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Агрегат хәл: өлгөләр араһындағы айырма — Википедия

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accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Эҙләү</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" aria-label="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Махсус:Эҙләү"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Эҙләргә</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ba.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&amp;returnto=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D780844" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&amp;returnto=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D780844" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ba.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&amp;returnto=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D780844" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&amp;returnto=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;returntoquery=diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D780844" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Агрегат_хәл_төрҙәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Агрегат_хәл_төрҙәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Агрегат хәл төрҙәре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Агрегат_хәл_төрҙәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дүрт_төп_хәл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дүрт_төп_хәл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Дүрт төп хәл</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Дүрт_төп_хәл-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Дүрт төп хәл бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Дүрт_төп_хәл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ҡаты_есем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡаты_есем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ҡаты есем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡаты_есем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шыйыҡлыҡ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шыйыҡлыҡ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Шыйыҡлыҡ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шыйыҡлыҡ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Газ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Газ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Газ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Газ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Плазма" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Плазма"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Плазма</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Плазма-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Фаза_күсеше" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фаза_күсеше"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Фаза күсеше</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фаза_күсеше-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Түбән_температуралы_хәлдәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Түбән_температуралы_хәлдәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Түбән температуралы хәлдәр</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Түбән_температуралы_хәлдәр-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Түбән температуралы хәлдәр бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Түбән_температуралы_хәлдәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Үтә_көслө_ағыусанлыҡ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үтә_көслө_ағыусанлыҡ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үтә_көслө_ағыусанлыҡ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бозе_—_Эйнштейн_конденсаты" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бозе_—_Эйнштейн_конденсаты"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Бозе — Эйнштейн конденсаты</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бозе_—_Эйнштейн_конденсаты-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Фермионлы_конденсат" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фермионлы_конденсат"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Фермионлы конденсат</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фермионлы_конденсат-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Боҙоҡ_үҙгәрешле_газ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Боҙоҡ_үҙгәрешле_газ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Боҙоҡ үҙгәрешле газ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Боҙоҡ_үҙгәрешле_газ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Үтә_көслө_ағыусан_ҡаты_есем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үтә_көслө_ағыусан_ҡаты_есем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Үтә көслө ағыусан ҡаты есем  </span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үтә_көслө_ағыусан_ҡаты_есем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Юғары_энергетик_хәлдәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Юғары_энергетик_хәлдәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Юғары энергетик хәлдәр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Юғары_энергетик_хәлдәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҙур_баҫым_аҫтындағы_хәлдәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҙур_баҫым_аҫтындағы_хәлдәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ҙур баҫым аҫтындағы хәлдәр</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ҙур_баҫым_аҫтындағы_хәлдәр-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ҙур баҫым аҫтындағы хәлдәр бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ҙур_баҫым_аҫтындағы_хәлдәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Нейтрон_хәл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Нейтрон_хәл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Нейтрон хәл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Нейтрон_хәл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Башҡа_хәлдәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Башҡа_хәлдәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Башҡа хәлдәр</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Башҡа_хәлдәр-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Башҡа хәлдәр бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Башҡа_хәлдәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ҡараңғы_материя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡараңғы_материя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ҡараңғы материя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡараңғы_материя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Үтә_юғары_критик_флюид" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үтә_юғары_критик_флюид"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Үтә юғары критик