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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First ... - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Empress_Theophano.html?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Empress_Theophano.html?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC"/><meta name="title" content="The Empress Theophano"/><meta name="description" content="The Byzantine princess Theophano, who came to the West in 972 to marry the Ottonian emperor Otto II, died as empress of the Ottonian Empire in Nijmegen in 991. In commemoration of this event a group of distinguished scholars met in 1991 at the castle of Hernen in the Netherlands with the aim of discussing various issues and aspects of Theophano's background in Byzantium, her life in the West, and her impact on society at the turn of the first millennium. This volume brings together in carefully edited form a group of the papers and proceedings from 1991. Each contribution helps to place Theophano in a broad cultural and historical context. The historical, intellectual and artistic background of her age are described, and there are essays on her education, her surroundings, and on the image of noble women in the middle ages."/><meta property="og:title" content="The Empress Theophano"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73_eRqwKSmxAUTZ8OQC_GGH11W-6kfOf_LYyx2Q8pNcpBQy-D-UCxBHvqWASnf6DpySMqOE5eCMuUqBuMriK86ASHhQaKjCxpjZPSnDDYgOAziC5hEMj05lOViPZhxehIoh8aJq"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73_eRqwKSmxAUTZ8OQC_GGH11W-6kfOf_LYyx2Q8pNcpBQy-D-UCxBHvqWASnf6DpySMqOE5eCMuUqBuMriK86ASHhQaKjCxpjZPSnDDYgOAziC5hEMj05lOViPZhxehIoh8aJq"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DN9Nf-GHTgnEC%26q%3Dsources%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC&q=sources&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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The historical, intellectual and artistic background of her age are described, and there are essays on her education, her surroundings, and on the image of noble women in the middle ages.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DN9Nf-GHTgnEC%26q%3Dsources%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA127","highlights":[{"X":453,"Y":189,"W":47,"H":16},{"X":148,"Y":339,"W":47,"H":15},{"X":284,"Y":431,"W":48,"H":15},{"X":88,"Y":833,"W":38,"H":12}],"flags":8,"order":148,"vq":"sources"}]},null,{"number_of_results":76,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR16","page_number":"xvi","snippet_text":"... completus : series latina , ed . J.-P. Migne , 221 vols . in 222 parts ( Paris , 1844-55 ) \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e Chrétiennes ( Paris , 1941 ff ) 1 Theophanu divina gratia imperatrix augusta : western and eastern xvi List of abbreviations."},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e and the secondary literature . My thanks are due for help with references to Donald Bullough and especially to Jonathan Shepard , who gave me invaluable guidance on matters Byzantine . Timothy Reuter 1 MGH DD O I , no . 356\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA3","page_number":"3","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e and Problems ( Galway , 1979 ) , pp . 90-108 , sees the issue as essentially one of taxation ; A. Harvey , Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire , 900-1200 ( Cam- bridge , 1989 ) , pp . 37-44 , sees the problem as a real\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , and that a critical one , the older Life of Otto I\u0026#39;s mother , Queen Matilda . The author knew of Otto\u0026#39;s Roman coronation , which he believed was by God\u0026#39;s command , but he also mentioned and censured what he described as a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ) to the new ecclesiastical province is best summarized in D. Claude , Geschichte des Erzbistums Magdeburg bis in das 12 . Jahrhundert , I , Die Geschichte der Erzbischöfe bis auf Ruotger ( 1124 ) , Mitteldeutsche Forschungen\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of his newly won dignity . An age - old Carolingian tradition had been refurbished with the Saxon ruler\u0026#39;s coronation in 962. It was one his aristocratic warrior and native following could learn to share . Not uncommon Saxon\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , with the exception of Widukind , confirm and strengthen Thietmar\u0026#39;s comment . Widukind evaded the issue altogether ; he merely called her puella.69 Not only the Annales Casinatenses , 70 but more important the great dower\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e mentioned her or her marriage . Ottonian emperorship , as we have said , needed authen- tication . That was Theophano\u0026#39;s job and it was for this reason that her imperial descent mattered so much . For this reason also she\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . To study emperorship in the later tenth century , whether eastern or western , one should perhaps not look chiefly at major political and military crises , though these were real enough , but at matters of routine , at what was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are not so clear that a quick glance would suffice to grasp the outlines . From the moment Theophano left Constantinople , Byzantine \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e fail to mention her altogether , which is typical of the Byzantine world - view\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , according to Byzantine law a bride should be given a substantial dowry by the bride\u0026#39;s father . It would not be going too far to state that the dowry consisted of the Benevento and Capua areas ; for archbishop Gero also had to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... which is confirmed by various \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . As we cannot simply follow this judgement uncritically , we should first realize that nobody could have foreseen Otto\u0026#39;s sudden death , or could have made provisions against such an 36 Odilo Engels."