span>. When all the guests have arrived and finished their preparations, they proceed to the outdoor waiting bench in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">roji</a></i></span>, where they remain until summoned by the host. </p><p>Following a silent bow between host and guests, the guests proceed in order to a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsukubai" title="Tsukubai">tsukubai</a></i></span> (stone basin) where they ritually purify themselves by washing their hands and rinsing their mouths with water, and then continue along the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">roji</i></span> to the tea house. They remove their footwear and enter the tea room through a small "crawling-in" door (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nijiri-guchi</i></span>), and proceed to view the items placed in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span> and any tea equipment placed ready in the room, and are then seated <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a></i></span>-style on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> in order of prestige. </p><p>When the last guest has taken their place, they close the door with an audible sound to alert the host, who enters the tea room and welcomes each guest, and then answers questions posed by the first guest about the scroll and other items. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> begins in the cool months with the laying of the charcoal fire which is used to heat the water. Following this, guests are served a meal in several courses accompanied by <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a></i></span> and followed by a small sweet (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">wagashi</a></i></span>) eaten from special <a href="/wiki/Japanese_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese paper">paper</a> called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaishi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">懐紙</span></span>)</span>, which each guest carries, often in a decorative wallet or tucked into the breast of the <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the meal, there is a break called a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nakadachi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中立ち</span></span>)</span> during which the guests return to the waiting shelter until summoned again by the host, who uses the break to sweep the tea room, take down the scroll and replace it with a flower arrangement, open the tea room's shutters, and make preparations for serving the tea. </p><p>Having been summoned back to the tea room by the sound of a bell or gong rung in prescribed ways, the guests again purify themselves and examine the items placed in the tea room. The host then enters, ritually cleanses each utensil – including the tea bowl, whisk, and tea scoop – in the presence of the guests in a precise order and using prescribed motions, and places them in an exact arrangement according to the particular <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span> procedure being performed. When the preparation of the utensils is complete, the host prepares thick tea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bowing_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowing (social)">Bows</a> are exchanged between the host and the guest receiving the tea. The guest then bows to the second guest, and raises the bowl in a gesture of respect to the host. The guest rotates the bowl to avoid drinking from its front, takes a sip, and compliments the host on the tea. After taking a few sips, the guest wipes clean the rim of the bowl and passes it to the second guest. The procedure is repeated until all guests have taken tea from the same bowl; each guest then has an opportunity to admire the bowl before it is returned to the host, who then cleanses the equipment and leaves the tea room. </p><p>The host then rekindles the fire and adds more charcoal. This signifies a change from the more formal portion of the gathering to the more casual portion, and the host will return to the tea room to bring in a smoking set<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">タバコ盆</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">tabako-bon</a></i></span>)</span> and more confections, usually <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Higashi_(food)" title="Higashi (food)">higashi</a></i></span>, to accompany the thin tea, and possibly cushions for the guests' comfort. </p><p>The host will then proceed with the preparation of an individual bowl of thin tea to be served to each guest. While in earlier portions of the gathering conversation is limited to a few formal comments exchanged between the first guest and the host, in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span> portion, after a similar ritual exchange, the guests may engage in casual conversation. </p><p>After all the guests have taken tea, the host cleans the utensils in preparation for putting them away. The guest of honour will request that the host allow the guests to examine some of the utensils, and each guest in turn examines each item, including the tea caddy and the tea scoop. (This examination is done to show respect and admiration for the host.)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The items are treated with extreme care and reverence as they may be priceless, irreplaceable, handmade <a href="/wiki/Antiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiques">antiques</a>, and guests often use a special brocaded cloth to handle them. </p><p>The host then collects the utensils, and the guests leave the tea house. The host bows from the door, and the gathering is over. A tea gathering can last up to four hours, depending on the type of occasion performed, the number of guests, and the types of meal and tea served. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Special:EditPage/Japanese tea ceremony">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro_and_Kama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ro_and_Kama.jpg/220px-Ro_and_Kama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ro_and_Kama.jpg/330px-Ro_and_Kama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ro_and_Kama.jpg/440px-Ro_and_Kama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>A host rests a bamboo ladle on an iron pot that rests inside the sunken <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ro</i></span> hearth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Every action in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadō</i></span> – how a kettle is used, how a teacup is examined, how tea is scooped into a cup – is performed in a very specific way, and may be thought of as a procedure or technique. The procedures performed in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chadō</i></span> are known collectively as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>. The act of performing these procedures during a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chaji</i></span> is called "doing <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many styles of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>, depending upon the school, occasion, season, setting, equipment, and countless other possible factors. The following is a short, general list of common types of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chabako_temae"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabako temae</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chabako temae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabako temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶箱手前</span></span>)</span> is so called because the equipment is removed from and then replaced into a special box known as a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabako</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶箱</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">tea box</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabako</i></span> developed as a convenient way to prepare the necessary equipment for making tea outdoors. The basic equipment contained in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabako</i></span> are the tea bowl, tea whisk (kept in a special container), tea scoop and tea caddy, and linen wiping cloth in a special container, as well as a container for little candy-like sweets. Many of the items are smaller than usual, to fit in the box. This gathering takes approximately 35–40 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hakobi_temae"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hakobi temae</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hakobi temae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg/220px-Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg/330px-Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg/440px-Toshihana_tea_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maiko" title="Maiko">maiko</a></i></span> does a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūrei</i></span> style tea where a table and chair are used; visible from left to right are the fresh water container, caddy, bowl, and iron pot.