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Conservation history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Climate hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungus_infection_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungus_infection_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fungus infection hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungus_infection_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_qurba%C4%9Fa" title="Qızıl qurbağa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl qurbağa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Оранжева жаба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оранжева жаба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripau_daurat" title="Gripau daurat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gripau daurat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_zlat%C3%A1" title="Ropucha zlatá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ropucha zlatá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldkr%C3%B6te" title="Goldkröte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goldkröte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_bufo" title="Ora bufo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ora bufo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo_urrekara" title="Apo urrekara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apo urrekara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%BA_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="وزغ طلایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وزغ طلایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo_dourado" title="Sapo dourado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sapo dourado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88%EB%91%90%EA%BA%BC%EB%B9%84" title="황금두꺼비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황금두꺼비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="קרפדה זהובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרפדה זהובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran%C5%BEzeltainais_krupis" title="Oranžzeltainais krupis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oranžzeltainais krupis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmouk" title="Goldmouk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Goldmouk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksin%C4%97_rup%C5%AB%C5%BE%C4%97" title="Auksinė rupūžė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Auksinė rupūžė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica-i_aranyvarangy" title="Costa Rica-i aranyvarangy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Costa Rica-i aranyvarangy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3" title="സ്വർണ്ണ പേക്കാന്തവള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വർണ്ണ പേക്കാന്തവള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_pad" title="Rode pad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode pad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%92%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="オレンジヒキガエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オレンジヒキガエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_periglenes" title="Bufo periglenes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bufo periglenes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_z%C5%82ota" title="Ropucha złota – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ropucha złota" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapo-dourado" title="Sapo-dourado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sapo-dourado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Оранжевая жаба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оранжевая жаба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowden_taid" title="Gowden taid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gowden taid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha_zlat%C3%A1" title="Ropucha zlatá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ropucha zlatá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlata_krasta%C4%8Da" title="Zlata krastača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlata krastača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufo_periglenes" title="Bufo periglenes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bufo periglenes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultakonna" title="Kultakonna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultakonna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyllene_padda" title="Gyllene padda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gyllene padda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="தங்கத் தேரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தங்கத் தேரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ропуха помаранчева – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ропуха помаранчева" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3c_v%C3%A0ng" title="Cóc vàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cóc vàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" title="Incilius periglenes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Incilius periglenes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="金蟾蜍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金蟾蜍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q320632#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct species of toad that was endemic to Costa Rica</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Golden toad </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/220px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/330px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/440px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male golden toad </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct</a> (1989) <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Incilius" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Anura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/True_toad" title="True toad">Bufonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Incilius" title="Incilius"><i>Incilius</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>I. periglenes</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Incilius periglenes</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jay_M._Savage" title="Jay M. Savage">Savage</a>, 1966)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bufo" title="Bufo">Bufo</a> periglenes</i> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Cranopsis" title="Cranopsis">Cranopsis</a> periglenes</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Ollotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ollotis">Ollotis</a> periglenes</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>golden toad</b> (<i><b>Incilius periglenes</b></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> species of <a href="/wiki/True_toad" title="True toad">true toad</a> that was once abundant in a small, high-altitude region of about 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) in an area north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Monteverde" title="Monteverde">Monteverde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1966_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1966-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was endemic to <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_forest" title="Dwarf forest">elfin cloud forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds_and_Crump_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds_and_Crump-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also called the <b>Monte Verde toad</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Alajuela" title="Alajuela">Alajuela</a> toad</b> and <b>orange toad</b>, it is commonly considered the "<a href="/wiki/Poster_child" title="Poster child">poster child</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">amphibian decline crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards-Hrdlicka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-Hrdlicka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This toad was first described in 1966 by herpetologist <a href="/wiki/Jay_Savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Savage">Jay Savage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1966_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1966-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last sighting of a single male golden toad was on 15 May 1989, and it has since been classified as <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN).<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden toad was one of about 500 species in the family <a href="/wiki/Bufonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufonidae">Bufonidae</a>—the "true toads". Males were orange and sometimes slightly mottled on the belly, while females showed a greater variety of colors, including black, yellow, red, green, and white; both sexes had smooth skin. While males had brilliant orange that attracted females to mate, females were covered with a dark, charcoal-color outlined with yellow lines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> played a key role in identifying females, who were typically larger than males. Body length ranged from 39 to 48 mm in males and from 42 to 56 mm in females. Males had proportionally longer limbs and longer, more acute noses than females.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females also had enlarged cranial crests above the level of the orbit (eye socket), while in males the crests were much lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals spent the majority of their lives in moist burrows, in particular during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds_and_Crump_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds_and_Crump-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average lifespan of the golden toad is unknown, but other amphibian species in the family Bufonidae have an average lifespan of 10–12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden toad inhabited northern <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monteverde_Cloud_Forest_Reserve" title="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</a>, in a cloud forest area north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Monteverde" title="Monteverde">Monteverde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was distributed over an area no more than 8 km<sup>2</sup> and possibly as little as 0.5 km<sup>2</sup> in extent, at an average elevation of 1,500 to 1,620 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Crump_et_al._1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crump_et_al._1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species seemed to prefer the lower elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden toad's main habitat was on a cold, wet ridge called Brillante. They would emerge in late March through April to mate for the first few weeks in rainwater pools amongst tree roots, where they also laid their eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds_and_Crump_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds_and_Crump-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fading_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fading-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1500 golden toads were reported to breed at the site since 1972. The last documented breeding episode occurred from April–May 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-sarkar1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarkar1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a few weeks in April, after the dry season ended and the forest became wetter, males would gather in large numbers near ground puddles and wait for the females. Golden toads were found to breed explosively when it rained heavily from March to June.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_and_Vendenberg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_and_Vendenberg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males would clasp onto any other individuals encountered and only then identify the partner's sex. As soon as a male found a female golden toad, he would engage in <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplexus</a> with the female until she laid spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The males would fight with each other for opportunities to mate until the end of their short mating season, after which the toads retreated to their burrows.<sup id="cite_ref-Flannery_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flannery-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Males outnumbered females, in some years by as many as ten to one, a situation that often led bachelors to attack <a href="/wiki/Amplexus" title="Amplexus">amplectant</a> pairs and form what has been described as a "writhing masses of toad balls".<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1966_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1966-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1977 and 1982 seasons, males outnumbered females by over 8 to 1 at breeding pools. Each toad couple produced 200–400 eggs each week for the six-week mating period, with each egg approximately 3 mm in diameter. The eggs of the golden toad, black and tan spheres, were deposited in small pools often no more than one-inch deep. Tadpoles emerged in a matter of days but required another four or five weeks for metamorphosis. During this period, they were highly dependent on the weather. Too much rain and they would be washed down the steep hillsides; too little and their puddles would dry up. </p><p>In 1987, an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> ecologist and herpetologist, <a href="/wiki/Marty_Crump" title="Marty Crump">Martha Crump</a>, recorded the golden toad's mating rituals. In her book, <i>In Search of the Golden Frog</i>, she described it as "one of the most incredible sights I've ever seen", and said they looked like "statues, dazzling jewels on the forest floor". On April 15, 1987, Crump recorded in her field diary that she counted 133 toads mating in one "kitchen sink-sized pool" that she was observing. Five days later, she witnessed the pools in the area drying, which she attributed to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a>, "leaving behind desiccated eggs already covered in mold". The toads attempted to mate again that May. Of the 43,500 eggs that Crump found, only twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> survived the drying of the forest's ground.<sup id="cite_ref-CrumpFlannery_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrumpFlannery-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_history">Conservation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_verde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Monte_verde.jpg/220px-Monte_verde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Monte_verde.jpg/330px-Monte_verde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Monte_verde.jpg/440px-Monte_verde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monteverde_Cloud_Forest_Reserve" title="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</a>, the golden toad's previous habitat</figcaption></figure> <p>Jay Savage discovered the golden toad in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1966_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1966-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their discovery in 1964 for about 17 years, and from April to July in 1987, population sizes of ~1500 adult toads were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the population was very small and localized, a reserve of 4 km<sup>2</sup> was established around the known locality, eventually expanded to cover 105 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only ten<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or eleven toads were seen in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one seen by Martha Crump, and none have been seen since May 15, 1989, when Crump last saw the same solitary male toad that she had seen the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-Flannery_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flannery-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period between its discovery and disappearance, the golden toad was commonly featured on posters promoting the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of Costa Rica.