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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>City plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-City_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle City plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-City_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketplaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketplaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marketplaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketplaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Public buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaces_of_Moctezuma_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces_of_Moctezuma_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Palaces of Moctezuma II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces_of_Moctezuma_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ruins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenochtitlan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تينوتشتيتلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تينوتشتيتلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinochtitlan" title="Tinochtitlan – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tinochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তেনোচতিৎলান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেনোচতিৎলান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тэначтытлан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэначтытлан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тэначтытлан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэначтытлан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τενοτστιτλάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τενοτστιτλάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico-Tenochtitlan" title="México-Tenochtitlan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="México-Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teno%C4%89titlano" title="Tenoĉtitlano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tenoĉtitlano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DA%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تنوچتیتلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنوچتیتلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico-Tenochtitlan" title="Mexico-Tenochtitlan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mexico-Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%B9%98%ED%8B%B0%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%80" title="테노치티틀란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테노치티틀란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B9%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տենոչտիտլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տենոչտիտլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טנוצ'טיטלאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנוצ'טיטלאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტენოჩტიტლანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტენოჩტიტლანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temistitlana" title="Temistitlana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Temistitlana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teno%C4%8Dtitlana" title="Tenočtitlana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tenočtitlana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teno%C4%8Dtitlanas" title="Tenočtitlanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tenočtitlanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocstitlan" title="Tenocstitlan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenocstitlan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB" title="ടെനോച്ടിട്ലൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെനോച്ടിട്ലൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8E%E3%83%81%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="テノチティトラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テノチティトラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tenochtitlán" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтитлан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Теночтитлан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เตนอชตีตลัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เตนอชตีตลัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenoktitlan" title="Tenoktitlan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tenoktitlan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Теночтітлан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теночтітлан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tenochtitlan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%BA%E5%A5%87%E6%8F%90%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0" title="特诺奇提特兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特诺奇提特兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%AB%BE%E6%94%AF%E8%92%82%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD" title="鐵諾支蒂特蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵諾支蒂特蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AB%BE%E5%A5%87%E6%8F%90%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD" title="特諾奇提特蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特諾奇提特蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13695#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tenochtitlan&params=19_26_N_99_8_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°8′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.433°N 99.133°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.433; -99.133</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former city-state in the Valley of Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"México-Tenochtitlan" redirects here. For the bus station, see <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico-Tenochtitlan_(Mexico_City_Metrob%C3%BAs)" class="mw-redirect" title="México-Tenochtitlan (Mexico City Metrobús)">México-Tenochtitlan (Mexico City Metrobús)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, see <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Tenochtitlán, Veracruz">Tenochtitlán, Veracruz</a>. For the Mexico City Metro station, see <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo/Tenochtitlan_metro_station" title="Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station">Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1325–1521</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenochtitlan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph of Tenochtitlan"><img alt="Glyph of Tenochtitlan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tenochtitlan.png/100px-Tenochtitlan.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tenochtitlan.png/150px-Tenochtitlan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tenochtitlan.png/200px-Tenochtitlan.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div>Glyph</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_(9755215791).