CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jean-Pierre Bemba - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac6fab24-6b81-4da5-be33-ee0d365f515e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jean-Pierre_Bemba","wgTitle":"Jean-Pierre Bemba","wgCurRevisionId":1256468279,"wgRevisionId":1256468279,"wgArticleId":4091453,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2016","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017","Commons category link from Wikidata","1962 births","Living people","People from Nord-Ubangi","Vice-presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Movement for the Liberation of the Congo politicians","21st-century criminals","Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","People extradited from Belgium","Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad","People convicted by the International Criminal Court","Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians convicted of crimes","Heads of government who were later imprisoned","People acquitted by the International Criminal Court","21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people","Defence ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jean-Pierre_Bemba","wgRelevantArticleId":4091453,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick": true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q379148","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1661"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1108"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="886"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jean-Pierre Bemba - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jean-Pierre_Bemba rootpage-Jean-Pierre_Bemba skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jean-Pierre+Bemba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jean-Pierre+Bemba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jean-Pierre+Bemba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jean-Pierre+Bemba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLC_rebel_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLC_rebel_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>MLC rebel years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLC_rebel_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_the_Central_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Involvement in the Central African Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_the_Central_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interim government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>2006 Presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2007_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2007_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>March 2007 violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2007_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Arrest and trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2018 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Pierre Bemba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="جان بيير بيمبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان بيير بيمبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Жан-П’ер Бемба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан-П’ер Бемба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba_Gombo" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ژان-پیر بمبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان-پیر بمبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B2%B0%EB%B0%94" title="장피에르 벰바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장피에르 벰바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჟან-პიერ ბემბა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟან-პიერ ბემბა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90" title="ジャン＝ピエール・ベンバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン＝ピエール・ベンバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba_Gombo" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бемба, Жан-Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бемба, Жан-Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Жан-П'єр Бемба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан-П'єр Бемба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean-Pierre Bemba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%B4" title="让-皮埃尔·本巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="让-皮埃尔·本巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jean-Pierre_Bemba" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&oldid=1256468279" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&id=1256468279&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Pierre_Bemba"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Pierre_Bemba"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean-Pierre_Bemba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379148" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Congolese politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Congolese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese name">Congolese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Bemba</i> and the post-surname is <i> Gombo</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jean-Pierre Bemba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3,_2005_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bemba in 2005." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bemba in 2005.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Prime Minister<br />Minister of Transportation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />12 June 2024</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Suminwa_Tuluka" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Suminwa Tuluka">Judith Suminwa Tuluka</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Prime Minister<br />Minister of Defense</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 March 2023 – 12 June 2024</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sama_Lukonde" title="Sama Lukonde">Sama Lukonde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Kabanda_Rukemba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Kabanda Rukemba (page does not exist)">Gilbert Kabanda Rukemba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Kabombo_Muadiamvita" title="Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita">Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Vice President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 July 2003 – 6 December 2006<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Azarias_Ruberwa" title="Azarias Ruberwa">Azarias Ruberwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Z%27ahidi_Ngoma" title="Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma">Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Yerodia_Ndombasi" title="Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi">Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1962-11-04</span>) </span>4 November 1962<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 62)</span><br />Bokada, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(former_province)" title="Équateur (former province)">Equateur Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Congolese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" title="Movement for the Liberation of the Congo">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeannot_Bemba_Saolona" title="Jeannot Bemba Saolona">Jeannot Bemba Saolona</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ICHEC_Brussels_Management_School" title="ICHEC Brussels Management School">ICHEC Brussels Management School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo</b> (born 4 November 1962)<sup id="cite_ref-warrant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warrant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a politician in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC). After he served as Deputy Prime Minister of Defense 2023 to 2024, he was moved to the Deputy Prime Minister of Transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was previously one of four <a href="/wiki/Vice-Presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">vice-presidents</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">transitional government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> from 17 July 2003 to December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-ke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" title="Movement for the Liberation of the Congo">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo</a> (MLC), a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebel</a> group turned <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>. He received the second-highest number of votes in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2006 presidential election</a>. In January 2007, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a>. </p><p>In 2008, during a trip to Europe, Bemba was arrested on <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> charges of crimes against humanity and <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the following 10 years in prison at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague, The Netherlands</a>; 8 years awaiting trial and verdict, then 2 more years after conviction in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the verdicts were overturned on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court ruled that because the Rome Statute which sets the court's rules does not limit the amount of time a person can spend in prison awaiting trial, Bemba was not entitled to compensation. It called on member states to urgently review the relevant provisions in the statute.