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillipsNeville_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillipsNeville-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another species, <a href="/wiki/Holdridge%27s_toad" title="Holdridge's toad">Holdridge's toad</a>, was declared extinct in 2008 but has since been rediscovered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gastric-brooding_frog" title="Gastric-brooding frog">Gastric-brooding frog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinction risk from global warming">Extinction risk from global warming</a></div> <p>The Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) listed 427 species as "critically endangered" in its extensive analysis, including 122 species that could be “possibly extinct”. A majority of species, including the golden toad, have declined in numbers even in seemingly undisturbed environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1994, five years after the last sighting, researchers still hoped that <i>I. periglenes</i> continued to live in burrows, as similar toad species have lifespans of up to twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2004 <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> listed the species as extinct, after an evaluation involving Savage (who had first discovered them 38 years earlier). IUCN's conclusion was based on the lack of sightings since 1989 and the "extensive searching" that had been done since without result.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010 a search organised by the Amphibian Specialist Group of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, aiming to verify the status of various species of frogs thought to be extinct in the wild, failed to find evidence of surviving specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since records of golden toads were consistently collected, their rapid disappearance was well documented, yet the causes remain poorly understood. After 1989, there have been no verified documented sightings. The disappearance was originally attributed to a severe neotropical drought in 1987–1988, but other factors have since been treated as more likely causes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN has given numerous possible reasons for the species' extinction, including its "restricted range, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycosis" title="Chytridiomycosis">chytridiomycosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">airborne pollution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jennifer Neville examined the different hypotheses explaining the extinction in her article "The Case of the Golden Toad: Weather Patterns Lead to Decline", and concluded that Crump's <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> hypothesis is "clearly supported" by the available data.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her article, Neville discussed the flaws in other hypotheses explaining the toad's decline. The UV-B radiation theory, which suggests that the decline in golden toads resulted from an increase in UV-B radiation, has little evidence supporting it because there was no high elevation UV-B radiation recorded, also, there is little evidence that an increase in UV-B radiation would have an effect on anurans.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that the anuran water loss from dry conditions helped cause high mortality rates among adults, although this point is hotly contested.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds_and_Crump_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds_and_Crump-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, ML Crump, FR Hensley, and KL Clark attempted to understand whether the decline of the golden toad in Costa Rica meant that the species was underground or extinct. They found that each year from the early 1970s–1987 golden toads emerged from retreats to breed during April–June. During the time of the study in 1991, the most recent known breeding episode occurred during April/May 1987. Over 1500 adults were observed at five breeding pools, but a maximum of 29 tadpoles metamorphosed from these sites. During April–June 1988–90, Crump et al. found only 11 toads during surveys of the breeding habitat. To study the species' decline, they analyzed rainfall, water temperature, and pH of the breeding pools. The data on weather patterns and characteristics of the breeding habitat unveiled that warmer water temperatures and less precipitation during dry season after 1987 could have caused adverse breeding conditions. The toads may have actually been alive and hiding in retreats, waiting for appropriate weather conditions. The scarcity of toads could have been a normal population response to an unpredictable environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Crump_et_al._1992_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crump_et_al._1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this hypothesis is unlikely to be still valid after close to 40 years. Furthermore, there have been many mating seasons since 1987 with very favorable conditions but no reappearance of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_hypothesis">Climate hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate-linked extinction hypothesis postulates that rising global temperatures caused the extreme El Niño event. To test the hypothesis a study was conducted using oxygen isotope measurements from trees identifying data spanning the years of 1900–2002. The results found “no evidence of a trend associated with global warming”, though without more extensive climate data dating farther back it is difficult to conclude if anthropogenic changes to the climate played a role in extinction for the Golden Toad.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a>) confirmed that the golden toad, along with an Oceanian rodent, was one of two species for which the climate crisis was “implicated as a key driver” in its extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate variability is strongly dominated by dry season influences from the El Niño Southern Oscillation events.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986–87, El Niño caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The shift of climate during El Niño is caused by the increased atmospheric pressure in the Atlantic and decreased in the Pacific. The wind reduced the number of rain on the Pacific-facing slopes, and the temperature during the dry season was dramatically higher than usual.