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenochtitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519"><img alt="Tenochtitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/250px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/375px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/500px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2491" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Tenochtitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First European map of Tenochtitlan, 1524"><img alt="First European map of Tenochtitlan, 1524" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg/250px-First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg/375px-First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg/500px-First_European_map_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">First European map of Tenochtitlan, 1524</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Tenochtitlan</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tenochtitlan&params=19_26_N_99_8_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°8′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.433°N 99.133°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.433; -99.133</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Foundation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1325</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1428</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Destruction</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1521</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000+ <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tenochtitlan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg/250px-Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg/375px-Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg/500px-Centro_Historico_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a>, main temple of the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenochtitlan is located in Mexico"><img alt="Tenochtitlan is located in Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg/250px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg/375px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg/500px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="1927" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.602%;left:60.146%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tenochtitlan"><img alt="Tenochtitlan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Tenochtitlan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mexico</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenochtitlan is located in Mesoamerica"><img alt="Tenochtitlan is located in Mesoamerica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/250px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/375px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg/500px-Mesoamerica_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.389%;left:43.601%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tenochtitlan"><img alt="Tenochtitlan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Tenochtitlan (Mesoamerica)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mesoamerica</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City, Mexico">Mexico City, Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tenochtitlan&params=19_26_N_99_8_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°8′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.433°N 99.133°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.433; -99.133</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Unclear date, declared 13 March 1325</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Conquered in 1521</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Late Postclassic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412">412</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Mexico-Tenochtitlan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a large Mexican <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">altepetl</a></i></span> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">historic center of Mexico City</a>. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear, but the date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was built on an island in what was then <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>. The city was the capital of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> in the 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-tenochtitlan_capital_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenochtitlan_capital-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">captured by the Tlaxcaltec and the Spanish in 1521</a>. </p><p>At its peak, it was the largest <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. It subsequently became a <i><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">cabecera</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>. Today, the ruins of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> are in the historic center of the Mexican capital. The World Heritage Site of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a></span></span> contains what remains of the geography (water, boats, <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">floating gardens</a>) of the Mexica capital. </p><p><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> was one of two Mexica <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">āltepētl</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a>) on the island, the other being <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a></span></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the name <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Tenochtitlan</i></span> was thought to come from <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <i lang="nci"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tetl#Classical_Nahuatl" class="extiw" title="wikt:tetl">tetl</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈtetɬ]</a></span> ("rock") and <i lang="nci"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nochtli#Classical_Nahuatl" class="extiw" title="wikt:nochtli">nōchtli</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ˈnoːtʃtɬi]</a></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear</a>") and is often thought to mean, "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks." However, one attestation in the late 16th-century manuscript known as "the Bancroft dialogues" suggest the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is also thought that the city was named after <a href="/wiki/Tenoch" title="Tenoch">Tenoch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tenochtitlan_capital_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenochtitlan_capital-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenochtitlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tenochtitlan.jpg/180px-Tenochtitlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tenochtitlan.jpg/270px-Tenochtitlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tenochtitlan.jpg/360px-Tenochtitlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>The western side of the shallow <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>. <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> is the southern part of the main island. The northern part is <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a></span></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> covered an estimated 8 to 13.5 km<sup>2</sup> (3.1 to 5.2 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> situated on the western side of the shallow <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>. </p><p>At the time of Spanish conquests, Mexico City comprised both <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> and <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a></span></span>. The city extended from north to south, from the north border of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tlatelolco</span></span> to the <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, which by that time were gradually disappearing to the west; the city ended more or less at the present location of <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Avenida_Bucareli" title="Avenida Bucareli">Avenida Bucareli</a></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city was connected to the mainland by bridges and causeways leading to the north, south, and west. The causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other water traffic to pass freely. The bridges could be pulled away, if necessary, to protect the city.