флюид</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үтә_юғары_критик_флюид-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әҙәбиәт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әҙәбиәт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Әҙәбиәт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әҙәбиәт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Агрегат хәл: өлгөләр араһындағы айырма</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 114 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toestand_van_materie" title="Toestand van materie — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toestand van materie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau_d%27a_materia" title="Estau d&#039;a materia — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau d&#039;a materia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة المادة — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة المادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা — ассамский" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estáu d&#039;agregación de la materia — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d&#039;agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madd%C9%99l%C9%99rin_aqreqat_hal%C4%B1" title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماده حالتلری — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماده حالتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeguos_faz%C4%97" title="Medeguos fazė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medeguos fazė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно състояние — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Агрегатно състояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদার্থের অবস্থা — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থের অবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1" title="Бодосой түлэб — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бодосой түлэб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-c%C3%A9k_c%C3%A2ung-t%C3%A1i" title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="دۆخی ماددە — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆخی ماددە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstv%C3%AD" title="Skupenství — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skupenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Агрегатла тăрăм — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Агрегатла тăрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_mater" title="Cyflwr mater — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr mater" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κατάσταση της ύλης — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάσταση της ύλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State of matter" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materistato" title="Materistato — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Materistato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estado de agregación de la materia — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregaatolek" title="Agregaatolek — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agregaatolek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Materiaren egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_F%C3%A1sicus_de_Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="حالت ماده — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت ماده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomuoto" title="Olomuoto — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olomuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État de la matière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tustant_(F%C3%BCsiik)" title="Tustant (Füsiik) — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tustant (Füsiik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaasjetast%C3%A2n" title="Aggregaasjetastân — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aggregaasjetastân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid_damhna" title="Staid damhna — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid damhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta_di_maty%C3%A8r" title="Léta di matyèr — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta di matyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_da_materia" title="Estado de agregación da materia — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de agregación da materia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-ch%E1%B9%B3t_chhong-thai" title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai — хакка" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="хакка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מצב צבירה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב צבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregacijsko_stanje" title="Agregacijsko stanje — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Agregacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_maty%C3%A8" title="Eta matyè — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta matyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmaz%C3%A1llapot" title="Halmazállapot — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halmazállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_de_materia" title="Stato de materia — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato de materia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_materi" title="Wujud materi — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wujud materi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu_de_materie" title="Statu de materie — интерлингве" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Statu de materie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="интерлингве" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnishamur" title="Efnishamur — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnishamur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_della_materia" title="Stato della materia — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato della materia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B" title="物質の状態 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質の状態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_dat" title="Wujud dat — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wujud dat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addaden_n_tenga" title="Addaden n tenga — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addaden n tenga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Агрегаттық күй — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Агрегаттық күй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물질의 상태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Агрегаттык абал — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агрегаттык абал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_materiae" title="Status materiae — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Status materiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestandj" title="Aggregatietoestandj — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aggregatietoestandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_de_la_materia" title="Stat de la materia — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat de la materia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatin%C4%97_b%C5%ABsena" title="Agregatinė būsena — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agregatinė būsena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreg%C4%81tst%C4%81voklis" title="Agregātstāvoklis — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Agregātstāvoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эмен улмылык — луговомарийский" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эмен улмылык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="луговомарийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Состојба на материјата — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Состојба на материјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Бодисын төлөв — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодисын төлөв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_jirim" title="Keadaan jirim — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaattostand" title="Aggregaattostand — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aggregaattostand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aggregatietoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkaalee_watootaa" title="Falkaalee watootaa — оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Falkaalee watootaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadonan_di_agregashon" title="Estadonan di agregashon — папьяменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estadonan di agregashon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_skupienia_materii" title="Stan skupienia materii — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan skupienia materii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88" title="مادے دی ونڈ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادے دی ونڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_f%C3%ADsico_da_mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estado físico da matéria — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado físico da matéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27inki_kachkay" title="T&#039;inki kachkay — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T&#039;inki kachkay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stare de agregare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатное состояние — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агрегатное состояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatna_stanja" title="Agregatna stanja — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agregatna stanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstvo" title="Skupenstvo — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupenstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringo" title="Muringo — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muringo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjendja_agregate" title="Gjendja agregate — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjendja agregate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно стање — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агрегатно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregationstillst%C3%A5nd" title="Aggregationstillstånd — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aggregationstillstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_maada" title="Hali maada — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali maada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பொருட்களின் நிலை — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருட்களின் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పదార్థం స్థితి — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పదార్థం స్థితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="สถานะ (สสาร) — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานะ (สสาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ኵነት ነገር — тигринья" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኵነት ነገር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="тигринья" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddenin_h%C3%A2lleri" title="Maddenin hâlleri — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maddenin hâlleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрегатний стан — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агрегатний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مادے کی حالت — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادے کی حالت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddaning_agregat_holatlari" title="Moddaning agregat holatlari — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moddaning agregat holatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatine_olend" title="Agregatine olend — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Agregatine olend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trạng thái vật chất — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng thái vật chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregoatietoestand" title="Aggregoatietoestand — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aggregoatietoestand" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_han_materya" title="Estado han materya — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado han materya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物质状态" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="צושטאנד פון מאטעריע — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צושטאנד פון מאטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物质状态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%85%8B" title="物態 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物態" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-chit_ch%C5%8Dng-th%C3%A0i" title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" title="相態 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimo_zotho" title="Izimo zotho — зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izimo zotho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=history"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дөйөм </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB" title="Был биткә һылтанған барлыҡ биттәрҙең исемлеге [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Был биткә һылтанмалар</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB" rel="nofollow" title="Был бит һылтанған биттәрҙәге һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Бәйле үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Барлыҡ махсус биттәр исемлеге [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Махсус биттәр</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;oldid=780844" title="Биттең был өлгөһөнә даими һылтанма"><span>Даими һылтанма</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=info" title="Был бит тураһында ентекләберәк"><span>Бит мәғлүмәттәре</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&amp;page=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;id=780844&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Был биттән нисек өҙөмтә яһау тураһында мәғлүмәт"><span>Биттән өҙөмтә яһарға</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2018-02-10T14:27:18Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B:%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-userlink" title="Ҡатнашыусы:Рөстәм Нурыев" data-mw-revid="780843"><bdi>Рөстәм Нурыев</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D3%A9%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF:%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Ҡатнашыусы менән һөйләшеү:Рөстәм Нурыев">фекер алышыу</a> | <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Махсус:Өлөштәр/Рөстәм Нурыев">өлөш</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>52&#160;947</span> төҙәтеү</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="Әһәмиәте әҙ булған үҙгәртеү">ә</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Рөстәм Нурыев <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB_(1)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Агрегат хәл (1) (был бит юҡ)">Агрегат хәл (1)</a> битенең исемен йүнәлтеү ҡуймайынса үҙгәртте. Яңы исеме: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB" title="Агрегат хәл">Агрегат хәл</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=780843" title="Агрегат хәл" id="differences-prevlink">← Алдағы үҙгәртеү</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;oldid=780844" title="Агрегат хәл">14:33, 10 февраль 2018, ағымдағы өлгө</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit" title="Агрегат хәл">үҙгәртергә</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2018-02-10T14:33:59Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;undoafter=780843&amp;undo=780844" title="&quot;Кире алырға&quot; тигән яҙыу төҙәтеүҙе кире ала һәм төҙәтеү формаһын &quot;ҡарап сығырға&quot; режимында аса. Был кире алыуҙың сәбәбен үҙгәртеүҙәр аңлатмаһында белдереү мөмкинлеген бирә.">кире алырға</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B:%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-userlink" title="Ҡатнашыусы:Рөстәм Нурыев" data-mw-revid="780844"><bdi>Рөстәм Нурыев</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D3%A9%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF:%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Ҡатнашыусы менән һөйләшеү:Рөстәм Нурыев">фекер алышыу</a> | <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%A0%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Махсус:Өлөштәр/Рөстәм Нурыев">өлөш</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>52&#160;947</span> төҙәтеү</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">Үҙгәртеү аңлатмаһы юҡ</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">1 юл:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">1 юл:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Берләштерергә|Агрегат хәл (1)|Агрегат хәл}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Ук}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Ук}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Файл:Phase_change_-_ru.svg|справа|319x319пкс]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Файл:Phase_change_-_ru.svg|справа|319x319пкс]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>14:33, 10 февраль 2018, ағымдағы өлгө</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1278674">.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка{width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-above{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-label{width:9em;background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:left;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-below{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-error{background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);border:1px solid var(--border-color-error,#9f3526);text-align:center}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox ts-Универсальная_карточка"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсальная_карточка-above">Агрегат хәл</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсальная_карточка-image"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11430$EA3D7F37-F242-4E08-B05D-E079760DBC28" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Рәсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg/274px-Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg/411px-Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg/548px-Physics_matter_state_transition_1_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P8225" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P8225">Метакласс для</a></th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11430$ff007f9e-4c05-7069-b85e-a67af2e480fd" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P8225"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&amp;preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&amp;preloadparams%5B%5D=Q104837&amp;preloadparams%5B%5D=%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0&amp;preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">термодинамическая фаза</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837" class="extiw" title="d:Q104837">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсальная_карточка-below"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q11430$24224F3D-8674-48C9-ADD0-3A0325CD4992" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_aggregation" title="commons:Category:States of aggregation"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_aggregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:States of aggregation">Агрегат хәл Викимилектә</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Phase_change_-_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Phase_change_-_ru.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Phase_change_-_ru.svg/451px-Phase_change_-_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Phase_change_-_ru.svg/600px-Phase_change_-_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Матдәнең агрегат хәле</b>&#160;&#160;(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латин теле">лат.</a>&#160;<i><span lang="la">aggrego</span></i>«ҡушылдырам»)&#160;— матдәнең&#160; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температура</a>&#160;менән баҫым йоғонтоһонан&#160; хасил булыусан физик хәле.