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No such review <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">has yet taken place</a>. In 2018, Bemba returned to the DRC where he has since been active in national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bemba was born in Bokada, <a href="/wiki/Nord-Ubangi" title="Nord-Ubangi">Nord-Ubangi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warrant_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warrant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, <a href="/wiki/Jeannot_Bemba_Saolona" title="Jeannot Bemba Saolona">Jeannot Bemba Saolona</a>, was a businessman who was successful under <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zairian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>. His sister, Catherine Bemba, is married to Mobutu's son, <a href="/wiki/Nzanga_Mobutu" title="Nzanga Mobutu">Nzanga Mobutu</a>, who was also a candidate in the 2006 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bemba attended boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and later studied economics at the <a href="/wiki/ICHEC_Brussels_Management_School" title="ICHEC Brussels Management School">ICHEC Brussels Management School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MLC_rebel_years">MLC rebel years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: MLC rebel years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MLC movement started in the <a href="/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale Province</a> of the DRC in 1998 at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>. Said Bemba of its founding: "I had identified the possibility of launching an armed movement. So I went looking for serious partners. There were two countries in the region that were interested but I chose to present my dossier to the <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandans</a>. They liked it and so I went in."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between October 2002 and February 2003, the MLC had carried out an ethnic cleansing of 40% of pygmies in eastern Congo known as the operation <a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_the_Central_African_Republic">Involvement in the Central African Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Involvement in the Central African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, President <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> invited the MLC to come to his country and put down a <a href="/wiki/2002_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2002 Central African Republic coup attempt">coup attempt</a>. Human rights activists accused MLC fighters of committing atrocities against civilians in the course of this conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interim_government">Interim government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interim government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Bemba became one of four vice-presidents during the interim government that lasted from 2003-2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2006_Presidential_election">2006 Presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2006 Presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_External_Affairs_Minister,_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_meeting_with_the_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_meeting_with_the_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_meeting_with_the_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_External_Affairs_Minister%2C_Shri_K._Natwar_Singh_meeting_with_the_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Meeting between Indian Minister of External Affairs <a href="/wiki/Natwar_Singh" title="Natwar Singh">Natwar Singh</a> and Bemba in New Delhi on 3 March 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Bemba was one of 33 candidates who ran in the Congolese <a href="/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">presidential election</a> on 30 July, 2006. His main campaign slogan — "One Hundred Percent Congolese" — was widely perceived as an attack on front-runner President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bemba received substantial support in the western, <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>-speaking portion of the country, including the capital, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliances_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliances-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the vote there was significant tension as to whether Kabila would win a majority of the vote, avoiding a runoff against Bemba, who was perceived as Kabila's main opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, results announced on 20 August gave Kabila 44% of the vote and Bemba 20%,<sup id="cite_ref-Alliances_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliances-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 August 2006, while accompanied by 14 ambassadors of CIAT members (International Committee in charge of the Transition), including ambassadors from the United States of America, The UK, France (Bernard Prévost) and Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Johan_Swinnen" title="Johan Swinnen">Johan Swinnen</a>), and from MONUC, US diplomat <a href="/wiki/William_L._Swing" title="William L. Swing">William L. Swing</a>, Bemba survived an assassination attempt by the Presidential Guard bombing his residence in Gombe. The ambassadors were forced to seek refuge in a cellar.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kabila and Bemba faced each other in a second round, held on 29 October. The electoral commission announced the official results on 15 November, naming Kabila the winner with 58.05% of the vote; Bemba's supporters alleged fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 November 2006, the Supreme Court of the DRC rejected the fraud charges brought by Bemba, and confirmed Kabila as the new elected Congolese President.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day later, Bemba said that he disagreed with the court's decision, but that "in the greater national interest and to preserve peace and to save the country from chaos and violence", he would participate in the system by leading the political opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not attend Kabila's swearing-in ceremony on 6 December. On 8 December, the MLC announced that Bemba would run for a Senate seat from Kinshasa in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Senate_election" title="2007 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate election">January 2007 senatorial election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he succeeded in winning a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Meeting between Bemba and Indian Vice President <a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a> in New Delhi on 3 March 2005</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="March_2007_violence">March 2007 violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: March 2007 violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further attempt on Bemba's life in March 2007 led to an outbreak of fighting near Bemba's residence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of soldiers and civilians were reported killed. Bemba called for a ceasefire and negotiations and took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As fighting continued on 23 March, it was announced that a warrant for Bemba's arrest had been issued, accusing him of high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Bemba enjoyed immunity as a senator, the country's <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">chief prosecutor</a> said that he would ask parliament to remove it. </p><p>On 26 March, Kabila said that security could not be guaranteed through negotiation and referred to the importance of restoring order. Bemba warned of a potential for dictatorship and foreshadowed his retreat into exile, citing security concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the month it was reported that Bemba planned to travel to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> for treatment of a broken leg; he had already received treatment for his leg there in previous months. The Portuguese ambassador subsequently said on 30 March that Bemba was expected to go to Portugal for treatment, but was not going into exile there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 April, the Senate approved the trip, for a period of 60 days.