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, researchers were not certain if the toads were waiting for wetter mating conditions to return or if they had simply died off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fungus_infection_hypotheses">Fungus infection hypotheses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fungus infection hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Atelopus" title="Atelopus">Atelopus</a></i>, another genus found in the tropical Americas, an estimated 67% of the ~110 species of have become extinct or endangered, and the pathogenic <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycosis" title="Chytridiomycosis">chytrid fungus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis" title="Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</a></i>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycosis" title="Chytridiomycosis">chytridiomycosis</a>, is implicated in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three hypotheses of how the chytrid fungus could have caused the extinction of the golden toad were reviewed by Rohr <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rohr_et_al_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohr_et_al_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, and the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis. The spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis claims that <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> related decreases in population are a result of the introduction and spread of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>, independent of climate changes. The climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis says the decline was a result of a climate change interacting with a pathogen. This hypothesis leads to a paradox because <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is a cold-tolerant pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis proposes that global warming increased cloud cover in warm years, resulting in the concurrence of daytime cooling and nighttime warming, temperatures that are the optimal thermal temperature for <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohr_et_al_2008_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohr_et_al_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another explanation has been termed the chytrid thermal optimum hypothesis. An earlier study by Pounds and Crump based on the El Niño event in 1986–1987<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had concluded, after observing the dry conditions from higher temperatures and lower seasonal rainfall, that this could potentially have caused the extinction. When chytridiomycosis was eventually identified as a major cause of amphibian extinctions throughout the world, a connection between these causes was hypothesized.<sup id="cite_ref-AnchukaitisEvans2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnchukaitisEvans2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To test it, they used radiocarbon and chronology validation to test the amount of δ18O (delta-O-18) which is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation. They found that in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years showed a strong mean positive anomaly of 2.0% for 1983, 1987, and 1998 which is greater than 2σ above the mean. These strong positive anomalies are indicators of periods of lower precipitation and temperature differences of greater than 1 degree Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-AnchukaitisEvans2010_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnchukaitisEvans2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conjunction with the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis also suggests a correlation between climate change and the amphibian pathogen. Unlike the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis does not assume a direct chain of events between warmer weather and disease outbreak. This interpretation assumes that global climate change has a direct link to species extinctions, arguing that "the patterns of increasing dry days implicate rising global temperatures due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the results and recent findings that tie the golden toad's population crash to disease, the authors concluded that climate-driven epidemics are an immediate threat to biodiversity. It also points to a chain of events whereby this warming may accelerate disease development by translating into local or microscale temperature shifts—increases and decreases—favorable to Bd.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> becomes increasingly malignant under cold and moist conditions. Hence, the idea that the pathogen spreads in warmer climates is paradoxical. It is possible that the warmer climate made the species more susceptible to disease, or those warm years could have favored <i>Batrachochytrium</i> directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds2006_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to both the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis and the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis suggests that population decline due to <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> was caused by the introduction and spread of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> from a finite amount of introduction sites in a way unaffected by climate change. Mantel tests of all the possible origins of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> were used to see if their hypothesis was correct. They did see positive correlations between spatial distance and distance in the timing of declass and the lat year observed. "Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>" by Tina L. Cheng et al., also parallels with the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis by tracking the origins of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> and tracking it from Mexico to Costa Rica. Furthermore, this study also shows that local amphibian species could have extreme susceptibility to <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> which could result in population decline.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been evidence that contradicts the theory of fungus killing off the golden toads. Three collected and preserved specimens of <i>I. periglenes</i> were found to be negative for <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. There is a possibility that the <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> was too damaged to detect, but even with this data, there is not enough to prove that climate change had a significant enough impact on the growth and spreading of the deadly fungus. It is possible that either the testing methods were not robust enough to detect the nascent infection, or that the specimens were too damaged to be tested. The more likely explanation is that the specimens were collected prior to the presumptive emergence and documentation of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> in Monteverde. It is very likely that <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> played a role in the extinction of the golden toad, but there are still not enough data for a conclusive verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards-Hrdlicka_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-Hrdlicka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holdridge%27s_toad" title="Holdridge's toad">Holdridge's toad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIUCN_SSC_Amphibian_Specialist_Group.2020" class="citation journal cs1">IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841931">"Tropical cloud forest climate variability and the demise of the Monteverde golden toad"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (11): 5036–5040. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.5036A">2010PNAS..107.5036A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0908572107">10.1073/pnas.0908572107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841931">2841931</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194772">20194772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tropical+cloud+forest+climate+variability+and+the+demise+of+the+Monteverde+golden+toad&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5036-5040&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2841931%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20194772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0908572107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.5036A&rft.aulast=Anchukaitis&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2841931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+toad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengRovitoWakeVredenburg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, T. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111304">"Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (23): 9502–9507. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.9502C">2011PNAS..108.9502C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105538108">10.1073/pnas.1105538108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111304">3111304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21543713">21543713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Coincident+mass+extirpation+of+neotropical+amphibians+with+the+emergence+of+the+infectious+fungal+pathogen+Batrachochytrium+dendrobatidis&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=9502-9507&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3111304%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21543713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105538108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.9502C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Rovito%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Wake%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Vredenburg%2C+V.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3111304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+toad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrostGrantFaivovichBain2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213771051">"The Amphibian Tree of Life"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>297</b>: 1–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29297%5B0001%3ATATOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F5781">2246/5781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86140137">86140137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+Amphibian+Tree+of+Life&rft.volume=297&rft.pages=1-291&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F5781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86140137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29297%5B0001%3ATATOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.&rft.au=Faivovich%2C+J.+N.&rft.au=Bain%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Haas%2C+A.&rft.au=Haddad%2C+C.+L.+F.+B.&rft.au=De+S%C3%A1%2C+R.+O.&rft.au=Channing%2C+A.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+M.&rft.au=Donnellan%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Raxworthy%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Blotto%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Moler%2C+P.&rft.au=Drewes%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Green%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+W.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F213771051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+toad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonVandenberg1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, S. K.; Vandenberg, J. J. (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271684109">"Reproductive Ecology of the Endangered Golden Toad (<i>Bufo periglenes</i>)"</a>. <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 321–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1564591">10.2307/1564591</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1564591">1564591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Reproductive+Ecology+of+the+Endangered+Golden+Toad+%28Bufo+periglenes%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-327&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1564591&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1564591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft.au=Vandenberg%2C+J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271684109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+toad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_Notes_from_a_Catastrophe" title="Field Notes from a Catastrophe">Field Notes from a Catastrophe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Incilius periglenes">Incilius periglenes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bufo_periglenes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bufo periglenes">Bufo periglenes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses05/PapersCostaRicaArticles/TheExtinctionoftheGoldenT.html">'The Extinction of the Golden Toad – Symptom of a Worldwide Crisis'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508104341/http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses05/PapersCostaRicaArticles/TheExtinctionoftheGoldenT.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919143717/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/amphibians/Bufo_periglenes/more_info.html">Arkive: Golden Toad – Bufo periglenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/01golden_frog.htm">Mongabay: Golden Toad</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/1025163">"<i>Golden toad</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EGolden+toad%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F1025163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+toad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320632#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Incilius&where-species=periglenes"><i>Incilius periglenes</i> – AmphibiaWeb species account</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Incilius periglenes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320632" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q320632">Q320632</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incilius_periglenes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Incilius periglenes">Incilius periglenes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Incilius_periglenes/">Incilius_periglenes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AmphibiaWeb" title="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiaweb.org/species/253">253</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/incilius-periglenes/">incilius-periglenes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_Species_of_the_World" title="Amphibian Species of the World">ASW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Incilius/Incilius-periglenes">Incilius-periglenes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id600551">600551</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3PLD3">3PLD3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1025163">1025163</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2422444">2422444</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/65851">65851</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=773585">773585</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/3172">3172</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/203317/">203317</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4133413">4133413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/4590">4590</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bufo periglenes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59282443" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59282443">Q59282443</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/NPCF">NPCF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ECOS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/6770">6770</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5216747">5216747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10589796">10589796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202074">202074</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&oldid=1251731880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_toad&oldid=1251731880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red 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