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distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sample phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Additional words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boholano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boholano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Boholano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boholano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Leyte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Kanâ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Kanâ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Southern Kanâ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Kanâ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Kanâ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Kanâ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Northern Kanâ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Kanâ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mindanao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mindanao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Mindanao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mindanao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Davaoeño" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davaoeño"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Davaoeño</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davaoeño-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Negros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luzon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luzon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Luzon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luzon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saksak_sinagol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saksak_sinagol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Saksak sinagol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saksak_sinagol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cebuano language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السيبوانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السيبوانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuanu" title="Cebuanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cebuanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebuan_dili" title="Sebuan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sebuan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سئبوآنو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سئبوآنو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সেবুয়ানো ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেবুয়ানো ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu-g%C3%AD" title="Cebu-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cebu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Себуанская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Себуанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сэбуанская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэбуанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Cebuano" title="Tataramon na Cebuano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Себуански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Себуански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sougbouaneg" title="Sougbouaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sougbouaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu%C3%A0" title="Cebuà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cebuà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinugboanon" title="Sinugboanon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sinugboanon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Cebuánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cebuánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebu_keel" title="Sebu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sebu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cebuano" title="Idioma cebuano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cebuano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebua_lingvo" title="Cebua lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cebua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuera" title="Cebuera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cebuera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان سبوانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سبوانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_bhasa" title="Cebuano bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cebuano bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cebuana" title="Lingua cebuana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cebuana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu-ng%C3%AE" title="Cebu-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cebu-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%B6%80%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EC%96%B4" title="세부아노어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세부아노어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Սեբուանո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեբուանո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिबुआनो भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिबुआनो भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_(jezik)" title="Cebuano (jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cebuano (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Cebuano" title="Pagsasao a Cebuano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cebu" title="Bahasa Cebu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Cebu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Себуанаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Себуанаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%C3%BAan%C3%B3" title="Sebúanó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sebúanó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cebuana" title="Lingua cebuana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cebuana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="סבואנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבואנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cebuano" title="Basa Cebuano – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿಬುವಾನೊ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಬುವಾನೊ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Cebuanu" title="Amanung Cebuanu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Cebuanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სებუანური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სებუანური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیباونو زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سیباونو زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicebuano" title="Kicebuano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kicebuano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Себуан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Себуан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Caebuana" title="Lingua Caebuana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Caebuana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebu%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Sebuāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sebuāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebuan%C5%B3_kalba" title="Sebuanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sebuanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cebuann-a" title="Lengua cebuann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cebuann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szebuano_nyelv" title="Szebuano nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szebuano nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिबुआनो भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिबुआनो भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Себуански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Себуански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_seboan%C3%B4" title="Fiteny seboanô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny seboanô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सेबुआनो भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेबुआनो भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სებუანური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სებუანური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="سيبونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيبونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cebuano" title="Bahasa Cebuano – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯦꯕꯨꯑꯥꯅꯣ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯕꯨꯑꯥꯅꯣ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cebu-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cebu-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စီပူအာနိုဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီပူအာနိုဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सेबुआनो भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेबुआनो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="セブアノ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セブアノ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Cebuano" title="Salitan Cebuano – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="سيبونى – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سيبونى" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាសេប៊ូណូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាសេប៊ូណូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_cebuan-a" title="Lenga cebuan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga cebuan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_cebua%C5%84ski" title="Język cebuański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język cebuański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cebuana" title="Língua cebuana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cebuana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cebuan%C4%83" title="Limba cebuană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cebuană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwuyanu_simi" title="Siwuyanu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siwuyanu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Себуанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Себуанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱵᱩᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cebuano language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Cebuánčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cebuánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Cebuano" title="Af-Cebuano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86" title="زمانی سێبوانۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سێبوانۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Себуано (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Себуано (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuanon_kieli" title="Cebuanon kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cebuanon kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano" title="Cebuano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sebwano" title="Wikang Sebwano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sebwano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="செபுவான மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செபுவான மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเซบัวโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเซบัวโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuanca" title="Sabuanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sabuanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Себуанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Себуанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سبوانو زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سبوانو زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngua_sebuana" title="Léngua sebuana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Léngua sebuana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Cebu" title="Tiếng Cebu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Cebu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinugboanon" title="Sinugboanon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinugboanon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%8A%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="宿务语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宿务语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E9%9C%A7%E6%96%87" title="宿霧文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宿霧文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebwanki" title="Sebwanki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sebwanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E9%9C%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="宿霧語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宿霧語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cebuano" title="Basa Cebuano – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Cebuano" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33239#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the specific Bisayan Cebuano language. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Cebuano</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Cebuan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><i>Bisayâ</i>, <i>Binisayâ</i>, <i>Sinugbuanong Binisayâ</i>, <i>Sebwano/Sinebwano</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Philippines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Negros" title="Negros">Negros</a>, western parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a>, and most parts of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20 million (2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cebuano</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Classical Cebuano</a> (late 18th century) </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><div><ul><li>Standard Cebuano (Cebu Island)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li>Urban Cebuano (Metro Cebu)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li>Negros Cebuano</li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Bohol Cebuano</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li>Leyte Cebuano (Kanâ)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li>Mindanao Cebuano</li></ul></div></li> <li><div><ul><li>Davao Cebuano</li></ul></div></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine Braille</a><br /><i>Historically <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Badlit</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a> in the Philippines</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters">Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=77">ceb</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ceb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ceb">ceb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cebu1242">cebu1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png/320px-Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png/480px-Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png/640px-Distribution_of_cebuano_language.