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was interlaced with a series of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or via <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lake <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Texcoco</span></span> was the largest of five interconnected lakes. Since it formed in an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a>, Lake <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Texcoco</span></span> was <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Nezahualcoyotl</span></span>" was constructed, reputedly designed by <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a></span></span>. Estimated to be 12 to 16 km (7.5 to 9.9 mi) in length, the levee was completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1453</span>. The levee kept fresh <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">spring</a>-fed water in the waters around <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> and kept the brackish waters beyond the dike, to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two double <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_aqueduct" title="Chapultepec aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, each more than 4 km (2.5 mi) long and made of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided the city with fresh water from the springs at <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a></span></span>. This was intended mainly for cleaning and washing. For drinking, water from mountain springs was preferred. Most of the population liked to bathe twice a day; <span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><span lang="nah" style="font-style: normal;">Moctezuma</span></span> was said to take four baths a day. According to the context of Aztec culture in literature, the soap that they most likely used was the root of a plant called <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">copalxocotl</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saponaria" title="Saponaria">Saponaria</a> americana</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to clean their clothes they used the root of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">metl</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">Agave americana</a></i>). Also, the upper classes and pregnant women washed themselves in a <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Temazcal" title="Temazcal">temāzcalli</a></i></span>, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> bath, which is still used in the south of Mexico. This was also popular in other Mesoamerican cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_plans">City plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: City plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> When we saw so many cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land we were amazed and said that it was like the enchantments (...) on account of the great towers and cues and buildings rising from the water, and all built of masonry. And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream? (...) I do not know how to describe it, seeing things as we did that had never been heard of or seen before, not even dreamed about.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>, <i>The Conquest of New Spain</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The city was divided into four zones, or <i>camps</i>; each <i>camp</i> was divided into 20 districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Calpulli" title="Calpulli">calpullis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl languages">Nahuatl languages</a>: <i lang="nah">calpōlli</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[kaɬˈpoːlːi]</a></span>, meaning "large house"); and each <i>calpulli</i>, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">tlaxilcalli</i></span>. There were three main streets that crossed the city, each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tepeyac" title="Tepeyac">Tepeyac</a></span></span>, <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa">Iztapalapa</a></span></span>, and <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlacopan" title="Tlacopan">Tlacopan</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> reported that they were wide enough for ten horses. Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating gardens with canal waterways and gardens of plants, shrubs, and trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>calpullis</i> were divided by channels used for transportation, with wood bridges that were removed at night. </p><p>The earliest European images of the city were <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> around 1522.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketplaces">Marketplaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marketplaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG/220px-Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG/330px-Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG/440px-Tlatelolco_Marketplace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Tlatelolco Marketplace as depicted at <a href="/wiki/The_Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Field Museum">The Field Museum</a> in Chicago.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each <i>calpulli</i> had its own <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">tiyanquiztli</i></span> (marketplace), but there was also a main marketplace in <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a></span></span> – <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span>'s sister city. Spanish conquistador <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> estimated it was twice the size of the city of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> with about 60,000 people trading daily. <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> provides a more conservative population estimate of 20,000 on ordinary days and 40,000 on feast days. There were also specialized markets in the other central Mexican cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_buildings">Public buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_of_Tenochtitlan2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A picture of Tenochtitlan and a model of the <a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Mexico)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)">National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the center of the city were the public buildings, temples, and palaces. Inside a walled square, 500 meters (1,600 ft) to a side, was the ceremonial center. There were about 45 public buildings, including: the <a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a>, which was dedicated to the Aztec patron deity <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a></span></span> and the Rain God <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tlaloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaloc">Tlaloc</a></span></span>; the temple of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></span></span>; the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame#Aztec" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">tlachtli</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">ball game</a> court) with the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tzompantli" title="Tzompantli">tzompantli</a></span></span> or rack of skulls; the Sun Temple, which was dedicated to <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tonatiuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonatiuh">Tonatiuh</a></span></span>; the Eagle's House, which was associated with warriors and the ancient power of rulers; the platforms for the gladiatorial sacrifice; and some minor temples.