</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hakobi temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">運び手前</span></span>)</span> is so called because, except for the hot water kettle (and brazier if a sunken hearth is not being used), the essential items for the tea-making, including even the fresh water container, are carried into the tea room by the host as a part of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>. In other <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>, the water jar and perhaps other items, depending upon the style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>, are placed in the tea room before the guests enter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obon_temae"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Obon temae</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Obon temae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Obon temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お盆手前</span></span>)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bon temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">盆手前</span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bonryaku temae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">盆略手前</span></span>)</span> is a simple procedure for making <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">usucha</i></span> (thin tea). The tea bowl, tea whisk, tea scoop, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakin</i></span> and tea caddy are placed on a <a href="/wiki/Tray" title="Tray">tray</a>, and the hot water is prepared in a kettle called a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tetsubin" title="Tetsubin">tetsubin</a></i></span>, which is heated on a brazier. This is usually the first <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span> learned, and is the easiest to perform, requiring neither much specialized equipment nor a lot of time to complete. It may easily be done sitting at a table, or outdoors, using a thermos pot in place of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tetsubin</i></span> and portable hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ryūrei"><span id="Ry.C5.ABrei"></span><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ryūrei</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ryūrei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūrei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">立礼</span></span>)</span> style, the tea is prepared with the host seated on a chair at a special table, and the guests also seated on chairs at tables. It is possible, therefore, for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūrei</i></span>-style <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span> to be conducted nearly anywhere, even outdoors. The name refers to the host's practice of performing the first and last bows while standing. In <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūrei</i></span> there is usually an assistant who sits near the host and moves the host's seat out of the way as needed for standing or sitting. The assistant also serves the tea and sweets to the guests. This procedure originated in the Urasenke school, initially for serving non-Japanese guests who, it was thought, would be more comfortable sitting on chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_elements">Essential elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Essential elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_room">Tea room</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tea room"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tearoom_layout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tearoom_layout.svg/250px-Tearoom_layout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tearoom_layout.svg/375px-Tearoom_layout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tearoom_layout.svg/500px-Tearoom_layout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>A typical winter tea room layout in a 4.5 mat tea room, showing position of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami, tokonoma, mizuya dōkō</i></span>, hearth, guests and host</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg/220px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg/330px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg/440px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Ostasiatische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An interior view of a large tea room with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span>. In the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span> is a hanging scroll, flower arrangement (not <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabana</i></span> style), and incense burner.</figcaption></figure><p>The Japanese traditional floor mats, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span>, are used in various ways in tea offerings. Their placement, for example, determines how a person walks through the tea room <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chashitsu</i></span>, and the different seating positions. </p><p>The use of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> flooring has influenced the development of tea. For instance, when walking on <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> it is customary to shuffle, to avoid causing disturbance. Shuffling forces one to slow down, to maintain erect posture, and to walk quietly, and helps one to maintain <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a> as the combination of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tabi</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> makes for a slippery surface; it is also a function of wearing kimono, which restricts stride length. One must avoid walking on the joins between mats, one practical reason being that that would tend to damage the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span>. Therefore, tea students are taught to step over such joins when walking in the tea room. </p><p>The placement of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> in tea rooms differs slightly from the normal placement in regular <a href="/wiki/Washitsu" title="Washitsu">Japanese-style rooms</a>, and may also vary by season (where it is possible to rearrange the mats). In a 4.5 mat room, the mats are placed in a circular pattern around a centre mat. Purpose-built tea rooms have a sunken hearth in the floor which is used in winter. A special <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> is used which has a cut-out section providing access to the hearth. In summer, the hearth is covered either with a small square of extra <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span>, or, more commonly, the hearth <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> is replaced with a full mat, totally hiding the hearth. </p><p>It is customary to avoid stepping on this centre mat whenever possible, as well as to avoid placing the hands palm-down on it, as it functions as a kind of table: tea utensils are placed on it for viewing, and prepared bowls of tea are placed on it for serving to the guests. To avoid stepping on it people may walk around it on the other mats, or shuffle on the hands and knees. </p><p>Except when walking, when moving about on the tatami one places one's closed fists on the mats and uses them to pull oneself forward or push backwards while maintaining a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiza</i></span> position. </p><p>There are dozens of real