&#160;&#160;Агрегат&#160; хәлдең үҙгәреүе ирекле энергияның,&#160; энтропияның, тығыҙлыҡтың һәм башҡа физик дәүмәлдәрҙең һикереүле үҙгәреүе менән оҙатылырға мөмкин<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Агрегат_хәл_төрҙәре"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.82_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB_.D1.82.D3.A9.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Агрегат хәл төрҙәре</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Агрегат хәл төрҙәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Агрегат хәл төрҙәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ғәҙәттә өс агрегат хәл айырыла: <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡаты есемдәр">ҡаты есем</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шыйыҡса">шыйыҡ</a>&#160;һәм&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газ</a>. Шулай уҡ <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма">плазманы</a>&#160;ла агрегат хәлгә индереү ҡабул ителгән<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,&#160; температура күтәрелгәндә һәм баҫым тотороҡло булғанда газдар плазмаға әүерелә. Был әүерелеш плазма хәленә күсеүҙең киҫкен сиге булмау менән айырыла. Башҡа агрегат хәлдәр ҙә бар.&#160;&#160;&#160; </p><p>Агрегат хәлдәр һәр ваҡытта ла аныҡ ҡына билдәләнмәй. Мәҫәлән, аморф есемдәр шыйыҡ структураһын һаҡлай, көсһөҙ генә ағыу һәм рәүешен һаҡлау һәләтенә эйә;&#160;шыйыҡ кристалдар аға, шул уҡ ваҡытта ҡаты есемдәрҙең ҡайһы бер үҙенсәлектәренә лә эйәләр, атап әйткәндә,&#160; улар аша үткән&#160; электромагнит нурланышты полярлаштыра алалар.&#160; </p><p>Төрлө хәлдәрҙе һүрәтләү өсөн физикала&#160; термодинамик фаза тигән&#160; киңерәк мәғәнә ҡулланыла.&#160; Бер фазанан икенсеһенә күсеүҙе һүрәтләгән күренештәр критик күренештәр тип атала.&#160;&#160; </p><p>Фазалар араһындағы энергетик сик матдәнең агрегат хәле төрҙәрен айырып торған&#160; термодинамик (феноменологик) билдә булып&#160; хеҙмәт итә: быуланыу йылылығы (мәҫәлән, һыу 100 градус температурала һәм 2262 кДж/кг удель йылылыҡта быуға әйләнә) — шыйыҡлыҡ менән уның быуы араһындағы сик; иреү йылылығы&#160;—&#160; ҡаты матдә менән шыйыҡлыҡ араһындағы сик&#160;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дүрт_төп_хәл"><span id=".D0.94.D2.AF.D1.80.D1.82_.D1.82.D3.A9.D0.BF_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB"></span>Дүрт төп хәл</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Дүрт төп хәл бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Дүрт төп хәл бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ҡаты_есем"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B_.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Ҡаты есем</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Ҡаты есем бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Ҡаты есем бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Stohrem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stohrem.jpg/220px-Stohrem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stohrem.jpg/330px-Stohrem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stohrem.jpg/440px-Stohrem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Кристаллы матдәләр: стронций титанаты рәсеменең атомлы сиселеше. Сағыу атомдар — Sr, ҡоңғортораҡтары&#160;—&#160; Ti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ҡаты хәлдә матдә рәүешен дә, күләмен дә һаҡлай. Түбән температураларҙа бөтә матдәләр ҙә туңа&#160; — ҡаты есемгә әүерелә. Баҫымды арттырғанда ҡатыу температураһы юғарыраҡ булырға мөмкин.&#160; Ҡаты есемдәр кристаллы һәм аморфтарға бүленә.&#160;Микроскопик яҡтан ҡаты есемдәргә шул хас: уларҙың молекулалары йә атомдары үҙҙәренең уртаса хәлен оҙаҡ ваҡыт буйы&#160; үҙгәртмәйенсә һаҡлай, бары тип улар тирәләй ҙур булмаған амплитуда менән тирбәлештәр генә яһай.&#160; Кристалдарҙа атомдар йә&#160; молекулаларҙың уртаса торошо ҡаты тәртипкә буйһона.&#160;&#160;Кристалдарға арауыҡта атомдарҙың тирбәлеүһеҙ хәлдә периодлылыҡ менән урынлашыуы хас, был периодлылыҡҡа алыҫ тәртип&#160; менән өлгәшелә һәм ул кристаллы рәшәткә тип атала.&#160;&#160;Кристалдарҙың тәбиғи формаһы — төҙөк күпҡырҙар. </p><p>Аморф есемдәрҙә атомдар тәртипһеҙ урынлашҡан&#160; нөктәләр тирәләй тирбәлә, уларҙың алыҫ тәртибе юҡ, ләкин яҡын тәртип һаҡлана. Уларҙың яҡын тәртибендә молекулалар бер-береһенән үҙҙәренең үлсәменә тиң алыҫлыҡта урынлаша. Классик ҡараштарға ярашлы,&#160; кристалл хәле ҡаты есемдең тотороҡло хәле булып тора (потенциаль энергия минимумы менән). Быяла хәле аморф хәлдең айырым осрағы тип һанала.&#160;&#160;Аморф есем&#160; метатотороҡло хәлдә тора һәм ваҡыт үтеү менән&#160; кристалл хәленә күсергә тейеш була, әммә кристаллашыу мөҙҙәте шул тиклем ҙур, шунлыҡтан метатотороҡлолоҡ үҙен бөтөнләй күрһәтмәй.&#160;Аморф есемде бик юғары йәбешеүсәнлекле шыйыҡлыҡ тип ҡарарға мөмкин.&#160; Кристаллы ҡаты есемдәр&#160; анизотроп үҙенсәлектәргә эйә, йәғни тышҡы көстәрҙең тәьҫиренә яуап был көстөң&#160; кристаллографик күсәрҙәргә ҡарата ниндәй йүнәлештә булыуына бәйле. Ҡаты есем хәлендә матдәләр күп фазалы була ала, был фазалар атомдарҙың теҙелеше йәки башҡа&#160; тасуирламалар, әйтәйек,&#160; ферромагнетиктарҙа спиндарҙың тәртипкә һалыныуы менән айырыла. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Шыйыҡлыҡ"><span id=".D0.A8.D1.8B.D0.B9.D1.8B.D2.A1.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1"></span>Шыйыҡлыҡ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Шыйыҡлыҡ бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Шыйыҡлыҡ бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/220px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/330px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/440px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Классик бер атомлы шыйыҡлыҡтың структураһы</figcaption></figure> <p>Матдә шыйыҡ хәлдә күләмен һаҡлай, ләкин рәүешен һаҡламай. Тимәк, шыйыҡлыҡ һауыт күләменең ниндәйҙер өлөшөн генә биләп ҡалмай, ә уның бөтә йөҙө буйлап ағып йәйелә. Шыйыҡ хәлде ғәҙәттә ҡаты хәл менән газ хәле араһы тип иҫәпләйҙәр.&#160;&#160;Шыйыҡ есемдәрҙең рәүеше уларҙың йөҙө үҙен ҡаты мембрана кеүек тотоуы менән билдәләнергә мөмкин.&#160; Мәҫәлән, һыу тамсыларға йыйыла ала. Әммә шыйыҡлыҡ өҫтөндәге хәрәкәтһеҙ йөҙлөк аҫтында ла ағырға һәләтле, һәм был да рәүештең (шыйыҡ есемдең эске өлөштәренең) үҙгәреүен аңлата. Шыйыҡлыҡ молекулалары ниндәй ҙә булһа бер билдәле урында ҡатып тормай, шул уҡ ваҡытта күсеп йөрөү йәһәтенән дә&#160; тулы иреккә&#160; эйә түгелдәр. Улар араһында тартылыу көсө бар, һәм ул бер-береһенә яҡын тороуҙы тәьмин итерлек ярайһы уҡ ҙур көскә эйә. Шыйыҡ хәлдәге матдә температураларҙың билдәле бер арауығында йәшәй, түбәнге сигенән төшөп китһә,&#160;ҡаты хәлгә күсә (кристаллашыу йә ҡаты есемдең аморф хәлгә күсеүе&#160; — быяла), өҫкө сикте үтһә, газ хәленә күсә (быуланыу). Был&#160; интервалдың сиктәре баҫымға бәйле. Ҡағиҙә булараҡ,&#160;шыйыҡ хәлдәге матдә бер генә&#160; модификацияға эйә. (Айырыуса мөһим иҫкәрмәләр —&#160; квантлы шыйыҡлыҡтар һәм шыйыҡ кристалдар). Шул сәбәпле күп осраҡта шыйыҡлыҡ агрегат хәл генә түгел,&#160; термодинамик фаза ла (шыйыҡ фаза) булып тора. Бөтә шыйыҡлыҡтар таҙа шыйыҡлыҡтарға һәм ҡатнашмаларға бүленә.