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... been completely forgotten . This is particularly true of other \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , for example Richer , who , because of the royal child\u0026#39;s incompetence , considered the Wrang- 42 ler the right candidate , but also saw him clearly Odilo Engels."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e there is not even an adequate term for the modern word regency - council ) and as there was no delimitation of its number of members , we have no idea how the competences were divided . Obviously Theo- phano held a major\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e The diplomas of Otto II and Otto III , including those few diplomas of Theophano , are published completely in MGH DD O II and MGH DD O III , ed . Th . Sickel . The most important \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e for the late tenth century is Thietmar of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e by scholars is another factor to take into account . Sometimes the accessibility or inaccessibility of \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , linguistically and / or physically , can be of decisive influ- ence . Unexploited and unknown material provides\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e may cast a clearer light on the person in question . This is especially the case with a person of foreign ... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) , discussed until very recently , will not concern us here . It cannot be denied , however , that there\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e that have not yet been sufficiently exploited and which reflect the reactions of society to the presence of this foreign lady , who had such an important position in political life , especially after her husband\u0026#39;s death . Lack\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e remain unexploited . This may also be true of \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e which refer to her presence in Italy during longer periods . Italian \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e may be hiding certain aspects of her life in the West and her politics.2 25 So much for churches\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ( the name has often been preserved in a distorted form ) , is her granddaughter , abbess of Essen ( 1039–54 ) . Theophano\u0026#39;s portrait was not included in the genealogical tree which we find in the Chronicle of St Pantaleon , now\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e involved and of the judgement of later historians may reveal other interesting aspects of the life of this Greek princess in the West and contribute to a rehabilitation of her person and her politics . 4 Theophano\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA65","page_number":"65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . She is simply absent from the Byzantine documents . However , the fact that she performed her diplomatic role in the West with apparent skill suggests a novel method of investigation . Rather than imagine what her life might\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . In the eighth and ninth centuries these Byzan- 5 J. Shepard , \u0026#39; A marriage too far ?: Maria Lekapena and Peter of Bulgaria \u0026#39; , chapter 7 in this volume . 6 Theophanes , Theophanis Chronographia , A.M. 6281 , ed . C. de Boor\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . 16 Subsequent alliances , however , regularly followed this new pattern , subordinating Constantine VII\u0026#39;s diplomatic principle to expediency . From this brief overview it is clear that \u0026#39; Byzantine princesses \u0026#39; 13 Liutprand of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA70","page_number":"70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e claims that Irene became eminent for her piety and condemned the iconoclasm of her husband and father - in - law.19 If so , this was a subversion of the marriage alliance , which had surely intended her to support her new family\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e byzantines de la fin du VIIIe à la fin du XIIe siècle \u0026#39; , Byzantion , 46 ( 1976 ) , 243-91 . 27 Ohnsorge , \u0026#39; Drei deperdita \u0026#39; ( see n . 21 ) , pp . 325-6 . 