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arrives_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrives-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 April, Bemba left the South African embassy and was taken to the airport by U.N. <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a> forces, then flown out of the country to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with his wife and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrives_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrives-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April, the attorney general, Tshimanga Mukeba, said that he had asked the Senate to remove Bemba's immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the outbreak of violence in March, Bemba's party, the MLC, said that it was being targeted by the government through arrests and intimidation, and that its headquarters was occupied by government forces.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 April, the party suspended its participation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">National Assembly</a> due to this intimidation and insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of June, it was reported that, despite the expiration of the 60 days prescribed by the Senate, Bemba would not return to the DRC due to safety concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to MLC executive secretary <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luhaka" title="Thomas Luhaka">Thomas Luhaka</a>, Bemba was medically able to return and take part in politics again, and Luhaka called for a political solution to facilitate his return. Without Senate permission to be absent, he would automatically lose his seat if absent from over a quarter of Senate sessions, unless the absences were justified.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 June, the Senate extended Bemba's permitted absence until 31 July, following a request from Bemba in a 12 June letter in asking for more time. In this letter he expressed a readiness to return and take part in politics, but also expressed concerns about his safety.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 July, Bemba met with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Michel" title="Louis Michel">Louis Michel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Development_%26_Humanitarian_Aid" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid">European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid</a>. According to Michel, Bemba "intends to give the presidential majority the benefit of the doubt" and would not do or say anything "that could be taken as an attempt at destabilisation".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not return by the deadline on 31 July, with a spokesman citing continued security concerns; the Senate was then in recess until 15 September,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Senate President <a href="/wiki/Kengo_wa_Dondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kengo wa Dondo">Kengo wa Dondo</a> said that Bemba would not be penalized for being away during this period because the Senate was not in session.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement published on 1 August, Bemba said that he wanted to return before 15 September.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was announced on 7 September that Bemba had met with <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">National Assembly</a> President <a href="/wiki/Vital_Kamerhe" title="Vital Kamerhe">Vital Kamerhe</a> in Portugal to discuss his potential return.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2007, he visited <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and met with Belgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht" title="Karel De Gucht">Karel De Gucht</a> on 5 November.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a March 2008 interview, Bemba said that he was in "forced exile" and that it seemed the government was moving towards a dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest_and_trial">Arrest and trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrest and trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 May 2008, Bemba was arrested near <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arrest_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrest-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arrested_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrested-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was handed over to the ICC on 3 July, 2008 and transferred to its detention centre in the Hague.<sup id="cite_ref-surrender_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrender-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only person arrested in connection with the ICC's investigation in the Central African Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrested_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrested-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court of the Central African Republic found no basis to pursue cases against Bemba and former CAR President <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial of Bemba began on 22 November 2010<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lasted four years. The prosecutor was <a href="/wiki/Fatou_Bensouda" title="Fatou Bensouda">Fatou Bensouda</a>. Two more years passed before the verdict was given.<sup id="cite_ref-conviction_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conviction-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 March 2016, he was convicted on two counts of crimes against humanity and three counts of war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-conviction_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conviction-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the first time the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) convicted someone of sexual violence.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial evaluated a theory of criminal responsibility related to whether a remote commander who failed to prevent or punish crimes was liable for crimes against humanity and war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 June 2016, the ICC sentenced Bemba to 18 years in prison for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by his Congolese Liberation Movement (MLC).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017 he was sentenced to an extra year in prison and fined 300,000 euros ($324,000) by the ICC for interfering with witnesses in his trial.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 September 2016, Bemba served the ICC appeals chamber with an appeal against his 18-year conviction citing numerous procedural and legal errors in the judgment, and alleging a mistrial.<sup id="cite_ref-ijmonitor.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijmonitor.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icc-cpi.int_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icc-cpi.int-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appeal centered on whether Bemba had a fair trial, with concerns about the need for greater specificity in criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conviction was overturned on 8 June, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Judge <a href="/wiki/Christine_Van_den_Wyngaert" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Van den Wyngaert">Christine Van den Wyngaert</a>. She said he cannot be held responsible for the actions of his men, and that the lower court "ignored significant testimonial evidence that Bemba's ability to investigate and punish crimes in the CAR was limited".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court ruled that because the Rome Statute which sets the court's rules does not limit the amount of time a person can spend in prison awaiting trial, Bemba was not entitled to compensation. It called on member states to review urgently the relevant provisions in the statute<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No such review <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">has yet taken place</a>. </p><p>On 4 May 2017 Bemba had also filed an appeal against his conviction for interfering with witnesses, alleging factual and legal errors on the part of the trial chamber and illegal investigative activity by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2018_to_present">2018 to present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2018 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 August 2018, Bemba returned to the DRC after 11 years of exile and imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to run for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2018 election</a>, and was considered by some to be the strongest opposition candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2018_election_economist_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_election_economist-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was barred from running after a review conducted by the country's <a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Independent National Electoral Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_election_economist_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_election_economist-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined other opposition leaders in an agreement to support candidate <a href="/wiki/Martin_Fayulu" title="Martin Fayulu">Martin Fayulu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became the subject of a <a href="/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election#Accusations_of_fraud" title="2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">dispute over the election's results</a>—winning according to journalists analyzing data apparently leaked from the electoral commission and the Catholic Church's observation mission,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but losing to <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> according to the election commission's official results.