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<li id="toc-Origin_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_horse_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_horse_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early horse imports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_horse_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_feral_herds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_feral_herds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Origin of feral herds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_feral_herds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pangaré_brumbies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangaré_brumbies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pangaré brumbies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangaré_brumbies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button 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id="toc-Management_in_national_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_national_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_national_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In national culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_national_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby_(Pferd)" title="Brumby (Pferd) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brumby (Pferd)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99" title="סוס ברומבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוס ברומבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brambijs" title="Brambijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brambijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby-l%C3%B3" title="Brumby-ló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brumby-ló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby_(paard)" title="Brumby (paard) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brumby (paard)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Брамби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брамби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brumby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%B1a_hoang_%C3%9Ac" title="Ngựa hoang Úc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngựa hoang Úc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feral horse in Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brumby_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brumby (disambiguation)">Brumby (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Brumby</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brumbies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small group of dark-colored horses standing near a dirt road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brumbies.jpg/250px-Brumbies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brumbies.jpg/330px-Brumbies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brumbies.jpg/500px-Brumbies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brumbies near the <a href="/wiki/Sandover_Highway" title="Sandover Highway">Sandover Highway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><span class="trinominal"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></span></i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>brumby</b> is a free-roaming <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Although found in many areas around the country, the best-known brumbies are found in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a> region. Today, most of them are found in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, with the second largest population in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. A group of brumbies is known as a "mob" or "band".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brumbies are the descendants of escaped or lost horses, dating back in some cases to those belonging to the early European settlers. Today they live in many places, including some National Parks, notably <a href="/wiki/Alpine_National_Park" title="Alpine National Park">Alpine National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Tops_National_Park" title="Barrington Tops National Park">Barrington Tops National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park" title="Kosciuszko National Park">Kosciuszko National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_National_Park" title="Carnarvon National Park">Carnarvon National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. Occasionally they are <a href="/wiki/Muster_(livestock)" title="Muster (livestock)">mustered</a> and tamed for use as <a href="/wiki/Campdrafting" title="Campdrafting">campdrafters</a>, working <a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">stock horses</a> on farms or <a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">stations</a>, but also as <a href="/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">trail horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">show horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pony_Club" title="Pony Club">Pony Club</a> mounts and pleasure horses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the subject of some controversy – regarded as a pest and threat to native <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> by environmentalists and the government,<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also valued by others as part of Australia's heritage, with supporters working to prevent inhumane treatment or extermination, and rehoming brumbies who have been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no known predators of feral horses in Australia, although it is possible that dingoes or feral dogs occasionally take foals. On average, 20% of the feral horse population dies each year, mainly from drought, poisonous plants and parasites. Few feral horses reach 20 years of age. The maximum possible rate that feral horse numbers can increase is 20–25% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Csurhes_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csurhes_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>brumby</i> refers to a feral horse in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier nineteenth-century terms for wild horses in rural Australia included <i>clear-skins</i> and <i>scrubbers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known use of <i>brumby</i> in speech (1862, recorded 1896) is on the plains around the <a href="/wiki/Barwon_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Barwon River (New South Wales)">Barwon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narran_River" title="Narran River">Narran River</a> in northern New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two oldest known appearances in print (from <a href="/wiki/Walgett,_New_South_Wales" title="Walgett, New South Wales">Walgett, New South Wales</a> in 1871<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St_George,_Queensland" title="St George, Queensland">St George, Queensland</a> in 1874)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are both from this area, and the next two - letters to <a href="/wiki/The_Queenslander" title="The Queenslander">The Queenslander</a> in 