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="3164" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Cebuano-speaking area in the Philippines</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Cebuano</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">se-<span style="font-size:90%">BWAH</span>-noh</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-mw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> spoken in the southern Philippines by <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano people</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a> as a secondary language. It is natively, though informally, called by the generic name <b>Bisayâ</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ceb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bisəˈjaʔ]</a></span>), or <b>Binisayâ</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ceb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bɪniːsəˈjaʔ]</a></span>) (both terms are translated into English as <i>Visayan</i>, though this should not be confused with other <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes referred to in English sources as <b>Cebuan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">seb-<span style="font-size:90%">OO</span>-ən</i></a>). It is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan ethnolinguistic groups</a> native to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a>, the eastern half of <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros</a>, the western half of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, the northern coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a> and the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish settlements</a> during the 18th century. In modern times, it has also spread to the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Islands" title="Dinagat Islands">Dinagat Islands</a>, and the lowland regions of <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a>, often displacing native languages in those areas (most of which are closely related to it).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_1972_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff_1972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> has the largest number of native speakers among the languages of the Philippines today, Cebuano had the largest native-language-speaking population from the 1950s until about the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-gruyter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruyter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> It is by far the most widely spoken of the <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cebuano is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of Central Visayas, the western parts of Eastern Visayas, some western parts of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, and most parts of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The name Cebuano is derived from the island of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, which is the source of Standard Cebuano.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_1972_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff_1972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cebuano is also the primary language in Western Leyte—noticeably in <a href="/wiki/Ormoc" title="Ormoc">Ormoc</a>. Cebuano is assigned the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> three-letter code <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ceb</code> but not an <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> two-letter code. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a>, the Philippine government body charged with developing and promoting the national and regional languages of the country, spells the name of the language in Filipino as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Sebwano</i></span>. </p><p>While it is not widely spoken in Luzon, there are a few Cebuano communities in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>, northernmost Luzon, including <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_(Cebuano)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Cebu_Capitol_historical_marker_%28Cebuano%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption>Cebu Provincial Capitol's historical marker in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Cebuano</i> derives from "<a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>"+"<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-anus" class="extiw" title="wikt:-anus">ano</a></i>", a Latinate calque reflecting the Philippines' Spanish colonial heritage. Speakers of Cebuano in Cebu and even those from outside of Cebu commonly refer to the language as <i>Bisayâ</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The name <i>Cebuano</i>, however, has not been accepted by all who speak it. Cebuano speakers in certain portions of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> objected to the name of the language and claimed that their ancestry traces back to Bisayâ speakers native to their place and not from immigrants or settlers from Cebu. Furthermore, they refer to their ethnicity as <i>Bisayâ</i> instead of Cebuano and their language as <i>Binisayâ</i> instead of Cebuano.<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a pushback on these objections. Some language enthusiasts insist on referring to the language as Cebuano because, as they claim, using the terms <i>Bisayâ</i> and <i>Binisayâ</i> to refer to ethnicity and language, respectively, is exclusivist and disenfranchises the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray language</a> who also refer to their languages as <i>Binisayâ</i> to distinguish them from Cebuano <i>Bisayâ</i>. </p><p>Existing linguistic studies on Visayan languages, most notably that of R. David Paul Zorc, has described the language spoken in Cebu, Negros Occidental, Bohol (as Boholano dialect), Leyte, and most parts of Mindanao as "Cebuano". Zorc's studies on Visayan language serves as the bible of linguistics in the study of Visayan languages. The Jesuit linguist and a native of <a href="/wiki/Cabadbaran" title="Cabadbaran">Cabadbaran</a>, Rodolfo Cabonce, S.J., published two dictionaries during his stays in <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manolo_Fortich,_Bukidnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon">Manolo Fortich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>: a Cebuano-English dictionary in 1955, and an English-Cebuano dictionary in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Period_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonial Period (Philippines)">Spanish Colonial Period</a>, the Spaniards broadly referred to the speakers of Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Waray, <a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a">Kinaray-a</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> as <i>Visaya</i> and made no distinctions among these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the 2020 (but released in 2023) statistics released by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>, the current number of households that speak Cebuano is approximately 1.72 million<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 6.5% of the country's population speak it inside their home. However, in a journal published in 2020, the number of speakers is estimated to be 15.9 million which in turn based it on a 2019 study.