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside was the palace of Moctezuma with 100 rooms, each with its own bath, for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people. Also located nearby was the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">cuicalli</i></span>, or house of the songs, and the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Calmecac" title="Calmecac">calmecac</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city had great symmetry. All constructions had to be approved by the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">calmimilocatl</i></span>, a functionary in charge of the city planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces_of_Moctezuma_II">Palaces of Moctezuma II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palaces of Moctezuma II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The palace of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> also had two houses or <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>, one for <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a> and another for other <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. About 300 people were dedicated to the care of the animals. </p><p>There was also a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>. The aquarium had ten ponds of salt water and ten ponds of fresh water, containing various fish and aquatic birds. Places like this also existed in <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(Aztec_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (Aztec site)">Texcoco</a></span></span>, <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a></span></span>, <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Huaxtepec</span></span> (now called <a href="/wiki/Oaxtepec" title="Oaxtepec">Oaxtepec</a>), and <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Texcotzingo" title="Texcotzingo">Texcotzingo</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_classes">Social classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg/180px-Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg/270px-Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg/360px-Rekonstruktion_Aztekenmarkt_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of an Aztec market in Tenochtitlan in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. </figcaption></figure> <p>Tenochtitlan can be considered the most complex society in Mesoamerica in regard to social stratification. The complex system involved many <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>. The <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Macehualtin" title="Macehualtin">macehualtin</a></i></span> were commoners who lived outside the island city of Tenochtitlan. The <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">pipiltin</a></i></span> were noblemen who were relatives of leaders and former leaders, and lived in the confines of the island. <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Cuauhipiltin</i></span>, or eagle nobles, were commoners who impressed the nobles with their martial prowess, and were treated as nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Teteuctin</i></span> were the highest class, rulers of various parts of the empire, including the king. <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Tlacohtin</i></span> were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Slavery in the Aztec Empire">slaves or indentured servants</a>. Finally, the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">pochteca</i></span> were merchants who traveled all of Mesoamerica trading. The membership of this class was based on heredity. <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Pochteca</i></span> could become very rich because they did not pay taxes, but they had to sponsor the ritual feast of <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion#Xocotl_Huetzi" title="Aztec religion">Xocotl Huetzi</a> from the wealth that they obtained from their trade expeditions. </p><p>Status was displayed by the location and type of house where a person lived. Ordinary people lived in houses made of reeds plastered with mud and roofed with thatch. People who were better off had houses of adobe brick with flat roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealthy had houses of stone masonry with flat roofs. They most likely made up the house complexes that were arranged around the inner court. The higher officials in Tenochtitlan lived in the great palace complexes that made up the city. </p><p>Adding even more complexity to Aztec social stratification was the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">calpōlli</i></span>. <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Calpōlli</i></span> is a group of families related by either kinship or proximity. These groups consist of both elite members of Aztec society and commoners. Elites provided commoners with arable land and nonagricultural occupations, and commoners performed services for chiefs and gave tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg/220px-ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg/330px-ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg/440px-ASc131-Pomnik_nieopodal_Zocaio_Plac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>A Mexico City <a href="/wiki/Monumento_de_la_Fundaci%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico-Tenochtitlan" title="Monumento de la Fundación de México-Tenochtitlan">monument commemorating the founding of Tenochtitlan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Mexican civilization of the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> people, founded in 1325. The state religion of the Mexica civilization awaited the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy: the wandering tribes would find the destined site for a great city whose location would be signaled by an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus (<i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i>), which had grown from the heart of <a href="/wiki/Copil_(son_of_Malinalxochitl)" title="Copil (son of Malinalxochitl)">Copil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexica saw this vision on what was then a small swampy island in Lake <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Texcoco</span></span>, a vision that is now immortalized in <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico">Mexico's coat of arms</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican flag">Mexican flag</a>. Not deterred by the unfavourable terrain, they set about building their city, using the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampa</a></i></span> system (misnamed as "floating gardens") for agriculture and to dry and expand the island. </p><p>A thriving culture developed, and the Mexica civilization came to dominate other tribes around Mexico. The small natural island was perpetually enlarged as <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> grew to become the largest and most powerful city in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. Commercial routes were developed that brought goods from places as far as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, the Pacific Ocean and perhaps even the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a