1874<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1875<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - are from a self-described 'slayer of brumbies' living in Boobera, near <a href="/wiki/Goondiwindi" title="Goondiwindi">Goondiwindi</a>, just to the east. In the first two articles <i>brumby</i> is used in metaphors with the connotation of an inferior animal and the two letters from Boobera describe the brumby problem and depict the hardships of the brumby shooter. </p><p>Altogether in the ten years from the first (1871) appearance, a <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a> search of Australian newspapers found just 23 more articles in newspapers and an almanac containing <i>brumby</i>, meaning a wild horse, plus five instances where one of these articles was copied into another newspaper. Four of these instances were of an article "Brumbie Shooting"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>Munro's Port Curtis Almanac and Miners' and Settlers' Companion for 1876</i>. In all 15 of the 24 articles referred to <a href="/wiki/Brumby_shooting" title="Brumby shooting">brumby shooting</a> or hunting. </p><p>Generally from these articles it is evident that <i>brumby</i> was a new word and therefore probably unfamiliar to newspaper readers at that time (i.e. 1870s). One article mentions <i>a mob of scrubbers; or, as they have been called in the latter days, "brumbies"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another asks, <i>do your town-readers know what it is,—or who, or what is a "brumbie"? It simply means a wild horse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Other articles follow the word <i>brumby</i> with the meaning - usually wild horse or unbranded horse, some adding that it is a bush or Queensland word. </p><p>The <i>Australasian</i> magazine from Melbourne in 1880 said that <i>brumbies</i> was the bush name in Queensland for 'wild' horses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, the <i>Once a Month</i> magazine suggested that <i>brumbies</i> was a New South Wales term, and the poet <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a> stated in the introduction for his poem <i>Brumby's Run</i> published in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">Bulletin</a> in 1894 that <i>brumby</i> is the Aboriginal word for a wild horse.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its derivation is obscure,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have come about from one or more of the following possibilities: </p> <ol><li>Horses left behind by Sergeant James Brumby from his property at Mulgrave Place in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, when he left for <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> word <i><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">baroomby</i></span></i> meaning "wild" in the language of the Pitjara <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Warrego_River" title="Warrego River">Warrego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nogoa_River" title="Nogoa River">Nogoa Rivers</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is supposed to have spread from that district in about 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A letter in 1896 to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> says that <i>baroombie</i> is the word for horse among the Aboriginal people of the <a href="/wiki/Balonne_River" title="Balonne River">Balonne</a>, Nebine, <a href="/wiki/Warrego_River" title="Warrego River">Warrego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulloo_River" title="Bulloo River">Bulloo Rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brumby_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brumby-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Baramba, which was the name of a creek and station in the Queensland district of <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Burnett" title="Shire of Burnett">Burnett</a>, established in the 1840s and later abandoned, leaving many of the horses to escape into the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-AE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It has also been suggested that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> word <i>bromach</i> or <i>bromaigh</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Colt_(horse)" title="Colt (horse)">colt</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Brumby_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brumby-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_horse_imports">Early horse imports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early horse imports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horses first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1788 with the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>. They were imported for farm and utility work; recreational riding and racing were not major activities. By 1800, only about 200 horses are thought to have reached Australia. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> became popular around 1810, resulting in an influx of <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> imports, mostly from England. Roughly 3,500 horses were living in Australia by 1820 and this number had grown to 160,000 by 1850, largely due to natural increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbie_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long journey by sea from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> meant that only the strongest horses survived the trip, making for a particularly healthy and strong Australian stock, which aided in their ability to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_feral_herds">Origin of feral herds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of feral herds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brumby-Aramut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of a well-groomed brumby standing sideways to the camera, wearing a Barcoo bridle but no saddle, set up in a squared-up conformation stance, as if at a horse show." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brumby-Aramut.jpg/220px-Brumby-Aramut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brumby-Aramut.jpg/330px-Brumby-Aramut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brumby-Aramut.jpg/440px-Brumby-Aramut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>A brumby that was caught in the <a href="/wiki/Apsley_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Apsley River (New South Wales)">Apsley River</a> Gorge.</figcaption></figure> <p>Horses were likely confined primarily to the <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> region until the early 19th century, when settlers first crossed the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mountains (Australia)">Blue Mountains</a> and opened expansion inland. Horses were required for travel, and for cattle and sheep droving as the pastoral industry grew. The first report of an escaped horse is in 1804 and by the 1840s, some horses had escaped from settled regions of Australia. It is likely that some escaped because fences were not properly installed, if fences existed at all,<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is believed that most Australian horses became <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> because they were released into the wild and left to fend for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been the result of pastoralists abandoning their settlements and thus, their horses, due to the arid conditions and unfamiliar land that combined to make farming in Australia especially difficult. