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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1190"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1190</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1190-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Art and Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1191" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1191"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1191</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1191-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Crusade_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Crusade_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Crusade_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1192" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1192"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1192</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1192-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1193" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1193"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1193</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1193-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1194" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1194"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1194</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1194-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.4</span> <span>Seljuk Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesoamerica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoamerica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.6</span> <span>Mesoamerica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoamerica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.2</span> <span>Economy and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1195" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1195"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1195</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1195-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1196" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1196"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1196</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1196-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1197" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1197"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1197</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1197-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1198" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1198"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1198</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1198-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1199" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1199"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1199</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1199-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1190" title="عقد 1190 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1190" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1190" title="Anyos 1190 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1190" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1190" title="Década del 1190 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1190" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-an" title="1190-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1190-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১১৯০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১১৯০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1190 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1190 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D1%8F" title="1190-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1190-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D1%8F" title="1190-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1190-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-e" title="1190-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1190-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1190" title="Bloavezhioù 1190 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1190" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1190" title="Dècada del 1190 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1190" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1190-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1190-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190au" title="1190au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1190au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%27erne" title="1190'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1190'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1190" title="عوام 1190 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1190" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190er" title="1190er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1190er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190._aastad" title="1190. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1190. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1190" title="An 1190 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1190" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1190" title="Años 1190 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1190" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-aj_jaroj" title="1190-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1190-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190eko_hamarkada" title="1190eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1190eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۱۹۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۱۹۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%C3%A1rini" title="1190-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1190-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1190" title="Années 1190 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1190" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190id%C3%AD" title="1190idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1190idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190an" title="1190an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1190an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1190" title="Década de 1190 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1190" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1190年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1190年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1190년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1190년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1190a" title="Yari 1190a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1190a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-an" title="1190-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1190-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1191-1200" title="1191-1200 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1191-1200" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1190" title="Anni 1190 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1190" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-12 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-an" title="1190-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1190-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1190-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1190-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1190" title="Miaka ya 1190 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1190" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1190-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1190-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1190" title="Anni 1190 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1190" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1190-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1190-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1190-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1190-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे ११९० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे ११९० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1190-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1190-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1190" title="عقد 1190 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1190" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-an" title="1190-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1190-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1190 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1190 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_xihuitl" title="1190 xihuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1190 xihuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-1199" title="1190-1199 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1190-1199" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1190年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1190年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%C3%A5rene" title="1190-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1190-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1190" title="Annaées 1190 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1190" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1190 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1190 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-lar" title="1190-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1190-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1190" title="Década de 1190 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1190" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1190" title="Anii 1190 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1190" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_watakuna" title="1190 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1190 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1190-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1190-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D1%81" title="1190-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1190-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190s" title="1190s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1190s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1190" title="Vitet 1190 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1190" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190ini" title="1190ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1190ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190s" title="1190s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1190s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/90._roky_12._storo%C4%8Dia" title="90. roky 12. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="90. roky 12. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190." title="1190. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1190." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D0%B5" title="1190-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1190-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-e" title="1190-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1190-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-an" title="1190-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1190-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-luku" title="1190-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1190-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-talet" title="1190-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1190-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1190-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1190-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1190" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1190 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1190" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1190_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1190 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1190 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1190ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1190ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1190-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1190-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1190ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1190ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1190" title="Thập niên 1190 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1190" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1190" title="Anêyes 1190 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1190" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190_nga_dekada" title="1190 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1190 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1190年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1190年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1190年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1190年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1190%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1190年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1190年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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century">12th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1170s" title="1170s">1170s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1180s" title="1180s">1180s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1190s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1210s" title="1210s">1210s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1190" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1190">1190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1191" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1191">1191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1192" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1192">1192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1193" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1193">1193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1194" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1194">1194</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1195" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1195">1195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1196" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1196">1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1197" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1197">1197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1198" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1198">1198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1199" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1199">1199</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1190s_births" title="Category:1190s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1190s_deaths" title="Category:1190s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1190s_by_country" title="Category:1190s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1190s_establishments" title="Category:1190s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1190s_disestablishments" title="Category:1190s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1190s</b> was a decade of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1190">1190</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1190&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>) marches towards <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, on the way to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a> (<b>Angelos</b>), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina (region)">Palestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, Isaac marches westward to besiege <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube River</a> in order to block the way of <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a>, emperor (<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna" title="Battle of Tryavna">Battle of Tryavna</a>: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, near <a href="/wiki/Tryavna" title="Tryavna">Tryavna</a>. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, his <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a> has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">Holy Cross</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Third_Crusade"> Third Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Third Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. On <a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a>, he enters territory of the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> under the rule of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a>. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On <a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a>, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philomelion_(1190)" title="Battle of Philomelion (1190)">Battle of Philomelion</a>, by 2,000 Crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a> sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – After a long siege Muslim forces under <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reginald_of_Sidon" title="Reginald of Sidon">Reginald of Sidon</a> who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a>: A Crusader force under King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, among the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iconium_(1190)" title="Battle of Iconium (1190)">Battle of Iconium</a>: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI</a>, takes Iconium (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Göksu River</a> near Selucia (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Cilicia</a>. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, on <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">mangonels</a>, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – The 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella I</a>, half-sister of <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem</a>, marries Conrad of Montferrat at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> making him <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (as <b>Conrad I</b>). He has the support of her mother <a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem">Maria Comnena</a> and stepfather <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a>, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> is founded at Acre by German knights of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lion Heart</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>), meet at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay" title="Vézelay">Vézelay</a> and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from <a href="/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea" title="Shoreham-by-Sea">Shoreham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – Richard I arrives in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England</a>, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Lecce</a>. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a> (<b>the Good</b>) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on <a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – Richard I captures <a href="/wiki/Messina,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Messina, Italy">Messina</a>, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, eldest son of Frederick I, grants <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Henry I, Duke of Brabant">Henry I</a> (<b>the Brave</b>) the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a>. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with Count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut">Baldwin V</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>.</li> <li>December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Silves_(1190%E2%80%931191)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges of Silves (1190–1191)">Siege of Silves</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a>, fails to reconquer <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves, Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Cross of St. George</a>, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – A massacre and mass-<a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> of the Jews in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews in <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">Clifford's Tower</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Science"> Art and Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></i> (ar. <i>Kitab fasl al-maqal</i>), by <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, is first published.