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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>The technological landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/nrm.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { 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Collectively, these methods are revolutionizing molecular cell biology research. In this comprehensive Review, we discuss established multi-omics technologies as well as cutting-edge and state-of-the-art methods in the field. We discuss how multi-omics technologies have been adapted and improved over the past decade using a framework characterized by optimization of throughput and resolution, modality integration, uniqueness and accuracy, and we also discuss multi-omics limitations. We highlight the impact that single-cell multi-omics technologies have had in cell lineage tracing, tissue-specific and cell-specific atlas production, tumour immunology and cancer genetics, and in mapping of cellular spatial information in fundamental and translational research. Finally, we discuss bioinformatics tools that have been developed to link different omics modalities and elucidate functionality through the use of better mathematical modelling and computational methods. Single-cell multi-omics methods are essential for characterizing cell states and types. The past decade has ushered in improvements in spatial resolution and computational data integration and in new omics modalities. 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landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alev-Baysoy-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Alev-Baysoy-Aff1" data-author-search="Baysoy, Alev">Alev Baysoy</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zhiliang-Bai-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Zhiliang-Bai-Aff1" data-author-search="Bai, Zhiliang">Zhiliang Bai</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-3057"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-3057</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rahul-Satija-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Rahul-Satija-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Satija, Rahul">Rahul Satija</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-8833"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-8833</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Rong-Fan-Aff1-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Rong-Fan-Aff1-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Fan, Rong" data-corresp-id="c1">Rong Fan<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-8059"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-8059</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nrm" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 24</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>695–713 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">106k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">116 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41580-023-00615-w/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/next-generation-sequencing" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Next-generation sequencing</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/protein-protein-interaction-networks" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Protein–protein interaction networks</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/transcriptomics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Transcriptomics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Single-cell multi-omics technologies and methods characterize cell states and activities by simultaneously integrating various single-modality omics methods that profile the transcriptome, genome, epigenome, epitranscriptome, proteome, metabolome and other (emerging) omics. Collectively, these methods are revolutionizing molecular cell biology research. In this comprehensive Review, we discuss established multi-omics technologies as well as cutting-edge and state-of-the-art methods in the field. We discuss how multi-omics technologies have been adapted and improved over the past decade using a framework characterized by optimization of throughput and resolution, modality integration, uniqueness and accuracy, and we also discuss multi-omics limitations. We highlight the impact that single-cell multi-omics technologies have had in cell lineage tracing, tissue-specific and cell-specific atlas production, tumour immunology and cancer genetics, and in mapping of cellular spatial information in fundamental and translational research. 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experiments.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41580-023-00615-w/MediaObjects/41580_2023_615_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41580-023-00615-w/MediaObjects/41580_2023_615_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="225"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4: Towards spatially resolved multi-omics.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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RF1MH128876, U54AG076043, U54AG079759, UG3CA257393, UH3CA257393, R01CA245313 and U54CA274509 to R.F.).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>These authors contributed equally: Alev Baysoy, Zhiliang Bai.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alev Baysoy, Zhiliang Bai & Rong Fan</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rahul Satija</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rahul Satija</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rong Fan</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rong Fan</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Alev-Baysoy-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Alev Baysoy</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Alev%20Baysoy" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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All authors contributed substantially to discussion of the content, wrote the article and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:rong.fan@yale.edu">Rong Fan</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>R.F. is scientific founder and adviser for IsoPlexis, Singleron Biotechnologies and AtlasXomics. The interests of R.F. were reviewed and managed by Yale University Provost’s Office in accordance with the University’s conflict of interest policies. In the past three years, R.S. has worked as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Regeneron and Kallyope and served as an Scientific Advisory Board member for ImmunAI, Resolve Biosciences, Nanostring and the NYC Pandemic Response Lab. A.B. and Z.B. declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology</i> thanks Leng Han, Rafael Kramann and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Related links</h3><p><b>The Cancer Genome Atlas:</b> <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/tcga">https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/tcga</a></p></div></div></section><section data-title="Glossary"><div class="c-article-section" id="glossary-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="glossary">Glossary</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="glossary-content"><dl class="c-description-list"><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos2">Barcoding</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Labelling of individual cells with unique nucleic acid sequences (barcodes).</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos5">Cell multiplexing</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The labelling of a sample of cells or nuclei with molecular tags or oligonucleotides, followed by mixing of this sample with other tagged or labelled samples.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos19">Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A form of immunotherapy that harnesses the power of the immune system to attack cancer cells by weaponizing the T cells of the patient with a chimeric antigen receptor.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos7">Copy number variations</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Variations in the number of copies of a specific DNA segment in the genomes of different individuals owing to duplications, deletions and insertions.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos6">CpG islands</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Regions in gene promoters with over 50% CpG dinucleotide content, which are often methylated and function in gene regulation.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos20">Feature spaces</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The <i>n</i> dimensions in which your variables live.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos18">Immune-checkpoint blockade</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>(ICB) A type of immunotherapy that blocks immune checkpoint proteins from binding their ligands.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos13">Molecular bridging</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A phenomenon in which two molecules are linked or bridged together by another molecule, often an antibody or a DNA molecule.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos3">Multi-omics</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Two or more omics datasets originating from different cellular features.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos4">Multiplexing</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Consolidation of multiple data sets.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos21">Nonlinear manifold</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The recovery of the true dimensionality of data.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos1">Omics</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Technologies characterizing biomolecules that constitute and determine the structure, function and dynamics of an organism.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos15">Padlock probes</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Oligonucleotides whose ends are complementary to adjacent target sequences.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos12">Phagemid</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A type of DNA-based cloning vector.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos10">Proximity extension assay</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>(PEA) An immunohistochemistry tool used for the detection of low-abundance proteins in the blood.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos22">Pseudotime</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Latent dimension measuring the progression of a cell along its differentiation trajectory.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos16">Sequencing-by-ligation</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>DNA sequencing using multiple primers offset by a single base in the 3′ end of the adapter, using the mismatch sensitivity of DNA ligase to determine a given set of nucleotides that make up a DNA sequence.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos8">Signal and allelic drop-outs</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The loss of an allele during DNA amplification through PCR.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos11">Splint oligonucleotides</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Short, synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules that are used to help circularize and amplify a target DNA sequence.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos17">Spot size</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>In spatial profiling, the size of a region that has a unique barcode, which distinguishes it from other regions.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos9">Tagmentation</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Fragmentation and tagging of DNA molecules before library preparation and sequencing.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos14">V(D)J regions</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments of the immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes.</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</p><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Baysoy, A., Bai, Z., Satija, R. <i>et al.</i> The technological landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics. <i>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol</i> <b>24</b>, 695–713 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-023-00615-w</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41580-023-00615-w?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li 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