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the demand for horses by defence forces declined with the growth in mechanisation, which led to a growth in the number of unwanted animals that were often set free. Throughout the 20th century, the replacement of horses with machines in farming led to further reductions in demand, and may have also contributed to increases in feral populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the most current survey – from 2011 – found at least 400,000 horses roamed the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-SenateReportCh2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenateReportCh2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also estimated that, during non-<a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">drought</a> periods, the feral horse population increases at a rate of 20 percent per year.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought conditions and brushfires are natural threats.<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite population numbers, feral horses are generally considered to be a moderate pest.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where they are allowed to damage vegetation and cause erosion, the impact on the environment is significant, and for that reason can be considered a serious environmental threat. However, because they also have cultural and potential economic value, the management of brumbies presents a complex issue.<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brumbies roaming in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a> of south-eastern Australia are thought to be descendants of horses which were owned by the pastoralist and pioneer, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boyd" title="Benjamin Boyd">Benjamin Boyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AE_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feral horses in <a href="/wiki/Barmah_National_Park" title="Barmah National Park">Barmah National Park</a> mainly originate from stock released by a local horse breeder after 1952, there was no significant long term population of "wild" horses in the park area prior to this date.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangaré_brumbies"><span id="Pangar.C3.A9_brumbies"></span>Pangaré brumbies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pangaré brumbies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the coast south of <a href="/wiki/Geraldton,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldton, Western Australia">Geraldton, Western Australia</a> the brumbies there are known as "Pangare ponies", as they appear to carry the rare <a href="/wiki/Pangar%C3%A9" title="Pangaré">Pangaré</a> gene. This colouring is commonly known as <i>mealy</i> and is seen mainly in a number of old breeds such as British Ponies, <a href="/wiki/Timor_Pony" title="Timor Pony">Timor Ponies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haflinger_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haflinger (horse)">Haflingers</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Draught" title="Belgian Draught">Belgian Draught</a> horses. The gene causes lightening in parts of a horse's coat, resulting in a mealy-coloured muzzle, forearms, flanks and the belly. It is sometimes seen in <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut (coat)">chestnut</a> horses with <a href="/wiki/Flaxen_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxen gene">flaxen</a>-coloured manes and tails.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pangaré brumbies appear to have adapted well to their coastal environment, where they are consuming <a href="/wiki/Atriplex" title="Atriplex">saltbush</a>, which they do not appear to be damaging. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation_(Western_Australia)" title="Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)">Department of Environment and Conservation</a> and the Outback Heritage Horse Association of Western Australia (OHHAWA) are monitoring these particular brumbies to ensure the careful management of these unusual feral horses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brumby-Malee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bay horse (brown body with black mane and tail) wearing a headcollar, standing in a green paddock with trees in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumby-Malee.jpg/220px-Brumby-Malee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumby-Malee.jpg/330px-Brumby-Malee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumby-Malee.jpg/440px-Brumby-Malee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>This brumby was used as a safe and reliable mount for a rider who was in her 70s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brumbies have been captured, fitted with <a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">GPS tracking</a> collars and used in extensive comparative research into the effect of terrain on the morphology and health of different horses' hooves. They have their paths of movement, diet, watering patterns and mob structure tracked and recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captured brumbies can be trained as stock horses and other saddle horses. Encouraging viewing of feral herds may also have potential as a tourist attraction. Brumbies are sometimes sold into the European <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a> market after their capture, and contribute millions of dollars to the Australian economy. Approximately 30% of horses for meat export originates from the feral population. The hides and hair of these horses are also used and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbie_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild brumbies are used in brumby training camps by organisations that promote positive interaction between troubled, high-risk youths. These camps usually last several weeks, allowing youths to train a wild brumby to become a quiet, willing saddle horse while improving the youths' self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild brumbies are also used in the brumby catch and handle event in stockman's challenge competitions, where riders are required to catch a free running brumby from their horse within a time limit of a few minutes. Sectional points are awarded for the stockman's challenge for care and skill in catching the brumby and their ability to teach them to lead. These demanding challenges for riders are held in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dalgety,_New_South_Wales" title="Dalgety, New South Wales">Dalgety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murrurundi,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Murrurundi, New South Wales">Murrurundi</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)" title="The Man from Snowy River (poem)">The Man From Snowy