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cebuano is spoken in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a> (as well as the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Hinoba-an" title="Hinoba-an">Hinoba-an</a> and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kabankalan" title="Kabankalan">Kabankalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sipalay" title="Sipalay">Sipalay</a> to a great extent, alongside <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Ilonggo</a>), southern <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, western portions of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biliran" title="Biliran">Biliran</a> (to a great extent, alongside <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>), and a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, notably the urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a> (alongside Ilonggo, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_languages" title="Mindanao languages">indigenous Mindanaoan languages</a> and to the lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_1972_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff_1972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken in some remote barangays of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_Quezon" title="San Francisco, Quezon">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Andres,_Quezon" title="San Andres, Quezon">San Andres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon Province">Quezon Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, due to its geographical contact with Cebuano-speaking parts of <a href="/wiki/Burias_(island)" title="Burias (island)">Burias Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>. Some dialects of Cebuano have different names for the language. Cebuano speakers from Cebu are mainly called "Cebuano" while those from Bohol are "Boholano" or "Bol-anon". Cebuano speakers in Leyte identify their dialect as <i>Kanâ</i> meaning <i>that</i> (Leyte Cebuano or Leyteño). Speakers in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> refer to the language simply as <i>Binisayâ</i> or <i>Bisayà</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-COTFE_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COTFE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_(1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg/220px-Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg/330px-Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg/440px-Primer_viaje_en_torno_del_globo_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pigafetta%27s_dictionary" title="Pigafetta's dictionary">Pigafetta's dictionary</a> containing vocabularies from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a> languages which also includes Cebuano which is then translated to or from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Cebuano language is a descendant of the hypothesized reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine language</a>, which in turn descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, making it distantly related to many languages in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay</a>. The earlier forms of the language is hard to trace as a result of lack of documents written using the language through different time periods and also because the natives used to write on easily perishable material rather than on processed paper or parchment. </p><p>The earliest record of the Cebuano language was first documented in a <a href="/wiki/Pigafetta%27s_dictionary#Some_list_of_words" title="Pigafetta's dictionary">list of words</a> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a>, an Italian explorer who was part of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s 1521 expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is evidence of a writing system for the language, its use appears to have been sporadic. Spaniards recorded the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Visayan script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was called <i>kudlit-kabadlit</i> by the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Spanish chroniclers <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Alcina" title="Francisco Ignacio Alcina">Francisco Alcina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Morga" title="Antonio de Morga">Antonio de Morga</a> wrote that almost every native was literate in the 17th century CE, it appears to have been exaggerated as accounted for lack of physical evidence and contradicting reports of different accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from 1567 CE describes <a href="/wiki/Baybayin#Early_history" title="Baybayin">how the natives wrote the language</a>, and stated that the natives learned it from the Malays, but a century later another report claimed that the Visayan natives learned it from the Tagalogs. Despite the confirmation of the usage of <i>baybayin</i> in the region, the documents of the language being written in it other than Latin between the 17th century CE and 18th century CE are now rare. In the 18th century CE, Francisco Encina, a Spanish priest, compiled a grammar book on the language, but his work was published sometime only by the early 19th century CE. The priest recorded the letters of the Latin alphabet used for the language,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a separate report, his name was listed as the recorder of the non-Latin characters used by the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cebuano written literature is generally agreed to have started with <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Sotto" title="Vicente Sotto">Vicente Yap Sotto</a>, who wrote "<i>Maming"</i> in 1901, but earlier he wrote a more patriotic piece of literature that was published a year later after <i>Maming</i> because of American censorship during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">US occupation of the Philippines</a>. However, there existed a piece that was more of a conduct book rather than a fully defined story itself, written in 1852 by Fray Antonio Ubeda de la Santísima Trinidad.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the vowel system of Cebuano with their corresponding letter representation in angular brackets:<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phon_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phon-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-awl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> Standard Cebuano vowel phonemes </b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> an <a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">open front unrounded vowel</a> similar to English "f<b>a</b>ther"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> an <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a> similar to English "b<b>e</b>d"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> a <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a> similar to English "mach<b>i</b>ne"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> a <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">close-mid back rounded vowel</a> similar to English "f<b>o</b>rty"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> a <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">close back rounded vowel</a> similar to English "fl<b>u</b>te"</li></ul> <p>Sometimes, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> may also be pronounced as the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">open-mid back unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> (as in English "g<b>u</b>t"); <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> as the <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> (as in English "b<b>i</b>t"); and <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> as the <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">open-mid back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> (as in English "th<b>ou</b>ght") or the <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> (as in English "h<b>oo</b>k").