and imaginary lines that crisscross any tearoom. These are used to determine the exact placement of utensils and myriad other details; when performed by skilled practitioners, the placement of utensils will vary minutely from gathering to gathering. The lines in tatami mats<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">畳目</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami-me</i></span>)</span> are used as one guide for placement, and the joins serve as a demarcation indicating where people should sit. </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tatami</i></span> provide a more comfortable surface for sitting <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiza</i></span>-style. At certain times of year (primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese new year">new year's festivities</a>) the portions of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tatami</i></span> where guests sit may be covered with a red felt cloth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanging_scroll">Hanging scroll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hanging scroll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg/220px-%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg/330px-%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg/440px-%E6%9D%BE%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%98_%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="3977" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span> alcove with a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakemono</i></span> hanging scroll, in front of it a small <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabana</i></span> flower arrangement</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shod%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Shodō">Calligraphy</a>, mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hanging_scroll" title="Hanging scroll">hanging scrolls</a>, plays a central role in tea. Scrolls, often written by famous calligraphers or Buddhist monks, are hung in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span> (scroll alcove) of the tea room. They are selected for their appropriateness for the occasion, including the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> and the theme of the particular get-together. Calligraphic scrolls may feature well-known sayings, particularly those associated with Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poems</a>, descriptions of famous places, or words or phrases associated with tea.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian and author Haga Kōshirō points out that it is clear from the teachings of Sen no Rikyū recorded in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nanpō roku</i></span> that the suitability of any particular scroll for a tea gathering depends not only on the subject of the writing itself but also on the virtue of the writer. Haga points out that Rikyū preferred to hang <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bokuseki" title="Bokuseki">bokuseki</a></i></span> ("ink traces"), the calligraphy of Zen Buddhist priests, in the tea room.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical example of a hanging scroll in a tea room might have the kanji <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">wa-kei-sei-jaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和敬清寂</span></span>, "harmony", "respect", "purity" and "tranquility")</span>, expressing the four key principles of the Way of Tea. Some contain only a single character; in summer, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaze</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">風</span></span>, "wind")</span> would be appropriate. Hanging scrolls that feature a painting instead of calligraphy, or a combination of both, are also used. Scrolls are sometimes placed in the waiting room as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flower_arrangement">Flower arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flower arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chabana" title="Chabana">Chabana</a></i></span> (literally "tea flower") is the simple style of flower arrangement used in tea rooms. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabana</i></span> has its roots in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a></i></span>, an older style of Japanese flower arranging, which itself has roots in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p><p>It evolved from the "free-form" style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikebana</i></span> called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nageirebana</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">投げ入れ</span></span>, "throw-in flowers")</span>, which was used by early tea masters. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabana</i></span> is said, depending upon the source, to have been either developed or championed by Sen no Rikyū. He is said to have taught that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabana</i></span> should give the viewer the same impression that those flowers naturally would give if they were still growing outdoors, in nature. </p><p>Unnatural or out-of-season materials are never used, as well as props and other devices. The containers in which <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabana</i></span> are arranged are referred to generically as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hanaire</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">花入れ</span></span>)</span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabana</i></span> arrangements typically comprise few items, and little or no filler material. In the summer, when many flowering grasses are in season in Japan, however, it is seasonally appropriate to arrange a number of such flowering grasses in an airy basket-type container. Unlike <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikebana</i></span> (which often uses shallow, wide dishes), tall, narrow <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hanaire</i></span> are frequently used in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chabana</i></span>. The containers for the flowers used in tea rooms are typically made from natural materials such as bamboo, as well as metal or ceramic, but rarely glass as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikebana</i></span> (another flower arrangement) uses short, glass vases. </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chabana</i></span> arrangements are so simple that frequently no more than a single <a href="/wiki/Blossom" title="Blossom">blossom</a> is used; this blossom will invariably lean towards or face the guests.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meal">Meal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Meal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_(121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg/220px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg/330px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg/440px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%28121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A small <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">wagashi</a></i></span> sweet served on an <a href="/wiki/Oribe_ware" title="Oribe ware">Oribe ware</a> plate, next to an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido_ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ido ware (page does not exist)">Ido ware</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chawan</i></span> filled with green <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kaiseki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">懐石</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">cha-kaiseki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶懐石</span></span>)</span> is a meal served in the context of a formal tea function. In <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">cha-kaiseki</i></span>, only fresh seasonal ingredients are used, prepared in ways that aim to enhance their flavour. Great care is taken in selecting ingredients and types of food, and the finished dishes are carefully presented on serving ware that is chosen to enhance the appearance and seasonal theme of the meal. Dishes are intricately arranged and <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnished</a>, often with real edible leaves and flowers that are to help enhance the flavour of the food. Serving ware and garnishes are as much a part of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span> experience as the food; some might argue that the aesthetic experience of seeing the food is even more important than the physical experience of eating it. </p><p>Courses are served in small servings in individual dishes. Each diner has a small lacquered tray to themselves; very important people may be provided their own low, lacquered table or several small tables. </p><p>Because <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">cha-kaiseki</i></span> generally follows traditional eating habits in Japan, meat dishes are rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Special:EditPage/Japanese tea ceremony">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg/220px-Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg/330px-Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg/440px-Japan_tea_ceremony_1165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>Tea being prepared outdoors called <i>nodate</i>, underneath a red parasol called <i>nodatekasa</i>. The hostess wears a brown <i>kimono</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the movements and components of tea ceremonies evolved from the wearing of <i>kimono</i>. For example, certain movements are designed to keep dangling sleeves out of the way or prevent them from becoming dirty. Other motions allow for the straightening of the <i>kimono</i> and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">hakama</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some aspects of tea ceremony – such as the use of silk <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fukusa" title="Fukusa">fukusa</a></i></span> cloths – cannot be performed without wearing a <i>kimono</i> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">obi</a></i></span>, or a belt substitute, as the cloth is folded and tucked into the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">obi</i></span> within the ceremony. Other items, such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaishi</i></span>, smaller cloths known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kobukusa</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">小袱紗</span></span>)</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese fan">fans</a>, require <i>kimono</i> collars, sleeves and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">obi</i></span> worn with them in order to be used throughout the ceremony; otherwise, a substitute for storing these items on the person must be found.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For this reason, most tea ceremonies are conducted in <i>kimono</i>, and though students may practice wearing Western clothes, students of tea ceremony will need to wear <i>kimono</i> at some point. On formal occasions, the host of the tea ceremony will always wear <i>kimono</i>, and for guests, formal <i>kimono</i> or Western formal wear must be worn. No matter the style of clothing, the attire worn at a tea gathering is usually subdued and conservative, so as not to be distracting. </p><p>For women, the type of <i>kimono</i> worn is usually an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimono#Iromuji" title="Kimono">iromuji</a></i></span> – a solid-colour, unpatterned <i>kimono</i>, worn with a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)#nagoya_obi" title="Obi (sash)">nagoya obi</a></i></span> in an appropriate <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tanmono" title="Tanmono">tanmono</a></i></span> fabric; <a href="/wiki/Slub-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slub-weave">slub-weave</a> silks, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">shibori</a></i></span> patterns and generally bright-coloured <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">obi</i></span> are not worn. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimono#Edo_komon" title="Kimono">Edo komon</a></i></span> kimono may also be worn, as their patterns are small enough as to be unobtrusive.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men may wear <i>kimono</i> only, or (for more formal occasions) a combination of <i>kimono</i> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">hakama</a></i></span> (a long, divided or undivided skirt worn over the <i>kimono</i>). Those who have earned the right may wear a <i>kimono</i> with a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimono#Accessories_and_related_garments" title="Kimono">jittoku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十徳</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">juttoku</i></span> jacket instead of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hakama</i></span>. </p><p>Women wear various styles of <i>kimono</i> depending on the season and the event; women generally do not wear <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hakama</i></span> for tea occasions, and do not gain the right to wear a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jittoku</i></span>. </p><p>Lined <i>kimono</i> are worn by both men and women in the winter months, and unlined <i>kimono</i> are worn in the summer. For formal occasions, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">montsuki kimono</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紋付着物</span></span>)</span> (<i>kimono</i> with three to five <a href="/wiki/Family_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Family crest">family crests</a> on the sleeves and back) are worn. Both men and women wear white <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tabi</i></span> (divided-toe socks). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Japanese_tea" title="Schools of Japanese tea">Schools of Japanese tea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg/220px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg/330px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg/440px-2007_06_19_Maria_Kaczynska_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Tea ceremony performed by <a href="/wiki/Hans%C5%8D_S%C5%8Dshitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansō Sōshitsu">Sen Genshitsu</a>, 15th Grand Master of the Urasenke school</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, those who wish to study tea ceremony typically join a "circle", a generic term for a group that meets regularly to participate in a given activity. There are also tea clubs at many <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">junior</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_school_(upper_secondary)" class="mw-redirect" title="High school (upper secondary)">high schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan" title="List of universities in Japan">universities</a>. </p><p>Classes may be held at community centres, dedicated tea schools, or at private homes. Tea schools often teach a wide variety of pupils who may study at different times; for example, the school may have a group for women, a group for older students, and a group for younger students. Students normally pay a monthly fee which covers tuition and the use of the school's (or teacher's) bowls and other equipment, the tea itself, and the sweets that students serve and eat at every class. Students must be equipped with their own <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fukusa" title="Fukusa">fukusa</a></i></span>, fan, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaishi</i></span> paper, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kobukusa</i></span>, as well as their own wallet in which to place these items. </p><p>Though some groups and practitioners of tea ceremony may wear Western clothing, for most occasions of tea ceremony – particularly if the teacher is highly ranked within the tradition – wearing kimono is mostly considered essential, in particular for women. In some cases, advanced students may be given permission to wear the school's mark in place of the usual family crests on <a href="/wiki/Kimono#Types_of_kimono" title="Kimono">formal kimono</a>. This permission usually accompanies the granting of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chamei" title="Chamei">chamei</a></i></span>, or "tea name", to the student. </p><p>New students typically