River</a> Challenge</i> in <a href="/wiki/Corryong,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Corryong, Victoria">Corryong, Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> show societies, including <a href="/wiki/Walcha,_New_South_Wales" title="Walcha, New South Wales">Walcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellingen,_New_South_Wales" title="Bellingen, New South Wales">Bellingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorrigo,_New_South_Wales" title="Dorrigo, New South Wales">Dorrigo</a>, hold special classes for registered brumbies at their annual <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_show" title="Agricultural show">agricultural shows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Land_Magazine_p.3,_19_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Land_Magazine_p.3,_19-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small group of horses grazing next to a paved road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg/250px-Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg/330px-Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg/500px-Alpine_Way_brumbies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Brumbies grazing on <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Way" title="Alpine Way">Alpine Way</a> near Dead Horse Gap</figcaption></figure> <p>Horses were first described as pests in Australia in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their environmental impact may include soil loss, compaction, and erosion; trampling of vegetation; reduction in the vastness of plants; increased tree deaths by chewing on bark; damage to bog habitats and waterholes; spreading of invasive weeds; and various detrimental effects on population of native species.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, when feral horses are startled, they may damage infrastructure, including troughs, pipes, and fences.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbie_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, brumbies are also credited for helping keep tracks and trails clear for bush walkers and service vehicles in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the impact of <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a> has exacerbated the impact of brumbies as native species struggle to adapt to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albeck_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albeck-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brumby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brumby.jpg/220px-Brumby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brumby.jpg/330px-Brumby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brumby.jpg/440px-Brumby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="3133" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of brumbies in Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>In some habitats, hooves of free-roaming horses compact the soil, and when the soil is compacted, air spaces are minimised, leaving nowhere for water to collect.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyring90_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyring90-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this occurs, soil in areas where horses are prevalent has a water penetration resistance over 15 times higher than that in areas without horses.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trampling also causes soil erosion and damages vegetation, and because the soil cannot hold water, plant regrowth is hindered.<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse trampling also has the potential to damage waterways and bog habitats. Trampling near streams increases runoff, reducing the quality of the water and causing harm to the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> of the waterway.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse excrement carcasses that result when feral horses perish add to the negative environmental impact of feral horses in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpine areas, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park" title="Kosciuszko National Park">Kosciuszko National Park</a>, are at particular risk; low-growing <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine flora</a> is highly vulnerable to trampling, and the short summers mean little time for plants to grow and recover from damage. The biodiversity there is high, with 853 species of plant, 21 of which are found nowhere else. Erosion in the limestone karst areas leads to runoff and silting. <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a> moss is an important component of highland bogs, and is trampled by horses seeking water.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feral horses may also reduce the richness of plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyring90_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyring90-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure of soil caused by trampling and vegetation removal via grazing, combined with increased nutrients being recycled by horse dung, favour weed species, which then invade the region and overtake native species, diminishing their diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispersal of weeds is aided by the attachment of seeds to the horses' manes and tails, and are also transferred via horse dung after consumption of weeds in one location and excrement in another. Although the effects of the weeds that actually germinate after transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concern to those interested in the survival of native plant species in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect on plants and plant habitats are more pronounced during droughts, when horses travel greater distances to find food and water. They consume the already threatened and limited vegetation, and their negative influences are more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feral horses may also chew the bark of trees, which may leave some trees vulnerable to external threats. This has occurred during drought, among <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> species on the Red Range plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears as though feral horses may prefer these species.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_other_animal_species">Interaction with other animal species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interaction with other animal species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The changes in vegetation that result when feral horses overpopulate a region affects bird species by removing plants upon which they feed, as well as altering the habitat of the birds and their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feral horse grazing is also linked to a decline in reptiles and amphibians due to habitat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the grazing and trampling near waterways influences aquatic fauna. In areas frequented by horses, crab densities are higher, increasing the propensity for predation on fish. As a result, fish densities decline as the removal of vegetation renders them more susceptible to predation.