&#160;&#160;Ҡайһы бер шыйыҡ ҡатнашмалар тереклек өсөн бик әһәмиәтле (ҡан, диңгеҙ һыуы һ.б.).&#160;Шыйыҡлыҡтар иреткес була ала. Газ кеүек үк, шыйыҡлыҡтар ҙа башлыса изотроп булып тора. Анизотроп сифаттарға эйә шыйыҡлыҡтар ҙа бар —&#160; шыйыҡ кристалдар.&#160;Изотроп, йәғни нормаль фазанан башҡа, был&#160; мезоген матдәләр&#160; тәртипкә буйһонған бер йә бер нисә&#160; термодинамик фазаға эйә, был фазалар мезофаза тип атала.&#160; &#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Газ"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D0.B7"></span>Газ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Газ бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Газ бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Gas_molecules.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gas_molecules.gif/220px-Gas_molecules.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Gas_molecules.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Газ молекулалары араһындағы арауыҡтар бик ҙур. Газ молеклалары бер-береһе менән көсһөҙ бәйләнешле. Газдағы молекулалар ирекле һәм етеҙ хәрәкәт итә ала.&#160;&#160;</figcaption></figure> <p>Газ рәүешендәге хәлгә форманың да, күләмдең дә һаҡланмауы хас.&#160; Газ мөмкин булған бөтә арауыҡты тултыра. Шыйыҡ хәлдән газ хәленә күсеүҙе —&#160; быуланыу, ә газ хәленән шыйыҡ хәлгә күсеүҙе&#160;конденсатлашыу тип атайҙар. Ҡаты хәлдән, шыйыҡ хәлгә инеп тормайынса, газ хәленә күсеүҙе&#160; сублимация&#160; тиҙәр. Микроскопик күҙлектән газ&#160;— матдәнең айырым молекулалары көсһөҙ тәьҫирләшкән һәм хаотик хәрәкәт иткән хәле.&#160; Молекулаларҙың кинетик энергияһы потенциаль энергиянан ҙурыраҡ була. Шыйыҡлыҡтар кеүек үк, газдар аға һәм деформациялауға ҡаршы тора. Шыйыҡлыҡтарҙан айырмалы,&#160; газдарҙың тотороҡло күләме юҡ һәм улар буш йөҙлөктө тултырып, ирекле йөҙлөк барлыҡҡа килтермәй, ә мөмкин булған бөтә күләмгә таралырға&#160; тырыша. Химик үҙсәнлектәре буйынса газдар&#160; һәм уларҙың ҡатнашмалары төрлө —&#160; һүлпән&#160; инерт&#160; газдарҙан шартлаусан газ ҡатнашмаларына тиклем.&#160;&#160;«Газ» тигән төшөнсәне ҡайһы берҙә атомдар һәм&#160; молекулалар тупланмаһына ғына түгел,&#160; фотондар, электрондар, броун киҫәксәләре кеүек башҡа киҫәксәләргә, шулай уҡ&#160; плазмаға ҡарата ла ҡулланалар. Ҡайһы бер матдәләрҙең гәз хәле булмай.&#160;&#160;&#160;Газдарға&#160; изотроплылыҡ хас. Кеше өсөн ғәҙәти булған&#160;&#160;Ер шарттарында газ бөтә ерҙә лә бер төрлө тығыҙлыҡҡа эйә.&#160; &#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Плазма"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Плазма</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Плазма бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Плазма бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Plasma_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plasma_globe.jpg/200px-Plasma_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plasma_globe.jpg/300px-Plasma_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plasma_globe.jpg/399px-Plasma_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Биҙәү тәғәйенләнешле плазмалы лампа&#160;&#160;</figcaption></figure> <p>Матдәнең дүртенсе агрегат хәле тип йыш ҡына плазманы атайҙар.&#160;&#160;Плазма өлөшләтә йә тулыһынса ионлаштырылған&#160; газ булып тора һәм ғәҙәттә бер нисә мең&#160;&#160;К&#160;һәм юғарыраҡ температурала барлыҡҡа килә. Дөйөм алғанда уның үҙсәнлектәре газдыҡына оҡшаш.&#160;&#160; </p><p>Плазма&#160;— матдәнең&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Ғаләм">Ғаләмдә</a>&#160;иң киң таралған агрегат хәле.&#160; &#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йондоҙҙар">Йондоҙҙарҙың</a> матдәһе һәм планета-ара, йондоҙ-ара һәм галактика-ара арауыҡты тултырған матдә —&#160; плазма хәлендә.&#160; Ғаләмдәге барион матдәнең ҙур өлөшө&#160;&#160;(массаһы буйынса 99,9&#160;процент самаһы)&#160; — &#160;плазма хәлендә.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Фаза_күсеше"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D2.AF.D1.81.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.B5"></span>Фаза күсеше</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Фаза күсеше бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Фаза күсеше бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Интенсив параметрҙар үҙгәргәндә (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температура</a>, баҫым һ. б.) фаза диаграммаһы буйынса фаза күсеше&#160; система ике фазаны айырып торған сик аша үткәндә күҙәтелә.&#160;Төрлө термодинамик фазалар төрлө хәл тигеҙләмәләре менән тасуирланғанлыҡтан,&#160; фаза күсешендә һикерешле үҙгәргән дәүмәлде һәр ваҡыт табып була.&#160; &#160; </p><p>Беренсе төр фаза күсеше ваҡытында беренсел экстенсив параметрҙар (удель күләм, запас итеп тупланған эске энергия миҡдары, компоненттарҙың концентрацияһы һ. б.) һикерешле үҙгәрә.&#160;&#160;Икенсе төр фаза күсештәре матдә төҙөлөшөнөң симметрияһы үҙгәргән саҡта (симмерия бөтөнләй юҡҡа сығырға йә кәмергә мөмкин) бара.&#160;&#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Түбән_температуралы_хәлдәр"><span id=".D0.A2.D2.AF.D0.B1.D3.99.D0.BD_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Түбән температуралы хәлдәр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Түбән температуралы хәлдәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Түбән температуралы хәлдәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үтә_көслө_ағыусанлыҡ"><span id=".D2.AE.D1.82.D3.99_.D0.BA.D3.A9.D1.81.D0.BB.D3.A9_.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B.D1.83.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1"></span>Үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Температураны абсолют нулгә төшөргәндә барлыҡҡа килә торған айырым бер хәлдә (квантлы шыйыҡлыҡ) матдәнең бәләкәс кенә ярыҡтар һәм капиллярҙар аша ышҡылыуһыҙ ағыу һәләте үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ була.&#160; Һуңғы заманға тиклем үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡҡа шыйыҡ гелийҙың ғына эйә булыуы билдәле&#160; ине, әммә һуңғы йылдарҙа үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ башҡа системаларҙа ла асыла: ул һирәкләнгән атомлы бозе конденсаттарында, ҡаты гелийҙа бар.&#160; &#160;&#160; </p><p>Үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ түбәндәгесә аңлатыла. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий">Гелий</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом">атомдары</a> бозон булғанлыҡтан,&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Квант механикаһы">квант&#160; механикаһы</a>&#160;киҫәксәләрҙең&#160;ирекле&#160;&#160;һанына бер хәлдә булырға юл ҡуя.&#160; &#160;Температура абсолют нулгә яҡынлашҡанда гелийҙың бөтә атомдары бер төрлө энергетик хәлгә инә.