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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Suppression of the revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_Kokhba_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bar Kokhba revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_Kokhba_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jewish_and_Christian_eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Jewish and Christian eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_(70)" title="حصار القدس (70) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار القدس (70)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_(70)" title="Обсада на Йерусалим (70) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Йерусалим (70)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Jerusalem_(70)" title="Setge de Jerusalem (70) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Jerusalem (70)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroberung_von_Jerusalem_(70_n._Chr.)" title="Eroberung von Jerusalem (70 n. Chr.) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eroberung von Jerusalem (70 n. Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC_(70_%CE%BC.%CE%A7.)" title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (70 μ.Χ.) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (70 μ.Χ.)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n_(70)" title="Sitio de Jerusalén (70) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Jerusalén (70)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemgo_setioa_(70)" title="Jerusalemgo setioa (70) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerusalemgo setioa (70)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_(%DB%B7%DB%B0_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="محاصره اورشلیم (۷۰ میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره اورشلیم (۷۰ میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(70)" title="Siège de Jérusalem (70) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Jérusalem (70)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Xerusal%C3%A9n_do_ano_70" title="Cerco de Xerusalén do ano 70 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cerco de Xerusalén do ano 70" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%98_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84_(70%EB%85%84)" title="예루살렘 공방전 (70년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예루살렘 공방전 (70년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Jeruzalema_(70.)" title="Opsada Jeruzalema (70.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsada Jeruzalema (70.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Yerusalem_(70)" title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (70) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (70)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuvinjezelwa_kweJerusalema_(70_CE)" title="Ukuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema (70 CE) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema (70 CE)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Gerusalemme_(70)" title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (70) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (70)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_(70)" title="המצור על ירושלים (70) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על ירושלים (70)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_(70)" title="Опсада на Ерусалим (70) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Ерусалим (70)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Baitulmuqaddis_(70_TM)" title="Pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis (70 TM) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Baitulmuqaddis (70 TM)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Jeruzalem_(70)" title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (70) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (70)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E6%94%BB%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6_(70%E5%B9%B4)" title="エルサレム攻囲戦 (70年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルサレム攻囲戦 (70年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%DB%B7%DB%B0_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="د اورشلیم کلابندي (۷۰ زکال) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اورشلیم کلابندي (۷۰ زکال)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Jerozolimy_(70)" title="Oblężenie Jerozolimy (70) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Jerozolimy (70)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m" title="Destruição de Jerusalém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destruição de Jerusalém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_Ierusalimului_(70)" title="Asediul Ierusalimului (70) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul Ierusalimului (70)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(70)" title="Осада Иерусалима (70) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Иерусалима (70)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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this location">31.77806°N 35.23583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77806; 35.23583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the First Jewish–Roman War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the siege by Nebuchadnezzar that led to the destruction of the First Temple, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</a>. For other sieges upon the city of Jerusalem, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Jerusalem (disambiguation)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/330px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/440px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="3643" /></a></span><br /><i>Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>. Oil on canvas, 1867.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>14 April – 8 September 70 CE<br />(4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)&params=31_46_41_N_35_14_9_E_type:event_region:IL-JM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77806°N 35.23583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77806; 35.23583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Roman rule of Jerusalem restored</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government_(66-68)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean provisional government (66-68)">Judean provisional government</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Peasantry faction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idumaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumaea">Idumaeans</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Zealotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealotry">Zealots</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Alexander" title="Tiberius Julius Alexander">Julius Alexander</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John of Giscala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 70,000</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,000–20,000</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i>Unknown</i></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,000–20,000</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Jewish–Roman_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War"><span class="wrap">First Jewish–Roman War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Early engagements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem (66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Gallus' campaign</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Northern revolt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Judea coast and highlands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerusalem (70)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Last strongholds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">587 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BCE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">US recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>siege of Jerusalem</b> of 70 CE was the decisive event of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73 CE), in which the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> army led by future emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>. Following a five-month siege, the Romans destroyed the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Jewish Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 70 CE, three days before <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Roman army</a> started besieging Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-War_of_the_Jews_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_of_the_Jews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had been taken over by several rebel factions following <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">a period of massive unrest</a> and the collapse of a <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government_(66%E2%80%9368)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean provisional government (66–68)">short-lived provisional government</a>. Within three weeks, the Romans broke the first two walls of the city, but a stubborn rebel standoff prevented them from penetrating the third and thickest wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, a contemporary historian and the main source for the war, the city was ravaged by murder, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, 70 CE (August 30),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman forces overwhelmed the defenders and set fire to the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance continued for another month, but eventually the upper and lower parts of the city were taken as well, and the city was burned to the ground. Titus spared only the three towers of the Herodian citadel as a testimony to the city's former might.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.51-52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege had a major toll on human life, with many people being killed and enslaved, and large parts of the city destroyed. This victory gave the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> legitimacy to claim control over the empire. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to celebrate the victory over the Jews, with two <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a> erected to commemorate it, including the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which still stands today. The treasures looted from the Temple were put on display.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The destruction of Jerusalem marked a major turning point in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the mother-city and Second Temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. With sacrificial worship no longer possible, Jewish practices shifted to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> gatherings. According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a> escaped Jerusalem during the siege and secured Roman permission to establish a study center in <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavneh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was foundational in the development of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, which emerged from <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic</a> traditions and eventually became the mainstream form of Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> faded into obscurity,<sup id="cite_ref-:54_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while surviving followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> continued to spread his teachings, leading to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as a new, separate religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> established a military camp on Jerusalem's ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city was later re-founded as the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>. Foreign cults were introduced and Jews were forbidden entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erp-places_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erp-places-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often seen as a catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weksler-Bdolah2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weksler-Bdolah2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple Period</a>, Jerusalem was the center of religious and national life for Jews, including those in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Temple attracted tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city reached a peak in size and population during the late Second Temple period, when the city covered <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>two square kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> square mile) and had an estimated population of 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-erp-places_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erp-places-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarEl68_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarEl68-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> celebrated it as "by far, the most famous of the cities of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Roman period, Jerusalem had two distinct precincts. The first encompassed the regions within the "first wall", the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a> and the Upper City, and was heavily built up, though less so at its wealthy parts. The second, known as the "suburb" or "<a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda" title="Pool of Bethesda">Bethesda</a>", lay north of the first and was sparsely populated. It contained that section of Jerusalem within the Herodian "second wall" (which was still standing), though it was itself surrounded by the new "third wall", built by king <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.82_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.82-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus stated that Agrippa wanted to build a wall at least 5 meters thick, literally impenetrable by contemporary siege engines. Agrippa, however, never moved beyond the foundations, out of fear of emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> "lest he should suspect that so strong a wall was built in order to make some innovation in public affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-war142_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-war142-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only completed later, to a lesser strength and in much haste, when the First Jewish–Roman War broke out and the defenses of Jerusalem had to be bolstered. Nine towers adorned the third wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_rebellion">Outbreak of rebellion</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, broke following the appointment of prefect <a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a> and his demand to receive Temple funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.82_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.82-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> entrusted the job of crushing the rebellion in Judaea to <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, a talented and unassuming general. In early 68 CE, Vespasian landed at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a> and began suppression of the revolt with operations in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. By July 69 all of Judea but Jerusalem had been pacified and the city, now hosting rebel leaders from all over the country, came under Roman siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.51-52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fortified stronghold, it might have held for a significant amount of time, if not for the intense civil war that then broke out between moderates and Zealots.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.51-52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 69 CE, Vespasian departed Judea for Rome and in December became Emperor, with command of the Roman legions passing to his son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> places the siege in the second year of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to year 70 of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> began his siege a few days before Passover,<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 Xanthicus (April),<sup id="cite_ref-War_of_the_Jews_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_of_the_Jews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounding the city with three <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">V <i>Macedonica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">XII <i>Fulminata</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">XV <i>Apollinaris</i></a>) on the western side and a fourth (<a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">X <i>Fretensis</i></a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a>, to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levick1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levick1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the reference in his <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War"><i>Jewish War</i></a> at 6:421 is to Titus's siege, though difficulties exist with its interpretation, then at the time, according to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Jerusalem was thronged with many people who had come to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thrust of the siege began in the west at the Third Wall, north of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a>. By May, this was breached and the Second Wall also was taken shortly afterwards, leaving the defenders in possession of the Temple and the upper and lower city. </p><p>The Jewish defenders were split into factions. <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon Bar Giora</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John of Giscala</a>, the two prominent Zealot leaders, placed all blame for the failure of the revolt on the shoulders of the moderate leadership. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John of Gischala</a>'s group murdered another faction leader, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a>, whose men were entrenched in the forecourts of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zealots resolved to prevent the city from falling into Roman hands by all means necessary, including the murder of political opponents and anyone standing in their way.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.9_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were still those wishing to negotiate with the Romans and bring a peaceful end to the siege. The most prominent of these was <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>, whose students smuggled him out of the city in a coffin in order to deal with Vespasian. This, however, was insufficient to deal with the madness that had now gripped the Zealot leadership in Jerusalem and the reign of terror it unleashed upon the population of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.9_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca2008_p.9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus describes various acts of savagery committed against the people by its own leadership, including the torching of the city's food supply in an apparent bid to force the defenders to fight for their lives. </p><p>The enmities between John of Gischala and Simon bar Giora were papered over only when the Roman siege engineers began to erect <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a>. Titus then had a wall built to girdle the city in order to starve out the population more effectively. After several failed attempts to breach or scale the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Fortress of Antonia</a>, the Romans finally launched a secret attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite early successes in repelling the Roman sieges, the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a> fought amongst themselves, and they lacked proper leadership, resulting in poor discipline, training, and preparation for the battles that were to follow. At one point they destroyed the food stocks in the city, a drastic measure thought to have been undertaken perhaps in order to enlist a merciful <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God's</a> intervention on behalf of the besieged Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-Yehuda_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yehuda-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as a stratagem to make the defenders more desperate, supposing that was necessary in order to repel the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Jewish Virtual Library is listed as a Generally Unreliable at WP:RSP over its partisan content and myth pedalling (May 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Josephus, when the Romans reached Antonia they tried to destroy the wall which protected it. They removed four stones only, but during the night the wall collapsed. "That night the wall was so shaken by the battering rams in that place where John had used his stratagem before, and had undermined their banks, that the ground then gave way, and the wall fell down suddenly." (v. 28)<sup id="cite_ref-Whiston1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiston1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, Titus had raised banks beside the court of the Temple: on the north-west corner, on the north side, and on the west side (v. 150).