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where horses are abundant, <a href="/wiki/Macropodidae" title="Macropodidae">macropod</a> populations are less prevalent. This is most likely due to the horses' consumption of vegetation upon which the macropods normally feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When horses are removed, signs of the presence of various macropods, specifically the black-footed <a href="/wiki/Rock_wallaby" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock wallaby">rock wallaby</a>, increase. Thus, competition with horses may be the reason for the decline in macropod populations in certain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brumby populations also may have the potential to pass <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> and exotic diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Equine_influenza" title="Equine influenza">equine influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_horse_sickness" title="African horse sickness">African horse sickness</a>, to domestic horses and other animals, including humans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also may carry <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">tick fever</a>, which can be passed to both horses and cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-AGDEH_2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGDEH_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disease can lead to high fatalities and financial losses among domestic populations, prompting many farmers to call for the regulated management of feral horses. </p><p>Like all livestock, brumbies can carry the parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a></i>, which can result in serious <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> in people, from drinking contaminated water.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_management">Population management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakadu_brumbies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of horses grazing in a field with a lake in the foreground and a forest in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kakadu_brumbies.jpg/250px-Kakadu_brumbies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kakadu_brumbies.jpg/330px-Kakadu_brumbies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kakadu_brumbies.jpg/500px-Kakadu_brumbies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Brumbies, <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although poor management of feral horses may pose an ecological and environmental threat in some parts of Australia, their management is made difficult by issues of feasibility and public concern. Currently, management attempts vary, as feral horses are considered pests in some states, such as <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, but not others, including <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also controversy over removal of brumbies from National Parks. The primary argument in favour of the removal of brumbies is that they impact on fragile ecosystems and damage and destroy endangered native flora and fauna. </p><p>Public concern is a major issue in control efforts<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many advocate for the protection of brumbies, including some <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> people who believe feral horses belong to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbie_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other horse interest groups resent the labelling of horses as "feral" and are completely opposed to any measures that threaten their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> groups such as the RSPCA reluctantly accept <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a>, other organisations such as Save the Brumbies oppose lethal culling techniques and attempt to organise relocation of the animals instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, conservationist groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation" title="Australian Conservation Foundation">Australian Conservation Foundation</a>, favour humane culling as a means of control because of the damage brumby overpopulation can cause to native flora and fauna, but are also generally opposed to various means of extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes management a challenge for policymakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_control_methods">Population control methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population control methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal population control">Animal population control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brumbies-2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four thin horses and a foal in a pen fenced with pipe panels, some eating hay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumbies-2006.JPG/250px-Brumbies-2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumbies-2006.JPG/330px-Brumbies-2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Brumbies-2006.JPG/500px-Brumbies-2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Brumbies awaiting their sale and new homes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional method of removal, called brumby running, is reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>'s iconic poem, <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)" title="The Man from Snowy River (poem)"><i>The Man from Snowy River</i></a> where expert riders rope the brumbies and remove them to a new location.<sup id="cite_ref-AE_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Options for population control include fertility control, ground and helicopter shooting, and mustering and trapping. None of the methods provide complete freedom from suffering for the horses, and the cost of each is very high. The costs include those that are economic, such as research, equipment purchases, and labour expenditures, as well as moral concerns over the welfare of the horses. As a result, more effective and efficient means of control have been called for.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbie_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbie-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fertility control is a non-lethal method of population management that is usually viewed as the most humane treatment,<sup id="cite_ref-Killan_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its use is supported by the RSPCA.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it appears as though these treatments are effective in the breeding season immediately following injection, the lasting effects are debated. Because it is costly and difficult to treat animals repeatedly, this method, despite being ideal, is not widely implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-Killan_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shooting by trained marksmen is considered to be the most practical method of control due to its effectiveness. The NSW Department of Primary Industries believe shooting is the preferred method of population control as it does not subject the horses to the stresses of mustering, yarding, and long-distance transportation, all of which are related to 'capture and removal' methods.