flood of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>, the city was rebuilt during the rule of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahuitzotl" title="Ahuitzotl">Ahuitzotl</a></span></span>, which was between 1486 and 1502, in a style that made it one of the grandest ever in Mesoamerica. </p><p>Hernan Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on 8 November 1519. Although there are not precise numbers, the city's population has been estimated at between 200,000 and 400,000 inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing Tenochtitlan among the largest cities in the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the cities of Europe, only <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> might have rivaled it. It was five times the size of the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe,_M._2008,_p._193-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to the Spanish king, Cortés wrote that <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> was as large as <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>. Cortés' men were in awe at the sight of the splendid city and many wondered if they were dreaming.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some popular sources put the number as high as 350,000<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most common estimates of the population are of over 200,000 people. One of the few comprehensive academic surveys of Mesoamerican city and town sizes arrived at a population of 212,500 living on 13.5 km<sup>2</sup> (5.2 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also said that at one time, Moctezuma had rule over an empire of almost five million people in central and southern Mexico because he had extended his rule to surrounding territories to gain tribute and prisoners to sacrifice to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest">Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png/260px-Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png/390px-Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png/520px-Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>The Conquest of Tenochtitlan</figcaption></figure> <p>When Cortés and his men invaded <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> chose to welcome Cortés as an ambassador rather than risk a war which might quickly be joined by aggrieved indigenous people. </p><p>As Cortés approached <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span>, the <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochcah</span></span> celebrated <a href="/wiki/Toxcatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxcatl">Toxcatl</a>. At this event the most prominent warriors of each <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">altepetl</a></span></span> would dance in front of a huge statue of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a></span></span>. The Spanish leader, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>, who was left in charge, worried that the natives planned a surprise attack. He captured three natives and tortured them until they said that this was indeed planned to happen. During the festival, the Spaniards came heavily armed and closed off every exit from the courtyard so that no one would escape. This happened during their last days in Tenochtitlan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobles lined each side of the city's main causeway, which extended about a <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a> (4.83 km). Walking down the center came Moctezuma II, with two lords at his side, one his brother, the ruler of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa">Iztapalapa</a></span></span>. Cortés dismounted and was greeted by the ruler and his lords, but forbidden to touch him. Cortés gave him a necklace of crystals, placing it over his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg/180px-Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg/270px-Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg/360px-Adoratorio_de_Ehecatl_Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mexica pyramid of Ehecatl in the Metro Pino Suárez station, Mexico City Subway.</figcaption></figure> <p>They were then brought to a large house that would serve as their home for their stay in the city. Once they were settled, Moctezuma himself sat down and spoke with Cortés. The great ruler declared that anything that they needed would be theirs to have.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was thrilled to have visitors of such stature. Although the Spaniards were seeking gold, Moctezuma expressed that he had very little of the sort, but all of it was to be given to Cortés if he desired it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after arriving in <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span>, Cortés came up against problems. At <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Vera Cruz</a>, the officer left in charge received a letter from <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Qualpopoca" title="Qualpopoca">Qualpopoca</a></span></span>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Nautla,_Veracruz" title="Nautla, Veracruz">Nueva Almería</a>, asking to become a vassal of the Spaniards. He requested that officials be sent to him so that he could confirm his submission. To reach the province, the officers would have to travel through hostile land. The officer in charge of Vera Cruz decided to send four officers to meet with Qualpopoca.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When they arrived, they were captured and two were killed, the other two escaping through the woods. Upon their return to Vera Cruz, the officer in charge was infuriated, and led troops to storm Almería. Here they learned that Moctezuma was supposedly the one who ordered the officers executed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span>, Cortés detained Moctezuma and questioned him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no serious conclusions were reached, this negatively affected the relationship between Moctezuma and the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés subsequently besieged <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> for over 90 days, causing a famine.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_C._1980,_p._162-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained control, he then directed the systematic destruction and leveling of the city;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began its rebuilding, despite opposition. The reconstruction involved the creation of a central area designated for Spanish use (the <i>traza</i>). The outer Indian section, now dubbed <i>San Juan Tenochtitlan</i>, continued to be governed by the previous indigenous elite and was divided into the same subdivisions as before.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><span lang="nci" style="font-style: normal;">Tenochtitlan</span></span> were soon exposed to <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange#Diseases" title="Columbian exchange">diseases</a> to which they had no immunity. Symptoms were often delayed for up to ten days, when the infection would spread throughout the body, causing sores, pain, and high fever. People were weak to the point that they could not move, nor obtain food and water. Burial of the dead became difficult to impossible, due to the pervasiveness of the people's illness. The people of Tenochtitlan began to starve and weaken. The death toll rose steadily over the course of the next 60 days.