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, Bemba was active in national DRC politics.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March 2023, Tshisekedi named Bemba Minister of Defence in a cabinet reshuffle.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-warrant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warrant_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warrant_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legal-tools.org/en/doc/fb0728/">"Situation In The Central African Republic In The Case Of The Prosecutor V. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo — Under Seal Urgent Warrant Of Arrest For Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo"</a>. International Criminal Court. 23 May 2008. ICC-01/05-01/08-1-tENG-Corr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+In+The+Central+African+Republic+In+The+Case+Of+The+Prosecutor+V.+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+Gombo+%E2%80%94+Under+Seal+Urgent+Warrant+Of+Arrest+For+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+Gombo&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-tools.org%2Fen%2Fdoc%2Ffb0728%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/jeanpierre-bemba-icc-congo-tshisekedi-b1b555691b413cad0b400c598fa4f89a">"Former rebel leader is named Congo's new Defense Minister"</a>. 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+rebel+leader+is+named+Congo%E2%80%99s+new+Defense+Minister&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjeanpierre-bemba-icc-congo-tshisekedi-b1b555691b413cad0b400c598fa4f89a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-president-tshisekedi-brings-former-vp-bemba-reshuffle-ahead-election-2023-03-24/">"Former rebel leader is named Congo's new Defense Ministern"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+rebel+leader+is+named+Congo%E2%80%99s+new+Defense+Ministern&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-president-tshisekedi-brings-former-vp-bemba-reshuffle-ahead-election-2023-03-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pm-tuluka-announces-long-awaited-new-government/a-68724494">"Congo: PM Tuluka announces long-awaited new government – DW – 05/29/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Congo%3A+PM+Tuluka+announces+long-awaited+new+government+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+05%2F29%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcongo-pm-tuluka-announces-long-awaited-new-government%2Fa-68724494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ke-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ke_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2018/09/dr-congo-former-warlord-says-he-would-back-opposition-candidate/">"DR Congo former warlords says he would back opposition candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/98.4_Capital_FM" title="98.4 Capital FM">98.4 Capital FM</a> through <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+former+warlords+says+he+would+back+opposition+candidate&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalfm.co.ke%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fdr-congo-former-warlord-says-he-would-back-opposition-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/370.html">Press release</a>International Criminal Court <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108190351/http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/370.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2016" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/jun/21/jean-pierre-bemba-sentenced-to-18-years-in-prison-by-international-criminal-court">"Jean-Pierre Bemba sentenced to 18 years in prison by international criminal court"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Pierre+Bemba+sentenced+to+18+years+in+prison+by+international+criminal+court&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2016%2Fjun%2F21%2Fjean-pierre-bemba-sentenced-to-18-years-in-prison-by-international-criminal-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcott2018" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jun/08/former-congo-leader-jean-pierre-bemba-wins-war-crimes-appeal-international-criminal-court">"Jean-Pierre Bemba's war crimes conviction overturned"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Pierre+Bemba%27s+war+crimes+conviction+overturned&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2018%2Fjun%2F08%2Fformer-congo-leader-jean-pierre-bemba-wins-war-crimes-appeal-international-criminal-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-warcrimes-congo-bemba-idUKKBN22U2L4">"International Criminal Court rejects Ex-Congolese VP's damages claim"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=International+Criminal+Court+rejects+Ex-Congolese+VP%27s+damages+claim&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-warcrimes-congo-bemba-idUKKBN22U2L4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/59406/drc-sacred-union-members-tshisekedi-bemba-katumbi-fail-to-reach-an-agreement/">"DRC: Sacred Union members Tshisekedi, Bemba, Katumbi fail to reach an agreement"</a>. 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRC%3A+Sacred+Union+members+Tshisekedi%2C+Bemba%2C+Katumbi+fail+to+reach+an+agreement&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F59406%2Fdrc-sacred-union-members-tshisekedi-bemba-katumbi-fail-to-reach-an-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Wagner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/aug2006/cong-a25.shtml">"Run-off ballot in the Congo"</a>, World Socialist Web Site, 25 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns,_Jason_K.2011" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Jason K. (2011). <i>Dancing in the glory of monsters: the collapse of the Congo and the great war of Africa</i> (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-929-8"><bdi>978-1-58648-929-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/657595549">657595549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+in+the+glory+of+monsters%3A+the+collapse+of+the+Congo+and+the+great+war+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F657595549&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-929-8&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Jason+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emizet F. Kisangani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753410">"CONFLICT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: A MOSAIC OF INSURGENT GROUPS"</a>, International Journal on World Peace, September 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minority Rights Group International, ["Erasing the Board: Report of the International Research Mission into Crimes Under International Law Committed Against the Bambuti Pygmies in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo"](<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://minorityrights.org/resources/erasing-the-board-report-of-the-international-research-mission-into-crimes-under-international-law-committed-against-the-bambuti-pygmies-in-the-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/">https://minorityrights.org/resources/erasing-the-board-report-of-the-international-research-mission-into-crimes-under-international-law-committed-against-the-bambuti-pygmies-in-the-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/</a>), *Minority Rights Group International*, n.d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/06/car-acquittal-of-bemba-a-blow-to-victims/">"CAR: Acquittal of Bemba a blow to victims"</a>, Amnesty International, June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/15/AR2006081500718.html">"Vote Count Continues in Congo Election"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, 15 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alliances-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alliances_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alliances_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55218&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=DRC">"Frontrunners need alliances for 2nd round of presidential polls"</a>, IRIN, 22 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55173&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes">"Tension ahead of election results"</a>, IRIN, 18 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensions_Kabila-Bemba_en_2006_et_2007" class="extiw" title="fr:Tensions Kabila-Bemba en 2006 et 2007">fr:Tensions Kabila-Bemba en 2006 et 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2006-08-23/Les-partisans-de-Kabila-et-Bemba-s-affrontent-dans-Kinshasa-_NP_-2006-08-23-270210">"Les partisans de Kabila et Bemba s'affrontent dans Kinshasa"</a>. <i>La Croix</i>. 