<sup id="cite_ref-Whiston2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiston2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus goes on to say that the Jews then attacked the Romans on the east, near the Mount of Olives, but Titus drove them back to the valley. Zealots set the north-west colonnade on fire (v. 165). The Romans set the next one on fire, and the Jews wanted it to burn (v. 166), and they also trapped some Roman soldiers when they wanted to climb over the wall. They had burned wood under the wall when Romans were trapped on it (v. 178–183). </p><p>After Jewish allies killed a number of Roman soldiers, Josephus claims that Titus sent him to negotiate with the defenders; this ended with Jews wounding the negotiator with an arrow, and another sally was launched shortly after. Titus was almost captured during this sudden attack, but escaped. </p><p>Overlooking the Temple compound, the fortress provided a perfect point from which to attack the Temple itself. <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">Battering rams</a> made little progress, but the fighting itself eventually set the walls on fire; a Roman soldier threw a burning stick onto one of the Temple's walls. Destroying the Temple was not among Titus's goals, possibly due in large part to the massive expansions done by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> mere decades earlier. Titus had wanted to seize it and transform it into a temple dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman pantheon</a>. However, the fire spread quickly and was soon out of control. The Temple was captured and destroyed on 9/10 <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, sometime in August 70 CE, and the flames spread into the residential sections of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levick1999_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levick1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus described the scene: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the legions charged in, neither persuasion nor threat could check their impetuosity: passion alone was in command. Crowded together around the entrances many were trampled by their friends, many fell among the still hot and smoking ruins of the colonnades and died as miserably as the defeated. As they neared the Sanctuary they pretended not even to hear Caesar's commands and urged the men in front to throw in more firebrands. The partisans were no longer in a position to help; everywhere was slaughter and flight. Most of the victims were peaceful citizens, weak and unarmed, butchered wherever they were caught. Round the Altar the heaps of corpses grew higher and higher, while down the Sanctuary steps poured a river of blood and the bodies of those killed at the top slithered to the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Josephus's account absolves Titus of any culpability for the destruction of the Temple, but this may merely reflect his desire to procure favor with the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, the excitement of the Roman troops led them to fuel the flames beyond control. In contrast, another historiographic tradition, which traces back to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and is later reflected in Christian writings, asserts that Titus explicitly authorized the destruction of the Temple, which was also functioning as a key fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship generally supports this latter account, although the issue remains debated.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman legions quickly crushed the remaining Jewish resistance. Some of the remaining Jews escaped through hidden tunnels and sewers, while others made a final stand in the Upper City.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defense halted the Roman advance as they had to construct siege towers to assail the remaining Jews. <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Palace_(Jerusalem)" title="Herod's Palace (Jerusalem)">Herod's Palace</a> fell on 7 September, and the city was completely under Roman control by 8 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheppard2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wahl2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahl2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans continued to pursue those who had fled the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg/220px-Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg/330px-Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg/440px-Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Progress of the Roman army during the siege</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction">Destruction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple#Archaeology" title="Second Temple">Second Temple § Archaeology</a></div> <p>The account of Josephus described Titus as moderate in his approach and, after conferring with others, ordering that the 500-year-old Temple be spared. According to Josephus, it was the Jews who first used fire in the Northwest approach to the Temple to try and stop Roman advances. Only then did Roman soldiers set fire to an apartment adjacent to the Temple, starting a conflagration which the Jews subsequently made worse.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Christian sources, traced back to Tacitus, claim that Titus personally authorized the destruction, a perspective that modern scholars generally support, though the debate remains unsettled.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus had acted as a mediator for the Romans and, when negotiations failed, witnessed the siege and aftermath. He wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder, because there remained none to be the objects of their fury (for they would not have spared any, had there remained any other work to be done), [Titus] Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city and Temple, but should leave as many of the towers standing as they were of the greatest eminence; that is, Phasaelus, and Hippicus, and Mariamne; and so much of the wall enclosed the city on the west side. This wall was spared, in order to afford a camp for such as were to lie in garrison [in the Upper City], as were the towers [the three forts] also spared, in order to demonstrate to posterity what kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valor had subdued; but for all the rest of the wall [surrounding Jerusalem], it was so thoroughly laid even with the ground by those that dug it up to the foundation, that there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it [Jerusalem] had ever been inhabited. This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of mighty fame among all mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> And truly, the very view itself was a melancholy thing; for those places which were adorned with trees and pleasant gardens, were now become desolate country every way, and its trees were all cut down. Nor could any foreigner that had formerly seen Judaea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city, and now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change. For the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste. Nor had anyone who had known the place before, had come on a sudden to it now, would he have known it again. But though he [a foreigner] were at the city itself, yet would he have inquired for it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeological_evidence">Archeological evidence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period,_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum,_The_Jewish_Quarter,_Jeruslem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg/220px-Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg/330px-Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg/440px-Fresco_from_the_Second_Temple_Period%2C_Wohl_Archaeological_Museum%2C_The_Jewish_Quarter%2C_Jeruslem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> showing signs of burning, <a href="/wiki/Wohl_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wohl Archaeological Museum">Wohl Archaeological Museum</a>, Jewish Quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, various remains that provide evidence of Jerusalem's destruction have been discovered, leading scholars to believe that Josephus' description is accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronny_Reich" title="Ronny Reich">Ronny Reich</a> wrote that "While remains relating to the destruction of the Temple are scant, those pertaining to the Temple Mount walls and their close vicinity, the Upper City, the western part of the city, and the Tyropoeon Valley are considerable. [...] It was found that in most cases the archaeological record coincides with the historical description, pointing to Josephus' reliability".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a> discovered traces of great fire that damaged the Upper City's residential buildings. The fires consumed all organic matter. In houses where there was a beamed ceiling between the floors, the fire caused the top of the building to collapse, along with the top rows of stone, and they buried everything that remained in the home under them. There are buildings where traces remain only in part of the house, and there are buildings that have been completely burned. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxides</a> have been discovered in several locations, indicating that a lengthy burning damaged the limestones. The <a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a> in the Herodian Quarter, for example, shows signs of a fire that raged at the site during the city's destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The fire left its mark even on household utensils and objects that were in the same buildings. <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_in_ancient_Judaea" title="Stone vessels in ancient Judaea">Limestone vessels</a> were stained with ash or even burned and turned into lime, glass vessels exploded and warped from the heat of the fire until they could not be recovered in the laboratory. In contrast, pottery and basalt survived. The layer of ash and charred wood left over from the fires reached an average height of about a meter, and the rock falls reached up to two meters and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG/220px-NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG/330px-NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG/440px-NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Stones from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> (Jerusalem) thrown onto the street by Roman soldiers on the <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Ninth of Av</a>, 70</figcaption></figure><p>The great urban drainage channel and the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam" title="Pool of Siloam">Pool of Siloam</a> in the Lower City silted up and stopped working, and the city walls collapsed in numerous places.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massive stone collapses from the Temple Mount's walls were discovered laying over the Herodian street that runs along the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these stones is the <a href="/wiki/Trumpeting_Place_inscription" title="Trumpeting Place inscription">Trumpeting Place inscription</a>, a monumental Hebrew inscription which was thrown down by Roman legionnaires during the destruction of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths,_enslavement,_and_displacement"><span id="Deaths.2C_enslavement.2C_and_displacement"></span>Deaths, enslavement, and displacement</h2></div> <p>Josephus wrote that 1.1 million people, the majority of them Jewish, were killed during the siege – a death toll he attributes to the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goldberg1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldberg1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus goes on to report that after the Romans killed the armed and elderly people, 97,000 were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus records that many people were sold into slavery, and that of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, 40,000 individuals survived, and the emperor let them to go wherever they chose.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before and during the siege, according to Josephus' account, there were multiple waves of desertions from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman historian Tacitus later wrote: "... the total number of the besieged of every age and both sexes was six hundred thousand; there were arms for all who could use them, and the number ready to fight was larger than could have been anticipated from the total population. Both men and women showed the same determination; and if they were to be forced to change their home, they feared life more than death".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus' death toll figures have been rejected as impossible by <a href="/wiki/Seth_Schwartz" title="Seth Schwartz">Seth Schwartz</a>, who estimates that about a million people lived in all of the land of Israel at the time, about half of them Jews, and that sizable Jewish populations remained in the area after the war was over, even in the hard-hit region of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schwartz, however, believes that the captive number of 97,000 is more reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been noted that the revolt had not deterred pilgrims from visiting Jerusalem, and a large number became trapped in the city and perished during the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the people of the surrounding area are also thought to have been driven from the land or enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War#Aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War § Aftermath</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triumph">Triumph</h3></div> <p>Titus and his soldiers celebrated victory upon their return to Rome by parading the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Showbread#The_table_(shulchan)" title="Showbread">Table of the Bread of God's Presence</a> through the streets. Up until this parading, these items had only ever been seen by the High Priest of the Temple. This event was memorialized in the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goldberg1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldberg1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 700 Judean prisoners were paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumph, among them Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon bar Giora was executed by being thrown to his death from the <a href="/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock" title="Tarpeian Rock">Tarpeian Rock</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter</a> after being judged a rebel and a traitor,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while John of Giscala was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JW_Book_VII_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JW_Book_VII-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_the_revolt">Suppression of the revolt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></div> <p>After the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the city and its temple, there were still a few Judean strongholds in which the rebels continued holding out, at <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tropper_2016_p._92_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropper_2016_p._92-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Herodium and Machaerus fell to the Roman army within the next two years, with Masada remaining as the final stronghold of the Judean rebels. In 73 CE, the Romans breached the walls of Masada and captured the fortress, with Josephus claiming that nearly all of the Jewish defenders had committed mass <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> prior to the entry of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of Masada, the First Jewish–Roman War came to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div> <p>In 132 CE, six decades after the suppression of the revolt, another revolt known as the Bar Kokhba revolt erupted in Judaea.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> named <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> over the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the construction of a temple to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> are thought to have been major catalysts for the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Eshel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eshel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supported by the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon Bar Kosiba</a> (later known as Bar Kokhba) established an independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135 CE. The revolt resulted in the extensive depopulation of Judean communities, more so than during the First Jewish–Roman War.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.co.il_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.co.il-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Jewish population remained strong in other parts of the land of Israel, thriving in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, Golan, Bet Shean Valley, and the eastern, southern, and western edges of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-CambridgeJudaism_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeJudaism-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Hadrian wiped the name Judaea off the map and replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/220px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/330px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/440px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>The victory was commemorated in Rome with the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which depicts the valuables seized from the Temple, including the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> celebrated the fall of Jerusalem by building two monumental triumphal arches. The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which stills stands today, was built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 82 CE by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> on <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, to commemorate the siege and fall of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> on the arch depicts soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple, including the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Menorah</a>, during a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">victory procession</a>. A second, less known <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch of Titus</a> constructed at the southeast entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> was built by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> in 82 CE. Only a few traces of it remain today.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 75 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace</a>, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, was built under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> in Rome. The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem and it is said to have housed the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple Menorah</a> from <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, otherwise known as the Flavian Amphitheater, built in Rome between 70 and 82 CE, is believed to have been partially financed by the spoils of the Roman victory over the Jews. Archaeological discoveries have found a block of travertine that bears dowel holes that show the Jewish Wars financed the building of the amphitheater.