<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the precolonial and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> period, Cebuano had only three vowel phonemes: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish. As a consequence, the vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, as well as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, are still mostly <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>. They can be freely switched with each other without losing their meaning (<a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a>); though it may sound strange to a native listener, depending on their dialect. The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> has no variations, though it can be pronounced subtly differently, as either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> (and very rarely as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> immediately after the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>). <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a>, however, are usually more conservative in their orthography and pronunciation (e.g. <i>dyip</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepney</a>" from English "jeep", will never be written or spoken as <i>dyep</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only four <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> since <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> are allophones. These include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iw/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Cebuano consonants, all the stops are unaspirated. The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> occurs in all positions, including at the beginning of a word (e.g. <i>ngano</i>, "why"). The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> is most commonly encountered in between two vowels, but can also appear in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, glottal stops are usually not indicated in writing. When indicated, it is commonly written as a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. <i>tu-o</i> or <i>tu'o</i>, "right"). More formally, when it occurs at the end of the word, it is indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> if both a stress and a glottal stop occurs at the final vowel (e.g. <i>basâ</i>, "wet"); or a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. <i>batà</i>, "child").<sup id="cite_ref-expr_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nolasco_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolasco-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tagalog_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagalog-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a chart of Cebuano consonants with their corresponding letter representation in parentheses:<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phon_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phon-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-awl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Standard Cebuano consonants </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></small> </th> <td style="width:20px; border-right:0;"></td> <td style="width:20px; border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td style="width:20px; border-right:0;"></td> <td style="width:20px; border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="width:20px; border-right:0;"></td> <td style="width:20px; border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td style="width:20px; border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td style="width:20px; border-left:0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j,dy⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant#Approximants" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a>)</small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental tap">ɾ̪</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental trill">r̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In certain dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> may be interchanged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> in between vowels and vice versa depending on the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> is in between <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, the vowel succeeding <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> is usually (but not always) dropped (e.g. <i>lalóm</i>, "deep", becomes <i>lawóm</i> or <i>lawm</i>).</li> <li>If <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> is in between <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, it is the vowel that is preceding <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> that is instead dropped (e.g. <i>bulan</i>, "moon", becomes <i>buwan</i> or <i>bwan</i>)</li> <li>If <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> is in between two like vowels, the <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> may be dropped completely and the vowel lengthened. For example, <i>dalá</i> ("bring"), becomes <i>da</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪aː/</span>); and <i>tulód</i> ("push") becomes <i>tud</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪uːd̪/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except if the <b>l</b> is in between <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllables">closed syllables</a> or is in the beginning of the penultimate syllable; in which case, the <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> is dropped along with one of the vowels, and no lengthening occurs. For example, <i>kalatkat</i>, "climb", becomes <i>katkat</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkatkat/</span> not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkaːtkat/</span>).</li></ul> <p>A final <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> can also be replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> in certain areas in Bohol (e.g. <i>tambal</i>, "medicine", becomes <i>tambaw</i>). In very rare cases in Cebu, <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> may also be replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> in between the vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> (e.g. <i>tingali</i>, "maybe", becomes <i>tingayi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some parts of Bohol and Southern Leyte, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> is also often replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j/dy⟩</span> when it is in the beginning of a syllable (e.g. <i>kalayo</i>, "fire", becomes <i>kalajo</i>). It can also happen even if the <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> is at the final position of the syllable and the word, but only if it is moved to the initial position by the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> <i>-a</i>. For example, <i>baboy</i> ("pig") can not become <i>baboj</i>, but <i>baboya</i> can become <i>baboja.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the above substitutions are considered allophonic and do not change the meaning of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rarer instances, the consonant <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> might also be replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> when it is in between two vowels (e.g. Boholano <i>idô</i> for standard Cebuano <i>irô</i>, "dog"), but <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> are not considered allophones,<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they may have been in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-ver_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress accent is phonemic, which means that words with different accent placements, such as <i>dapít</i> (near) and <i>dápit</i> (place), are considered separate. The stress is predictably on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a> when the second-to-last syllable is <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed</a> (CVC or VC). On the other hand, when the syllable is <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open</a> (CV or V), the stress can be on either the penultimate or the final syllable (although there are certain grammatical conditions or categories under which the stress is predictable, such as with numbers and pronouns).