23 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span> – via www.la-croix.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Les+partisans+de+Kabila+et+Bemba+s%27affrontent+dans+Kinshasa&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2FArchives%2F2006-08-23%2FLes-partisans-de-Kabila-et-Bemba-s-affrontent-dans-Kinshasa-_NP_-2006-08-23-270210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News (2006-11-15). "Kabila named DR Congo poll winner". BBC News, 15 November 2006. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6151598.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6151598.stm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61666">"DRC: Supreme Court validates Kabila presidential victory"</a>, IRIN, 28 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61677">"DRC: Bemba condemns poll ruling but ready to lead opposition"</a>, IRIN, 28 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6193384.stm">"Bemba accepts DR Congo poll loss"</a>, BBC News, 28 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1165597020331R131">"Bemba to run for Senate"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 8 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200701/21/eng20070121_343315.html">"Former DR Congo vice president wins seat in Senate"</a>, Xinhua (<i>People's Daily Online</i>), 21 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070322153441459C201618">"Sustained gunfire reported in Congo's capital"</a>, Associated Press (<i>IOL</i>), 22 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6482997.stm">"DR Congo rebel chief seeks refuge"</a>, BBC News, 23 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php">"Bemba: Wanted for high treason"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720023325/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php">Archived</a> 20 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 23 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/warrant-issued-for-former-warlord-as-congo-fighting-continues">"Warrant Issued for Former Warlord as Congo Fighting Continues"</a>, Associated Press (FOX News), 23 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20070326220308692C333630">"Kabila defends use of force as clashes go on"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 26 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070330144757556C818465">"Portugal accepts Bemba but not for exile"</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 30 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E2B9F777-CE7B-4609-9AC3-EEA7892AE0F8.htm">"Bemba 'free to leave' DR Congo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235933/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E2B9F777-CE7B-4609-9AC3-EEA7892AE0F8.htm">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Al Jazeera, 10 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrives-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrives_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrives_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20070411213756504C850579">"Bemba arrives in Portugal"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 12 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607150318/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/4C4B86F3-6AE2-464F-9987-F06A25171A7D.htm">"Bemba leaves DR Congo"</a>, Al Jazeera, 11 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070412142618973C720095">"DRC seeks to lift Bemba's immunity"</a>, DPA (<i>IOL</i>), 12 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070408221612455C553348">"DRC opposition party hits out at government"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 9 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070414150316673C333192">"Bemba's party concerned about security"</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 14 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6738427.stm">"DR Congo's Bemba to stay abroad"</a>, BBC News, 10 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070611132105383C978936">"We want Bemba back, say DRC opposition"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 11 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=37420">"RDC: Jean-Pierre Bemba autorisé à prolonger son séjour au Portugal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185917/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=37420">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFP (<i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeuneafrique.com</a></i>), 15 June 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apanews.net/spip.php?page=show_article&id_article=35515">"Senate extends to 31 July Bemba’s stay in Portugal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529054930/http://apanews.net/spip.php?page=show_article&id_article=35515">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, African Press Agency, 16 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20070714103826183C663305">"Bemba wants to return to DRC"</a>, AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 14 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubunga Bya'Ombe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20070731214612156C163557">"Bemba not ready to return to DRC"</a>, Reuters (<i>IOL</i>), 1 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=38469">"DR Congo: Bemba’s sick leave expires abroad, but no penalty as senator"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529054823/http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=38469">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, African Press Agency, 1 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=38406">"Jean-Pierre Bemba souhaite revenir en RDC avant le 15 septembre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183718/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=38406">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFP (<i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeuneafrique.com</a></i>), 1 August 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=39083">"Le président du parlement de RDCongo a rencontré Jean-Pierre Bemba au Portugal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910040055/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?reg_id=0&art_cle=39083">Archived</a> 10 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AFP (<i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeuneafrique.com</a></i>), 7 September 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquechos.ch/spip.php?article2621">"Jean-Pierre Bemba en visite « privée » en Belgique depuis plusieurs jours"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531173226/http://www.afriquechos.ch/spip.php?article2621">Archived</a> 31 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, afriquechos.ch, 7 November 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=136&art_id=nw20080322120854845C401296">"'DRC slipping into dictatorship'"</a>, Sapa-AFP (<i>IOL</i>), 22 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arrest-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arrest_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Criminal Court (24 May 2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/370.html">Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo arrested for crimes allegedly committed in the Central African Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527070253/http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/370.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrested-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrested_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrested_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/25/content_8248030.htm">"Former Congo rebel leader arrested for war crimes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528150320/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/25/content_8248030.htm">Archived</a> 28 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 25 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7418932.stm">"Former DR Congo leader arrested"</a>, BBC World News, 24 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-surrender-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surrender_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Criminal Court (3 July 2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/395.html">Surrender of Jean-Pierre Bemba to the International Criminal Court</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708111527/http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/395.