begin by observing more advanced students as they practice. New students may be taught mostly by more advanced students; the most advanced students are taught exclusively by the teacher. The first things new students learn are how to correctly open and close <a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">sliding doors</a>, how to walk on tatami, how to enter and exit the tea room, how to bow and to whom and when to do so, how to wash, store and care for the various equipment, how to fold the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">fukusa</i></span>, how to ritually clean tea equipment, and how to wash and fold <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chakin</i></span>. As they master these essential steps, students are also taught how to behave as a guest at tea ceremonies: the correct words to say, how to handle bowls, how to drink tea and eat sweets, how to use paper and sweet-picks, and myriad other details. </p><p>As they master the basics, students will be instructed on how to prepare the powdered tea for use, how to fill the tea caddy, and finally, how to measure the tea and water and whisk it to the proper consistency. Once these basic steps have been mastered, students begin to practice the simplest <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>, typically beginning with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">O-bon temae</i></span>. Only when the first offering has been mastered will students move on. Study is through observation and hands on practice; students do not often take notes, and many teachers discourage the practice of note-taking. </p><p>As they master each offering, some schools and teachers present students with certificates at a formal ceremony. According to the school, this certificate may warrant that the student has mastered a given <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>, or may give the student permission to begin studying a given <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">temae</i></span>. Acquiring such certificates is often very costly; the student typically must not only pay for the preparation of the certificate itself and for participating in the gathering during which it is bestowed, but is also expected to thank the teacher by presenting him or her with a gift of money. The cost of acquiring certificates increases as the student's level increases. </p><p>Typically, each class ends with the whole group being given brief instruction by the main teacher, usually concerning the contents of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokonoma</i></span> (the scroll alcove, which typically features a hanging scroll (usually with calligraphy), a flower arrangement, and occasionally other objects as well) and the sweets that have been served that day. Related topics include incense and kimono, or comments on seasonal variations in equipment or offerings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senchadō"><span id="Senchad.C5.8D"></span><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Senchadō</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Senchadō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_(91).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg/220px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg/330px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg/440px-Aichi_Prefectural_Ceramic_Museum_%2891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>A set of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sencha</i></span> utensils, <a href="/wiki/Sasashima_ware" title="Sasashima ware">Sasashima ware</a>, Maki Bokusai, <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, 18th–19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the formal traditions of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">matcha</i></span>, there are formal traditions of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">sencha</a></i></span>, distinguished as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Senchad%C5%8D" title="Senchadō">senchadō</a></i></span>, typically involving the high-grade <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">gyokuro</a></i></span> class of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sencha</i></span>. This offering, more Chinese in style, was introduced to Japan in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> school of Zen Buddhism, also more Chinese in style than earlier schools. In the 18th century, it was popularized by the Ōbaku monk <a href="/wiki/Baisao" title="Baisao">Baisao</a>, who sold tea in Kyoto, and later came to be regarded as the first <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sencha</i></span> master.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains associated with the Ōbaku school, and the head temple of <a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a> hosts regular <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sencha</i></span> tea conventions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higashiyama_culture" title="Higashiyama culture">Higashiyama culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics#Japanese_tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Japanese tea classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_utensils" title="Japanese tea utensils">Japanese tea utensils</a>, for a full list of utensils used in Japanese tea</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></i></span>, for information about the tea itself</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tea_ceremony" title="East Asian tea ceremony">East Asian tea ceremony</a>, for tea ceremony in East Asian culture as a whole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a>, or Tea ware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Tea culture in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSurak2013" class="citation book cs1">Surak, Kristin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=20929"><i>Making Tea, Making Japan: Cultural Nationalism in Practice</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7867-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7867-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7867-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Tea%2C+Making+Japan%3A+Cultural+Nationalism+in+Practice&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7867-1&rft.aulast=Surak&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D20929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hibiki-an.com/contents.php/cnID/18">"Japanese Tea Ceremony - JAPANESE GREEN TEA | HIBIKI-AN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Tea+Ceremony+-+JAPANESE+GREEN+TEA+%26%23124%3B+HIBIKI-AN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hibiki-an.com%2Fcontents.php%2FcnID%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240417144502/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sen-Rikyu">"Sen Rikyū"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100.yahoo.co.jp/detail/%E8%96%84%E8%8C%B6">the original</a> on 2016-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usucha&rft.btitle=Japanese+online+encyclopedia+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.au=Tsuitsui+Hiroichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F100.yahoo.co.jp%2Fdetail%2F%25E8%2596%2584%25E8%258C%25B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koicha-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koicha_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koicha_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuitsui_Hiroichi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsuitsui Hiroichi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323011853/http://100.yahoo.co.jp/detail/%E6%BF%83%E8%8C%B6/">"Koicha"</a>. <i>Japanese online encyclopedia of Japanese Culture</i> (in Japanese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chanoyu+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Appreciation+of+Zen+Scrolls&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=7-25&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4044546&rft.au=Haga+Koshiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urasenke.or.jp%2Ftexte%2Fstudy%2Fbook%2Fimage%2Fchanoyu-quarterly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/event/big_chabana.html">"Chabana Exhibition (27 May)"</a>. Embassy of Japan in the UK. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabana+Exhibition+%2827+May%29&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Japan+in+the+UK&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.emb-japan.go.jp%2Fen%2Fevent%2Fbig_chabana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nilufertea.com/8-interesting-facts-about-japanese-tea-ceremony/">"8 Interesting Facts About Japanese Tea Ceremony | Nilufer Tea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Interesting+Facts+About+Japanese+Tea+Ceremony+%7C+Nilufer+Tea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnilufertea.com%2F8-interesting-facts-about-japanese-tea-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumeyakimono.com/obi/fukuro-obi-green-tea">"Fukuro Obi – 抹茶 Green Tea"</a>. <i>Yumeya Kimono</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yumeya+Kimono&rft.atitle=Fukuro+Obi+%E2%80%93+%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6+Green+Tea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumeyakimono.com%2Fobi%2Ffukuro-obi-green-tea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obubutea.com/japanese-traditional-tea-garments/">"Japanese Traditional Tea Garments | Kyoto Obubu Tea Farms"</a>. <i>obubutea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obubutea.com&rft.atitle=Japanese+Traditional+Tea+Garments+%7C+Kyoto+Obubu+Tea+Farms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobubutea.com%2Fjapanese-traditional-tea-garments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1998" class="citation cs2">Graham, Patricia Jane (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_4kk_xcJ5cC"><i>Tea of the Sages: The Art of Sencha</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2087-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2087-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea+of+the+Sages%3A+The+Art+of+Sencha&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2087-9&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_4kk_xcJ5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairHoh2009" class="citation cs2">Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ"><i>The True History of Tea</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, p. 107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25146-1"><bdi>978-0-500-25146-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+History+of+Tea&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25146-1&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.au=Hoh%2C+Erling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_TR_PQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElison1983" class="citation book cs1">Elison, George (1983). <i>Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan</i> (Vol. 3 ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-623-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-623-1"><bdi>0-87011-623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodansha+Encyclopedia+of+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=Vol.+3&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87011-623-1&rft.aulast=Elison&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span> "History of Japan", section "Azuchi-Momoyama History (1568-1600)", particularly the part therein on "The Culture of the Period".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2007" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511145720/https://www.8books.co.uk/copy-of-mindful-design-1"><i>New Zen: The Tea-Ceremony Room in Modern Japanese Architecture</i></a>. London: 8 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554322-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554322-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9554322-0-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.8books.co.uk/copy-of-mindful-design-1">the original</a> on 2018-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zen%3A+The+Tea-Ceremony+Room+in+Modern+Japanese+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=8+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9554322-0-0&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.8books.co.uk%2Fcopy-of-mindful-design-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHondaShimazu1993" class="citation book cs1">Honda, Hiromu; Shimazu, Noriki (1993). <i>Vietnamese and Chinese Ceramics Used in the Japanese Tea Ceremony</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588607-8"><bdi>978-0-19-588607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+and+Chinese+Ceramics+Used+in+the+Japanese+Tea+Ceremony&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-588607-8&rft.aulast=Honda&rft.aufirst=Hiromu&rft.au=Shimazu%2C+Noriki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumakura2023" class="citation book cs1">Kumakura, Isao (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/culture/30ac055ba89f47a08ca40ebd78f148af78526b50.html"><i>Japanese Tea Culture: The Heart and Form of Chanoyu</i></a> (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-111-8"><bdi>978-4-86658-111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Tea+Culture%3A+The+Heart+and+Form+of+Chanoyu&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-4-86658-111-8&rft.aulast=Kumakura&rft.aufirst=Isao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpicinternational.com%2Fbooks%2Fculture%2F30ac055ba89f47a08ca40ebd78f148af78526b50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84980/rec/1"><i>Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-125-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-125-7"><bdi>978-0-87099-125-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Momoyama%2C+Japanese+Art+in+the+Age+of+Grandeur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-125-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F84980%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorishita2019" class="citation book cs1">Morishita, Noriko (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/culture/b9c35357b506e290c680de7d3ca2848daae1f6e0.html"><i>Every Day a Good Day: Fifteen lessons I learned about happiness from Japanese tea culture</i></a> (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86658-062-3"><bdi>978-4-86658-062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Day+a+Good+Day%3A+Fifteen+lessons+I+learned+about+happiness+from+Japanese+tea+culture&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-4-86658-062-3&rft.aulast=Morishita&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpicinternational.com%2Fbooks%2Fculture%2Fb9c35357b506e290c680de7d3ca2848daae1f6e0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurase,_Miyeko2003" class="citation book cs1">Murase, Miyeko, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/121226"><i>Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Point%3A+Oribe+and+the+Arts+of+Sixteenth-Century+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F121226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkakura1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Okakura_Kakuzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Okakura Kakuzo">Okakura, Kakuzo</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdOV7Cwiv94C&pg=PA1"><i>The Book of Tea</i></a>. Tokyo: Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605061351" title="Special:BookSources/9781605061351"><bdi>9781605061351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Tea&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9781605061351&rft.aulast=Okakura&rft.aufirst=Kakuzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdOV7Cwiv94C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitelka2003" class="citation book cs1">Pitelka, Morgan (2003). <i>Japanese Tea Culture: Art, History, and Practice</i>. London: RoutledgeCurzon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Tea+Culture%3A+Art%2C+History%2C+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pitelka&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrideaux2006" class="citation news cs1">Prideaux, Eric (26 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319151749/http://www.pripix.com/features/tea.htm">"Tea to Soothe the Soul"</a>. The Japan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pripix.com/features/tea.htm">the original</a> on 2017-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tea+to+Soothe+the+Soul&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft.aulast=Prideaux&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pripix.com%2Ffeatures%2Ftea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.L._Sadler" class="mw-redirect" title="A.L. Sadler">Sadler, A.L.