28 Theophanes Continuatus , ed . I. Bekker , Corpus scriptorum historiae\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA78","page_number":"78","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e do not document such expertise except in most unusual circumstances . The fact that Agatha could help her father , who was one of the most intel- lectual and scholarly emperors , implies a greater scope for literacy among\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e claim : Theophano was a most noble niece , neptim clarissimam , of John Tzimiskes.48 In the Vita Mahthildis reginae antiquior , commissioned by Otto II , she is identified as follows : ... augusti de palatio , regalis fuisset\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e that can deepen our understanding of such circles . These girls , who as children were already betrothed or desired by men , were proud and self- possessed in their behaviour , sometimes to the despair of their abbess ; probably\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , Charlemagne sent the Byzantine delegation of 787 back home without Rotrud , see W. Ohnsorge , \u0026#39; Orthodoxus imperator : vom religiösen Motiv für das Kaisertum Karls des Grossen \u0026#39; , in Ohnsorge , Abendland und Byzanz\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ) with Theophilos \u0026#39; sister Helena ; according to J.B. Bury ( ODB , p . 2067 ) it could also have been the sister of Theophilos \u0026#39; wife Theodora . the East , according to the Annales Bertiniani : \u0026#39; 105 Marriage negotiations\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e that she is known as \u0026#39; daughter of the emperor \u0026#39; . There had 27 Cf. Dölger , Regesten , no . 658 ; W. Ohnsorge , \u0026#39; Drei deperdita der byzantinischen Kaiserkanzlei und die Frankenadressen im Zeremonienbuch des Konstantinos\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e from the ninth to the tenth century Theophano , the Ottonian empress , is not mentioned in Greek \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . Her name ( \u0026#39; divinely shining \u0026#39; ) is not common . In Greek the name was known as Theophane from mythology ( daughter of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . 59 Theophano ( 7 ) . The ambitious and extremely beautiful second wife of Romanos II is , no doubt , the best - known Byzantine woman named Theophano , not least thanks to the portrait drawn of her by Charles Diehl in his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e of the ninth and tenth centuries show that the name occurs in the first half of the ninth century . At the time of the Macedonian dynasty ( 867-1056 ) , the name was more common at court and in high circles ; this may reflect\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ? Secondly , what qualities and skills ( if any ) did Maria bring to Bulgaria ? Thirdly , is there any evidence that her presence in Bulgaria had any impact on Byzantino - Bulgarian relations or on Bulgaria itself ? That Maria\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e close to the emperor \u0026#39; , maybe an official bulletin issued from the palace soon afterwards , or the Byzantines \u0026#39; chief negotiator , the protovestiarios Theophanes.22 Theophanes \u0026#39; negotiating and martial skills are repeatedly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e - by John Zonaras , Epitome historiarum , ed . T. Büttner - Wobst , III ( Bonn , 1897 ) , p . 474. But Zonaras \u0026#39; claim that the two younger sons of Romanos were also acclaimed before Constantine is inherently implausible\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , the three poems occasioned by Christo- pher\u0026#39;s death which will be discussed below . The insistence on Christopher\u0026#39;s tertiary status at the time of his daughter\u0026#39;s wedding represents Constantine\u0026#39;s denial of the implications of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e on this issue are in short supply ; they will be reviewed later . It is worth remarking , however , that women often outlived their husbands by many years . The empress Adelheid ( c . 931-99 ) , for instance , outlived her\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e Within the limited space of this chapter , it is not possible to sketch a complete picture of the social position of women , especially of high - ranking women , in the tenth and the eleventh centuries . Moreover , the \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . The social and cultural outlook of the author is also an influential factor ; the writer will select his \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e accord- ing to his personal preferences . These texts are further characterized by the lack of causal connections\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA153","page_number":"153","snippet_text":"... , H = Herman of Reichenau , F = Frutolf . For the editions used see list of the Primary \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e at the end of this chapter . The ways in which these women are described vary to 153 Women of the nobility in the German chronicles."},{"page_id":"PA154","page_number":"154","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e for the history of women ) , in ibid . , pp . 147-65 , at pp . 148-9 : \u0026#39; In narrative \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e such as chronicles , annals and saints \u0026#39; lives women do not figure very often . Moreover we should consider , that , when they are\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... 9 Schmale ( see Primary \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e : Frutolf and Ekkehard ) translates : \u0026#39; Lebensgewohn- heiten die der Sitte widersprechen \u0026#39; ( 71 ) . ( W 132 ) . The Byzantine emperor Romanos slowed 157 Women of the nobility in the German chronicles."