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Needs transition and explanation of events between invasion and colonial era (November 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">History of Mexico City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png/170px-Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png/255px-Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png/340px-Barrios_Tenochtitlan_OSM2.png 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Tenochtitlan overlaid on a map of modern streets of Mexico City, with the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">traza</i></span> shown in gray</figcaption></figure> <p>Cortés founded the Spanish capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. Despite the extensive damage to the built environment, the site retained symbolic power and legitimacy as the capital of the Aztec empire, which Cortés sought to appropriate. For a time this <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ciudad de españoles</i></span>, the highest rank in the Spanish hierarchy of settlement designation, was called Mexico–Tenochtitlan. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a> devotes the final chapter of his classic work, <i>The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule</i>, to what he called "The City",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with later historians building on his work.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards established a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">cabildo</a></i></span> or town council, which had jurisdiction over the Spanish residents. The Spanish established a Europeans-only zone in the center of the city, an area of 13 blocks in each direction of the central plaza, which was the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">traza</i></span>. Although many native residents died during the siege of Tenochtitlan, the indigenous still had a strong presence in the city, and were settled in two main areas of the island, designated San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco, each with a municipal council that functioned the entire colonial period. San Juan Tenochtitlan was a Spanish administrative creation, which amalgamated four indigenous sections, with each losing territory to the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">traza</i></span>. The Spanish laid out the streets of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">traza</i></span> in a checker board pattern, with straight streets and plazas at intervals, whereas the indigenous portions of the city were irregular in layout and built of modest materials. In the colonial period both San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco retained jurisdiction over settlements on the mainland that they could draw on for labor and tribute demanded by the Spanish, but increasingly those subordinate settlements (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sujetos</i></span>) were able to gain their autonomy with their own rulers and separate relationship with the Spanish rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concern about the health of the indigenous population in early post-conquest Mexico–Tenochtitlan led to the founding of a royal hospital for indigenous residents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of colonial-era pictorial manuscripts dealing with Tenochtitlan–Tlatelolco, which shed light on litigation between Spaniards and indigenous over property.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An account with information about the war of Tenochtitlan against its neighbor Tlatelolco in 1473 and the Spanish conquest in 1521 is the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Anales de Mexico y Tlatelolco, 1473, 1521–22</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist Susan Kellogg has studied colonial-era inheritance patterns of Nahuas in Mexico City, using <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>- and Spanish-language testaments.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 13th of August 1521, after over two months of fighting,Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés succeeded in bringing about the fall of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire, and consequently brought an end to the Aztec empire </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruins">Ruins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ruins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_(illustration_1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg/170px-Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg/255px-Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg/340px-Templo_Mayor_in_Mexico-Tenochtitlan_16th_century_%28illustration_1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5197" data-file-height="3361" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Templo Mayor</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico-Tenochtitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-Tenochtitlan">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</a>, the Aztec capital.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg/170px-Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg/255px-Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg/340px-Templo_Mayor_2015_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a> of Mexico-Tenochtitlan ruins.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG/170px-Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG/255px-Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG/340px-Templo_Mayor_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the Templo Mayor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg/170px-Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg/255px-Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg/340px-Fundacion_Tenochtitlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption><i>Fundación de México</i> (The foundation of Mexico) – Tenochtitlán by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cueva_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Roberto Cueva del Río">Roberto Cueva del Río</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tenochtitlan's main temple complex, the <a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a>, was dismantled and the central district of the Spanish colonial city was constructed on top of it. The great temple was destroyed by the Spanish during the construction of a cathedral. The location of the Templo Mayor was rediscovered in the early 20th century, but major excavations did not take place until 1978–1982, after utility workers came across a massive stone disc depicting the nude dismembered body of the moon goddess <a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyolxauhqui">Coyolxauhqui</a>. The disc is 3.25 meters (10 ft 8 in) in diameter, and is held at the Templo Mayor Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ruins, constructed over seven periods, were built on top of each other. The resulting weight of the structures caused them to sink into the sediment of Lake Texcoco; the ruins now rest at an angle instead of horizontally. </p><p>Mexico City's <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza de la Constitución">Plaza de la Constitución</a>, is located at the site of Tenochtitlan's original central plaza and market, and many of the original <i>calzadas</i> still correspond to modern city streets. The <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec calendar stone">Aztec calendar stone</a> was located in the ruins. This stone is 4 meters (13 ft 1 in) in diameter and weighs over 18.1 metric tons (20 short tons; 17.9 long tons). It was once located half-way up the great pyramid. This sculpture was carved around 1470 under the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Axayacatl" title="Axayacatl">Axayacatl</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Tizoc" title="Tizoc">Tizoc</a>, and is said to tell the history of the Mexicas and to prophesy the future.