</a> (1962). <i>Cha-No-Yu: The Japanese Tea Ceremony</i>. Tokyo: Tuttle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cha-No-Yu%3A+The+Japanese+Tea+Ceremony&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurak2013" class="citation book cs1">Surak, Kristin (2013). <i>Making Tea, Making Japan: Cultural Nationalism in Practice</i>. California: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Tea%2C+Making+Japan%3A+Cultural+Nationalism+in+Practice&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Surak&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanakaTanakaReischauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Tanaka, Seno; Tanaka, Sendo; Reischauer, Edwin O. (2000). <i>The Tea Ceremony</i> (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-2507-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-2507-6"><bdi>4-7700-2507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tea+Ceremony&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4-7700-2507-6&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Seno&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Sendo&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+Edwin+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuji1981" class="citation book cs1">Tsuji, Kaichi (1981). <i>Kaiseki: Zen Tastes in Japanese Cooking</i> (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-173-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-173-6"><bdi>0-87011-173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiseki%3A+Zen+Tastes+in+Japanese+Cooking&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87011-173-6&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=Kaichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+tea+ceremony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_tea_ceremony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chadō">Chadō</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanese-tea-ceremony.net/">Japanese Tea Ceremony</a> – Vast source of information with detailed explanation of preparation steps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdXGIiR9Mtk">[2]</a> Documentary with teamaster Soyu Yumi Mukai</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teas" title="Template:Teas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teas" title="Template talk:Teas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tea_(Camellia_sinensis)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a></i>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <br />varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_tea" title="Wuyi tea">Bohea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka#Ceylon_black_tea" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congou" title="Congou">Congou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianhong" title="Dianhong">Dianhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Monkey_tea" title="Golden Monkey tea">Golden Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Jun_Mei_tea" title="Jin Jun Mei tea">Jin Jun Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keemun" title="Keemun">Keemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_tea" title="Sikkim tea">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeti" title="Tibeti">Tibeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_tea" title="Rize tea">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingdehong_tea" title="Yingdehong tea">Yingdehong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oolong" title="Oolong">Oolong tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Jiguan_tea" title="Bai Jiguan tea">Bai Jiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Tian_Yao_tea" title="Ban Tian Yao tea">Ban Tian Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baozhong_tea" title="Baozhong tea">Baozhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Zhi_Chun_tea" title="Bu Zhi Chun tea">Bu Zhi Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Hong_Pao" title="Da Hong Pao">Da Hong Pao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Ding_tea" title="Dong Ding tea">Dong ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_meiren" title="Dongfang meiren">Dongfang meiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Shou_tea" title="Fo Shou tea">Fo Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_tea" title="High-mountain tea">Gaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjin_Gui" title="Huangjin Gui">Huangjin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Meigui_tea" title="Huang Meigui tea">Huang Meigui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xuan_tea" title="Jin Xuan tea">Jin Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilan_tea" title="Qilan tea">Qilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougui_tea" title="Rougui tea">Rougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_zhi" title="Ruan zhi">Ruan zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jin_Gui_tea" title="Shui Jin Gui tea">Shui Jin Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shui_Xian" title="Shui Xian">Shui Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieluohan_tea" title="Tieluohan tea">Tieluohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieguanyin" title="Tieguanyin">Tieguanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anji_bai_cha" title="Anji bai cha">Anji bai cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracha" title="Aracha">Aracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimao_Hou" title="Baimao Hou">Baimao Hou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biluochun" title="Biluochun">Biluochun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Mee" title="Chun Mee">Chun Mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafang_tea" title="Dafang tea">Dafang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an_Melon_Seed_tea" title="Lu'an Melon Seed tea">Lu'an Melon Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_tea" title="Gunpowder tea">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_houkui" title="Taiping houkui">Taiping houkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_Maofeng" title="Huangshan Maofeng">Huangshan Maofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyson" title="Hyson">Hyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Kabusecha" title="Sencha">Kabusecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamairicha" title="Kamairicha">Kamairicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konacha" title="Konacha">Konacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing_tea" title="Longjing tea">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang_Maojian_tea" title="Xinyang Maojian tea">Maojian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_(tea)" title="Mecha (tea)">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengding_Ganlu_tea" title="Mengding Ganlu tea">Mengding Ganlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha#Shincha" title="Sencha">Shincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaryokucha" title="Tamaryokucha">Tamaryokucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_tea" title="White tea">White tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baimudan_tea" title="Baimudan tea">Bai Mudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihao_Yinzhen" title="Baihao Yinzhen">Baihao Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoumei_tea" title="Shoumei tea">Shoumei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_tea" title="Yellow tea">Yellow tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_Yinzhen" title="Junshan Yinzhen">Junshan Yinzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshan_Huangya_tea" title="Huoshan Huangya tea">Huoshan Huangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">Pu-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncha" title="Doncha">Doncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">Lahpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives" title="Tea blending and additives">Blended or <br />flavoured teas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Grey_tea" title="Earl Grey tea">Earl Grey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Grey_(tea)" title="Lady Grey (tea)">Lady