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved on 3 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6679513.stm">"Hague court probes CAR 'crimes'"</a>, BBC World News, 22 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201011191101.html">"Central Africa: The Trial of Jean-Pierre Bemba"</a>. 19 November 2010 – via AllAfrica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Africa%3A+The+Trial+of+Jean-Pierre+Bemba&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201011191101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303034337/http://networkedblogs.com/aSU4Z">"War crimes trial of Congolese militia leader begins at International Criminal Court"</a>. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+crimes+trial+of+Congolese+militia+leader+begins+at+International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetworkedblogs.com%2FaSU4Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conviction-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conviction_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conviction_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/21/icc-finds-ex-congolese-vice-president-jean-pierre-bemba-guilty-of-war-crimes">"Congo politician guilty in first ICC trial to focus on rape as a war crime"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Congo+politician+guilty+in+first+ICC+trial+to+focus+on+rape+as+a+war+crime&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F21%2Ficc-finds-ex-congolese-vice-president-jean-pierre-bemba-guilty-of-war-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Sieff2016" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Sieff (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/international-court-adds-rape-to-war-crimes-list-in-congo-conviction/2016/03/21/2e7f4320-ef72-11e5-85a6-2132cf446d0a_story.html">"In historic ruling, international court cites rape in war crimes conviction of ex-Congo official"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+historic+ruling%2C+international+court+cites+rape+in+war+crimes+conviction+of+ex-Congo+official&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.au=Kevin+Sieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Finternational-court-adds-rape-to-war-crimes-list-in-congo-conviction%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2F2e7f4320-ef72-11e5-85a6-2132cf446d0a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskins2022" class="citation cs2">Gaskins, Richard, ed. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/congo-trials-in-the-international-criminal-court/trial-of-jeanpierre-bemba/A35EE06F117382D8C16A8A99C10A277C">"The Trial of Jean-Pierre Bemba"</a>, <i>The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court</i> (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 375–447, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009208772.010">10.1017/9781009208772.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-20877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-20877-2"><bdi>978-1-009-20877-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Congo+Trials+in+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Jean-Pierre+Bemba&rft.pages=375-447&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009208772.010&rft.isbn=978-1-009-20877-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcongo-trials-in-the-international-criminal-court%2Ftrial-of-jeanpierre-bemba%2FA35EE06F117382D8C16A8A99C10A277C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2016/06/21/Former-Congo-vice-president-Jean-Pierre-Bemba-sentenced-to-18-years-for-war-crimes">"Former Congo vice-president Jean-Pierre Bemba sentenced to 18 years for war crimes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times (South Africa)">The Times</a></i>. 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Congo+vice-president+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+sentenced+to+18+years+for+war+crimes&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fafrica%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2FFormer-Congo-vice-president-Jean-Pierre-Bemba-sentenced-to-18-years-for-war-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/icc-gives-former-congo-vp-bemba-extra-year-in-prison">"ICC gives former Congo VP Bemba extra year in prison"</a>. Fox News. 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC+gives+former+Congo+VP+Bemba+extra+year+in+prison&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Ficc-gives-former-congo-vp-bemba-extra-year-in-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijmonitor.org-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ijmonitor.org_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijmonitor.org/2016/10/bemba-lays-out-grounds-for-appeal-against-icc-conviction/">"Bemba Lays Out Grounds for Appeal Against ICC Conviction"</a>. <i>www.ijmonitor.org</i>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ijmonitor.org&rft.atitle=Bemba+Lays+Out+Grounds+for+Appeal+Against+ICC+Conviction&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmonitor.org%2F2016%2F10%2Fbemba-lays-out-grounds-for-appeal-against-icc-conviction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icc-cpi.int-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icc-cpi.int_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/record.aspx?docNo=ICC-01/05-01/08-3434-Red">"Public Redacted Version of Appellant's document in support of the appeal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Redacted+Version+of+Appellant%27s+document+in+support+of+the+appeal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FPages%2Frecord.aspx%3FdocNo%3DICC-01%2F05-01%2F08-3434-Red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcott2018" class="citation web cs1">Bowcott, Owen (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jun/08/former-congo-leader-jean-pierre-bemba-wins-war-crimes-appeal-international-criminal-court">"Jean-Pierre Bemba's war crimes conviction overturned"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Pierre+Bemba%27s+war+crimes+conviction+overturned&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2018%2Fjun%2F08%2Fformer-congo-leader-jean-pierre-bemba-wins-war-crimes-appeal-international-criminal-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44418154">"Jean-Pierre Bemba: Congo warlord's conviction overturned"</a>. BBC. 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Pierre+Bemba%3A+Congo+warlord%27s+conviction+overturned&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-44418154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijmonitor.org/2019/11/judges-decline-to-reduce-bembas-sentence-for-witness-tampering/">"Judges Decline to Reduce Bemba's Sentence for Witness Tampering"</a>. <i>International Justice Monitor</i>. 29 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Justice+Monitor&rft.atitle=Judges+Decline+to+Reduce+Bemba%27s+Sentence+for+Witness+Tampering&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmonitor.org%2F2019%2F11%2Fjudges-decline-to-reduce-bembas-sentence-for-witness-tampering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-45031572">"DR Congo crowds welcome ex-warlord"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+crowds+welcome+ex-warlord&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-45031572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2018" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Jason (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/former-dr-congo-rebel-presidential-bid-jean-pierre-bemba">"Former warlord returns to DR Congo from prison to run for president"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Former+warlord+returns+to+DR+Congo+from+prison+to+run+for+president&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Faug%2F01%2Fformer-dr-congo-rebel-presidential-bid-jean-pierre-bemba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/jean-pierre-bemba-returns-to-dr-congo-to-submit-presidential-candidacy/a-44906282">"Jean-Pierre Bemba returns to DR Congo to submit presidential candidacy | DW | 01.08.2018"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Jean-Pierre+Bemba+returns+to+DR+Congo+to+submit+presidential+candidacy+%7C+DW+%7C+01.08.2018&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fjean-pierre-bemba-returns-to-dr-congo-to-submit-presidential-candidacy%2Fa-44906282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018_election_economist-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2018_election_economist_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2018_election_economist_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/08/08/joseph-kabila-says-he-will-not-run-again-in-congo">"Joseph Kabila says he will not run again in Congo"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Joseph+Kabila+says+he+will+not+run+again+in+Congo&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2018%2F08%2F08%2Fjoseph-kabila-says-he-will-not-run-again-in-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukoka2018" class="citation news cs1">Mukoka, Augustine (23 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/deal-by-drc-opposition-to-unite-behind-single-candidate-breaks-down-20181123">"Deal by DRC opposition to unite behind single candidate breaks down"</a>. <i>News24</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Deal+by+DRC+opposition+to+unite+behind+single+candidate+breaks+down&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft.aulast=Mukoka&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fcitypress%2Fnews%2Fdeal-by-drc-opposition-to-unite-behind-single-candidate-breaks-down-20181123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParavicini2018" class="citation news cs1">Paravicini, Giulia (11 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-politics-idINL8N1XM115/">"Congo opposition picks Martin Fayulu as its presidential candidate"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+opposition+picks+Martin+Fayulu+as+its+presidential+candidate&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft.aulast=Paravicini&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-politics-idINL8N1XM115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congoresearchgroup.org/en/2019/01/15/who-really-won-the-congolese-elections/">"Who really won the Congolese elections?"