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta coinage</a>: Judaea Capta coins were a series of commemorative coins originally issued by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> to celebrate the capture of Judaea and the destruction of the Temple by his son Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-Moresino_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moresino-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish tradition">Jewish tradition</a>, the annual fast day of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> marks the destruction of the First and Second Temples, which according to Jewish tradition, occurred on the same day on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. </p><p>In the centuries following the destruction of the Temple, some Jewish communities adopted a new Hebrew calendar that designated the year of the Temple's destruction as the starting point. In <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a>, located south of the Dead Sea, this dating system was uniformly used in the Jewish section of the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One inscription, for example, belonging to a woman named Marsa, says she "she died on the fifth day, 17 days into the month of Elul, the fourth year of <i>shemitah</i>, 362 years after the destruction of the Temple." This calendar system was used by other Jewish communities in the Levant during late antiquity, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, serving as a means to mark significant life events such as births and marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jewish_and_Christian_eschatology">In Jewish and Christian eschatology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></div> <p>The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a> attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as punishment from God for the "baseless" hatred that pervaded Jewish society at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews in despair are thought to have abandoned Judaism for some version of paganism, and many others sided with the growing Christian sect within Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196–198">: 196–198 </span></sup> </p><p>The destruction was an important point in the separation of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">from its Jewish roots</a>: many Christians responded by distancing themselves from the rest of Judaism, as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, which described <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as anti-Temple. Christians understood the events of 70 CE as a fulfilment of his prediction that the temple would be destroyed (in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">Luke 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some also saw it as a punishment of the Jews for their rejection of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> </p><p>Jerusalem retained its importance in Jewish life and culture even after its destruction, and it became a symbol of hope for return, rebuilding and renewal of national life.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in a <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> remains a cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The siege and destruction of Jerusalem has inspired writers and artists through the centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_(f._155v)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg/180px-Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg/270px-Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg/360px-Siege_and_destruction_of_Jerusalem_%28f._155v%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>'Siege and destruction of Jerusalem', <i>La Passion de Nostre Seigneur</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a> (8th century). The back side of the casket depicts the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> (1637). Oil on canvas, 147 × 198.5 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Kaulbach_Zerstoerung_Jerusalems_durch_Titus.jpg" title="File:Kaulbach Zerstoerung Jerusalems durch Titus.jpg">The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach" title="Wilhelm von Kaulbach">Wilhelm von Kaulbach</a> (1846). Oil on canvas, 585 × 705 cm. Neue Pinakothek, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. An allegorical depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Jerusalem">destruction of Jerusalem</a>, dramatically centered on the figure of the High Priest, with Titus entering from the right.<sup id="cite_ref-Zissos2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zissos2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Roberts_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem.jpg" title="File:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg">The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, 70</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> (1850). Oil on canvas, 136 × 197 cm. Private collection. Depicts the burning and looting of Jerusalem by the Roman army under Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_017.jpg" title="File:Francesco Hayez 017.jpg">The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> (1867). Oil on canvas, 183 × 252 cm. <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus,_A.D._70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/220px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/330px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/440px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="3921" /></a><figcaption><i>The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem</i>, by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> (1850).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(poem)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (poem)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>,</i> a Middle English poem (c. 1370–1390).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Jewish_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Jewish Revolt (page does not exist)">The Great Jewish Revolt</a></i>, book series by <a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">James Mace</a> (2014–2016).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lost_Wisdom_of_the_Magi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lost Wisdom of the Magi (page does not exist)">The Lost Wisdom of the Magi</a></i>, book by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susie_Helme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susie Helme (page does not exist)">Susie Helme</a> (2020).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebel_Daughter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebel Daughter (page does not exist)">Rebel Daughter</a></i>, book by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lori_Banov_Kaufmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lori Banov Kaufmann (page does not exist)">Lori Banov Kaufmann</a> (2021).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Destruction" title="Legend of Destruction">Legend of Destruction</a></i> (2021), an Israeli animated historical drama film.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_ben_Ananias" title="Jesus ben Ananias">Jesus ben Ananias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa_and_Bar_Kamsa" title="Kamsa and Bar Kamsa">Kamsa and Bar Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_cannibalism" title="List of incidents of cannibalism">List of incidents of cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeksler-Bdolah2019" class="citation book cs1">Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1170143447"><i>Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research</i></a>. Brill. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6"><bdi>978-90-04-41707-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1170143447">1170143447</a>. <q>The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. [...] Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130 CE</span>, the Roman emperor Hadrian founded a new city in place of Herodian Jerusalem next to the military camp. He honored the city with the status of a colony and named it Aelia Capitolina and possibly also forbidding Jews from entering its boundaries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aelia+Capitolina+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+in+the+Roman+period%3A+in+light+of+archaeological+research&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1170143447&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41707-6&rft.aulast=Weksler-Bdolah&rft.aufirst=Shlomit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1170143447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3311/jjs-2017">"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 189–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017">10.18647/3311/jjs-2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2097">0022-2097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+War%2C+AD+66%E2%80%9374&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-193&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rft.issn=0022-2097&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18647%2F3311%2Fjjs-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-AmiTchekhanovets2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061">"The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>364</b>: 61–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0061">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164199980">164199980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Lower+City+of+Jerusalem+on+the+Eve+of+Its+Destruction%2C+70+CE%3A+A+View+From+Hanyon+Givati&rft.volume=364&rft.pages=61-85&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164199980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0061&rft.aulast=Ben-Ami&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft.au=Tchekhanovets%2C+Yana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schäfer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdKCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab</i></a>. Conquest Routledge. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40317-2"><bdi>978-1-134-40317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World%3A+The+Jews+of+Palestine+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+Arab&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Conquest+Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-40317-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdKCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_of_the_Jews-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_of_the_Jews_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_of_the_Jews_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Jews">War of the Jews</a></i> Book V, sect. 99 (Ch. 3, paragraph 1 in Whiston's translation); dates given are approximations since the correspondence between the calendar Josephus used and modern calendars is uncertain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Si Shepperd, <i>The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74</i>, (Osprey Publishing), p. 62. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean_Rogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934"><i>For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE</i></a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8"><bdi>978-0-300-26256-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934">1294393934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+The+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66%E2%80%9374+CE&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1294393934&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26256-8&rft.aulast=Maclean+Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1294393934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrGEFpW80UC&pg=PA212"><i>A Dictionary of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510233-8"><bdi>978-0-19-510233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510233-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsrGEFpW80UC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The destruction of both the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a> and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca2008_p.51-52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.51-52_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period#Rocca2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Rocca (2008)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2008" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1016414322"><i>Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations</i></a>. Penguin. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029127-8"><bdi>978-0-14-029127-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016414322">1016414322</a>. <q>The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, 'leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Jerusalem%3A+The+Clash+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016414322&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029127-8&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1016414322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2017" class="citation cs2">Neusner, Jacob (28 November 2017), Hinnells, John (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20">"Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple"</a>, <i>Neusner on Judaism</i>, Routledge, pp. 399–413, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351152761-20">10.4324/9781351152761-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15276-1"><bdi>978-1-351-15276-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neusner+on+Judaism&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+a+Time+of+Crisis%3A+Four+Responses+to+the+Destruction+of+the+Second+Temple&rft.pages=399-413&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351152761-20&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15276-1&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781351152761-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9"><bdi>978-1-78785-171-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=978-1-78785-171-9&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2006" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Steven T., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i></a>. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488">10.1017/chol9780521772488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>. <q>Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%3A+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2F3F4F0A32983FC0DCDB414553888DC394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemberger2003" class="citation cs2">Stemberger, Guenter (2003), Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470758014.ch5">"The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE"</a>, <i>The Blackwell Companion to Judaism</i> (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 78–79, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470758014.ch5">10.1002/9780470758014.ch5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-058-6"><bdi>978-1-57718-058-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Rabbinic+Judaism%2C+70%E2%80%93640+CE&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470758014.ch5&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-058-6&rft.aulast=Stemberger&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470758014.ch5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg1977" class="citation journal cs1">Goldenberg, Robert (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353">"The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>XLV</b> (3): 353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353">10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Broken+Axis%3A+Rabbinic+Judaism+and+the+Fall+of+Jerusalem&rft.volume=XLV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fxlv.3.353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:54-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:54_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9"><bdi>978-1-78785-171-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=978-1-78785-171-9&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeksler-Bdolah2019" class="citation cs2">Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (9 December 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004417076_003">"The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis"</a>, <i>Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period</i>, Brill, pp. 19–50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004417076_003">10.1163/9789004417076_003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6"><bdi>978-90-04-41707-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214005509">214005509</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>, <q>After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the text of a diploma of 93 CE: "(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense", and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aelia+Capitolina+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+in+the+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=The+Camp+of+the+Legion+X+Fretensis&rft.pages=19-50&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214005509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004417076_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41707-6&rft.aulast=Weksler-Bdolah&rft.aufirst=Shlomit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004417076_003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva1984" class="citation journal cs1">Geva, Hillel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925952">"The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 239–254. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925952">27925952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Camp+of+the+Tenth+Legion+in+Jerusalem%3A+An+Archaeological+Reconsideration&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=239-254&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schäfer2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer2003_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Schäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Schäfer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA36"><i>The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+war+reconsidered%3A+new+perspectives+on+the+second+Jewish+revolt+against+Rome&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.au=Peter+Sch%C3%A4fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erp-places-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erp-places_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erp-places_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310053428/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm">"Palestine: History"</a>. <i>The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine%3A+History&rft.btitle=The+On-line+Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.pub=The+University+of+South+Dakota&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usd.edu%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD". In Hershel Shanks (ed.). <i>Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development</i>. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+to+Mishnah%3A+135%E2%80%93220+AD&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+A+Parallel+History+of+their+Origins+and+Early+Development&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weksler-Bdolah2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weksler-Bdolah2019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlomit_Weksler-Bdolah2019" class="citation book cs1">Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnnEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research</i></a>. Brill. pp. 54–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41707-6"><bdi>978-90-04-41707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aelia+Capitolina+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+in+the+Roman+Period%3A+In+Light+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.pages=54-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41707-6&rft.au=Shlomit+Weksler-Bdolah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnnEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38981188">"The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam"</a>. <i>Revision 4</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revision+4&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+the+Name+%C4%AAliy%C4%81+%28%3D+Aelia%29+for+Jerusalem+in+Early+Islam&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38981188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2002" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698161941"><i>Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the Second Temple period (538 BCE – 70 CE)</i></a> (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, published in cooperation with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. pp. 15–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0956-3"><bdi>978-0-8276-0956-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/698161941">698161941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+portrait+of+the+city+in+the+Second+Temple+period+%28538+BCE+%E2%80%93+70+CE%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=15-20&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society%2C+published+in+cooperation+with+the+Jewish+Theological+Seminary+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F698161941&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0956-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F698161941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarEl68-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarEl68_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHar-El1977" class="citation book cs1">Har-El, Menashe (1977). <i>This Is Jerusalem</i>. Canaan Publishing House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisjerusalem0000hare/page/68">68–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86628-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86628-002-0"><bdi>978-0-86628-002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Jerusalem&rft.pages=68-95&rft.pub=Canaan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-86628-002-0&rft.aulast=Har-El&rft.aufirst=Menashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothGadotLanggut2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/705729">"Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>382</b>: 71–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F705729">10.1086/705729</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211672443">211672443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Wood+Economy+in+Early+Roman+Period+Jerusalem&rft.volume=382&rft.pages=71-87&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211672443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F705729&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Gadot%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Langgut%2C+Dafna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F705729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca2008_p.82-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.82_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.82_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period#Rocca2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Rocca (2008)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-war142-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-war142_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002072128/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148">"Josephus, The Jewish War V, 142"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148&layout=&loc=5.142">the original</a> on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+The+Jewish+War+V%2C+142&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0148%26layout%3D%26loc%3D5.142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/war-6.html">"Josephus: Of the War, Book VI"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Josephus%3A+Of+the+War%2C+Book+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2Fwar-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2013" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Si (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1KbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-184-2"><bdi>978-1-78096-184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Revolt+AD+66%E2%80%9374&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-184-2&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Si&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1KbCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levick1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levick1999_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levick1999_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick1999" class="citation book cs1">Levick, Barbara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnRB0K35E4wC&pg=PA32"><i>Vespasian</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 116–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33866-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33866-0"><bdi>978-0-415-33866-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vespasian&rft.pages=116-119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33866-0&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnRB0K35E4wC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColautti2002" class="citation book cs1">Colautti, Frederico M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llchj1PkMIUC&pg=PA124"><i>Passover in the Works of Flavius Josephus</i></a>. Brill. pp. 115–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12372-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passover+in+the+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus&rft.pages=115-131&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12372-4&rft.aulast=Colautti&rft.aufirst=Frederico+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dllchj1PkMIUC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca2008_p.9-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.9_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca2008_p.9_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period#Rocca2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Rocca (2008)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yehuda-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yehuda_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Yehuda2010" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdrTMtarF14C&pg=PA90"><i>Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981323-0"><bdi>978-0-19-981323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theocratic+Democracy%3A+The+Social+Construction+of+Religious+and+Secular+Extremism&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981323-0&rft.aulast=Ben-Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Nachman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdrTMtarF14C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Telushkin, Joseph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-great-revolt-66-70-ce"><i>Jewish Literacy</i></a>. New York: William Morrow and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>While the Romans would have won the war in any case, the Jewish civil war both hastened their victory and immensely increased the casualties. One horrendous example: In expectation of a Roman siege, Jerusalem's Jews had stockpiled a supply of dry food that could have fed the city for many years. But one of the warring Zealot factions burned the entire supply, apparently hoping that destroying this "security blanket" would compel everyone to participate in the revolt. The starvation resulting from this mad act caused suffering as great as any the Romans inflicted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-great-revolt-66-70-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiston1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiston1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiston1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">Whiston, William</a> (1895) [1895]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D6%3Asection%3D15"><i>The Works of Flavius Josephus</i></a>. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37137-2"><bdi>978-1-134-37137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=A.M.+Auburn+and+Buffalo.+John+E.+Beardsley.&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37137-2&rft.aulast=Whiston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0148%253Abook%253D6%253Asection%253D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiston2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whiston2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiston1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">Whiston, William</a> (1895) [1895]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D6%3Asection%3D149"><i>The Works of Flavius Josephus</i></a>. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. 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Jerusalem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichShukronLernau2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927171">"Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 153–169. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927171">27927171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Recent+Discoveries+in+the+City+of+David%2C+Jerusalem&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-169&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27927171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft.au=Shukron%2C+Eli&rft.au=Lernau%2C+Omri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27927171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reich, R. and Billig, Y. 2008. Jerusalem, The Robinson's Arch Area. NEAEHL 5: 1809–1811.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemsky1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Demsky" title="Aaron Demsky">Demsky, Aaron</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/12/6/3">"When the Priests Trumpeted the Onset of the Sabbath"</a>. <i>The BAS Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=When+the+Priests+Trumpeted+the+Onset+of+the+Sabbath&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Demsky&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F12%2F6%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldberg1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldberg1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldberg1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, G J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephus.org/FlJosephus2/warChronology7Fall.html">"Chronology of the War According to Josephus: Part 7, The Fall of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>www.josephus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.josephus.org&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+War+According+to+Josephus%3A+Part+7%2C+The+Fall+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=G+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephus.org%2FFlJosephus2%2FwarChronology7Fall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VI#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book VI">VI.9.