Grey</a>)</li> <li>Breakfast tea (<a href="/wiki/English_breakfast_tea" title="English breakfast tea">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Irish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">Jasmine tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapsang_souchong" title="Lapsang souchong">Lapsang souchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Caravan" title="Russian Caravan">Russian Caravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strobilanthes_tonkinensis" title="Strobilanthes tonkinensis">Strobilanthes tonkinensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Australia" title="Tea in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea" title="Chinese tea">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea" title="Korean tea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_tea" title="Nepali tea">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_tea" title="Vietnamese tea">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_tea_ceremony" title="East Asian tea ceremony">East Asian tea ceremony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea" title="Gongfu tea">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_tea_ceremony" title="Ryukyuan tea ceremony">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse or tearoom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">Cha chaan teng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tea_culture" title="Argentine tea culture">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tea_culture" title="Brazilian tea culture">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_tea_culture" title="Dominican tea culture">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_tea_culture" title="Hong Kong tea culture">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture_in_Japan" title="Tea culture in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_tea_culture" title="Mexican tea culture">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_tea_culture" title="Senegalese tea culture">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea" title="History of tea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tea in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_India" title="History of tea in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production and <br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_grading" title="Tea leaf grading">Leaf grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_processing" title="Tea processing">Processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tasting" title="Tea tasting">Tasting</a></li> <li>Cultivation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_diseases" title="List of tea diseases">Diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tea_companies" title="List of tea companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tea_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by tea consumption per capita">Consumption by country</a></li> <li>Auctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Tea_Auction" title="London Tea Auction">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Tea_Auction" title="Chittagong Tea Auction">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Tea_Auction_Centre" title="Guwahati Tea Auction Centre">Guwahati</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya" title="Tea production in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Rwanda" title="Tea production in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_tea" title="Flowering tea">Flowering teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">Compressed tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">ISO procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_lady" title="Tea lady">Tea lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tea" title="Health effects of tea">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_tea" title="Phenolic content in tea">Phenolic content</a></li> <li>Compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">Epigallocatechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaflavin" title="Theaflavin">Theaflavin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea-based <br />drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">Bubble tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_tea" title="Builder's tea">Builder's tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_milk_tea" title="Burmese milk tea">Burmese milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifir" title="Chifir">Chifir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodh_pati_chai" title="Doodh pati chai">Doodh pati chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93style_milk_tea" title="Hong Kong–style milk tea">Hong Kong–style milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_tea" title="Iced tea">Iced tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_(drink)" title="Arnold Palmer (drink)">Arnold Palmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">Milk tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_chai" title="Noon chai">Noon chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-color_tea" title="Seven-color tea">Seven-color tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_haleeb" title="Shahi haleeb">Shahi haleeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suutei_tsai" title="Suutei tsai">Suutei tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Teh tarik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tea" title="Thai tea">Thai tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaware" title="Teaware">Teaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_chest" title="Tea chest">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_caddy" title="Tea caddy">Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infuser" title="Infuser">Infuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_strainer" title="Tea strainer">Strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacup" title="Teacup">Teacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">Teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiwan" title="Gaiwan">Gaiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_set" title="Tea set">Tea set</a></li></ul></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_classics" title="Tea classics">Tea classics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">List of Chinese teas</a></li> <li>Teas of related species <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia japonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua" title="Camellia sasanqua">Camellia sasanqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_taliensis" title="Camellia taliensis">Camellia taliensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tea research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipton_Institute_of_Tea" title="Lipton Institute of Tea">Lipton Institute of Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Research_and_Extension_Station" title="Tea Research and Extension Station">Tea Research and Extension Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Herbal_tea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime_tea" title="Dried lime tea">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_tea" title="Ginger tea">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilex_guayusa" title="Ilex guayusa">Guayusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koththamalli" title="Koththamalli">Koththamalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuding" title="Kuding">Kuding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">Rooibos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tea" title="Category:Tea">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/981955/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chadō"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4199821-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069725">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119600708">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119600708">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573566">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX555425">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531532605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027594440">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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