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1987, archaeologists discovered a mix of 1,789 human bones five meters (16 ft 5 in) below street level in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-NG_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial dates back to the 1480s and lies at the foot of the main temple in the sacred ceremonial precinct of the Aztec capital. The bones are from children, teenagers and adults. A complete skeleton of a young woman was also found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-NG_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="List of Mesoamerican pyramids">List of Mesoamerican pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">History of Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Portrait of Tenochtitlan">Portrait of Tenochtitlan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Either <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Tenochtitlan</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[tenot͡ʃˈtít͡ɬan̥]</a></span> or <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Tenōchtitlan</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[tenoːt͡ʃˈtít͡ɬan̥]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Either <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Mēxihco Tenochtitlan</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[meːˈʃíʔko<span class="wrap"> </span>tenot͡ʃˈtít͡ɬan̥]</a></span> or <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Mēxihco Tenōchtitland</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nah-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[meːˈʃíʔko<span class="wrap"> </span>tenoːt͡ʃˈtít͡ɬan̥]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">México-Tenochtitlan</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/aztecs">"Aztecs"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Aztecs&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fancient-americas%2Faztecs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/pohl/sites/tenochtitlan.html#:~:text=Scholars%20estimate%20that%20between%20200%2C000,the%20mainland%20into%20the%20city">http://www.famsi.org/research/pohl/sites/tenochtitlan.html#:~:text=Scholars%20estimate%20that%20between%20200%2C000,the%20mainland%20into%20the%20city</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castillo Ledon, Luis (1925). <i>La Fundación de la Ciudad de México 1325–1925</i> Editorial CVLTURA pp. 5, 55, 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenochtitlan_capital-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tenochtitlan_capital_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tenochtitlan_capital_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322114848/http://www.historiang.com/articulo.jsp?id=1606479">"Tenochtitlán, la capital Azteca"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> (in Spanish). No. 54. p. 76. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiang.com/articulo.jsp?id=1606479">the original</a> on 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Tenochtitl%C3%A1n%2C+la+capital+Azteca&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=76&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiang.com%2Farticulo.jsp%3Fid%3D1606479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Karttunen" title="Frances Karttunen">Frances Karttunen</a> (1983) <i>An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl</i> p. 225, Texas linguistic series, University of Texas, Austin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-0365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2927-0365-0">978-0-2927-0365-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/230535203">230535203</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tenochtitlan/">"Tenochtitlan"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Tenochtitlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Ftenochtitlan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1994). <i>The Conquest Of Mexico</i>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8"><bdi>0-7126-6079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+Of+Mexico&rft.pages=277&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7126-6079-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Biar, Alexandra (2021). "Navigation Paths and Urbanism in the Basin of Mexico Before the Conquest". <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <b>34</b>: 104–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536121000328">10.1017/S0956536121000328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5361">0956-5361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244567487">244567487</a> – via Cambridge Journals Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Navigation+Paths+and+Urbanism+in+the+Basin+of+Mexico+Before+the+Conquest&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=104-123&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244567487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536121000328&rft.aulast=Biar&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1994). <i>The Conquest Of Mexico</i>. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8"><bdi>0-7126-6079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+Of+Mexico&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7126-6079-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1994). <i>The Conquest Of Mexico</i>. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6079-8"><bdi>0-7126-6079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+Of+Mexico&rft.pages=493&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7126-6079-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortés, H.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar-Moreno2006" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT5cww4rQdoC&pg=PA368"><i>Handbook to life in the Aztec world</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5673-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-5673-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-615686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-615686-4"><bdi>978-0-13-615686-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-13-615686-4&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, pp. 162–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.R._Williams2012" class="citation magazine cs1">A.R. Williams (29 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901023458/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/pictures/120829-aztec-sacrifice-templo-mayor-bones-archaeology">"Venerable Bones"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/pictures/120829-aztec-sacrifice-templo-mayor-bones-archaeology/">the original</a> on 1 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Venerable+Bones&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.au=A.R.+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F08%2Fpictures%2F120829-aztec-sacrifice-templo-mayor-bones-archaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe,_Michael_D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Michael D. (2008). <i>Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i>. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+From+the+Olmecs+to+the+Aztecs&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Sara_E.1972" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Sara E. (March 1972). "How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma". <i>Society for History Education: The History Teacher</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F491417">10.2307/491417</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/491417">491417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+for+History+Education%3A+The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=How+the+Aztecs+Appraised+Montezuma&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F491417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F491417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Sara+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés,_Hernán1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés, Hernán</a> (1969). <i>Five Letters of Cortés to the Emperor</i>. Morris J.Baynard (ed. and trans.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Letters+of+Cort%C3%A9s+to+the+Emperor&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Cort%C3%A9s%2C+Hern%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_del_Castillo,_Bernal1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Díaz del Castillo, Bernal</a> (1963) [1632]. <a href="/wiki/Historia_verdadera_de_la_conquista_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España"><i>The Conquest of New Spain</i></a>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/J._M._Cohen" title="J. M. Cohen">J. M. Cohen</a> (trans.) (sixth printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044123-9"><bdi>0-14-044123-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162351797">162351797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+New+Spain&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.edition=sixth+printing+%281973%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162351797&rft.isbn=0-14-044123-9&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz+del+Castillo%2C+Bernal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Michael_E.2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Smith_(archaeologist)" title="Michael E. Smith (archaeologist)">Smith, Michael E.</a> (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Emesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-05-CitySize.pdf">"City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Urban History</i>. <b>31</b> (4). Beverly Hills, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 403–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0096144204274396">10.1177/0096144204274396</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1798556">1798556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145452272">145452272</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=City+Size+in+Late+Post-Classic+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-434&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1798556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145452272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0096144204274396&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F%257Emesmith9%2F1-CompleteSet%2FMES-05-CitySize.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoustelle,_Jacques1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Soustelle, Jacques</a> (1984). <i>La vida cotidiana de los aztecas en visperas de la conquista</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City: <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Economica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondo de Cultura Economica">Fondo de Cultura Economica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vida+cotidiana+de+los+aztecas+en+visperas+de+la+conquista&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Economica&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Soustelle%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStannard,_David_E.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan"><i>American Holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Holocaust%3A+Columbus+and+the+conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Stannard%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanholocaus00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Charles1980" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Charles (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wondersofancient00walk"><i>Wonders of the Ancient World</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Crescent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517318256" title="Special:BookSources/9780517318256"><bdi>9780517318256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780517318256&rft.au=Walker%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwondersofancient00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Calnek, Edward. "Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture at Tenochtitlan." <i>American Antiquity</i> 37.1. (1973) 190–95.</li> <li>Calnek, Edward. "El sistema de mercado en Tenochtitlan." In <i>Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico</i>. Eds. Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda, pp. 97–114. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto de Antropología e Historia, 1978.</li> <li>Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan in the Early Colonial Period." Acts of the XLII International Congress of Americanists 8, 1976 (1979) 35–40.</li> <li>Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco: the Natural History of a City." In <i>El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica/Urbanism in Mesoamerica</i>, vol. 1. edited by W.T. Sanders et al., 149–202. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; University Park: Pennsylvania State University 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a>. <i>The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804709125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804709125">978-0804709125</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolina_Montes1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Molina Montes, Augusto F. (December 1980). "The building of Tenochtitlan". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 158, no. 6. pp. 753–764. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+building+of+Tenochtitlan&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=753-764&rft.date=1980-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Molina+Montes&rft.aufirst=Augusto+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenochtitlan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mundy, Barbara E. "Mapping the Aztec Capital: the 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan, Its Sources and Meanings." <i>Imago Mundi</i> 50 (1998), 1–22.</li> <li>Mundy, Barbara E. "Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan." <i>Ethnohistory</i> 61 (2) Spring 2014. 329–355.</li> <li>Mundy, Barbara E. <i>The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 2015.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477317136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477317136">978-1477317136</a></li> <li>Toussaint, Manuel, Federico Gómez de Orozco, and Justino Fernández, <i>Planos de la Ciudad de México</i>. XVI Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1938.</li> <li>Townsend, Richard F. <i>State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan</i>. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archeology 20. Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks 1979.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenochtitlan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tenochtitlan.thomaskole.nl/">A Portrait of Tenochtitlan, 1518</a> by Thomas Kole</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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