</a>. <i>Congo Research Group</i>. 15 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congo+Research+Group&rft.atitle=Who+really+won+the+Congolese+elections%3F&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congoresearchgroup.org%2Fen%2F2019%2F01%2F15%2Fwho-really-won-the-congolese-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190110-dr-congo-catholic-church-election-tally-different-winner-tshisekedi-fayulu">"DR Congo's Catholic Church says its election tally shows different winner"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 10 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%27s+Catholic+Church+says+its+election+tally+shows+different+winner&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190110-dr-congo-catholic-church-election-tally-different-winner-tshisekedi-fayulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricaNews2019" class="citation web cs1">AfricaNews (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanews.com/2019/03/01/will-tshisekedi-s-govt-allow-katumbi-to-return-to-drc/">"Will Tshisekedi's govt allow Katumbi to return to DRC?"</a>. <i>Africanews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Will+Tshisekedi%27s+govt+allow+Katumbi+to+return+to+DRC%3F&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F03%2F01%2Fwill-tshisekedi-s-govt-allow-katumbi-to-return-to-drc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParaviciniBujakera2019" class="citation news cs1">Paravicini, Giulia; Bujakera, Stanis (10 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-election-idUSKCN1P30RO">"Congo opposition leader Tshisekedi clinches surprise win in presidential election"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+opposition+leader+Tshisekedi+clinches+surprise+win+in+presidential+election&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=Paravicini&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft.au=Bujakera%2C+Stanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congo-election-idUSKCN1P30RO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1425382/politique/kamerhe-bemba-kabuya-comment-lunion-sacree-se-structure-avant-la-presidentielle/">"Kamerhe, Bemba, Kabuya… Comment l'Union sacrée se structure avant la présidentielle – Jeune Afrique"</a>. 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamerhe%2C+Bemba%2C+Kabuya%E2%80%A6+Comment+l%27Union+sacr%C3%A9e+se+structure+avant+la+pr%C3%A9sidentielle+%E2%80%93+Jeune+Afrique&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F1425382%2Fpolitique%2Fkamerhe-bemba-kabuya-comment-lunion-sacree-se-structure-avant-la-presidentielle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402190308/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230324-dr-congo-appoints-former-militia-leader-bemba-to-defence-minister-post">"DR Congo appoints former militia leader Bemba to defence minister post"</a>. France 24. 24 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230324-dr-congo-appoints-former-militia-leader-bemba-to-defence-minister-post">the original</a> on 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DR+Congo+appoints+former+militia+leader+Bemba+to+defence+minister+post&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20230324-dr-congo-appoints-former-militia-leader-bemba-to-defence-minister-post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>O’Sullivan, Carmel (2022). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/new-court-same-division-the-bemba-case-as-an-illustration-of-the-continued-confusion-regarding-the-command-responsibility-doctrine/7F320A0954D0A25EFF5819C17CDC6107">New court, same division: The Bemba case as an illustration of the continued confusion regarding the command responsibility doctrine</a>". <i>Leiden Journal of International Law.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Regan2012" class="citation journal cs1">O'Regan, Fiona (2012). "<i>Prosecutor vs. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo</i>: The Cumulative Charging Principle, Gender-Based Violence, and Expressivism". <i>Georgetown Journal of International Law</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 1323–1360. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-5200">1550-5200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+vs.+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+Gombo%3A+The+Cumulative+Charging+Principle%2C+Gender-Based+Violence%2C+and+Expressivism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1323-1360&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1550-5200&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Pierre+Bemba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean-Pierre_Bemba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526203820/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Situations+and+Cases/Situations/Situation+ICC+0105/Related+Cases/ICC+0105+0108/Case+The+Prosecutor+v+Jean-Pierre+Bemba+Gombo.htm">ICC Website for Jean-Pierre Bemba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dk6xmIuwGEo">Al Jazeera interview with Bemba, 3 August 2007.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Candidates_in_the_2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_presidential_election_candidates,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:2006 presidential election candidates, Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2006_presidential_election_candidates,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:2006 presidential election candidates, Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2006_presidential_election_candidates,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2006 presidential election candidates, Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&#124;link=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Candidates_in_the_2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanga_Mobutu" title="Nzanga Mobutu">Nzanga Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Kashala" title="Oscar Kashala">Oscar Kashala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azarias_Ruberwa" title="Azarias Ruberwa">Azarias Ruberwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pay-Pay_wa_Syakasighe" title="Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe">Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_Mbusa" title="Antipas Mbusa">Antipas Mbusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Diomi_Ndongala" title="Eugène Diomi Ndongala">Eugène Diomi Ndongala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyingela_Kasonga" title="Banyingela Kasonga">Banyingela Kasonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Kamanda_wa_Kamanda" title="Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda">Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lumbala" title="Roger Lumbala">Roger Lumbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy-Patrice_Lumumba" title="Guy-Patrice Lumumba">Guy-Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Mukamba_Kadiata_Nzemba" title="Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba">Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Z%27ahidi_Ngoma" title="Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma">Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_publicly_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Template:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Template talk:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_publicly_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court">People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noureddine_Adam" title="Noureddine Adam">Noureddine Adam</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Maxime_Mokom" title="Maxime Mokom">Maxime Mokom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice-Edouard_Nga%C3%AFssona" title="Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona">Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_Said_Abdel_Kani" title="Mahamat