&#160; Хәлдәрҙең&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергияһы</a> өҙөк булғанлыҡтан,&#160;атом теләһә ҡайһы энергияны түгел, ә энергияның йәнәш торған кимәлдәре араһындағы энергетик аралыҡҡа тигеҙ булғандарын ғына алырға һәләтле. Әммә түбән&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температурала</a>&#160;бәрелешеүҙәр энергияһы был дәүмәлдән бәләкәйерәк булырға һәм&#160; шул сәбәпле энергия таралмаҫҡа мөмкин. Шыйыҡлыҡ иһә ышҡылыуһыҙ ағасаҡ.&#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Бозе_—_Эйнштейн_конденсаты"><span id=".D0.91.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.B5_.E2.80.94_.D0.AD.D0.B9.D0.BD.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B"></span>Бозе&#160;— Эйнштейн конденсаты</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Бозе — Эйнштейн конденсаты бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Бозе — Эйнштейн конденсаты бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бозе — Эйнштейн конденсаты бозе-газды абсолют нулгә тиң температураларға тиклем һыуытҡанда барлыҡҡа килә.&#160; Был тиклем ныҡ һыуытылған хәлдә атомдарҙың&#160;күп өлөшө&#160; квант хәленә инә һәм квант эффекттары макроскопик кимәлдә күренә башлай. Бозе&#160;— Эйнштейн конденсаты үтә көслө ағыусанлыҡ һәм Фишбах резонансы кеүек ҡайһы бер квант үҙсәнлектәрен белендерә.&#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Фермионлы_конденсат"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BB.D1.8B_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0.D1.82"></span>Фермионлы конденсат</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Фермионлы конденсат бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Фермионлы конденсат бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Фермионлы конденсат&#160; фермионлы атомдарҙан торған газдарҙа&#160;«Куперса атом парҙарының» Бардин, Купер, Шриффер режимындағы&#160; бозе-конденсацияһынан ғибәрәт.&#160;&#160; </p><p>Бындай фермионлы атом&#160; конденсаттары үтә көслө үткәргестәрҙең&#160; &#160;«ҡәрҙәше» булып тора, ләкин критик температуралары бүлмә температураһы кеүек йә&#160; юғарыраҡ&#160;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Боҙоҡ_үҙгәрешле_газ"><span id=".D0.91.D0.BE.D2.99.D0.BE.D2.A1_.D2.AF.D2.99.D0.B3.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BB.D0.B5_.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.B7"></span>Боҙоҡ үҙгәрешле газ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Боҙоҡ үҙгәрешле газ бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Боҙоҡ үҙгәрешле газ бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Үҙсәнлектәренә киҫәксәләренең бер төрлө булыуы арҡаһында&#160; барлыҡҡа килеүсе&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Квант механикаһы">квант механикалы</a>&#160;&#160;эффекттар ныҡлы йоғонто яһаған&#160;газ боҙоҡ үҙгәрешле/вырожденный газ була. Газдың киҫәксәләре араһындағы аралыҡтар де Бройль тулҡыны оҙонлоғона тиң булған шарттарҙа боҙоҡ үҙгәреү башлана; киҫәксәләрҙең спинына бәйле боҙолоп үҙгәргән газдарҙың ике төрө яһала&#160; — фермиондар (ярым бөтөн спинлы киҫәксәләр)&#160; хасил иткән ферми-газ&#160;һәм бозондар (бөтөн спинлы киҫәксәләр) хасил иткән бозе-газ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үтә_көслө_ағыусан_ҡаты_есем"><span id=".D2.AE.D1.82.D3.99_.D0.BA.D3.A9.D1.81.D0.BB.D3.A9_.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B.D1.83.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B_.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Үтә көслө ағыусан ҡаты есем&#160;&#160;</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Үтә көслө ағыусан ҡаты есем   бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Үтә көслө ағыусан ҡаты есем   бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Үтә көслө ағыусан ҡаты есем — үтә көслө ағыусан шыйыҡлыҡ үҙсәнлектәренә эйә <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡаты есемдәр">ҡаты есем</a> булып торған квант шыйыҡлығының термодинамик фазаһы. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Юғары_энергетик_хәлдәр"><span id=".D0.AE.D2.93.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B_.D1.8D.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B3.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Юғары энергетик хәлдәр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Юғары энергетик хәлдәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Юғары энергетик хәлдәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Юғары энергетик хәлдәргә <b>глазма</b> һәм <b>кварк-глюонлы плазма</b> хәлдәре инә. Глазма хәле кварк-глюонлы хәлдең элгәре булып тора, ул адрондар бер-береһе менән бәрелешкәндә (мәҫәлән, протондар — протондар менән, иондар — иондар менән, иондар&#160;— протондар менән) барлыҡҡа килә. Глазманың йәшәү ваҡыты бер нисә иоктосекунд тәшкил итә.&#160; </p><p>Кварк-глюонлы хәл — юғары энергиялар физикаһында һәм элементар киҫәксәләр физикаһында матдәнең агрегат хәле. Матдә адрон матдәнең электрондарҙың һәм иондарҙың ғәҙәттәге плазмала булыуына оҡшаш хәлгә күсә.&#160;&#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҙур_баҫым_аҫтындағы_хәлдәр"><span id=".D2.98.D1.83.D1.80_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D2.AB.D1.8B.D0.BC_.D0.B0.D2.AB.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Ҙур баҫым аҫтындағы хәлдәр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Ҙур баҫым аҫтындағы хәлдәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Ҙур баҫым аҫтындағы хәлдәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Нейтрон_хәл"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B5.D0.B9.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BD_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB"></span>Нейтрон хәл</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Нейтрон хәл бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Нейтрон хәл бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Матдәнең башҡа хәлдәрҙән принципиаль айырмалы булған һәм тик нейтрондарҙан ғына торған хәле нейтрон хәл тип атала. Матдә&#160;&#160;нейтрон хәлгә әлегә лаборатория шарттарында өлгәшелә алмаған, әммә нейтрон йондоҙҙарҙың эсендә булған&#160; үтә юғары баҫым ваҡытында күсә. Нейтрон хәлгә күскәндә матдәнең электрондары&#160; протондар менән берләшә һәм нейтрондарға әйләнә. Бының өсөн матдәнең&#160; гравитация көстәре тарафынан электрондарҙың этәрешеүен еңерлек кимәлдә ҡыҫылыуы зарур. Нейтрон хәлдәге матдә тулыһынса нейтрондарҙан тора һәм ядро тығыҙлығы кеүек тығыҙлыҡҡа эйә була.&#160;&#160;&#160; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Башҡа_хәлдәр"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B0.D1.88.D2.A1.D0.B0_.D1.85.D3.99.