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino alphabet</a></div> <p>The Cebuano language is written using the Latin script and the <i>de facto</i> writing convention is based on the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino orthography</a>. There is no updated spelling rule of the language as the letter <i>"Ee"</i> is often interchangeable with <i>"Ii"</i> and <i>"Oo"</i> with <i>"Uu"</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was recorded that the language used a different writing system prior to the introduction of the Latin script, its use was so rare that there is hardly any surviving accounts of Cebuano being written in what was called <i><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">badlit</a></i>. Modern Cebuano uses 20 letters from the Latin alphabet and it consists of 5 vowels and 15 consonants. The letters c, f, j, q, v, x and z are also used but in foreign loanwords, while the "<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>" is used for Spanish names (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Ceb%C3%BA" title="Santo Niño de Cebú">Santo Niño</a>). The "<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a>" digraph is also present in the alphabet since it is part of the phonology of most Philippine languages representing the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> (e.g. <i>ngipon</i>, "teeth" and <i>ngano</i>, "why").<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cebuano shares many cognates with other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> and its descendants. Early trade contact resulted in the adoption of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (despite belonging in the same language family) like "<i>sulát"</i> ("to write") <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>, "pilak"</i> ("silver"),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<i>balísa"</i> ("anxious");<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also adopted words from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> like "<i>bahandì"</i> ("wealth, goods, riches") from "भाण्ड, <i>bhānda"</i> ("goods"), and <i>bása</i> ("to read") is taken from "वाचा, <i>vācā"</i> ("sacred text")<sup id="cite_ref-kuizon_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuizon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> like the word <i>"alam"</i> ("to know") is said to be borrowed from Arabic "عَالَم, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:عالم">ʕālam</a>"</i> ("things, creation, existing before")<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>,</i> and "<i>salamat"</i> ("expression of gratitude, thanks, thank you") from "سَلَامَات, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salamat#Etymology_3" class="extiw" title="wikt:salamat">salāmāt</a>"</i> ("plural form of <i>salāma,</i> meaning "good health"),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which were indirectly transmitted to Cebuano through Malays. </p><p>The biggest component of loanwords that Cebuano uses is from Spanish, being more <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">culturally influenced by Spanish priests</a> from the late 16th century and invigorated by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez canal</a> in the 1860s that encouraged European migrations to Asia, most notably its numeral system. English words are also used extensively in the language and mostly among the educated ones, <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">even sometimes using the English word</a> rather than the direct Cebuano. For example, instead of saying <i>"magpalít"</i> ("<b>to buy</b>", in future tense), speakers would often say <i>"mag-<b>buy</b>"</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebuano numbers">Cebuano numbers</a></div> <p>Currently, the native system is mostly used as cardinal numbers and more often as ordinal numbers, and the Spanish-derived system is used in monetary and chronological terminology and is also commonly used in counting from 11 and above, though both systems can be used interchangeably regardless. The table below shows the comparison of native numerals and Spanish-derived numerals, but observably Cebuano speakers would often just use the English numeral system instead, especially for numbers more than 100.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language uses a base-ten numeral system, thence the sets of ten are ultimately derived from the unit except the first ten which is <i>"napulò"</i>, this is done by adding a prefix <i><b>ka-</b>,</i> then followed by a unit, and then the suffix <i><b>-an</b></i>. For example, <b>20</b> is spoken as <i><b>ka-duhá-an</b></i> (lit. "the second set of ten"). The numbers are named from one to ten, for values after ten, it is spoken as <i>a <u>ten</u> and a <u>unit</u></i>. For example, <b>11</b> is spoken as "<i>napulò ug usá"</i>, shortened to "<i>napulò'g usá"</i> (lit. "ten and one"), <b>111</b> is spoken as <i>"usa ka gatós, napulò ug usá",</i> and <b>1111</b> is spoken as <i>"usá ka libo, usá ka gatós, napulò ug usá".</i> The ordinal counting uses the prefix <i><b>ika</b>-</i>, and then the unit, except for "first" which is <i>"una"</i>. For example, <i><b>ika-</b>duhá</i> means "second".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg/220px-Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg/330px-Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg/440px-Tinukod_nga_Kabilin_sa_Sugbo_exhibit_at_NM_Cebu_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3711" /></a><figcaption>An exhibit at the National Museum of the Philippines in Cebu using the Cebuano language with English translation</figcaption></figure> <p>Below is the official translation of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> taken from the official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/cebuano">United Nations</a> website: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Cebuano </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="cb" class="poem"> <p>Ang tanáng katawhan gipakatawo nga adunay kagawasan ug managsama sa kabililhon. Silá gigasahan sa pangisip ug tanlag ug kinahanglang mag-ilhanáy sa usá'g-usá dihâ sa diwà sa panág-higsuonáy. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>And below is the official translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Cebuano (taken from the official prayer of Minor Basilica of the Holy Child of Cebu) </th> <th scope="col">English (taken from Matthew 6: 9-13 from the New International Version) </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Amahán namò nga anaa sa mga langit, pagdaygon ang imong ngalan, umabót kanamò ang imong gingharian, matuman ang imong pagbuót, dinhí sa yutà maingón sa langit. Ang kalan-on namò sa matag adlaw, ihatag kanamò karóng adlawa.<br /> Ug pasayloa kamí sa among mga salâ, ingón nga nagapasaylo kamí sa mga nakasalâ kanamò. Ug dilì mo kamí itugyan sa panuláy, hinunua luwasá kamí sa daután. Amen. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Amen. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_phrases">Sample phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sample phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Cebuano </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello. </td> <td>Kumusta. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes. </td> <td>Oo/O. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes please. </td> <td>Oo/O, palihug. </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. </td> <td>Dilì. </td></tr> <tr> <td>No thanks. </td> <td>Ayáw lang, salamat. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please. </td> <td>Palihug. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you. </td> <td>Salamat kanimo. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you very much. </td> <td>Daghan kaayong salamat. </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome. </td> <td>Walá'y sapayán. </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'd like a coffee please. </td> <td>Gusto ko'g kapé, palihug. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two beers please. </td> <td>Duhá ka serbesa, palihug. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuse me. </td> <td>Ekskiyus sâ ko. </td></tr> <tr> <td>What time is it? </td> <td>Unsa na'ng orasa? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you repeat that please? </td> <td>Balika ganì 'to, palihug? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please speak slowly. </td> <td>Palihug hinaya pagsulti. </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't understand. </td> <td>Walâ ko kasabót. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sorry. </td> <td>Pasaylo-a/Pasensya. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are the toilets? </td> <td>Hain dapít ang kasilyas? </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much is this? </td> <td>Tag-pila man kiní?/Tag-pila ni? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome! </td> <td>Dayón! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning. </td> <td>Maayong buntag. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good afternoon. </td> <td>Maayong hapon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening. </td> <td>Maayong gabii. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night. </td> <td>Maayong pagtulog. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye. </td> <td>Babay </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_words">Additional words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additional words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handuraw" title="Handuraw">Handuraw</a>, "the power to imagine," "to reminisce," or "flashback"<sup id="cite_ref-PIA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no standardized orthography for Cebuano, but spelling in print usually follow the pronunciation of Standard Cebuano, regardless of how it is actually spoken by the speaker. For example, <i>baláy</i> ("house") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baˈl̪aɪ/</span> in Standard Cebuano and is thus spelled "baláy", even in Urban Cebuano where it is actually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbaɪ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cebuano is spoken natively over a large area of the Philippines and thus has numerous regional dialects. It can vary significantly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and phonology depending on where it is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-Endriga_2010_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endriga_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing usage of spoken English (being the primary language of commerce and education in the Philippines) has also led to the introduction of new pronunciations and spellings of old Cebuano words. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> forms of English and Bisaya (<a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a>) are also common among the educated younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-zuck_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuck-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-melerk_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melerk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four main dialectal groups within Cebuano aside from Standard Cebuano and Urban Cebuano. They are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-eth_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ding_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ding-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blake_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blake-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gonz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boholano">Boholano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boholano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> shares many similarities with the southern form of Standard Cebuano.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="No part of this article defines what this "southern form of Standard Cebuano" is or what region(s) it applies to. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also spoken in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a> and parts of Northern Mindanao. Boholano, especially as spoken in central Bohol, can be distinguished from other Cebuano variants by a few <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic change">phonetic changes</a>: </p> <ul><li>The semivowel <i>y</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>: <i>iyá</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iˈdʒa]</span>;</li> <li><i>Akó</i> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈho]</span>;</li> <li>Intervocalic <i>l</i> is occasionally pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> when following <i>u</i> or <i>o</i>: <i>kulang</i> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkuwaŋ]</span> (the same as <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a> dialect).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leyte">Leyte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leyte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Kanâ"><span id="Southern_Kan.C3.A2"></span>Southern Kanâ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southern Kanâ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Kanâ is a dialect of both southern <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Leyte" title="Southern Leyte">Southern Leyte</a> provinces; it is closest to the Mindanao Cebuano dialect at the southern area and northern Cebu dialect at the northern boundaries. Both North and South Kana are subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Leyte%C3%B1o_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyteño dialect">Leyteño dialect</a>. Both of these dialects are spoken in western and central Leyte and in the southern province, but Boholano is more concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Maasin_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasin City">Maasin City</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Kanâ"><span id="Northern_Kan.C3.A2"></span>Northern Kanâ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northern Kanâ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Kanâ (found in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>), is closest to the variety of the language spoken in northern part of Leyte, and shows significant influence from Waray-Waray, quite notably in its pace which speakers from Cebu find very fast, and its more mellow tone (compared to the urban Cebu City dialect, which Kana speakers find "rough"). A distinguishing feature of this dialect is the reduction of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/A/</span> prominent, but an often unnoticed feature of this dialect is the labialisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, when these phonemes come