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href="#Organic_hypochlorites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Organic hypochlorites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_hypochlorites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis_of_organochlorine_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis_of_organochlorine_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis of organochlorine compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis_of_organochlorine_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Immune response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_and_domestic_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_and_domestic_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industrial and domestic uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_and_domestic_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Laboratory uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laboratory_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laboratory uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_oxidizing_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_oxidizing_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>As oxidizing agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_oxidizing_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_chlorinating_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_chlorinating_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>As chlorinating agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_chlorinating_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_oxyanions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_oxyanions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related oxyanions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_oxyanions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="هيبوكلوريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيبوكلوريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="হাইপোক্লোরাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইপোক্লোরাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хипохлорит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипохлорит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipohlorit" title="Hipohlorit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipohlorit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoclorit" title="Hipoclorit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipoclorit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoclorito" title="Hipoclorito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipoclorito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoklorito" title="Hipoklorito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipoklorito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="هیپوکلریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپوکلریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%AC%EC%95%84%EC%97%BC%EC%86%8C%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="하이포아염소산염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이포아염소산염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoklorit" title="Hipoklorit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipoklorit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoclorito" title="Ipoclorito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipoclorito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoklorit" title="Hipoklorit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipoklorit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хипохлорит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипохлорит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochloriet" title="Hypochloriet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypochloriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoclorito" title="Hipoclorito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipoclorito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoclorit" title="Hipoclorit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipoclorit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hypochlorite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipohlorit" title="Hipohlorit – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hipohlorit" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipohlorit" title="Hipohlorit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipohlorit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokloriitti" title="Hypokloriitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypokloriitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoklorit" title="Hipoklorit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipoklorit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorit" title="Hypochlorit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hypochlorit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q409049#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the neutral chemical compound, see <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">chlorine monoxide</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Hypochlorite </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypochlorit-Ion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The hypochlorite ion 2D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hypochlorit-Ion.svg/100px-Hypochlorit-Ion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hypochlorit-Ion.svg/150px-Hypochlorit-Ion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hypochlorit-Ion.svg/200px-Hypochlorit-Ion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Lewis structure for the hypochlorite anion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg/125px-Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg/188px-Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg/250px-Hypochlorite_Lewis_Structures_V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="66" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The hypochlorite ion 3D" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/100px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/150px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/200px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="840" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Hypochlorite</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Chlorate(I)</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Chloroxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14380-61-1">14380-61-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BO-%5DCl">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=29222">CHEBI:29222</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.55632.html">55632</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.235.795">100.235.795</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409049#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>682 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/61739">61739</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/T5UM7HB19N">T5UM7HB19N</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>3212 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8073136">DTXSID8073136</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409049#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/ClO/c1-2/q-1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/ClO/c1-2/q-1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYAZ</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[O-]Cl</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">Hypochlorous acid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=442901462&page2=Hypochlorite">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <b>hypochlorite</b>, or <b>chloroxide</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> ClO<sup>−</sup>. It combines with a number of <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> to form hypochlorite salts. Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> (household <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine").<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cl-O distance in ClO<sup>−</sup> is 1.69 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Esters">esters</a> of hypochlorous acid, namely <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> with a ClO– <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">group</a> <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently</a> bound to the rest of the molecule. The principal example is <a href="/wiki/Tert-butyl_hypochlorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-butyl hypochlorite">tert-butyl hypochlorite</a>, which is a useful chlorinating agent.<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most hypochlorite salts are handled as <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>. Their primary applications are as bleaching, <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> agents. They are also used in chemistry for <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">chlorination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> reactions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_reaction">Acid reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acid reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acidification of hypochlorites generates <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a>, which exists in an equilibrium with chlorine. A lowered <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (ie. towards acid) drives the following reaction to the right, liberating chlorine gas, which can be dangerous: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorites are generally unstable and many compounds exist only in solution. <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hypochlorite" title="Lithium hypochlorite">Lithium hypochlorite</a> LiOCl, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> Ca(OCl)<sub>2</sub> and <a href="/wiki/Barium_hypochlorite" title="Barium hypochlorite">barium hypochlorite</a> Ba(ClO)<sub>2</sub> have been isolated as pure <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> compounds. All are solids. A few more can be produced as <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>. In general the greater the dilution the greater their stability. It is not possible to determine trends for the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metal</a> salts, as many of them cannot be formed. Beryllium hypochlorite is unheard of. Pure magnesium hypochlorite cannot be prepared; however, solid Mg(OH)OCl is known.<sup id="cite_ref-inorgchem_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inorgchem-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcium hypochlorite is produced on an industrial scale and has good stability. Strontium hypochlorite, Sr(OCl)<sub>2</sub>, is not well characterised and its stability has not yet been determined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon heating, hypochlorite degrades to a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorates</a>: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd> <dd>3 <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction is exothermic and in the case of concentrated hypochlorites, such as LiOCl and Ca(OCl)<sub>2</sub>, can lead to dangerous <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">thermal runaway</a> and is potentially explosive.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> hypochlorites decrease in stability down the <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a>. Anhydrous lithium hypochlorite is stable at room temperature; however, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> is explosive as an anhydrous solid.<sup id="cite_ref-bret_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bret-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pentahydrate (NaOCl·(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>) is unstable above 0 °C;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the more dilute solutions encountered as household bleach are more stable. Potassium hypochlorite (KOCl) is known only in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-inorgchem_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inorgchem-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanide</a> hypochlorites are also unstable; however, they have been reported as being more stable in their anhydrous forms than in the presence of water.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypochlorite has been used to oxidise <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> from its +3 to +4 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cerium_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerium-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">Hypochlorous acid</a> itself is not stable in isolation as it decomposes to form <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. Its decomposition also results in some form of oxygen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_with_ammonia">Reactions with ammonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reactions with ammonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorites react with ammonia first giving <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">monochloramine</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>Cl</span>), then <a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">dichloramine</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NHCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), and finally <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">nitrogen trichloride</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-G&E_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">HO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>Cl</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>Cl + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">HO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">NHCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NHCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">HO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">NCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypochlorite_salts">Hypochlorite salts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hypochlorite salts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorite salts formed by the reaction between <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and alkali and alkaline earth metal <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a>. The reaction is performed at close to room temperature to suppress the formation of <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorates</a>. This process is widely used for the industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a> (NaClO) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> (Ca(ClO)<sub>2</sub>). </p> <dl><dd>Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <dl><dd>2 Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2 Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> → CaCl<sub>2</sub> + Ca(ClO)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Large amounts of sodium hypochlorite are also produced <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemically</a> via an un-separated <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>. In this process brine is electrolyzed to form <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> which dissociates in water to form hypochlorite. This reaction must be conducted in non-acidic conditions to prevent release of chlorine: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + 2 e<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">HClO</span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Some hypochlorites may also be obtained by a <a href="/wiki/Salt_metathesis_reaction" title="Salt metathesis reaction">salt metathesis reaction</a> between calcium hypochlorite and various metal <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>. This reaction is performed in water and relies on the formation of insoluble <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a>, which will <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> out of solution, driving the reaction to completion. </p> <dl><dd>Ca(ClO)<sub>2</sub> + MSO<sub>4</sub> → M(ClO)<sub>2</sub> + CaSO<sub>4</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_hypochlorites">Organic hypochlorites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organic hypochlorites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TBuOCl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TBuOCl.svg/162px-TBuOCl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TBuOCl.svg/243px-TBuOCl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TBuOCl.svg/324px-TBuOCl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_hypochlorite" title="Tert-Butyl hypochlorite"><i>tert</i>-butyl hypochlorite</a> is a rare example of a stable organic hypochlorite.