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Башҡа хәлдәр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Башҡа хәлдәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Башҡа хәлдәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ҡараңғы_материя"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D2.A3.D2.93.D1.8B_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Ҡараңғы материя</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Ҡараңғы материя бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Ҡараңғы материя бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Материяның&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Электромагнит нурланыш">электромагнит нурланышты</a> сығармай һәм уның менән тәьҫирләшмәй торған формаһы ҡараңғы материя була.&#160;&#160;Ошо үҙсәнлеге арҡаһында был матдәне туранан-тура күҙәтеп булмай. Ҡараңғы&#160;&#160;материя барлығы ул хасил иткән&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация">гравитация эффекттары</a>&#160;аша асыҡлана. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үтә_юғары_критик_флюид"><span id=".D2.AE.D1.82.D3.99_.D1.8E.D2.93.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B_.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D1.84.D0.BB.D1.8E.D0.B8.D0.B4"></span>Үтә юғары критик флюид</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Үтә юғары критик флюид бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Үтә юғары критик флюид бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Үтә юғары критик флюид хәлендә булғанда матдәнең шыйыҡ һәм газ фазаһы араһындағы айырма юҡҡа сыға. Критик нөктәнән юғарыраҡ&#160;&#160;температурала һәм баҫымда ҡалған теләһә ҡайһы матдә үтә юғары критик шыйыҡлыҡ булып тора. Үтә юғары критик хәлдәге матдәнең үҙсәнлектәре уның газ һәм шыйыҡ хәлдәрҙәге үҙсәнлектәре араһында була.&#160;&#160;</p><div class="references-small" style="column-count:33em;-moz-column-count:33em;-webkit-column-count:33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБСЭ1969">Агрегатные состояния вещества&#160;//&#32;А&#160;— Ангоб.&#160;— <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.&#160;: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.&#160;— (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F#Третье_издание" class="mw-redirect" title="Большая советская энциклопедия">Большая советская энциклопедия</a>&#160;: <span style="white-space: nowrap;">[в 30 т.]</span>&#59; vol.&#160;1969—1978, вып.&#160;1).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/0036.html">Агрегатные состояния</a></span>&#32;&#47;&#47;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Физическая энциклопедия (был бит юҡ)">Физическая энциклопедия</a>&#160;: [в 5&#160;т.]&#32;&#47;&#32;Гл. ред. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Прохоров, Александр Михайлович (был бит юҡ)">А.&#160;М. Прохоров</a>.&#160;— <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Советская энциклопедия (был бит юҡ)">Советская энциклопедия</a> (т.&#160;1—2); <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Большая российская энциклопедия (издательство) (был бит юҡ)">Большая Российская энциклопедия</a> (т.&#160;3—5), 1988—1999.&#160;— <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5852700347" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-85270-034-7</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Белоконь, Н. И.</i> Основные принципы термодинамики, 1968.&#160;— С. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Владимир Жданов.</i>&#32;<span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/123/1012368/1012368a2.htm">Плазма в космосе</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">&#160;&#160;<span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>.&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Кругосвет (был бит юҡ)">Кругосвет</a>.&#32;<small>Дата обращения: 21 февраль 2009.</small>&#32;<small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/617d3432B?url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/fizika/PLAZMA.html">Архивировано</a> 22 август 2011 года.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>И. М.&#160;Дремин, А. В.&#160;Леонидов.</i>&#32;<span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientific.ru/journal/fermicondensat.html">"Фермионный конденсат"</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">&#160;&#160;<span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>&#32;С. 1172.&#32;scientific.ru&#32;(ноябрь 2010).&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Идентификатор цифрового объекта (был бит юҡ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.0180.201011c.1167">10.3367/UFNr.0180.201011c.1167</a>.&#160;— УФН 180 1167–1196 (2010)<small>.</small>&#32;<small>Дата обращения: 29 март 2013.</small>&#32;<small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/617d3pvZo?url=http://www.scientific.ru/journal/fermicondensat.html">Архивировано</a> 22 август 2011 года.</small></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="column-count:33em;-moz-column-count:33em;-webkit-column-count:33em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әҙәбиәт"><span id=".D3.98.D2.99.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D3.99.D1.82"></span>Әҙәбиәт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFШульц,_Мазурин1988"><i>Шульц М. М., Мазурин О. В.</i> Современное представление о строении стёкол и их свойствах.&#160;— Л.: Наука. 1988 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/502024564X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-02-024564-X</a></span></li></ul></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Агрегат_хәл&amp;oldid=780844">https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Агрегат_хәл&amp;oldid=780844</a>» битенән алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Махсус:Категориялар">Категориялар</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Cite_web_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_webcitation-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2:_deadlink_no)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Категория:Википедия:Cite web (заменить webcitation-архив: deadlink no) (был бит юҡ)">Википедия:Cite web (заменить webcitation-архив: deadlink no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Категория:Агрегат хәлдәре">Агрегат хәлдәре</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Йәшерелгән категориялар: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Cite_web_(%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Категория:Википедия:Cite web (не указан язык)">Википедия:Cite web (не указан язык)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:ISBN серле һылтанмаһын ҡулланған биттәр">ISBN серле һылтанмаһын ҡулланған биттәр</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Категория:Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на элементы Викиданных без русской подписи">Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на элементы Викиданных без русской подписи</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Был бит һуңғы тапҡыр 14:33 10 февраль 2018 үҙгәртелгән.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> буйынса рөхсәт ителгән; өҫтәмә шарттар ҡулланылыуы мөмкин. 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