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_Virginum" title="Speculum Virginum">Speculum Virginum</a></i>, a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_of_Friesland" title="Emo of Friesland">Emo of Friesland</a>, a Frisian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, commences his study at what will become the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartmel_Priory" title="Cartmel Priory">Cartmel Priory</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Studenica_Monastery" title="Studenica Monastery">Studenica Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1191">1191</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1191&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lionheart</b>) leaves <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> for <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina (region)">Palestina</a>, but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, where he stays for ten days (from <a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> to <a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a>), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sister <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England</a> and his new fiancée, <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a>, is anchored on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_of_Cyprus" title="Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus">Isaac Komnenos</a>, the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port of <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> on Cyprus. He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure. Isaac refuses, Richard embarks his forces, and takes Limassol. The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac, show themselves friendly to the English invaders. Various leading Crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> arrive in Limassol, on <a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a>. Among them are King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond III of Antioch">Bohemond III of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_IV_of_Toron" title="Humphrey IV of Toron">Humphrey IV of Toron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I of Armenia</a>. They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – Richard I marries the 19-year-old Berengaria of Navarre, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a> (<b>the Wise</b>), in the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St. George</a> at Limassol. On the same day, she is crowned Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux#1000–1300" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">John</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">Évreux</a> in the presence of the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bordeaux" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and many other clergy. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge in <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle" title="Kyrenia Castle">Kyrenia Castle</a>, Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria. By the end of May, Richard, with his ships, sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village of <a href="/wiki/Tremetousia" title="Tremetousia">Tremithus</a>. Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield to <a href="/wiki/Kantara,_%C4%B0skele" title="Kantara, İskele">Kantara</a>. Richard captures Isaac's banner and hunts down the remnants of his army. At <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> Richard becomes ill; Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard's forces, marches on <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle" title="Kyrenia Castle">Kyrenia</a> and captures it, taking the empress and her child prisoner. Isaac is taken before Richard (in chains of silver) and accepts an unconditional surrender. Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles, and appoints <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Camville" title="Richard de Camville">Richard de Camville</a> as governor of Cyprus, jointly with <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Thornham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Thornham">Robert of Thornham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup></li> <li>Autumn – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a> (<b>Angelos</b>) leads a punitive expedition against Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>. The Serbians are defeated at <a href="/wiki/South_Morava" title="South Morava">South Morava</a> and retreat into the mountains. The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan's court in <a href="/wiki/Kur%C5%A1umlija" title="Kuršumlija">Kuršumlija</a>. Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty. The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests, east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">Velika Morava</a>, and recognize Byzantine rule. Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Third_Crusade_2"> Third Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Third Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines around <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Though the Crusaders seal the breach, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> is able to replenish the garrison, by sending reinforcements. For the defenders, this is a temporary respite – and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together. <a href="/wiki/Al-Muzaffar_I_Umar" title="Al-Muzaffar I Umar">Taqi al-Din</a>, Saladin's nephew and one of his most effective commanders, fails to rejoin the siege. He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Later in the spring, Taqi al-Din brings his forces to support the double-siege at Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a> at Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, on <a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a>. One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre. Upon reaching the city, he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp. Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill (called <i>Arnaldia</i>) and is confined to his tent. Nevertheless, he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin. After having been refused a personal meeting, Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin's camp as a sign of goodwill. Finally, Saladin accepts a three-day truce and allows his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil</a>, to negotiate with Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–41">: 40–41 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – The Crusader armies (now totaling some 25,000 men) who are deployed around Acre, implement a unified strategy of assault-based siege. Teams of sappers and, increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone-throwing catapults, brought by Philip II and Richard I, are used to hammer Acre's walls continuously with giant, accurately loosed stones. By late June, the assault is beginning to undermine the walls, which are tottering. Because of troop shortages and disease, the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches. After only the first day of these all-out attacks to seize the city, Saladin's governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved. Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls – but the assault is repulsed. Meanwhile, Richard I, still unable to walk due to illness, is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using his <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a>: The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II, which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin's consent, and by the time that he learned of this intention, the city has already capitulated. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, and of the Crusader leaders Philip II, Richard I, and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V of Austria</a>, on the city's walls and towers. The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100,000 Christian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and returns to <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh III</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a>, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre of Ayyadieh</a>: Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultanate</a>, Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45–46">: 45–46 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal</a> orders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> with 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp near <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> – which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">26</a> – Richard I leads a fast-moving advance-guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress near <a href="/wiki/Tantura" title="Tantura">Merle</a> before Saladin arrives. He then hurries back to support the rearguard, to regain contact with the Crusader forces. Richard reorganizes his marching column. The elite <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> knights hold the van and rearguard, while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well-armoured infantry, whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – Richard I advances in three divisions towards <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River" title="Zarqa River">Zarqa River</a>, despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland, where he is separated from his supply ships. Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry, by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry. During this brief but indecisive engagement, Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt – though his armour absorbs much of the blow. By the end of the day, only 25 miles from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, Richard allows his men to rest (while recovering from his wounds) and re-assembles his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al-Adil under a flag of truce. Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest of <a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Arsuf</a>. But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina. Al-Adil at once breaks off the negotiations. Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods, and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed. The Crusaders pitch their tents in the "Rochetaille" and rest for the night.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a>: Richard I fights a pitched battle – while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack. However, the Hospitaller knights led by <a href="/wiki/Garnier_de_Nablus" title="Garnier de Nablus">Garnier de Nablus</a> break formation and launch a charge. Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack. The Muslim forces flee in panic, but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp, and even to lead a counter-charge. By evening, Richard has defeated the Muslim forces, and Saladin retreats in good order to <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–49">: 47–49 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">10</a> – Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications, which Saladin has destroyed by his <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> policy. Mid-September, a large number of French nobles begin to resist – such as Hugh III. They argue about the refortification of Jaffa, instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> degenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December – Richard I and his Crusader forces occupy <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a>, while the advance-guard takes <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nuba" title="Bayt Nuba">Bayt Nuba</a>. He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks – due to winter conditions, and for being cut off if he presses on. Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III. On <a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a>, Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, son of the late Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>), is crowned as Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, together with his wife <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a>, on Easter Monday at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Henry marches south and begins a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>. He besieges <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces under <a href="/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi" title="Margaritus of Brindisi">Margaritus of Brindisi</a>, who come to support the city's defense. <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a> is destroyed by the rebel army of the <a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Rome" title="Commune of Rome">Commune of Rome</a>, on <a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Margaritus of Brindisi defeats the Pisan fleet during the siege of Naples, and nearly destroys the late-arriving Genoese contingent. He keeps the harbour approaches open for supplies and reinforcements.</li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Yury Bogolyubsky</a> leads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian nobleman against his ex-wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamara</a> (<b>the Great</b>), but her forces win a two pitched battle at <a href="/wiki/Tmogvi" title="Tmogvi">Tmogvi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erusheti" title="Erusheti">Erusheti</a>. Yury is captured, and Tamara allows him to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>. Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Lecce</a>, king or usurper of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. The populace of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, and <a href="/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi" title="Margaritus of Brindisi">Margaritus of Brindisi</a> delivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Castel_dell%27Ovo" title="Castel dell'Ovo">Castel dell'Ovo</a> at Naples.</li> <li>The counties of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) are united under Count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut">Baldwin VIII</a>. Flanders, a feudal fiefdom of France, becomes an important, wealthy independent state of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Silves_(1190%E2%80%931191)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges of Silves (1190–1191)">Siege of Silves</a> – Almohad forces under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> reconquer <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same campaign, the Almohads take also <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Alcácer do Sal">Alcácer do Sal</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Palmela" title="Palmela">Palmela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> are sacked.<sup id="cite_ref-picard2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_V,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen">Berthold V</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a>, founds the city of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>).</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark" title="Canute VI of Denmark">Canute VI</a> leads a Danish Crusade to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Longchamp" title="William de Longchamp">William de Longchamp</a>, Chief <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">Justiciar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, besieges <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Castle" title="Lincoln Castle">Lincoln Castle</a> accusing the castellan <a href="/wiki/Gerard_de_Canville" title="Gerard de Canville">Gerard de Canville</a> of corruption. In response, Prince John captures <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tickhill_Castle" title="Tickhill Castle">Tickhill</a> castles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sends <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Coutances" title="Walter de Coutances">Walter de Coutances</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen">Rouen</a>, with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – John and William de Longchamp meet at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> to discuss their differences. Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators. At the end of the meeting, both John and William agree to follow the recommendations. William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers. In return, John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles.</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey</a>, illegitimate son of the late King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> and half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>. He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_York" title="Diocese of York">York</a> while in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads to <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October – William de Longchamp tries to hold the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> against John's supporters for three days. He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I. On <a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a>, William is captured when disguised as a female merchant. John orders that he be expelled from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tarain" title="First Battle of Tarain">Battle of Tarain</a>: Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> invades northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but is defeated by Rajput forces under <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraja III</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army (some 100,000 men) with infantry, cavalry, and an <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant force</a>. He repulses the Ghurid invasion near <a href="/wiki/Taraori" title="Taraori">Taraori</a> (some 70 miles of Delhi), Muhammad escapes the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Toungoo" title="List of rulers of Toungoo">administration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Taungoo</a> region (modern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) is first recorded. King <a href="/wiki/Narapatisithu" title="Narapatisithu">Narapatisithu</a> appoints his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Thuriya_of_Kanba_Myint" title="Ananda Thuriya of Kanba Myint">Ananda Thuriya</a>, as governor of <a href="/wiki/Yedashe_Township" title="Yedashe Township">Kanba Myint</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> sacks the capital of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a> dies at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> of less than 3½ years. He is succeeded by the 85-year-old Celestine III as the 175th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li>The monks of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman, and announce they have discovered the tomb of King <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1192">1192</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1192&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1192&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occults</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a> (Conrad I), <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a>, is assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, only days after his title to the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Hashshashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashshashin">Hashshashin</a>, later the basis of folk etymology for the English word "<a href="/wiki/Assassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin">assassin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> is granted the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i>, thereby officially establishing the first <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">history of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi" title="Margaritus of Brindisi">Margaritus of Brindisi</a> is created the first <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Malta" title="Count of Malta">Count of Malta</a> for capturing <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance, Holy Roman Empress</a> in 1191.