Said Abdel Kani">Mahamat Said Abdel Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yekatom" title="Alfred Yekatom">Alfred Yekatom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Germain_Katanga" title="Germain Katanga">Germain Katanga</a></i> (*)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a></i> (*)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a>†</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui" title="Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui">Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a></i> (*)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">Darfur, Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Bahr_Idriss_Abu_Garda" title="Bahr Idriss Abu Garda">Bahr Abu Garda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Banda" title="Abdallah Banda">Abdallah Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Haroun" title="Ahmed Haroun">Ahmed Haroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahim_Mohammed_Hussein" title="Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein">Abdel Rahim Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Jerbo" title="Saleh Jerbo">Saleh Jerbo</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kushayb" title="Ali Kushayb">Ali Kushayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Georgia" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Georgia">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sanakoev" title="David Sanakoev">David Sanakoev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mindzaev" title="Mikhail Mindzaev">Mikhail Mindzaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Guchmazov" title="Hamlet Guchmazov">Hamlet Guchmazov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ivory Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bl%C3%A9_Goud%C3%A9" title="Charles Blé Goudé">Charles Blé Goudé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Gbagbo" title="Laurent Gbagbo">Laurent Gbagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gbagbo" title="Simone Gbagbo">Simone Gbagbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Kenya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya">Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Ali" title="Mohammed Hussein Ali">Mohammed Ali</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Henry_Kosgey" title="Henry Kosgey">Henry Kosgey</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Francis_Muthaura" title="Francis Muthaura">Francis Muthaura</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Sang" title="Joshua Sang">Joshua Sang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gicheru" title="Paul Gicheru">Paul Gicheru</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Libya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a> (x)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohami_Khaled" title="Tohami Khaled">Tohami Khaled</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Werfalli" title="Mahmoud al-Werfalli">Mahmoud al-Werfalli</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Faqi_al-Mahdi" title="Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi">Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi</a></i> (*)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hassan_Ag_Abdoul_Aziz" title="Al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz">al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz</a></i> (*)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gallant" title="Yoav Gallant">Yoav Gallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda">Uganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kony" title="Joseph Kony">Joseph Kony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raska_Lukwiya" title="Raska Lukwiya">Raska Lukwiya</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okot_Odhiambo" title="Okot Odhiambo">Okot Odhiambo</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Ongwen" title="Dominic Ongwen">Dominic Ongwen</a></i> (*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Otti" title="Vincent Otti">Vincent Otti</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379148#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000112790562">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/164491170">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/502998/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8pXJPRcWX9rQpPyVcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129470317">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003039992">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p269905324">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&oldid=1256468279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&oldid=1256468279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_births" title="Category:1962 births">1962 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Nord-Ubangi" title="Category:People from Nord-Ubangi">People from Nord-Ubangi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice-presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Vice-presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Vice-presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo_politicians" title="Category:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo politicians">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_criminals" title="Category:21st-century criminals">21st-century criminals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_for_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_extradited_from_Belgium" title="Category:People extradited from Belgium">People extradited from Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_people_imprisoned_abroad" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad">Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_convicted_by_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Category:People convicted by the International Criminal Court">People convicted by the International Criminal Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_politicians_convicted_of_crimes" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians convicted of crimes">Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians convicted of crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_who_were_later_imprisoned" title="Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned">Heads of government who were later imprisoned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_acquitted_by_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Category:People acquitted by the International Criminal Court">People acquitted by the International Criminal Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_people" title="Category:21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people">21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defence_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Defence ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Defence ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2016">Use dmy dates from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 02:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Bemba&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b78pt","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.151","walltime":"1.386","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11541,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":127982,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7270,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":181682,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1224.857 1 -total"," 38.34% 469.655 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.92% 342.015 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.32% 163.202 18 Template:Cite_web"," 11.82% 144.741 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 10.16% 124.452 4 Template:In_lang"," 7.80% 95.501 1 Template:2006_presidential_election_candidates,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"," 7.61% 93.238 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.29% 77.010 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.02% 73.679 15 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.698","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28707739,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-4lxf2","timestamp":"20241124125421","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jean-Pierre Bemba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Pierre_Bemba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q379148","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q379148","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-16T08:51:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T02:00:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/44\/The_Vice_President_of_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Mr._Jean_Pierre_Bemba_calls_on_the_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat_in_New_Delhi_on_March_3%2C_2005_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Politician of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"}</script> </body> </html>