},{"page_id":"PA168","page_number":"168","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e P. Corbet , Les saints ottoniens ( Sigmaringen , 1986 ) . Frauen im Frühmittelalter : eine ausgewählte kommentierte Bibliographie , W. Affeldt et al . ( Frankfurt am Main , 1990 ) . H.W. Goetz , Weibliche Lebensgestaltung im\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e for the introduction of the indis- putably Byzantine cultural influences at work in tenth - century Germany.2 Byzantine artefacts and sumptuous textiles of tenth- century German provenance have been associated with a posited but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , now fully documented by Berschin , \u0026amp; quite apart from the long - hoped - for marriage with a Greek princess so clearly mirrored in such \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e as Liutprand of Cremona , provides the background for an aes- thetic appreciation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , emphasis is placed upon the king\u0026#39;s personal intervention and involvement in the pro- motion of scholarship and closely interwoven with the Christian piety of the kings , though Notker Balbulus gives us some idea that the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of information concerning Otto III\u0026#39;s patronage of book production and intellectual culture might be thought to be the large number of books of different origin which Florentine Mütherich has suggested were once part of Otto III\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of supply of older books acquired from a variety of different \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e and by various means . There is no systematic patronage of particular centres , no group of scholars associated with the court , no royal role in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e relating to such royal female religious houses as Quedlinburg , Gandersheim , Essen , Nordhausen or Susteren and the aristocratic foundations of Niedermünster , Fischbeck , Herford and Mes- chede , Gernrode , Hilwartshausen and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA196","page_number":"196","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . The six first - mentioned ( xenodochium to brechotrophium ( the latter is , of course , a mistake for brephotrophium ) ) are qualified by analogous definitions : 2 See e.g. Monza . 3 Krijnie Ciggaar , \u0026#39; Byzantine marginalia to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA222","page_number":"222","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e say , for plaques set in pieces of furniture . Traditional techniques like working in relief and chasing were used , as was that of filigree . Precious stones and pearls are often set in gold and the way this was done recalled\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA227","page_number":"227","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e record that Basil I gave Louis the German a big crystal object in 872. In the same collection , a bucket and a vase , both very simple , are considered to be Byzantine . The head of a lion reused in a reliquary in the Cathedral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA228","page_number":"228","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , in order to export them to the West and sell them there . Silk textiles were also appreciated as \u0026#39; diplomatic gifts \u0026#39; from the emperors to their western visitors . Sometimes they were illegally exported : Liutprand of Cremona\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , human representations , both imperial and religious , also existed on Byzantine textiles . The silk of bishop Gunther in the Cathedral Treasury at Bamberg , although very much damaged , offers a splendid and unique testimony\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . What is true of the Ottonian Renais- sance is therefore also true of the Macedonian Renaissance : its vigorous and innovating artistic activities are of greater import- ance than its sparing use of elements of style , executed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA236","page_number":"236","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e of that period , but also in what is left of particular works of art : an enlarged Deesis of the tenth century carved in ivory plaques , now in the Staatsbibliothek at Bamberg and in the Dumbarton Oaks collection in Washington17\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA245","page_number":"245","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ; both were at the disposal of the great patrons of the age and their craftsmen . The paths by which a broad stream of models became known in the Ottonian Empire are hard to trace individually . And it is difficult to define how\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA254","page_number":"254","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e for liturgi- cal goldsmithing begin to dwindle long before the year 1000 . Conditions and motivations for ecclesiastical goldsmith\u0026#39;s craft at this time probably differed from those for secular jewelry . As in book - illumination\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA258","page_number":"258","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e do not allow a reconstruction of the jewelry arts in all