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain" title="Second Battle of Tarain">Second Battle of Tarain</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'izz al-Din">Mu'izz al-Din</a> are victorious over <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lugouqiao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugouqiao">Lugouqiao</a> (later the Marco Polo) Bridge is completed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance, Holy Roman Empress</a> is released by <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred, King of Sicily</a> under the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Celestine_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine III">Celestine III</a> in <a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a>, and returns to Germany in <a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> burns down <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a> Castles, in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1193">1193</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1193&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1193&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1193&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1193&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (<b>the Lion</b>) dies of a fever at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The lands of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> are split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter. <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal</a> succeeds his father as ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a></i>) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz</a>, proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Al-Zahir</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (with lands in northern Syria), and <a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The other dominions and fiefs in the <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a> (also called Lordship of <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_(castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal (castle)">Montréal</a>) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – The Pisan colony at <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> plots to seize the city, and hand it over to <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> – the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry II, Count of Champagne">Henry I of Jerusalem</a> arrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1193&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lionheart</b>), previously imprisoned on his return from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V</a> (<b>the Virtuous</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is handed over to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Trifels_Castle" title="Trifels Castle">Trifels Castle</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) marries <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I</a> (<b>the Great</b>). After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her back to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Sicily</a> arranges a marriage between his son <a href="/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily" title="Roger III of Sicily">Roger III</a> and the 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a>, daughter of the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a> (<b>Angelos</b>). Roger suddenly dies on <a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1193&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ghurid forces under <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> sacks and burns the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, India's greatest <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> seat of learning, and the university of <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1194">1194</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1194&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_3"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a> ("the Lionheart") is ransomed for an amount of 150,000 marks (demanded by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>), raised by his mother <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> – who travels to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to gain his release. Henry will never receive the full amount he demanded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – Richard returns to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, and remains for only a few weeks before returning to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continent</a>. He leaves the administration of England in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, who accompanied Richard on the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> and led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a>–<a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">28</a> – Richard I besieges <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a> (occupied by supporters of John) – which falls after a siege of several days. Richard is aided by English troops under <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester" title="Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester">Ranulf de Blondeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/David,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="David, Earl of Huntingdon">David of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassells1194_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassells1194-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – Richard I is crowned for the second time, at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, to underline his rightful position as monarch. During the coronation, he wears a golden crown and is followed by notables from the Church and State.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – Richard I calls for a council in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> to raise funds for an expedition to <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. On <a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a>, he leaves for <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> ("Augustus").<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Ordinance_of_the_Jewry,_1194" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Ordinance of the Jewry</a>: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> liable to taxation. The <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_the_Jews" title="Exchequer of the Jews">Exchequer of the Jews</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a>, High Duke of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Poland</a>, organizes an expedition against the Baltic <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>. The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. On <a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a>, after a banquet, which is held to celebrate his return, Casimir dies unexpectedly (possibly poisoned). He is succeeded by his eldest surviving son <a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a>, who has to face strong opposition from his uncle <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko III the Old">Mieszko III the Old</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fr%C3%A9teval" title="Battle of Fréteval">Battle of Fréteval</a>: English forces under Richard I defeat Philip II, and capture the French <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">baggage train</a>. It contains the royal archives – including a list of the treasure of the French kingdom (transported in a wagon behind the army). Philip withdraws across the <a href="/wiki/Epte" title="Epte">River Epte</a>, where the bridge collapses under the weight of the retreating army. Meanwhile, Richard sacks the town of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a>, which is a possession of Philip's ally, John.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a>, against her illegitimate nephew, King <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Lecce</a> (who died on <a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a>). He takes <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (supported by the navy of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>) and gains control of all of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> – ending Norman rule in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> after 90 years.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – Henry VI deposes the 8-year-old <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily" title="William III of Sicily">William III</a> (son of Tancred de Lecce) and is crowned king of Sicily. The next day, Constance I, who stays in the town of <a href="/wiki/Iesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iesi">Iesi</a>, gives birth to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, the future emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October – <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I</a> ("Lord of the Mountains"), ruler of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Cilicia</a>, invites <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond III of Antioch">Bohemond III of Antioch</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bagras" title="Bagras">Bagras</a>, ostensibly to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital of <a href="/wiki/Sis_(ancient_city)" title="Sis (ancient city)">Sis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Seljuk_Empire"> Seljuk Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Seljuk Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Toghrul_III" title="Toghrul III">Toghrul III</a> is defeated and killed in battle with <a href="/wiki/Ala_ad-Din_Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ad-Din Tekish">Ala ad-Din Tekish</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> – ending the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> passes to the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="China"> China</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Guangzong of Song">Emperor Guangzong of Song</a> (or Zhao Dun) is forced to abdicate the throne to his 25-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ningzong" title="Emperor Ningzong">Ningzong</a>, who succeeds him as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. During his reign, he will be dominated by his prime-minister <a href="/wiki/Han_Tuozhou" title="Han Tuozhou">Han Tuozhou</a> (or Han T'o-Chou).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> experiences a major course change, taking over the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> drainage system for the next 700 years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mesoamerica"> Mesoamerica</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Mesoamerica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunac_Ceel" title="Hunac Ceel">Hunac Ceel</a> drives the <a href="/wiki/Itza_people" title="Itza people">Itza people</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, forcing them to start the <a href="/wiki/Peten_Itza_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Peten Itza Kingdom">Itza Kingdom</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pet%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Lake Petén Itzá">Lake Petén Itzá</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Commerce"> Commerce</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – Richard I grants <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> market-town status with a royal charter. He orders the construction of docks on <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">The Solent</a> – having seen that the harbour is a perfect base for trade and the English fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Economy_and_society"> Economy and society</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Economy and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a>, vice-<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in the absence of Richard I, institutes the office of coroner to keep records of crown pleas. He also presides over the feudal judgment of John and makes an inquiry into land tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194&action=edit&section=T-11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – A fire devastates <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>. Only the crypt, the towers, and the new facade survives. Funds are collected from nobles, as well as small donations from ordinary people, to start the rebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartoixa_d%27Escaladei" title="Cartoixa d'Escaladei">monastery of Scala Dei</a> is founded in the region of <a href="/wiki/Montsant_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Montsant range">Montsant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1195">1195</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1195&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1195&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shamkor" title="Battle of Shamkor">Battle of Shamkor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgians</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Atabegs of Azerbaijan">Ildenizids of Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Battle of Alarcos</a>: <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Ya%27qub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> decisively defeats <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Priory_of_St_Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Priory of St Mary's">Priory of St Mary's</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Bushmead" title="Bushmead">Bushmead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_III_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius III Angelus">Alexius III Angelus</a> overthrows <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac II">Isaac II</a>, and becomes <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1196">1196</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1196&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_3"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III</a> (<b>Angelos</b>) is threatened by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who demands 5,000 pounds of gold or the Byzantines will face an invasion, this due to a convoluted system of dynastic claims of Henry gaining control of Alexios' daughter <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a>. The amount is negotiated down to 1,600 pounds of gold – with Alexios plundering the imperial tombs within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> – as well as levying a heavy and unpopular tax, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Alamanikon" title="Alamanikon">Alamanikon</a></i> (or <b>German Tax</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Henry VI persuades a diet at <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>. He manages to convince the majority of the German nobles and clergy to recognize his 2-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, as king of the Romans and heir to the imperial throne. However, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adolf_of_Altena" title="Adolf of Altena">Adolf of Cologne</a> thwarts the will of the diet and arouses the resistance of several <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringian</a> nobles against Henry, who realizes that he is unable to establish a hereditary monarchy (see <a href="/wiki/Erbreichsplan" title="Erbreichsplan">Erbreichsplan</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> without resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a> dies after a 23-year reign in which he has supported the former Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a> (<b>Angelos</b>) against the invading Bulgarians. Having made the Hungarian court one of the most brilliant in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and made his hereditary monarchy. Béla is succeeded by his 22-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Emeric,_King_of_Hungary" title="Emeric, King of Hungary">Emeric</a> as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a> (<b>the Chaste</b>) dies after a 32-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>. He leaves a will that divides his realm (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> loses <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>) and is succeeded by his 21-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a> (<b>the Catholic</b>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Serres" title="Battle of Serres">Battle of Serres</a>: Bulgarian forces under Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a> defeat the Byzantine army near <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>. During the winter Ivan continues his campaign in <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a> and captures many Byzantine fortresses.</li> <li>Ivan Asen I is stabbed to death by <a href="/wiki/Ivanko_(Bulgarian_boyar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanko (Bulgarian boyar)">Ivanko</a>, a Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> (aristocrat), who is accused of having an affair with Ivan's wife's sister. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a> as co-ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_4"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Osbert" title="William Fitz Osbert">William FitzOsbert</a>, a rebel leader, leads an uprising of the poor against the rich in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. He gathers over 52,000 supporters, stocks of weapons are cached throughout the city by breaking into the houses of the rich. Finally, the riots are suppressed and William is <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> by orders of <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> is struck by pestilence and a resulting <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Ch%27ung-h%C5%8Fn" title="Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn">Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn</a>, a Korean general, massacres his rivals and restores unity. After a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, he takes full power and becomes prime-minister of the Korean state <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1197">1197</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1197&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> travels to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> to persuade Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a> to crown his infant son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, who has been elected "King of the Romans" at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (the Lionheart) has <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard" title="Château Gaillard">Château Gaillard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>) built on the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine River</a> as he fights to restore <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a> power in northern <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (approximate date).</li> <li>Summer – Henry VI takes cruel measures to put down <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Lupin" title="Jordan Lupin">Jordan Lupin</a>'s insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and southern Italy, which has been provoked by the oppression of his German officials.</li> <li>June/July – <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">German crusaders</a> launch an <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Silves_(1197)" title="Raid on Silves (1197)">attack on Silves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – Henry VI dies of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> (also possibly poisoned),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III</a> (Angelos).</li> <li>Autumn – A <a href="/wiki/German_throne_dispute" title="German throne dispute">German civil war</a> begins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Autumn – A <a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Quarrel_(Hungary)" title="Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)">dynastic feud</a> breaks out between <a href="/wiki/Emeric,_King_of_Hungary" title="Emeric, King of Hungary">Emeric, King of Hungary</a> and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Duke Andrew</a>. After a brief skirmish, Emeric is forced to cede <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> to Andrew, who begins to administer the provinces as a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> sovereign monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – Duke <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_I_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar I of Bohemia">Ottokar I</a> forces his brother, <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_III,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia">Vladislaus III</a>, to abandon <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. Ottokar restores power and Vladislaus accepts the <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margravial</a> title of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moravia#Union_with_Bohemia" title="History of Moravia">Moravia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> pirates, from the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, raid the city of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9rins_Abbey" title="Lérins Abbey">monastery of Saint Honorat</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9rins_Islands" title="Lérins Islands">Lérins Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>: Danish forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark" title="Canute VI of Denmark">Canute VI</a> raid the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">Civil war era in Norway</a>: conflict between king <a href="/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway" title="Sverre of Norway">Sverre of Norway</a> and the party of <a href="/wiki/Bagler" title="Bagler">Bagler</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Wales"> Wales</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd" title="Rhys ap Gruffydd">Rhys ap Gruffydd</a>, a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys_II" title="Gruffydd ap Rhys II">Gruffydd ap Rhys II</a>. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Gwenwynwyn" title="Gwenwynwyn">Gwenwynwyn</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys" title="Maelgwn ap Rhys">Maelgwn ap Rhys</a> invades southern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.</li> <li>Summer – Gruffydd ap Rhys II is captured and handed over to Gwenwynwyn, who transfers him to the English. Gruffydd is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> and Maelgwn ap Rhys claims the throne.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry II, Count of Champagne">Henry I</a> (or <b>Henry II</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, dies from falling out a first-floor window at his palace in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. His widow, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella I</a>, becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> while the kingdom is thrown into consternation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – About 16,000 German crusaders reach Acre, starting the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">crusade of 1197</a>. Emperor Henry VI, who planned to join the forces later on, was forced to stay behind in Sicily due to illness. On September 28 he dies at Messina. Meanwhile the crusaders manage to reconquer Sidon and Beirut but return to Germany after receiving the news of the emperor's death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (or <b>Temüjin</b>), with help from the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a>, defeats the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin Dynasty</a>. The Jin bestowed Genghis' <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood brother</a> <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a> with the honorable title of <b>Ong Khan</b>, and Genghis receives the lesser title of <i>j'aut quri</i>. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbroath_Abbey" title="Arbroath Abbey">Arbroath Abbey</a> located in the Scottish town of <a href="/wiki/Arbroath" title="Arbroath">Arbroath</a>, is consecrated and dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1198">1198</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1198&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, son of the late Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a>, is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adolf_of_Altena" title="Adolf of Altena">Adolf of Cologne</a> elects <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto of Brunswick</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>. Philip's <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> does not take place until <a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, infant son of the late Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, is crowned King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. His mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, while she surrounds herself with local advisors. On <a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a>, Constance dies in the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. She is succeeded by the new pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, who becomes Frederick's guardian and mentor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_5"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John of England</a> captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lionheart</b>) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries" title="Lord Warden of the Stannaries">Lord Warden of the Stannaries</a> is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gisors" title="Battle of Gisors">Battle of Gisors</a>: Richard I defeats the French forces led by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) at <a href="/wiki/Courcelles-l%C3%A8s-Gisors" title="Courcelles-lès-Gisors">Courcelles-lès-Gisors</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>. Richard captures three castles on the border of the <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>. The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_4"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus" title="Aimery of Cyprus">Amalric I</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, marries Princess <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella I</a>, daughter of the late King <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric I</a>. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. On <a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>, Amalric signs a truce with <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil I</a>, sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Japan"> Japan</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Go-Toba</a> (or <b>Toba the Second</b>) abdicates the throne in favor of his two-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Tsuchimikado</a>, after a 14-year reign.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (or <b>Ibn Rushd</b>), Arab polymath and physician, dies. He is the author of more than 100 books, for which he is known in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a> as <i>The Commentator and Father of Rationalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a> dies at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, after a <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> of nearly 7 years. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, as the 176th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Shortly after he lays an <a href="/wiki/Interdict_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdict (Catholic canon law)">interdict</a> on <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, in an attempt to create independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in <a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>.</li> <li>Innocent III excommunicates Philip II for repudiating his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a>), to whom he took an almost instant dislike, but public opinion forces Philip to effect a reconciliation with the pope.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1199">1199</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1199&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – A short-lived truce is declared, between the Kings <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lionheart</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-CBH1199_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH1199-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Europe's most powerful rulers meet on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine River</a>, while shouting terms to one another. With a peace secured, Richard is able to refocus on bringing internal order to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – Richard I besieges the unarmed castle of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2lus-Chabrol" title="Château de Châlus-Chabrol">Châlus-Chabrol</a>, and is shot in the left shoulder with a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a>, by the French boy <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Basile" title="Pierre Basile">Pierre Basile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war between the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> has become so brutal, that <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Lincoln" title="Hugh of Lincoln">Hugh of Lincoln</a> is warned that "nothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travel".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – Richard I dies from <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>, caused by his crossbow wound. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> (<b>Lackland</b>), becomes <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a>. Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercadier" title="Mercadier">Mercadier</a>, a mercenary captain and Richard's <a href="/wiki/Second_in_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Second in command">second in command</a>, has Pierre Basile <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a> alive and <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_the_Great" title="Roman the Great">Roman Mstislavich</a> (<b>the Great</b>), Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a>-<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, unites his realm with its westerly neighbor <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> (after the death of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Yaroslavich" title="Vladimir II Yaroslavich">Vladimir II</a>). He makes the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia</a> more powerful than <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kiev</a>.</li> <li>Summer – Philip II renews his war against England, supporting the rival claim to the English throne of John's 12-year-old nephew <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH1199_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH1199-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – After <a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Quarrel_(Hungary)" title="Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)">uncovering a plot</a> against him, <a href="/wiki/Emeric,_King_of_Hungary" title="Emeric, King of Hungary">Emeric, King of Hungary</a> defeats his brother <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Duke Andrew</a> in a battle, forcing him into exile in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a>. Thereafter, border clashes occurs between Hungary and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – John returns to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and chooses people to help him to rule the kingdom. He appoints Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a> as his advisor and chancellor. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex">Geoffrey Fitz Peter</a> is chosen as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justiciar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justiciar">Chief Justiciar</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_Earl_of_Pembroke" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke">William</a> (<b>the Marshal</b>) becomes Marshal of John's household. On <a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a>, John is crowned as king of England at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> supports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (including <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> dies at <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> after a 15-year reign in which he has defeated the Castilian forces of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a> (<b>the noble</b>) (see <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>) and other Christian enemies in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Japan_2"> Japan</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a>, dies at <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a> after a 7-year reign in which he has established the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura Shogunate</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>). He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoriie" title="Minamoto no Yoriie">Minamoto no Yoriie</a>, his grandfather <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimasa" title="Hōjō Tokimasa">Hōjō Tokimasa</a> proclaims himself <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for Yoriie (until <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_6"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> calls for a fourth Crusade at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Due to the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Fulk_of_Neuilly" title="Fulk of Neuilly">Fulk of Neuilly</a>, an army is organized at a tournament held at <a href="/wiki/Asfeld#History" title="Asfeld">Ecry-sur-Aisne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theobald_III,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Theobald III, Count of Champagne">Theobald III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">Champagne</a>, on <a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Laurence%27s_Church,_Ludlow" title="St Laurence's Church, Ludlow">St. Laurence's Church, Ludlow</a>, in England is rebuilt.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1190s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>, <a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>, <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>, <a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a>, <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>, <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>, <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>, <a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a>, <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a></div> <p><b>1190</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a>, Chinese statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a>, Arab scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Sinigardi" title="Benedetto Sinigardi">Benedetto Sinigardi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar (d. <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_II_(archbishop_of_Bremen_and_Hamburg)" title="Gerhard II (archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg)">Gerhard II of Lippe</a>, German archbishop (d. 1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_I_von_M%C3%BCllenark" title="Heinrich I von Müllenark">Heinrich I von Müllenark</a>, German archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvis_of_Cyprus" title="Helvis of Cyprus">Helvis of Cyprus</a>, princess of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Bar" title="Henry II, Count of Bar">Henry II of Bar</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_of_Nivelles" title="Ida of Nivelles">Ida of Nivelles</a>, Belgian <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> nun and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">mystic</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Count_of_Chalon" title="John, Count of Chalon">John</a> (<b>the Old</b>), French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_of_Ruszcza" title="Klement of Ruszcza">Klement of Ruszcza</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_de_Gast" title="Luce de Gast">Luce de Gast</a>, English nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Brabant,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress">Maria of Brabant</a>, Holy Roman Empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Peter González">Peter González</a> (or <b>Pedro</b>), Castilian priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Vigna" title="Pietro della Vigna">Pietro della Vigna</a>, Italian jurist and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richer_of_Senones" title="Richer of Senones">Richer of Senones</a>, French monk and chronicler (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_F%C3%A9zensaguet" title="Roger I of Fézensaguet">Roger I of Fézensaguet</a>, French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Bakharzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi">Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi</a>, Persian theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbeli_Abuserisdze" title="Tbeli Abuserisdze">Tbeli Abuserisdze</a>, Georgian scholar and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Angelina" title="Theodora Angelina">Theodora Angelina</a>, Byzantine noblewoman (d. 1246)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Vincent of Beauvais</a>, French encyclopedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. 1231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perault" title="William Perault">William Perault</a>, French preacher and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> (d. 1239)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Haowen" title="Yuan Haowen">Yuan Haowen</a>, Chinese politician and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulema_L%27Astr%C3%B2loga" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulema L'Astròloga">Zulema L'Astròloga</a>, Moorish astronomer (approximate date)</li></ul> <p><b>1191</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_FitzGeoffrey_de_Mandeville,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex">Geoffrey de Mandeville</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV</a> (or <b>Lasha Giorgi</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan I, Countess of Burgundy">Joanna of Hohenstaufen</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafalda_of_Castile" title="Mafalda of Castile">Mafalda of Castile</a>, Spanish princess (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infanta</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marshal,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">Richard Marshal</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Devereux" title="Stephen Devereux">Stephen Devereux</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine">Theobald I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>, Mongol general and son of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yu_(poetry_theorist)" title="Yan Yu (poetry theorist)">Yan Yu</a>, Chinese poetry theorist and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1192</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Sanetomo" title="Minamoto no Sanetomo">Minamoto no Sanetomo</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/List_of_sh%C5%8Dguns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shōguns"><i>shōgun</i></a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Montferrat" title="Maria of Montferrat">Maria</a> of Jerusalem (d. <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Radoslav" title="Stefan Radoslav">Stefan Radoslav</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Syed_Jalaluddin_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari">Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uch_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Uch Sharif">Uch Sharif</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1193</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michiie" title="Kujō Michiie">Kujō Michiie</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Champagne" title="Alice of Champagne">Alice of Champagne</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altheides" title="Altheides">Altheides</a>, Cypriot philosopher and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice II</a>, French countess palatine (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Dreux" title="Henri de Dreux">Henri de Dreux</a>, French archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Isenberg" title="Frederick of Isenberg">Frederick of Isenberg</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Penna" title="Giovanni da Penna">Giovanni da Penna</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III</a> (<b>Doukas Vatatzes</b>), emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Angelos_of_Syrmia" title="John Angelos of Syrmia">John Angelos</a> (<b>Good John</b>), Byzantine prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Devereux_of_Bodenham_and_Decies" title="John Devereux of Bodenham and Decies">John Devereux</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Juliana of Liège">Juliana of Liège</a>, Belgian nun and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Kent" title="Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent">Margaret of Scotland</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Ibn_Tawus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed Ibn Tawus">Sayyed ibn Tawus</a>, Arab jurist and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Ferrers,_5th_Earl_of_Derby" title="William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby">William de Ferrers</a>, English nobleman (d. 1254)</li></ul> <p><b>1194</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ezzelino_III_da_Romano" title="Ezzelino III da Romano">Ezzelino III</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a>, Italian nun and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Caccioli" title="Andrea Caccioli">Andrea Caccioli</a>, Italian priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Anatoli" title="Jacob Anatoli">Jacob Anatoli</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> translator and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Contarini" title="Jacopo Contarini">Jacopo Contarini</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Contarini" title="Contarini">House of Contarini</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Hu%E1%BB%87_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Huệ Tông">Lý Huệ Tông</a>, Vietnamese emperor (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_ad-Din_ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah">Majd al-Din Taymiyyah</a>, Seljuk judge and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Marchioness_of_Namur" title="Margaret, Marchioness of Namur">Margaret</a>, marchioness of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Namur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Vianden" title="Counts of Vianden">House of Vianden</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_FitzGerald,_2nd_Lord_of_Offaly" title="Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly">Maurice FitzGerald</a>, Norman nobleman and justiciar (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Moses ben Nahman</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and philosopher (d. 1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I_(bishop_of_Utrecht)" title="Otto I (bishop of Utrecht)">Otto I</a>, Dutch nobleman and bishop (<a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">House of Gelre</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M%C3%B3r_de_Burgh,_1st_Baron_of_Connaught" title="Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught">Richard Mór de Burgh</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrationi">House of Bagrationi</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Saneuji" title="Saionji Saneuji">Saionji Saneuji</a>, Japanese nobleman and <i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1195</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> preacher and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sh%C5%8Dshi_(1195%E2%80%931211)" title="Princess Shōshi (1195–1211)">Princess Shōshi</a> of Japan (d. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Quincy,_2nd_Earl_of_Winchester" title="Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester">Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1196</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Tsuchimikado</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili">Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</a>, Almohad scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberico_da_Romano" title="Alberico da Romano">Alberico II</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurembiaix" title="Aurembiaix">Aurembiaix</a>, Spanish countess (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Urgell" title="County of Urgell">House of Urgell</a>) (d. 1231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_D%C5%8Djony%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Prince Dōjonyūdō">Dōjonyūdō</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II</a> (<b>the Pious</b>), High Duke of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" title="Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine">Henry VI</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Alfonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Alfonso de León">Pedro Alfonso de León</a>, Spanish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Dampierre" title="William II of Dampierre">William II of Dampierre</a>, French nobleman (d. 1231)</li></ul> <p><b>1197</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Juntoku</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_IV,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy">Amadeus IV</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasvamin" title="Dharmasvamin">Dharmasvamin</a>, Tibetan monk and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrim</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Baitar">Ibn al-Baitar</a>, Moorish botanist and pharmacist (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Braose" title="John de Braose">John de Braose</a> (<b>Tadody</b>), English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (or <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naratheinga_Uzana" title="Naratheinga Uzana">Naratheinga Uzana</a>, Burmese prince and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Paglia" title="Nicola Paglia">Nicola Paglia</a>, Italian priest and preacher (d. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Blemmydes" title="Nikephoros Blemmydes">Nikephoros Blemmydes</a>, Byzantine theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberto_Pallavicino" title="Oberto Pallavicino">Oberto Pallavicino</a>, Italian nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signore</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_VII,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse">Raymond VII</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">Richard of Chichester</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester" title="Diocese of Chichester">Chichester</a> (d. 1253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose_(died_1230)" title="William de Braose (died 1230)">William de Braose</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1198</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kyaswa" title="Kyaswa">Kyaswa</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Empire</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Shigetoki_(born_1198)" title="Hōjō Shigetoki (born 1198)">Hōjō Shigetoki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Ai Zong</a>, Chinese emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III,_Count_of_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Baldwin III, Count of Guînes">Baldwin III</a>, Flemish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Beatrice of Savoy">Beatrice of Savoy</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Swabia" title="Beatrice of Swabia">Beatrice of Swabia</a>, Holy Roman Empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Hugh I, Count of Blois">Hugh I of Châtillon</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Branca,_Lady_of_Guadalajara" title="Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara">Branca of Portugal</a>, Portuguese princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tameie" title="Fujiwara no Tameie">Fujiwara no Tameie</a>, Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbert_V_de_Beaujeu" title="Humbert V de Beaujeu">Humbert V de Beaujeu</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Grand_Constable_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Constable of France">constable</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Surkh-Posh_Bukhari" title="Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari">Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari</a>, Arab missionary (d. <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Braose" title="John de Braose">John de Braose</a> (<b>Tadody</b>), English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_the_Curly" title="Konrad the Curly">Konrad the Curly</a>, Polish nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koun_Ej%C5%8D" title="Koun Ejō">Koun Ejō</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō Zen</a> monk and priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant">Marie of France</a>, French princess and duchess (d. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Ichiman" title="Minamoto no Ichiman">Minamoto no Ichiman</a>, Japanese nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_%C3%81lvarez" title="Ordoño Álvarez">Ordoño Álvarez</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence">Ramon Berenguer IV</a>, Spanish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_Urmavi" title="Siraj al-Din Urmavi">Siraj al-Din Urmavi</a>, Ayyubid philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybilla of Lusignan">Sybilla of Lusignan</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Lesser Armenia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1199</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie,_Countess_of_Ponthieu" title="Marie, Countess of Ponthieu">Marie of Ponthieu</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisha_Al-Manoubya" title="Aisha Al-Manoubya">Aisha Al-Manoubya</a>, Almohad female <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Hasan" title="Al-Mansur al-Hasan">Al-Mansur al-Hasan</a>, Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemond_V_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond V of Antioch">Bohemond V</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramnulfids" title="Ramnulfids">House of Poitiers</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> (<b>the Saint</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (d. 1252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttorm_of_Norway" title="Guttorm of Norway">Guttorm of Norway</a> (<b>Sigurdsson</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">Ibn al-Abbar</a>, Andalusian biographer and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_of_Huntingdon" title="Isobel of Huntingdon">Isobel of Huntingdon</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/David,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="David, Earl of Huntingdon">David of Scotland</a> (d. 1252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu">Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu</a>, Khwarezmid ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Joan, Countess of Flanders">Joan of Constantinople</a>, Flemish noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturla_Sighvatsson" title="Sturla Sighvatsson">Sturla Sighvatsson</a>, Icelandic chieftain (or <i><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">goði</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Thomas, Count of Flanders">Thomas II</a>, Flemish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>, <a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>, <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>, <a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a>, <a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a>, <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>, <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>, <a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a>, <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a></div> <p><b>1190</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Otto II, Margrave of Meissen">Otto II</a> (<b>the Rich</b>), margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Meissen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saigy%C5%8D" title="Saigyō">Saigyō Hōshi</a>, Japanese monk, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>), Holy Roman Emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla</a> (or <b>Sibylle</b>), queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Gloucester,_Countess_of_Chester" title="Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester">Maud of Gloucester</a> (or <b>Matilda</b>), English countess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Floris_III,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris III, Count of Holland">Floris III</a>, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dedi_III,_Margrave_of_Lusatia" title="Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia">Dedi III</a> (<b>the Fat</b>), German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_III,_Count_of_Louvain" title="Godfrey III, Count of Louvain">Godfrey III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Louvain" title="Counts of Louvain">Louvain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reginarids" title="Reginarids">House of Reginar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_IV,_Margrave_of_Baden" title="Herman IV, Margrave of Baden">Herman IV</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelog_of_Hildesheim" title="Adelog of Hildesheim">Adelog of Hildesheim</a>, German bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Landgrave_of_Thuringia" title="Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia">Louis III</a> (<b>the Mild</b>), German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diepold_of_Berg" title="Diepold of Berg">Diepold of Berg</a>, German bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a>, English archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/D%C4%9Bpolt_II" title="Děpolt II">Děpolt II</a> (or <b>Diepold</b>), German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_II_de_Balliol" title="Bernard II de Balliol">Bernard II de Balliol</a>, Norman nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, French poet, <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_IV_of_Joinville" title="Geoffrey IV of Joinville">Geoffrey IV</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Saul_ibn_Tibbon" title="Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon">Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon</a>, Arab-Jewish translator (or <a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary">Maria Komnene</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary and Croatia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1144" title="1144">1144</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_I_de_Montcada" title="Ramon I de Montcada">Ramon I de Montcada</a>, Catalan nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Glanvill" title="Ranulf de Glanvill">Ranulf de Glanvill</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">Chief Justiciar</a> and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester">Robert de Beaumont</a> (<b>White-Hands</b>), English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkelin_de_Derby" title="Walkelin de Derby">Walkelin de Derby</a> (<b>de Ferrers</b>), Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Clifford_(died_1190)" title="Walter de Clifford (died 1190)">Walter de Clifford</a> (or <b>FitzRichard</b>), English nobleman</li></ul> <p><b>1191</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berno,_Apostle_of_the_Obotrites" title="Berno, Apostle of the Obotrites">Berno</a>, German missionary and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1167" title="1167">1167</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_V,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald V, Count of Blois">Theobald V</a> (<b>the Good</b>), French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erard_II,_Count_of_Brienne" title="Erard II, Count of Brienne">Erard II</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Brienne" title="County of Brienne">House of Brienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="John I, Count of Alençon">John I</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Counts and dukes of Alençon">House of Alençon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. 1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II,_Count_of_Gorizia" title="Engelbert II, Count of Gorizia">Engelbert II</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Gorizia" title="House of Gorizia">House of Gorizia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barisone_II_of_Torres" title="Barisone II of Torres">Barisone II of Torres</a>, Sardinian ruler of <a href="/wiki/Logudoro" title="Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_le_Vavasour" title="William le Vavasour">William le Vavasour</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1131" title="1131">1131</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alb%C3%A9ric_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Albéric Clément">Albéric Clément</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marshals_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marshals of France">Marshal of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Judith of Hohenstaufen">Judith of Hohenstaufen</a>, German noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Alsace</a>, Flemish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Rudolf of Zähringen">Rudolf of Zähringen</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_(archbishop_of_Cologne)" title="Philip I (archbishop of Cologne)">Philip I</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne">Cologne</a> (b. 1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_of_Avesnes" title="James of Avesnes">James of Avesnes</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad II</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Warneville" title="Ralph de Warneville">Ralph de Warneville</a>, Norman bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raoul_I,_Count_of_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis" title="Raoul I, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis">Raoul I</a> (<b>the Red</b>), French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Welf_VI" title="Welf VI">Welf VI</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a>, English bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Senlis" title="Adam de Senlis">Adam de Senlis</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> monk and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Loon" title="Agnes of Loon">Agnes of Loon</a>, German duchess and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeran_V_de_Beaumont,_Count_of_Meulan" title="Galeran V de Beaumont, Count of Meulan">Galeran V de Beaumont</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_III_de_Pons" title="Geoffroy III de Pons">Geoffroy III de Pons</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_VI,_Viscount_of_Ch%C3%A2teaudun" title="Hugh VI, Viscount of Châteaudun">Hugh VI</a> (<b>the Clever</b>), French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Ponthieu" title="John I, Count of Ponthieu">John I of Ponthieu</a>, Norman nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Carnoet" title="Maurice of Carnoet">Maurice of Carnoet</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> abbot (b. <a href="/wiki/1117" title="1117">1117</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_N%C3%AD_Tuathail" class="mw-redirect" title="Mór Ní Tuathail">Mór Ní Tuathail</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Camville" title="Richard de Camville">Richard de Camville</a>, English nobleman and governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_III,_Count_of_Nassau" title="Rupert III, Count of Nassau">Rupert III</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shun%27e" title="Shun'e">Shun'e</a> (or <b>Tayū no Kimi</b>), Japanese (<i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a></i>) poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Sohrevardi</a>, Persian scholar and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ophamil" title="Walter Ophamil">Walter Ophamil</a> (or <b>Offamil</b>), Sicilian archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="William V, Marquess of Montferrat">William V</a> (<b>the Old</b>), Italian nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fitzstephen" title="William Fitzstephen">William Fitzstephen</a>, English cleric and administrator</li></ul> <p><b>1192</b> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg/120px-Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg/180px-Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg/240px-Emperor_Go-Shirakawa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a> of Japan (b. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a> (b. mid-<a href="/wiki/1140s" title="1140s">1140s</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – Duke <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_IV,_Duke_of_Styria" title="Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria">Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_England" title="Saint Margaret of England">Saint Margaret of England</a>, English saint<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtiyar_al-Din_Hasan_ibn_Ghafras" title="Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras">Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras</a>, vizier of the Sultanate of Rum<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a>, Sultan of Rum<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a>, the "Old Man of the Mountain", leader of the Hashashin sect (b. 1132/1135)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chauhan Dynasty</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1193</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (<b>the Lion</b>), sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Artajona" title="Pedro de Artajona">Pedro de Artajona</a>, Spanish nobleman and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRalph" title="Robert FitzRalph">Robert FitzRalph</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_the_Younger" title="Mieszko the Younger">Mieszko the Younger</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">House of Piast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Noriyori" title="Minamoto no Noriyori">Minamoto no Noriyori</a>, Japanese general (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_IV_de_Sabl%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert IV de Sablé">Robert IV</a>, French nobleman and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thorlak" title="Saint Thorlak">Thorlak Thorhallsson</a>, Icelandic bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1133" title="1133">1133</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily" title="Roger III of Sicily">Roger III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteville family">House of Hauteville</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbforgaill_ingen_Maeleachlainn" title="Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn">Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn</a> (or <b>Derval</b>), Irish princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsum_Khyenpa,_1st_Karmapa_Lama" title="Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama">Düsum Khyenpa</a>, Tibetan spiritual leader (<i><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">karmapa</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1110" title="1110">1110</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a>, Chinese politician and geographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Ren Zong</a>, Chinese emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Berkeley_of_Redcastle" title="Walter de Berkeley of Redcastle">Walter de Berkeley</a>, Scottish nobleman (approximate date)</li></ul> <p><b>1194</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Lecce</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Toghrul_III" title="Toghrul III">Toghrul III</a>, sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5rd_Guttormsson" title="Bård Guttormsson">Bård Guttormsson</a>, Norwegian nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Magnusson" title="Sigurd Magnusson">Sigurd Magnusson</a>, Norwegian nobleman</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odon_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Odon of Poznań">Odon of Poznań</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a> ("the Wise"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaozong of Song">Xiao Zong</a>, Chinese emperor (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Kiev" title="Sviatoslav III of Kiev">Sviatoslav III</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret I, Countess of Flanders">Margaret I</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford">Aubrey de Vere</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford" title="Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Austria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Vatatzes" title="Basil Vatatzes">Basil Vatatzes</a>, Byzantine governor and general</li></ul> <p><b>1195</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Puiset" title="Hugh de Puiset">Hugh de Puiset</a>, bishop of Durham (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. <a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gualdim_Pais" title="Gualdim Pais">Gualdim Pais</a>, Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (b. <a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut">Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascelina" title="Ascelina">Ascelina</a>, French nun and mystic (b. <a href="/wiki/1121" title="1121">1121</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1196</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burchard_du_Puiset" title="Burchard du Puiset">Burchard du Puiset</a>, Norman archdeacon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a> (<b>the Chaste</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_van_Holland" title="Baldwin II van Holland">Baldwin II van Holland</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_II_de_Craon" title="Maurice II de Craon">Maurice II de Craon</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> (<b>the Blind</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Conrad II, Duke of Swabia">Conrad II</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Count_of_Acerra" title="Richard, Count of Acerra">Richard of Acerra</a>, Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnetha_N%C3%AD_M%C3%A1elshechlainn" title="Agnetha Ní Máelshechlainn">Agnetha Ní Máelshechlainn</a>, abbess of <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Monastery" title="Clonard Monastery">Clonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canute I of Sweden">Canute I</a> (<b>Eriksson</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcea_of_Worms" title="Dulcea of Worms">Dulcea of Worms</a>, German Jewish businesswoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Bonn" title="Ephraim of Bonn">Ephraim of Bonn</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschiva_of_Ibelin_(died_1196)" title="Eschiva of Ibelin (died 1196)">Eschiva of Ibelin</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Viterbo" title="Godfrey of Viterbo">Godfrey of Viterbo</a>, Italian chronicler (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Rodez" title="Hugh III of Rodez">Hugh III of Rodez</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Millau" title="Millau">House of Millau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mada%27" title="Ibn Mada'">Ibn Mada'</a>, Andalusian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_Vatatzes" title="Isaac Komnenos Vatatzes">Isaac Komnenos Vatatzes</a>, Byzantine aristocrat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a>, ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a>, Arab jurist and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_fitzReinfrid" title="Roger fitzReinfrid">Roger fitzReinfrid</a>, English sheriff and <a href="/wiki/Royal_justice" title="Royal justice">royal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kagekiyo" title="Taira no Kagekiyo">Taira no Kagekiyo</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Bahu_I_of_Polonnaruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Bahu I of Polonnaruwa">Vira Bahu I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_Svyatoslavich" title="Vsevolod I Svyatoslavich">Vsevolod I Svyatoslavich</a> (<b>the Fierce</b>), Kievan prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartislaw_Swantibor" title="Wartislaw Swantibor">Wartislaw Swantibor</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), Polish nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Osbert" title="William Fitz Osbert">William FitzOsbert</a>, English politician and rebel leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Salisbury,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William of Salisbury, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William of Salisbury</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">high sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaish_Ibn_Yahya" title="Yaish Ibn Yahya">Yaish ibn Yahya</a>, Portuguese politician and advisor</li></ul> <p><b>1197</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Davyd_Rostislavich" title="Davyd Rostislavich">Davyd Rostislavich</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd" title="Rhys ap Gruffydd">Rhys ap Gruffydd</a>, Welsh prince of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Bavaria" title="Gertrude of Bavaria">Gertrude of Bavaria</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Wied" title="Rudolf of Wied">Rudolf of Wied</a> (or <b>Rudolph</b>), archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry II, Count of Champagne">Henry I</a> (or <b>Henry II</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus of Cremona</a>, Italian merchant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wu_(Song_dynasty)" title="Empress Wu (Song dynasty)">Wu</a> (or <b>Xiansheng</b>), Chinese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alix_of_France" title="Alix of France">Alix of France</a>, French countess consort and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretislav_III" title="Bretislav III">Bretislav III</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague">Prague</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">House of Přemyslid</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_al-Din_al-Marghinani" title="Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani">Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani</a>, Arab <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> jurist (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a>, Arab scholar and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Loftsson" title="Jón Loftsson">Jón Loftsson</a>, Icelandic chieftain and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Lupin" title="Jordan Lupin">Jordan Lupin</a>, Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi" title="Margaritus of Brindisi">Margaritus of Brindisi</a>, Sicilian Grand Admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1149" title="1149">1149</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog" title="Owain Cyfeiliog">Owain ap Gruffydd</a> (or <b>Cyfeiliog</b>), Welsh prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter II of Bulgaria">Peter II</a> (or <b>Theodor-Peter</b>), ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cantor">Peter Cantor</a> (<b>the Chanter</b>), French theologian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruadhri_Ua_Flaithbertaigh" title="Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh">Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh</a>, Irish king of <a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughtakin_ibn_Ayyub" title="Tughtakin ibn Ayyub">Tughtakin ibn Ayyub</a>, Ayyubid emir (prince) of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Devereux_(born_1173)" title="Walter Devereux (born 1173)">Walter Devereux</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1173" title="1173">1173</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Longchamp" title="William de Longchamp">William de Longchamp</a>, Norman nobleman and bishop</li></ul> <p><b>1198</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walram_I,_Count_of_Nassau" title="Walram I, Count of Nassau">Walram I</a> (of <b>Laurenburg</b>), German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie of France</a>, French princess and countess (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" title="Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)">Frederick I</a> (<b>the Catholic</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Constantinople" title="George II of Constantinople">George II</a> (<b>Xiphilinos</b>), patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Hanover" title="Berthold of Hanover">Berthold of Hanover</a>, German apostle and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hellicha_of_Wittelsbach" title="Hellicha of Wittelsbach">Hellicha of Wittelsbach</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal" title="Richard FitzNeal">Richard FitzNeal</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">London</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I</a>, queen regent of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a>, sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1171" title="1171">1171</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>, High King of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, Arab judge and physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a>, Andalusian mystic and <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> master (b. 1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alix_of_France" title="Alix of France">Alix of France</a>, French princess and countess (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Torres" title="Constantine II of Torres">Constantine II</a> (<b>de Martis</b>), ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Judicate of Logudoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatus_of_Ripacandida" title="Donatus of Ripacandida">Donatus of Ripacandida</a>, Italian monk and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1179" title="1179">1179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Aragon" title="Dulce of Aragon">Dulce of Aragon</a> (or <b>Barcelona</b>), queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_of_Lambron" title="Nerses of Lambron">Nerses of Lambron</a>, Armenian archbishop and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fitz_Robert" title="Walter Fitz Robert">Walter Fitz Robert</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a>, English historian and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_Vsevolodovich" title="Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich">Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1199</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a>, Almohad caliph (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">shogun</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>, Serbian Grand Prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1113" title="1113">1113</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jocelin_of_Glasgow" title="Jocelin of Glasgow">Jocelin of Glasgow</a> (or <b>Jocelyn</b>), Scottish bishop<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshikane" title="Ashikaga Yoshikane">Ashikaga Yoshikane</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> and monk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Basile" title="Pierre Basile">Pierre Basile</a> (or <b>Bertran de Gurdun</b>), French knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> (<b>the Lionheart</b>), king of England (b. <a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Roxburgh" title="Hugh de Roxburgh">Hugh de Roxburgh</a> (or <b>Hugo</b>), Scottish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_(bishop_of_Aberdeen)" title="Matthew (bishop of Aberdeen)">Matthew</a>, Scottish churchman and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bobo_of_San_Teodoro" title="Bobo of San Teodoro">Bobo of San Teodoro</a>, Italian cardinal-deacon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hatim_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Hatim ibn Ibrahim">Hatim ibn Ibrahim</a>, Yemeni religious leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_III,_Count_of_Habsburg" title="Albert III, Count of Habsburg">Albert III</a> (<b>the Rich</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg,_Switzerland" title="Habsburg, Switzerland">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Hungary,_Duchess_of_Austria" title="Helena of Hungary, Duchess of Austria">Helena of Hungary</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">Alexios Komnenos</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I</a> (<b>Komnenos</b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azalais_of_Toulouse" title="Azalais of Toulouse">Azalais of Toulouse</a> (or <b>Adelaide</b>), French noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicta_Ebbesdotter_of_Hvide" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide">Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (or <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_Tomomune" title="Date Tomomune">Date Tomomune</a>, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> (<b>the Great</b>), Syriac patriarch (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli">Raymond IV</a> (or <b>Raimund</b>), count and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Yaroslavich" title="Vladimir II Yaroslavich">Vladimir II Yaroslavich</a>, Kievan prince (<a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">House of Rurik</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChoniates1984" class="citation book cs1">Choniates, Nicetas (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ocitybyzantiuman00mago"><i>O city of Byzantium: annals of Niketas Choniatēs</i></a></span>. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ocitybyzantiuman00mago/page/n258">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814317642" title="Special:BookSources/0814317642"><bdi>0814317642</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10605650">10605650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+city+of+Byzantium%3A+annals+of+Niketas+Choniat%C4%93s&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10605650&rft.isbn=0814317642&rft.aulast=Choniates&rft.aufirst=Nicetas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Focitybyzantiuman00mago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loud, G. A. (2010). <i>The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts</i>, p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75466-575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75466-575-5">978-0-75466-575-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Ambrisco (1999). <i>Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion</i>, pp. 105–106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Hugh (1994). <i>Crusader Castles</i>, pp. 43–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7">0-521-42068-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pryor, John H. (2015). <i>A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191</i>, p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47241-958-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47241-958-3">978-1-47241-958-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loud, G. A. (2010). <i>The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts</i>, pp. 110–111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75466-575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75466-575-5">978-0-75466-575-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth P. Czech. <i>Third Crusade: Siege of Acre</i>, p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/00001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0016.pdf">Wolff and Hazard, p. 57</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 34–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard1997-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard1997" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (1997). <i>La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+mer+et+les+musulmans+d%27Occident+VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman1952-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1952_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, Helen J. (1997). <i>Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i>, p. 189. Ashbury, UK: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85928-154-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85928-154-0">1-85928-154-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2005_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> (2005). <i>The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-868-7">978-1-84176-868-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asbridge, Thomas (2012). <i>The Crusades: The War for the Holy land</i>, p. 294. Simon and Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-849-83770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-849-83770-5">978-1-849-83770-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1924). <i>A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol I: 378–1278 AD</i>, pp. 317–318. London: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, reprinted in 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). <i>The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340</i>, p. 239. Boydell & Brewer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Fuhrmann (1986). <i>Germany in High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200</i>, p. 181. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5">978-0-521-31980-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khazanov, Anatoly M. (2001). <i>Nomads in the Sedentary World</i>, p. 49. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1369-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1369-7">0-7007-1369-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2011). <i>The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The betrayal of Byzantium</i>, p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-319-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-319-5">978-1-84908-319-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-picard2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-picard2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2000" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (2000). <i>Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique</i>. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7068-1398-9"><bdi>2-7068-1398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Portugal+musulman+%28VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle.+L%27Occident+d%27al-Andalus+sous+domination+islamique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+%26+Larose&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-7068-1398-9&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_HaggrenPetri_HalinenMika_LaventoSami_Raninen_ja_Anna_Wessman2015" class="citation book cs1">Georg Haggren; Petri Halinen; Mika Lavento; Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015). <i>Muinaisuutemme jäljet</i>. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muinaisuutemme+j%C3%A4ljet&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Gaudeamus&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Georg+Haggren&rft.au=Petri+Halinen&rft.au=Mika+Lavento&rft.au=Sami+Raninen+ja+Anna+Wessman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huscroft, H. (2005). <i>Ruling England 1042–1217</i>, p. 144. London: Pearson/Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-84882-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-84882-2">0-582-84882-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, W. L. (1978). <i>King John</i>, p. 42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03643-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03643-3">0-520-03643-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Turner, Ralph V. (2007). <i>Longchamp, William de (d. 1197)</i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (May 2007 revised ed.). Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Cynthia Talbot (2015). <i>The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj and the Indian Past, 1200–2000</i>, p. 47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10711-856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10711-856-0">978-1-10711-856-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Grandsen, Antonia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YZYTTST1YkC&q=1191&pg=PA305">"The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century"</a>. In J. P. Carley (ed.). <i>Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition</i>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-572-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85991-572-7"><bdi>0-85991-572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Glastonbury+Traditions+and+Legends+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.btitle=Glastonbury+Abbey+and+the+Arthurian+tradition&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85991-572-7&rft.aulast=Grandsen&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YZYTTST1YkC%26q%3D1191%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projectpluto.com/mut_pln.htm#mutual_planetary">"Assorted planetary/lunar events: Mutual planetary events, -1000 to +6000"</a>. <i>www.projectpluto.com</i>. 17 August 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.projectpluto.com&rft.atitle=Assorted+planetary%2Flunar+events%3A+Mutual+planetary+events%2C+-1000+to+%2B6000&rft.date=1998-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectpluto.com%2Fmut_pln.htm%23mutual_planetary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftarySacy1994" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad; Sacy, Antoine Isaac Baron Silvestre de (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2PisfCC7gkC&q=1192+Conrad+of+Montferrat&pg=PA72"><i>The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma'ilis</i></a>. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850437055" title="Special:BookSources/9781850437055"><bdi>9781850437055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassin+Legends%3A+Myths+of+the+Isma%27ilis&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781850437055&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft.au=Sacy%2C+Antoine+Isaac+Baron+Silvestre+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2PisfCC7gkC%26q%3D1192%2BConrad%2Bof%2BMontferrat%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeal2007" class="citation book cs1">Deal, William E. (2007) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ni1NmbYe0C&q=1192+Minamoto+no+Yoritomo&pg=PA37"><i>Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195331264" title="Special:BookSources/9780195331264"><bdi>9780195331264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195331264&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0ni1NmbYe0C%26q%3D1192%2BMinamoto%2Bno%2BYoritomo%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennerJeremiah2015" class="citation book cs1">Krenner, Walther G. von; Jeremiah, Ken (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pk-CgAAQBAJ&q=1192+Minamoto+no+Yoritomo&pg=PA135"><i>Creatures Real and Imaginary in Chinese and Japanese Art: An Identification Guide</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476619583" title="Special:BookSources/9781476619583"><bdi>9781476619583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creatures+Real+and+Imaginary+in+Chinese+and+Japanese+Art%3A+An+Identification+Guide&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781476619583&rft.aulast=Krenner&rft.aufirst=Walther+G.+von&rft.au=Jeremiah%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pk-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2BMinamoto%2Bno%2BYoritomo%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2008" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&q=1192+Prithviraj+Chauhan&pg=PA210"><i>History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</i></a> New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126900275" title="Special:BookSources/9788126900275"><bdi>9788126900275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.+D.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788126900275&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWmsQQ2smXIC%26q%3D1192%2BPrithviraj%2BChauhan%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, M. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMMvxX67FpIC&q=1192+marco+polo+bridge&pg=PA286"><i>The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages</i></a>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622097773" title="Special:BookSources/9789622097773"><bdi>9789622097773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+a+Vanishing+Beijing%3A+A+Guide+to+China%27s+Capital+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789622097773&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMMvxX67FpIC%26q%3D1192%2Bmarco%2Bpolo%2Bbridge%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hughes, Philip (1979) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiTUAwAAQBAJ&q=1192+constance+tancred&pg=PA317"><i>History of the Church</i></a>. Vol. 2: The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas. London: A&C Black. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722079829" title="Special:BookSources/9780722079829"><bdi>9780722079829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780722079829&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiTUAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2Bconstance%2Btancred%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 66–67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1961" class="citation book cs1">Warren, W. L. (1961). <i>King John</i>. University of California Press. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ingeborg"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ingeborg">"Ingeborg" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ingeborg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2002). <i>The Buddha and the Sahibs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+and+the+Sahibs&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassells1194-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassells1194_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129">129–131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 73–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 131. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gillingham (2002). <i>Richard I</i>, p. 285. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6">978-0-300-09404-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Fuhrmann (1986). <i>Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200</i>, p. 181. Cambridge University Press.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5">978-0-521-31980-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgtorf, Jochen (2016). <i>The Antiochene War of Succession</i>, p. 199. In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). <i>The Crusader World</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-82494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-82494-1">978-0-415-82494-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a></span>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1959" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1959). <i>The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Splendour+of+the+Chinese+Empire&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quail, Sarah (1994). <i>The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter</i>, pp. 14–18. City of Portsmouth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901559-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-901559-92-X">0-901559-92-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1999" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Ian (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernarchitect00utt"><i>Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20316-3"><bdi>978-0-500-20316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+from+Ancient+Greece+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20316-3&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternarchitect00utt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guide_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/en/monuments/monumentos/carthusian-monastery-of-escaladei">"Carthusian Monastery of Escaladei"</a>. <i>Monuments de Catalunya</i>. Generalitat de Catalunya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monuments+de+Catalunya&rft.atitle=Carthusian+Monastery+of+Escaladei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoni.gencat.cat%2Fen%2Fmonuments%2Fmonumentos%2Fcarthusian-monastery-of-escaladei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonvito2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Donvito, Philippo (2005). "Queen Tamar of Georgia (1184-1213): The Lioness of the Caucasus". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. IV-2: Female Knights and Fighting Princesses - Medieval Women as Warriors: 19–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Queen+Tamar+of+Georgia+%281184-1213%29%3A+The+Lioness+of+the+Caucasus&rft.volume=IV-2%3A+Female+Knights+and+Fighting+Princesses+-+Medieval+Women+as+Warriors&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Donvito&rft.aufirst=Philippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsurtsumia2014" class="citation book cs1">Tsurtsumia, Mamuka (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjA3BAAAQBAJ&q=1195+Battle+of+Shamkor&pg=PA90">"Couched Lance and Mounted Shock Combat in the East: The Georgian Experience"</a>. In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). <i>Journal of Medieval Military History</i>. Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843839361" title="Special:BookSources/9781843839361"><bdi>9781843839361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Couched+Lance+and+Mounted+Shock+Combat+in+the+East%3A+The+Georgian+Experience&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Medieval+Military+History&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781843839361&rft.aulast=Tsurtsumia&rft.aufirst=Mamuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjA3BAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1195%2BBattle%2Bof%2BShamkor%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1927" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, Benjamin Webb (1927). "The Papacy and Hispanic Interstate Relations, 1195-1212". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 29–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8080">0008-8080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25012394">25012394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Papacy+and+Hispanic+Interstate+Relations%2C+1195-1212&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25012394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-8080&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Webb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumper2017" class="citation book cs1">Jumper, Mark A. (2017). Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&q=1195+Battle+of+Alarcos&pg=PA13"><i>War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695176" title="Special:BookSources/9781610695176"><bdi>9781610695176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Faith+and+Conflict&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781610695176&rft.aulast=Jumper&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDlFDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1195%2BBattle%2Bof%2BAlarcos%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostles2002" class="citation book cs1">Postles, Dave (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99y7ZHIZSZEC&q=1195+Bushmead+Priory&pg=PA9">"Religious Houses and the Laity in the Eleventh to Thirteenth Century England: An Overview"</a>. In Morillo, Stephen (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haskinssocietyjo00step/page/9"><i>The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History 2002</i></a></span>. Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haskinssocietyjo00step/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830085" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830085"><bdi>9781843830085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Houses+and+the+Laity+in+the+Eleventh+to+Thirteenth+Century+England%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+History+2002&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781843830085&rft.aulast=Postles&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99y7ZHIZSZEC%26q%3D1195%2BBushmead%2BPriory%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation book cs1">Davis, G. R. C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEwqAQAAMAAJ&q=1195+Bushmead+Priory"><i>Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. London: The British Library Publishing Division. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712350389" title="Special:BookSources/9780712350389"><bdi>9780712350389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Cartularies+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+British+Library+Publishing+Division&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780712350389&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEwqAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1195%2BBushmead%2BPriory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLascaratosMarketos1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lascaratos, John; Marketos, S. (1992-03-01). "The penalty of blinding during Byzantine times". <i>Documenta Ophthalmologica</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 133–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00155023">10.1007/BF00155023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2622">1573-2622</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1473461">1473461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19966858">19966858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documenta+Ophthalmologica&rft.atitle=The+penalty+of+blinding+during+Byzantine+times&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-144&rft.date=1992-03-01&rft.issn=1573-2622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19966858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1473461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00155023&rft.aulast=Lascaratos&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Marketos%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiggaar1996" class="citation book cs1">Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2o0EkM-tYYC&q=1195+Alexius+III+Angelus&pg=PA356-IA23"><i>Western Travellers to Constantinople: The West and Byzantium, 962-1204 : Cultural and Political Relations</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004106376" title="Special:BookSources/9789004106376"><bdi>9789004106376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Travellers+to+Constantinople%3A+The+West+and+Byzantium%2C+962-1204+%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Relations&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789004106376&rft.aulast=Ciggaar&rft.aufirst=Krijna+Nelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2o0EkM-tYYC%26q%3D1195%2BAlexius%2BIII%2BAngelus%26pg%3DPA356-IA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brand, Charles M. (1991). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>, pp. 50–51. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8">0-19-504652-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hampe, Karl (1973). <i>Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors</i>, p. 226. Trans: Bennett, Ralph. Oxford: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-14180-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-14180-4">0-631-14180-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, W. L. (1961). <i>King John</i>. University of California Press. p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wendell_David" title="Charles Wendell David">David, Charles Wendell</a> (1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>81</b> (5): 591–676 (at 660). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985010">985010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Narratio+de+Itinere+Navali+Peregrinorum+Hierosolymam+Tendentium+et+Silviam+Capientium%2C+A.D.+1189&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=591-676+%28at+660%29&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wendell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Henry VI died in Messina, poisoned, so it was believed, by his own entourage because of his Italian policy." P. 41 in Kenneth Varty (editor), Reynard the Fox: Social Engagement and Cultural Metamorphoses in the Beast Epic from the Middle Ages to the Present (Berghahn Books, 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-737-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-737-9">1-57181-737-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 92–93. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Pál (2001). <i>The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"><bdi>1-86064-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Hungary%2C+895%E2%80%931526&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-061-3&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnité_mixte_de_recherche_5648--Histoire_et_archéologie_des_mondes_chrétiens_et_musulmans_médiévaux" class="citation book cs1">Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. <i>Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents</i>. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pays+d%27Islam+et+monde+latin%2C+Xe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+textes+et+documents&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+Lyon&rft.au=Unit%C3%A9+mixte+de+recherche+5648--Histoire+et+arch%C3%A9ologie+des+mondes+chr%C3%A9tiens+et+musulmans+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sulev_Vahtre" title="Sulev Vahtre">Sulev Vahtre</a> (2007). Eesti ajalugu: kronoloogia, 2007. Printed by "Olion". Pg 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, Michal (2012). <i>Genghis Khan</i>, p. 35. London: Oneworld Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-204-5">978-1-78074-204-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King John</i> by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King John</i> by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King John</i> by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 79–82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, John (2009). <i>Andalucía: A Cultural History</i>, pp. 108–110. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537610-4">978-0-19-537610-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH1199-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBH1199_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBH1199_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 73–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Simon (2006). "King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus". Military History (published September 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129">129–131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King John</i> by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1961" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Lewis (1961). <i>King John</i>. University of California Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsoldos2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zsoldos, Attila (2022). <i>Az Aranybulla királya </i>[The King of the Golden Bull]<i><span></span></i> (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-8406-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-8406-26-2"><bdi>978-963-8406-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+Aranybulla+kir%C3%A1lya+%5BThe+King+of+the+Golden+Bull%5D&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=V%C3%A1rosi+Lev%C3%A9lt%C3%A1r+%C3%A9s+Kutat%C3%B3int%C3%A9zet&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-963-8406-26-2&rft.aulast=Zsoldos&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoellKaliszewska2016" class="citation book cs1">Voell, Stéphane; Kaliszewska, Iwona (March 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5G1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>State and Legal Practice in the Caucasus: Anthropological Perspectives on Law and Politics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05050-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05050-6"><bdi>978-1-317-05050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Legal+Practice+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Politics&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.isbn=978-1-317-05050-6&rft.aulast=Voell&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Kaliszewska%2C+Iwona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ5G1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiang2015" class="citation book cs1">Chiang, Howard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atfJCgAAQBAJ&q=1192+Minamoto+no+Sanetomo&pg=PA51"><i>Historical Epistemology and the Making of Modern Chinese Medicine</i></a>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719096006" title="Special:BookSources/9780719096006"><bdi>9780719096006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Epistemology+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Chinese+Medicine&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780719096006&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DatfJCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2BMinamoto%2Bno%2BSanetomo%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellomo2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellomo, Elena (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ3OquwzRvYC&q=1192+maria+of+Montferrat&pg=PA144"><i>The Templar Order in North-west Italy: (1142 - C. 1330)</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163645" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163645"><bdi>9789004163645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templar+Order+in+North-west+Italy%3A+%281142+-+C.+1330%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004163645&rft.aulast=Bellomo&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQ3OquwzRvYC%26q%3D1192%2Bmaria%2Bof%2BMontferrat%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommire2001" class="citation book cs1">Commire, Anne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RT0OAQAAMAAJ&q=1192+maria+of+Montferrat"><i>Women in World History</i></a>. Waterford, CT: Gale. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787640699" title="Special:BookSources/9780787640699"><bdi>9780787640699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Waterford%2C+CT&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780787640699&rft.aulast=Commire&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRT0OAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1192%2Bmaria%2Bof%2BMontferrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodskalsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Podskalsky, Gerhard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyk_DwAAQBAJ&q=1192+stefan+radoslav&pg=PA147">"Two Archbishops of Achrida (Ochrid) and their significance for Macedonia's secular and church history: Theophylaktos and Demetrios Chomatenos"</a>. In Burke, John; Scott, Roger (eds.). <i>Byzantine Macedonia: Identity, Image and History: Papers from the Melbourne Conference July 1995</i>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004344730" title="Special:BookSources/9789004344730"><bdi>9789004344730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Archbishops+of+Achrida+%28Ochrid%29+and+their+significance+for+Macedonia%27s+secular+and+church+history%3A+Theophylaktos+and+Demetrios+Chomatenos&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Macedonia%3A+Identity%2C+Image+and+History%3A+Papers+from+the+Melbourne+Conference+July+1995&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789004344730&rft.aulast=Podskalsky&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyk_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2Bstefan%2Bradoslav%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsif2016" class="citation book cs1">Asif, Manan Ahmed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&q=1192+Jalaluddin+Bukhari&pg=PA210"><i>A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia</i></a>. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674660113" title="Special:BookSources/9780674660113"><bdi>9780674660113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Conquest%3A+The+Chachnama+and+Muslim+Origins+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674660113&rft.aulast=Asif&rft.aufirst=Manan+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4oxDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2BJalaluddin%2BBukhari%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanif2000" class="citation book cs1">Hanif, N. 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New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176250870" title="Special:BookSources/9788176250870"><bdi>9788176250870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopaedia+of+Sufis%3A+South+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788176250870&rft.aulast=Hanif&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3GXOqPa67MC%26q%3D1192%2BJalaluddin%2BBukhari%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1988-05-01). "K.J. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkDO0HrHoC8C&q=1195+Roger+de+Quincy&pg=PA336"><i>Adams Family Correspondence</i></a>. Vol. 5: October 1782 - November 1784. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674020061" title="Special:BookSources/9780674020061"><bdi>9780674020061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adams+Family+Correspondence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780674020061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkDO0HrHoC8C%26q%3D1195%2BRoger%2Bde%2BQuincy%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, George W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8rKCOSmKEMC&q=1192+Emperor+Go-Shirakawa&pg=PA31"><i>The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333)</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804763882" title="Special:BookSources/9780804763882"><bdi>9780804763882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clear+Mirror%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Japanese+Court+During+the+Kamakura+Period+%281185-1333%29&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804763882&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8rKCOSmKEMC%26q%3D1192%2BEmperor%2BGo-Shirakawa%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Varley, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYh9-Yl3cTkC&q=1192+Emperor+Go-Shirakawa&pg=PA759">"The Way of the Warrior"</a>. In Bary, William Theodore De (ed.). <i>Sources of East Asian Tradition: Premodern Asia</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231143059" title="Special:BookSources/9780231143059"><bdi>9780231143059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Way+of+the+Warrior&rft.btitle=Sources+of+East+Asian+Tradition%3A+Premodern+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231143059&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYh9-Yl3cTkC%26q%3D1192%2BEmperor%2BGo-Shirakawa%26pg%3DPA759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoud2010" class="citation book cs1">Loud, Graham A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-i_CwAAQBAJ&q=1192+Ottokar+IV+Styria&pg=PT199"><i>The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts</i></a>. Crusade Texts in Translation. Vol. 19. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkwrDwAAQBAJ&q=1192+Ottokar+IV+Styria&pg=PA322">"A Political and Social Revolution: the Development of the Territorial Principalities in Germany"</a>. In Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (eds.). <i>The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians</i>. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317022008" title="Special:BookSources/9781317022008"><bdi>9781317022008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Political+and+Social+Revolution%3A+the+Development+of+the+Territorial+Principalities+in+Germany&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+German+Principalities%2C+1100-1350%3A+Essays+by+German+Historians&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317022008&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkwrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1192%2BOttokar%2BIV%2BStyria%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1862" class="citation book cs1">Graham, William (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kl8BAAAAQAAJ&q=1192+Hugh+III+Burgundy&pg=PT78"><i>Genealogical and Historical Diagrams, Illustrative of the History of Scotland, England, France, and Germany. From the Ninth Century to the Present Time</i></a>. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+and+Historical+Diagrams%2C+Illustrative+of+the+History+of+Scotland%2C+England%2C+France%2C+and+Germany.+From+the+Ninth+Century+to+the+Present+Time.&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkl8BAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D1192%2BHugh%2BIII%2BBurgundy%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouchard1999" class="citation book cs1">Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1999) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpfHfnm2hjkC&q=1192+Hugh+III+Burgundy&pg=PA256"><i>Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980-1198</i></a>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801475269" title="Special:BookSources/9780801475269"><bdi>9780801475269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sword%2C+Miter%2C+and+Cloister%3A+Nobility+and+the+Church+in+Burgundy%2C+980-1198&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780801475269&rft.aulast=Bouchard&rft.aufirst=Constance+Brittain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpfHfnm2hjkC%26q%3D1192%2BHugh%2BIII%2BBurgundy%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1798" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcw2tyJLxwC&q=1192+Saint+Margaret+of+England&pg=PA43"><i>The Lives Of The Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, And Other Principal Saints: Compiled From Original Monuments And Other Authentic Records</i></a>. Vol. II (Third ed.). London and Newcastle: J. Moir. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+Of+The+Primitive+Fathers%2C+Martyrs%2C+And+Other+Principal+Saints%3A+Compiled+From+Original+Monuments+And+Other+Authentic+Records&rft.place=London+and+Newcastle&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=J.+Moir&rft.date=1798&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNcw2tyJLxwC%26q%3D1192%2BSaint%2BMargaret%2Bof%2BEngland%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1980" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YcJAQAAIAAJ&q=1192+Ikhtiyar+al-Din+Hasan+ibn+Ghafras"><i>The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos</i></a>. London: Variorum Reprints. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780625" title="Special:BookSources/9780860780625"><bdi>9780860780625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Trebizond+and+the+Pontos&rft.place=London&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780860780625&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YcJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D1192%2BIkhtiyar%2Bal-Din%2BHasan%2Bibn%2BGhafras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrides2001" class="citation book cs1">Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC&q=1192+Kilij+Arslan+II&pg=PA48"><i>The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453-1474)</i></a>. Leiden, Boston, Köln: BRILL. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004121065" title="Special:BookSources/9789004121065"><bdi>9789004121065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan+of+Vezirs%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Ottoman+Grand+Vezir+Mahmud+Pasha+Angelovi%C4%87+%281453-1474%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston%2C+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004121065&rft.aulast=Stavrides&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9oharis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptXG0uA70lAC%26q%3D1192%2BKilij%2BArslan%2BII%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley2005" class="citation book cs1">Willey, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTyTn4ErwRIC&q=1192+Rashid+al-Din+Sinan&pg=PA49"><i>The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria</i></a>. London and New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850434641" title="Special:BookSources/9781850434641"><bdi>9781850434641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle%27s+Nest%3A+Ismaili+Castles+in+Iran+and+Syria&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781850434641&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTyTn4ErwRIC%26q%3D1192%2BRashid%2Bal-Din%2BSinan%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelW._P.Pellat1989" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, E.; W. P., Heinrichs; Pellat, Ch. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvwUAAAAIAAJ&q=1192+Rashid+al-Din+Sinan&pg=PA790"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 790. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004092396" title="Special:BookSources/9789004092396"><bdi>9789004092396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+Fascicules+111-112+%3A+Masrah+Mawlid&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=790&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789004092396&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft.au=van+Donzel%2C+E.&rft.au=W.+P.%2C+Heinrichs&rft.au=Pellat%2C+Ch.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvwUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1192%2BRashid%2Bal-Din%2BSinan%26pg%3DPA790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Ralph V. (Spring 1997). "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections*". <i>Albion</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4051592">10.2307/4051592</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-1390">0095-1390</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4051592">4051592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion&rft.atitle=Richard+Lionheart+and+English+Episcopal+Elections%2A&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0095-1390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4051592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4051592&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stubbs, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKItL6cRcEEC&q=1195+Hugh+de+Puiset&pg=PA148"><i>Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 2: Epistolae Cantuarienses, the Letters of the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, from AD 1187 to AD 1199. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108048064" title="Special:BookSources/9781108048064"><bdi>9781108048064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+and+Memorials+of+the+Reign+of+Richard+I&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108048064&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKItL6cRcEEC%26q%3D1195%2BHugh%2Bde%2BPuiset%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">King, Richard John (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9UHAAAAQAAJ&q=1195+Hugh+de+Puiset&pg=PA344"><i>Handbook to the Cathedrals of England: Northern Division</i></a>. Vol. Part II: Durham, Chester, Manchester. London: John Murray. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+the+Cathedrals+of+England%3A+Northern+Division&rft.place=London&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9UHAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D1195%2BHugh%2Bde%2BPuiset%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunz1965" class="citation journal cs1">Munz, Peter (1965-10-01). "Frederick Barbarossa and Henry the Lion in 1176". <i>Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand</i>. <b>12</b> (45): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10314616508595307">10.1080/10314616508595307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0728-6023">0728-6023</a>. <q>From the fact that the author says 'habebat' it has been inferred that this addition was made after 1195, ie after the death of Henry the Lion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies%3A+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Frederick+Barbarossa+and+Henry+the+Lion+in+1176&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1965-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10314616508595307&rft.issn=0728-6023&rft.aulast=Munz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2012" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvP9cMSmZsgC&q=1195+Henry+the+Lion&pg=PA139"><i>Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250</i></a>. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801467844" title="Special:BookSources/9780801467844"><bdi>9780801467844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princely+Brothers+and+Sisters%3A+The+Sibling+Bond+in+German+Politics%2C+1100%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY+and+London&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780801467844&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvP9cMSmZsgC%26q%3D1195%2BHenry%2Bthe%2BLion%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarzenski1949" class="citation journal cs1">Swarzenski, Georg (1949). "Romanesque Aquamanile of the Guennol Collection". <i>Brooklyn Museum Bulletin</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-7640">2578-7640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457966">26457966</a>. <q>this is certainly the later piece, probably made or finished after the death of Henry the Lion (1195)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Romanesque+Aquamanile+of+the+Guennol+Collection&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26457966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2578-7640&rft.aulast=Swarzenski&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarroca2001" class="citation journal cs1">Barroca, Mário Jorge (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaHistorica/article/view/188818">"Os castelos dos templários em Portugal e a organização da defesa do reino no séc. XII"</a>. <i>Acta Historica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia</i> (22): 213–227–227. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2339-9996">2339-9996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Historica+et+Archaeologica+Mediaevalia&rft.atitle=Os+castelos+dos+templ%C3%A1rios+em+Portugal+e+a+organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+defesa+do+reino+no+s%C3%A9c.+XII&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=213-227-227&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=2339-9996&rft.aulast=Barroca&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2FActaHistorica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F188818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mendes, Paulo Alexandre Cabaço (2018-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ual.pt/handle/11144/3991">"De Redinha a Pombal (1508): a Terra e os Homens. Estudo de Antroponímia e de Toponímia"</a>. <i>Repositório Institucional da Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa: Departamento de História, Artes e Humanidades Mestrado Em História, Arqueologia e Património</i>: 13. <q>Gualdim Pais (c. 1118/20-1195)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Institucional+da+Universidade+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Lisboa%3A+Departamento+de+Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Artes+e+Humanidades+Mestrado+Em+Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Arqueologia+e+Patrim%C3%B3nio&rft.atitle=De+Redinha+a+Pombal+%281508%29%3A+a+Terra+e+os+Homens.+Estudo+de+Antropon%C3%ADmia+e+de+Topon%C3%ADmia&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Mendes&rft.aufirst=Paulo+Alexandre+Caba%C3%A7o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ual.pt%2Fhandle%2F11144%2F3991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapran2008" class="citation book cs1">Napran, Laura (2008). France, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozmwCQAAQBAJ&q=1195+Baldwin+V+Hainaut&pg=PA287"><i>Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. Proceedings of a Conference Held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047432616" title="Special:BookSources/9789047432616"><bdi>9789047432616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries+and+Paid+Men%3A+The+Mercenary+Identity+in+the+Middle+Ages.+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Held+at+University+of+Wales%2C+Swansea%2C+7th-9th+July+2005&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789047432616&rft.aulast=Napran&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozmwCQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1195%2BBaldwin%2BV%2BHainaut%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1952" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Robert Lee (1952-07-01). "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and Resurrection, 1172-1225". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 281–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2853088">10.2307/2853088</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853088">2853088</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163762031">163762031</a>. <q>Baldwin retained only the titles Marquis of Namur and Count of Hainaut. When he died in December 1195, the young Baldwin inherited Hainaut</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Baldwin+of+Flanders+and+Hainaut%2C+First+Latin+Emperor+of+Constantinople%3A+His+Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Resurrection%2C+1172-1225&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-322&rft.date=1952-07-01&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163762031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2853088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2853088&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraelantsBalouzat-Loubet2015" class="citation book cs1">Draelants, Isabelle; Balouzat-Loubet, Christelle (January 2015). <i>La formule au Moyen Âge, II / Formulas in Medieval Culture, II: Actes du colloque international de Nancy et Metz, 7-9 juin 2012 / Proceedings of the International Conference, Nancy and Metz, 7th-9th June 2012</i>. Atelier de recherche sur les textes médiévaux. Vol. 23. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fm.artem-eb.5.108413">10.1484/m.artem-eb.5.108413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503554327" title="Special:BookSources/9782503554327"><bdi>9782503554327</bdi></a>. <q>The period covers the successive reigns of Count Baldwin V/ VIII (1191-1194/1195), double-numbered in this way because he was the fifth count of Hainaut and the ninth count of Flanders to bear the name Baldwin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+formule+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge%2C+II+%2F+Formulas+in+Medieval+Culture%2C+II%3A+Actes+du+colloque+international+de+Nancy+et+Metz%2C+7-9+juin+2012+%2F+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference%2C+Nancy+and+Metz%2C+7th-9th+June+2012&rft.place=Turnhout%2C+Belgium&rft.series=Atelier+de+recherche+sur+les+textes+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vaux&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Brepols+Publishers&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2Fm.artem-eb.5.108413&rft.isbn=9782503554327&rft.aulast=Draelants&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Balouzat-Loubet%2C+Christelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinzelbacher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dinzelbacher, Peter (2005). "Kirchenreform und Frauenleben im Hohen Mittelalter". <i>Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung</i>. <b>113</b> (JG): 20–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fmiog.2005.113.jg.20">10.7767/miog.2005.113.jg.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2307-2903">2307-2903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163481019">163481019</a>. <q>Ascelina von Boulancourt (t 1195)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+%C3%96sterreichische+Geschichtsforschung&rft.atitle=Kirchenreform+und+Frauenleben+im+Hohen+Mittelalter&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=JG&rft.pages=20-40&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163481019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2307-2903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fmiog.2005.113.jg.20&rft.aulast=Dinzelbacher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinard1847" class="citation journal cs1">Pinard, T. (1847). "Notre-Dame de Boulancourt (Haute-Marne)". <i>Revue Archéologique</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 474–477. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0737">0035-0737</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41745542">41745542</a>. <q>la contrée appelée le Champ-Vieillard un monastère de fem mes, à la tète duquel il plaçait la vierge Asceline, sa cousine; elle mourut, suivant les uns, l'an 1165; suivant les autres, en 1195</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Arch%C3%A9ologique&rft.atitle=Notre-Dame+de+Boulancourt+%28Haute-Marne%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=474-477&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41745542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-0737&rft.aulast=Pinard&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2004" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT522"><i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94880-1&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2CTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._P._Vlasto1970" class="citation book cs1">A. P. Vlasto (2 October 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219"><i>The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9"><bdi>978-0-521-07459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entry+of+the+Slavs+Into+Christendom%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+History+of+the+Slavs&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1970-10-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07459-9&rft.au=A.+P.+Vlasto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpVOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._D._Church2003" class="citation book cs1">S. D. Church (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAoGEJF-DJEC&pg=PA18"><i>King John: New Interpretations</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-947-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-947-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-947-8&rft.au=S.+D.+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvAoGEJF-DJEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs._MarkhamEliza_Robbins1854" class="citation book cs1">Mrs. Markham; Eliza Robbins (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCNXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA101"><i>A History of England from the first Invasion by the Romans to the 14th year of the Reign of Queen Victoria</i></a>. pp. 101–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+from+the+first+Invasion+by+the+Romans+to+the+14th+year+of+the+Reign+of+Queen+Victoria&rft.pages=101-&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Mrs.+Markham&rft.au=Eliza+Robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJCNXAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Lodge1907" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Lodge (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl1HAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire for 1907</i></a>. Kelly's Directories. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peerage%2C+Baronetage%2C+Knightage+%26+Companionage+of+the+British+Empire+for+1907&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Kelly%27s+Directories&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Edmund+Lodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJl1HAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1190s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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