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>The Jewish War</i>, Book VI, 378–386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259"><i>The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</i></a>. Cambridge. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259">863044259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863044259&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863044259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)"><i>Histories</i></a>, Book V, Chapter XIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schwartz, Seth (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC">"Political, social and economic life in the land of Israel"</a>. In Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political%2C+social+and+economic+life+in+the+land+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%2C+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjtWLZhhMoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wettstein, Howard: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u90DckCgo4C&pg=PA31">Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity</a>, p. 31 (2002). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civan, Julian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OclHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Abraham's Knife: The Mythology of the Deicide in Anti-Semitism</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2000" class="citation book cs1">Horsley, Richard A. (2000). <i>Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus</i>. Philadelphia: Trinity Press. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-273-4"><bdi>978-1-56338-273-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandits%2C+Prophets%2C+and+Messiahs%3A+Popular+Movements+in+the+Time+of+Jesus&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Trinity+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-273-4&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JW_Book_VII-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JW_Book_VII_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus. "Book VII". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VII&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+War&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:taTUy-fZsAcJ:www.cojs.org/pdf/other_side_coin.pdf+jewish+gush+halav+megillah+reading&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgv3XQfhI2pKCymMg-kakTOz98fD8PMSsQTg-9vVg7GTkt0sDolo6xETQhOs8aXV6OC8yGBt30bwOIGHxRRhsDP28031sEfZhrs609v6zxBD3zR256AKK6JTfIYRPCORHS9LSvZ&sig=AHIEtbSsW3pYQ9Wu6KKe21I-UWoZqxsk0w">The Other Side of the Coin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropper_2016_p._92-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tropper_2016_p._92_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTropper2016" class="citation book cs1">Tropper, Amram D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HigFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Rewriting Ancient Jewish History: The History of the Jews in Roman Times and the New Historical Method</i></a>. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24708-1"><bdi>978-1-317-24708-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+Ancient+Jewish+History%3A+The+History+of+the+Jews+in+Roman+Times+and+the+New+Historical+Method&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Ancient+History&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-24708-1&rft.aulast=Tropper&rft.aufirst=Amram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHigFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a> (1974). Wasserstein, Abraham (ed.). <i>Flavius Josephus: Selections from His Works</i> (1st ed.). New York: Viking Press. pp. 186–300. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470915959">470915959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus%3A+Selections+from+His+Works&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186-300&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470915959&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n1083" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1083"> <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1984 pp. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanan Eshel, <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n1082" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082"> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,'</a> in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,</i> pp. 105–127 [105].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955448-5</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955448-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.co.il-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google.co.il_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Totten, S. <i>Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.</i> p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&pg=PA23">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeJudaism-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeJudaism_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n437" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n437"> <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp. 404–430 [406].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6">978-0-674-39731-6</a>, p. 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariel Lewin. <i>The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine</i>. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Ideas+Daily&rft.atitle=Mourning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Art&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.aulast=McBee&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideasdaily.com%2F941%2Ffeatures%2Fmourning-memory-and-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2004" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, Michael (2004). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/livingston-siege-of-jerusalem-introduction"><i>Siege of Jerusalem</i></a>. TEAMS Middle English Texts. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Siege+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Kalamazoo%2C+Michigan&rft.series=TEAMS+Middle+English+Texts&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fteams%2Ftext%2Flivingston-siege-of-jerusalem-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%2870+CE%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siege of Jerusalem (70)">Siege of Jerusalem (70)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050601073725/http://askelm.com/temple/t980504.htm">The Temple Mount and Fort Antonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preteristarchive.com/JewishWars/gs-siege.html">Map of the siege of Jerusalem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527153234/http://preteristarchive.com/JewishWars/gs-siege.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Jewish–Roman_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Template:First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Template talk:First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Jewish–Roman_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian riots (38)">Alexandrian riots (38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez"><img alt="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/150px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/225px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/300px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallus' campaign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judea coast and highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_siege" title="Zealot Temple siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last strongholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Lucilius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Flavius Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Provisional government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Joseph ben Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_the_Perean" title="Niger the Perean">Niger the Perean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peasantry faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism#Emergence_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commemoration" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch at Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace, Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Destruction" title="Legend of Destruction">Legend of Destruction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(poem)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (poem)">Siege of Jerusalem (poem)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers_(novel)" title="The Dovekeepers (novel)">The Dovekeepers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers" title="The Dovekeepers">TV adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masada_(miniseries)" title="Masada (miniseries)">Masada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_problem" title="Josephus problem">Josephus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Jewish-Roman War"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Temple_Mount" title="Category:Temple Mount">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Three_Weeks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Three_Weeks" title="Template:The Three Weeks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Three_Weeks" title="Template talk:The Three Weeks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Three_Weeks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Three Weeks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Three_Weeks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of observance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days of obervance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">Seventeenth of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seudah_HaMafseket" class="mw-redirect" title="Seudah HaMafseket">Seudah HaMafseket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnot" title="Kinnot">Kinnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic 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wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine 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title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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