their complexity , especially in the early years of Otto I and Otto II , i.e. in the time of Theophano ; there are too few precisely dated objects . Looking at the many\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA271","page_number":"271","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e up till 1247 have been collected in Bronnenboek van Nijmegen ( eerste eeuw na Chr . - 1247 ) , ed . P. Leupen and B. Thissen , Nijmeegse studiën , 10 ( Nijmegen , 1981 ) , which also mentions all visits by rulers , as do the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA274","page_number":"274","snippet_text":"Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium Adelbert Davids. written \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e the palace is described in laudatory terms , e.g. by Regino of Prüm ( c . 908 ) as \u0026#39; palatium ingentis magnitudinis mirique operis \u0026#39; and by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA275","page_number":"275","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e seem to indicate that this raid brought the role of the palace as a royal symbol abruptly to an end . The palace did not recover its significance for a long time . In the late Middle Ages another chapel , dedicated to St Martin\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA276","page_number":"276","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e Nijmegen is already called castrum in 830 , 837 and 846.31 It is conceivable that in these cases a fortification of the whole settle- ment , rather than of the palace in the narrow sense , is meant . It was clearly the palatium\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA279","page_number":"279","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e date from earlier or later . In a royal charter of 826 the villa Bechi ( Beek ) is mentioned , which is situated \u0026#39; iuxta fiscum nostrum qui dicitur Niumaga \u0026#39; ( next to our fiscus of Nijmegen ) . Leupen , who was the first to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA287","page_number":"287","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e and some thirty royal charters in which a legal act taking place in Nijmegen was laid down ( actum Noviomago ) .57 Of these thirty charters fourteen were intended for a person or institution outside Lower Lotharingia and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA294","page_number":"294","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e bearing on this question is St John Chrysostom ( c . 400 ) . When he preached about the separation of the sexes - probably in the Golden Octagon at Antioch - he pointed at the wooden partitions , and not at the galleries\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA296","page_number":"296","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e of this period dealing with its reputed foundress , Helena , Con- stantine the Great\u0026#39;s mother . According to Eusebios , the church of the Holy Sepulchre was commissioned by Constantine the Great.15 In the fifth century , however\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA306","page_number":"306","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e for this . According to Anselm the church was begun by abbot Airard ( 1007-35 ) , but his successor Theodoric ( 1035-46 ) tore down the existing walls , preserving , however , the foundations of Airard\u0026#39;s construction for his new\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA311","page_number":"311","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e for the period , to demonstrate this.24 D. Nicholas discovered that urban wealth 18 H. Steuer , \u0026#39; Bestandsaufnamen der archäologischen Forschungsergebnisse zur Stadt des Mittelalters und ihren Ursprüngen \u0026#39; , Siedlungsforschung\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA319","page_number":"319","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . The data may give a distorted image because of the nature of the information given . 12 The ascetics or monks had a predilec- tion for mountains and caves . Little is known about the persons who lived in Cappadocia around\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA323","page_number":"323","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of unrest.22 Thus , the emperors Nikephoros , John Tzimiskes and Basil II contributed to the establishment of monasteries by gifts and privileges , and kept their number under control by laws . Their attitude especially favoured\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA333","page_number":"333","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of power and riches . But some- times he is critical and expresses his more personal views . An earthly king and the prominent people around him do not pay attention to the poor and are not pleased with their presence . But God\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA344","page_number":"344","snippet_text":"... , 268 Wolfgang , bishop of Regensburg , 190 wordlists , Greek - Latin , 196 , 203 , 208 Worms , 177 , 281 Zevenaar , 280 Zlatarski , V. N. , 135 zostai , 74 Zotz , T. , 274 Printed in the United Kingdom by Lightning \u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e UK Ltd. 344\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC\u0026pg=PA344\u0026vq=sources"}],"search_query_escaped":"sources"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>