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses that are only initially wounded from shooting are tracked and dispatched if they are in accessible, open country. Brumbie advocacy groups do not consider mountain shooting to be humane.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helicopter shootings allow for aerial reconnaissance of a large area to target the densest populations and shooters may get close enough to the target animals to ensure termination.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is considered the most effective and cost efficient means of control, but disapproval is high amongst those that believe it is inhumane.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisations supporting brumbies argue that aerial shooting is unnecessary and that alternative population control methods have not been given adequate trials, while government officials express concern about the need to control rapidly growing populations in order to avoid ecological problems associated with too many feral horses in certain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustering is a labour-intensive process that results in one of two major outcomes: slaughter for sale, or relocation. It may be assisted by feed-luring in which bales of hay are strategically placed to attract feral horses to a location where capture is feasible. Complicating this process is low demand for the captured horses, making it less desirable than fertility control or shooting, which reduce the population without having to find alternative locations for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_in_national_parks">Management in national parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Management in national parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macleay_brumbies.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small group of horses just visible at the end of a field with tall forested hills behind them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macleay_brumbies.JPG/220px-Macleay_brumbies.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macleay_brumbies.JPG/330px-Macleay_brumbies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macleay_brumbies.JPG/440px-Macleay_brumbies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Brumbies on the Chandler River, Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the estimated number of brumbies in Kosciuszko National Park is 18,000,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from 14,000 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 22 October and 24 October 2000, approximately 600 brumbies were shot in the <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_River_National_Park" title="Guy Fawkes River National Park">Guy Fawkes River National Park</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)">National Parks and Wildlife Service</a>. As a result of the public outcry that followed the NSW Government established a steering committee to investigate alternative methods of control.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the campaign began to remove horses from the national park, over 400 have been passively trapped and taken from the Park, and 200 of these have been re-homed.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Land_Magazine_p.3,_19_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Land_Magazine_p.3,_19-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particular feral horse of Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Bay_pony" title="Coffin Bay pony">Coffin Bay pony</a>, was completely removed from the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Bay_National_Park" title="Coffin Bay National Park">Coffin Bay National Park</a> and relocated to a neighbouring parcel of land by 2004. This was a result of a public outcry to a previously proposed plan by South Australia's Department of Environment and Natural Resources to cull all animals in the park.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service cull during 2006 and 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park" title="Kosciuszko National Park">Kosciuszko National Park</a>, where there were an estimated 1700 horses in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in a reduction of 64 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service commenced a plan in 2007 to reduce brumby numbers by passive trapping in the <a href="/wiki/Oxley_Wild_Rivers_National_Park" title="Oxley Wild Rivers National Park">Oxley Wild Rivers National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 60 brumbies captured in the <a href="/wiki/Apsley_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Apsley River (New South Wales)">Apsley River</a> Gorge have now been re-homed. </p><p>In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in Carnarvon Gorge in <a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_National_Park" title="Carnarvon National Park">Carnarvon National Park</a>, Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_national_culture">In national culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In national culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brumbies are considered a part of Australia's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia#Colonisation" title="History of Australia">colonial history</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Colonisation) has been deleted. (2024-11-24)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> and as such their historic legacy is as politically controversial as their biological impact. Supporters of brumby preservation, especially those who live in rural areas, consider them an integral part of their culture and heritage. Others view them as a vestige of <a href="/wiki/Colonialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialization">colonisation</a>, reflecting the dispossession of Aboriginal people's land stewardship and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Albeck_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albeck-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brumbies, called "wild bush horses", are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)" title="The Man from Snowy River (poem)">The Man from Snowy River</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paterson and extracts of his poem has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_$10_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian $10 note">Australian $10 note</a> since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This poem was expanded into the films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)" title="The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)">The Man from Snowy River</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_II" title="The Man from Snowy River II">The Man from Snowy River II</a></i> (US title: "<i>Return to Snowy River</i>" – UK title: "<i>The Untamed</i>") – also <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(TV_series)" title="The Man from Snowy River (TV series)">The Man from Snowy River (TV series)</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River:_Arena_Spectacular" title="The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular">The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular</a></i>. Another