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hypochlorite esters are in general formed from the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, by treatment with any of a number of reagents (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">dichlorine monoxide</a> and various acidified hypochlorite salts).<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis_of_organochlorine_compounds">Biosynthesis of organochlorine compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis of organochlorine compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloroperoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroperoxidase">Chloroperoxidases</a> are <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that catalyzes the <a href="/wiki/Chlorination_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorination reaction">chlorination</a> of organic compounds. This enzyme combines the inorganic substrates <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> to produce the equivalent of Cl<sup>+</sup>, which replaces a proton in hydrocarbon substrate: </p> <dl><dd>R-H + Cl<sup>−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> → R-Cl + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>The source of "Cl<sup>+</sup>" is hypochlorous acid (HOCl).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organochlorine compounds are <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesized</a> in this way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_response">Immune response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immune response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to infection, the human immune system generates minute quantities of hypochlorite within special <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocyte">neutrophil granulocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These granulocytes engulf viruses and bacteria in an intracellular vacuole called the <a href="/wiki/Phagosome" title="Phagosome">phagosome</a>, where they are digested. </p><p>Part of the digestion mechanism involves an enzyme-mediated <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_burst" title="Respiratory burst">respiratory burst</a>, which produces reactive oxygen-derived compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> (which is produced by <a href="/wiki/NADPH_oxidase" title="NADPH oxidase">NADPH oxidase</a>). Superoxide decays to oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, which is used in a <a href="/wiki/Myeloperoxidase" title="Myeloperoxidase">myeloperoxidase</a>-catalysed reaction to convert <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> to hypochlorite.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref93_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref93-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low concentrations of hypochlorite were also found to interact with a microbe's <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock proteins</a>, stimulating their role as <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein#Role_as_chaperone" title="Heat shock protein">intra-cellular chaperone</a> and causing the bacteria to form into clumps (much like an egg that has been boiled) that will eventually die off.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found that low (micromolar) hypochlorite levels induce <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> to activate a protective mechanism, although its implications were not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the base acidity of hypochlorite compromises a bacterium's <a href="/wiki/Lipid_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid membrane">lipid membrane</a>, a reaction similar to popping a balloon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_and_domestic_uses">Industrial and domestic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industrial and domestic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorites, especially of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium</a> ("liquid bleach", "Javel water") and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium</a> ("bleaching powder") are widely used, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemicals">industrially</a> and <a href="/wiki/Household_chemicals" title="Household chemicals">domestically</a>, to whiten clothes, lighten hair color and remove <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">stains</a>. They were the first commercial bleaching products, developed soon after that property was discovered in 1785 by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Berthollet">Claude Berthollet</a>. </p><p>Hypochlorites are also widely used as broad spectrum <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deodorizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deodorizer">deodorizers</a>. That application started soon after <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Germain_Labarraque" title="Antoine Germain Labarraque">Labarraque</a> discovered those properties, around 1820 (still before <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Pasteur</a> formulated his <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory">germ theory</a> of disease). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_uses">Laboratory uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laboratory uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_oxidizing_agents">As oxidizing agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As oxidizing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorite is the strongest oxidizing agent of the chlorine oxyanions. This can be seen by comparing the standard <a href="/wiki/Half_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Half cell">half cell</a> potentials across the series; the data also shows that the chlorine oxyanions are stronger oxidizers in acidic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ion</th> <th>Acidic reaction</th> <th><i>E</i>° (V)</th> <th>Neutral/basic reaction</th> <th><i>E</i>° (V) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Hypochlorite</b></td> <td>H<sup>+</sup> + HOCl + e<sup>−</sup> → <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Cl<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) + H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td align="center">1.63</td> <td>ClO<sup>−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 e<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sup>−</sup> + 2OH<sup>−</sup></td> <td align="center">0.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">Chlorite</a></td> <td>3 H<sup>+</sup> + HOClO + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Cl<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td align="center">1.64</td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 4 e<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sup>−</sup> + 4 OH<sup>−</sup></td> <td align="center">0.