Banjo Paterson poem, called <i>Brumby's Run</i>, describes a mob of brumbies running wild. Paterson was inspired to write the poem when he read of a <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> Supreme Court Judge, who on hearing of brumby horses, asked: "Who is Brumby, and where is his <a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">Run</a>?" </p><p>The popular <a href="/wiki/Silver_Brumby" title="Silver Brumby">Silver Brumby</a> books by <a href="/wiki/Elyne_Mitchell" title="Elyne Mitchell">Elyne Mitchell</a> were written for children and young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories describe the adventures of Thowra, a brumby stallion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories were dramatised and made into <a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Brumby_(film)" title="The Silver Brumby (film)">a movie of the same name</a> (also known as <i>The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies</i>), starring <a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Goodall" title="Caroline Goodall">Caroline Goodall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books were also used as a base for an <a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Brumby_(TV_series)" title="The Silver Brumby (TV series)">animated children's television series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brumby was adopted as an emblem in 1996 by then newly formed <a href="/wiki/Brumbies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumbies">ACT Brumbies</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team based in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> competing in what was then known as Super 12, now <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a> sold a small <a href="/wiki/Coupe_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe utility">coupe utility</a> in Australia under the model name Brumby. It was known in other markets by various other names, including Shifter, 284 and <a href="/wiki/Subaru_BRAT" title="Subaru BRAT">BRAT</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_Australia" title="Invasive species in Australia">Invasive species in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimanawa_horse" title="Kaimanawa horse">Kaimanawa horse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_Wild_Horse_Heritage_Act_2018_(NSW)" title="Kosciuszko Wild Horse Heritage Act 2018 (NSW)">Kosciuszko Wild Horse Heritage Act 2018</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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In Nimmo (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Conservation-and-the-Environment/Horse-Culling/1157">Burke's Backyard: Horse Culling</a> Retrieved 2009-12-1-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Environment ACT 2007, Namadgi National Park Feral Horse Management Plan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nimmo, D. G., Miller, K., & Adams, R. (2007). 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Accessed online 20 December 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1991). Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ABC News: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2092229.htm">"Brumby removal plan sparks community debate"</a> Retrieved 2009-12-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Killan-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Killan_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Killan_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Killian, G. L. A., Miller, N. K., Diehl, J., Rhyan, J., and Thain, D. (2004) "Evaluation of three contraceptive approaches for population control of wild horses." <i>Proceedings of the 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference,</i> 21, 263–268. In Nimmo (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008072024/http://nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/feral/horse.html">"Feral Animals of the Northern Territory"</a>. Northern Territory Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/feral/horse.html/">the original</a> on 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extranet.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/LLAE/viewpoint/sp02bo.shtml">the original</a> on 30 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tribute%3A+ELYNE+MITCHELL%2C+1913%E2%80%932002+MATRIARCH+OF+THE+HIGH+COUNTRY.+Viewpoint%3A+On+Books+for+Young+Adults+Volume+10%2C+Number+3%2C+Spring+2002&rft.au=Prentice%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextranet.edfac.unimelb.edu.au%2FLLAE%2Fviewpoint%2Fsp02bo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrumby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0006754708">Amazon.com listing, containing a review from <i>School Library Journal</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108137/">iMDB on The Silver Brumby</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aso.gov.au/titles/series/silver-brumby/">"The Silver Brumby on ASO - Australia's audio and visual heritage online"</a>. <i>aso.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aso.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Silver+Brumby+on+ASO+-+Australia%27s+audio+and+visual+heritage+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faso.gov.au%2Ftitles%2Fseries%2Fsilver-brumby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrumby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brumbies.com.au/">"Official site of Brumbies Rugby"</a>. CA Brumbies. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+site+of+Brumbies+Rugby&rft.pub=CA+Brumbies&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brumbies.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrumby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/KNPHorseManagementPlanFinal08.pdf"><i>Kosciuszko National Park Horse Management Plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Climate Change, NSW Government. December 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74122-831-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74122-831-1"><bdi>978-1-74122-831-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosciuszko+National+Park+Horse+Management+Plan&rft.pub=NSW+National+Parks+and+Wildlife+Service%2C+Department+of+Environment+and+Climate+Change%2C+NSW+Government&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=978-1-74122-831-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fnature%2FKNPHorseManagementPlanFinal08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrumby" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brumby&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202035359/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20020626034">National Parks Wild Horse Control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/australianbrumby/">Okstate: Australian Brumby</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104171749/http://www.savethebrumbies.org/">Save The Brumbies Inc</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brumby&oldid=1282431624">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brumby&oldid=1282431624</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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