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">Chlorate</a></td> <td>6 H<sup>+</sup> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 5 e<sup>−</sup> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Cl<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td align="center">1.47</td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O + 6 e<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sup>−</sup> + 6 OH<sup>−</sup></td> <td align="center">0.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">Perchlorate</a></td> <td>8 H<sup>+</sup> + <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + 7 e<sup>−</sup> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Cl<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td align="center">1.42</td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O + 8 e<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sup>−</sup> + 8 OH<sup>−</sup></td> <td align="center">0.56 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hypochlorite is a sufficiently strong oxidiser to convert Mn(III) to Mn(V) during the <a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_epoxidation" title="Jacobsen epoxidation">Jacobsen epoxidation</a> reaction and to convert <span class="chemf nowrap">Ce<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> to <span class="chemf nowrap">Ce<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-cerium_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerium-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This oxidising power is what makes them effective bleaching agents and disinfectants. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, hypochlorites can be used to oxidise <a href="/wiki/Primary_alcohol" title="Primary alcohol">primary alcohols</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_chlorinating_agents">As chlorinating agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As chlorinating agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypochlorite salts can also serve as <a href="/wiki/Chlorination_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorination reaction">chlorinating agents</a>. For example, they convert <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> to chlorophenols. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">Calcium hypochlorite</a> converts <a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">piperidine</a> to <a href="/wiki/N-Chloropiperidine" title="N-Chloropiperidine"><i>N</i>-chloropiperidine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_oxyanions">Related oxyanions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related oxyanions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chlorine can be the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. (The element can also assume oxidation state of +4 is seen in the neutral compound <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">chlorine dioxide</a> ClO<sub>2</sub>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chlorine oxidation state </th> <td>−1 </td> <td>+1 </td> <td>+3 </td> <td>+5 </td> <td>+7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> </td> <td><b>hypochlorite</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Formula </th> <td>Cl<sup>−</sup> </td> <td>ClO<sup>−</sup> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Structure </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The chloride ion"><img alt="A green sphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png/50px-Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png/75px-Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png/100px-Chloride-ion-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The hypochlorite ion"><img alt="The hypochlorite ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/50px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/75px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png/100px-Hypochlorite-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="840" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorite-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The chlorite ion"><img alt="The chlorite ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chlorite-3D-vdW.png/50px-Chlorite-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chlorite-3D-vdW.png/75px-Chlorite-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chlorite-3D-vdW.png/100px-Chlorite-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="859" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorate-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The chlorate ion"><img alt="The chlorate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chlorate-3D-vdW.png/50px-Chlorate-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chlorate-3D-vdW.png/75px-Chlorate-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chlorate-3D-vdW.png/100px-Chlorate-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The perchlorate ion"><img alt="The perchlorate ion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png/50px-Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png/75px-Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png/100px-Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_oxide" title="Chlorine oxide">Chlorine oxide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-G&E-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G&E_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypochlorites" title="Template:Hypochlorites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypochlorites" title="Template talk:Hypochlorites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypochlorites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypochlorites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_hypochlorite_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hypochlorite</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004C-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HOCl</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hypochlorite" title="Lithium hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">LiOCl</span></a> </td> <td>Be </td> <td>B </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_nitrate" title="Chlorine nitrate"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClONO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td>O </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOCl</span></a> </td> <td>Mg </td> <td>Al </td> <td>Si </td> <td>P </td> <td>S </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hypochlorite" title="Potassium hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">KOCl</span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(OCl)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>V </td> <td>Cr </td> <td>Mn </td> <td>Fe </td> <td>Co </td> <td>Ni </td> <td>Cu </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td>Se </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Rb </td> <td>Sr </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_hypochlorite" title="Silver hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">AgOCl</span></a> </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Cs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_hypochlorite" title="Barium hypochlorite"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ba(ClO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td>Lu </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>Bi </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td>La </td> <td>Ce </td> <td>Pr </td> <td>Nd </td> <td>Pm </td> <td>Sm </td> <td>Eu </td> <td>Gd </td> <td>Tb </td> <td>Dy </td> <td>Ho </td> <td>Er </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>Yb </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td>Th </td> <td>Pa </td> <td>U </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&oldid=1258868859">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypochlorite&oldid=1258868859</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypochlorites" title="Category:Hypochlorites">Hypochlorites</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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