before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, velarisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, and the dentalisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and sometimes, before vowels and other consonants as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sugbu </th> <th>Kanâ </th> <th>Waray </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>kan-on </td> <td>lutò </td> <td>lutò </td> <td>cooked rice/maize </td></tr> <tr> <td>kiní/kirí </td> <td>kirí/kiní </td> <td>iní </td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <td>kan </td> <td>karâ/kanâ </td> <td>itón </td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <td>dinhí/dirí </td> <td>arí/dinhí/dirí </td> <td>didí/ngadí/aadi/dinhi </td> <td>here </td></tr> <tr> <td>dihâ/dinhâ </td> <td>dirâ/dihâ/dinhâ </td> <td>didâ/ngadâ/aadâ </td> <td>there </td></tr> <tr> <td>bas/balás </td> <td>bas/balás </td> <td>barás </td> <td>soil/sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>alsa </td> <td>arsa </td> <td>alsa </td> <td>to lift </td></tr> <tr> <td>bulsa </td> <td>bursa </td> <td>bulsa </td> <td>pocket </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mindanao">Mindanao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mindanao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the variety of Cebuano spoken throughout most of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, and it is the standard dialect of Cebuano in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Davaoeño"><span id="Davaoe.C3.B1o"></span>Davaoeño</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Davaoeño"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chavacano#Castellano_Abakay_(Davaoeño_Chavacano)" title="Chavacano">Chavacano language: Castellano Abakay (Chabacano de Davao)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davao_City_Hall,_side_(San_Pedro,_Davao_City;_11-26-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg/220px-Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg/330px-Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg/440px-Davao_City_Hall%2C_side_%28San_Pedro%2C_Davao_City%3B_11-26-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Public health safety reminders on the city hall of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A branch of Mindanaoan Cebuano in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a> is also known as Davaoeño (not to be confused with the Davao variant of <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> which is called "Castellano Abakay"). Like the Cebuano of Luzon, it contains some <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> vocabulary, which speakers may use even more frequently than in Luzon Cebuano. Its grammar is similar to that of other varieties; however, current speakers exhibit uniquely strong Tagalog influence in their speech by substituting most Cebuano words with Tagalog ones. This is because the older generations speak Tagalog to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in other everyday settings, making Tagalog the secondary lingua franca. One characteristic of this dialect is the practice of saying <i>atà</i>, derived from Tagalog <i>yatà</i>, to denote uncertainty in a speaker's aforementioned statements. For instance, a Davaoeño might say <i>"Tuá man <u>atà</u> sa baláy si Manuel"</i> instead of <i>"Tuá man <u>tingáli</u> sa baláy si Manuel"</i>. The word <i>atà</i> does exist in Cebuano, though it means 'squid ink' in contrast to Tagalog (e.g. <u>atà sa nukos</u>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other examples include: <i><u>Nibabâ</u> ko sa jeep sa <u>kanto</u>, <u>tapos</u> niulî ko sa among baláy</i> ("I got off the <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepney</a> at the street corner, and then I went home") instead of <i><u>Ninaog</u> ko sa jeep sa <u>eskina</u>, <u>dayon</u> niulî ko sa among baláy</i>. The words <i>babâ</i> and <i>naog</i> mean "to disembark" or "to go down", <i>kanto</i> and <i>eskina</i> mean "street corner", while <i>tapos</i> and <i>dayon</i> mean "then"; in these cases, the former word is Tagalog, and the latter is Cebuano. Davaoeño speakers may also sometimes add <a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Bagobo or Mansakan</a> vocabulary to their speech, as in <i>"<u>Madayawng adlaw</u>, amigo, kumusta ka?"</i> ("<u>Good day</u>, friend, how are you?", literally "Good morning/afternoon") rather than <i>"<u>Maayong adlaw</u>, amigo, kumusta ka?"</i> The words <i>madayaw</i> and <i>maayo</i> both mean 'good', though the former is Bagobo and the latter Cebuano.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the famous characteristics of this dialect is disregarding the agreement between the verb "To go (Adto, Anha, Anhi, Ari)" and locative demonstratives (Didto, Dinha, Dinhi, Diri) or the distance of the object/place. In Cebu Cebuano dialect, when the verb "to go" is distal (far from both the speaker and the listener), the locative demonstrative must be distal as well (e.g. <u><i>Adto didto</i></u><i>.</i> Not "<i>Adto diri</i>" or "<i>Anha didto</i>"). In Davaoeño Cebuano on the other hand does not necessarily follow that grammar. Speakers tend to say <i><u>Adto diri</u></i> instead of <i><u>Ari diri</u></i> probably due to grammar borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> because <i>kadto/mokadto</i> is the Hiligaynon word for "come" or "go" in general regardless the distance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negros">Negros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Negros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIR_Language_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NIR_Language_Map.png/220px-NIR_Language_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NIR_Language_Map.png/330px-NIR_Language_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NIR_Language_Map.png/440px-NIR_Language_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Language map showing the <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros Island</a> almost separating the two provinces (Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental) linguistically</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cebuano dialect in <a href="/wiki/Negros_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros (Philippines)">Negros</a> is somewhat similar to Standard Cebuano (spoken by the majority of the provincial areas of Cebu), with distinct <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> influences. It is distinctive in retaining <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> sounds and longer word forms as well. It is the primary dialectal language of the entire province of <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a> and northeastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a> (while the majority of the latter province and its bordered areas speaks Hiligaynon/Ilonggo), as well as some parts of <a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a>. Examples of Negrense Cebuano's distinction from other Cebuano dialects is the usage of the word <i>maot</i> instead of <i>batî</i> ("ugly"), <i>alálay</i>, <i>kalálag</i> instead of <i>kalag-kalag</i> (Halloween), <i>kabaló/kahibaló</i> and <i>kaágo/kaantígo</i> instead of <i>kabawó/kahíbawó</i> ("know").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luzon">Luzon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Luzon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no specific <a href="/wiki/Luzonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzonian">Luzonian</a> dialect of Cebuano, as speakers of Cebuano in Luzon come from many different regions in Central Visayas and Mindanao. Cebuano-speaking people from Luzon can be easily recognized in the Visayas primarily by their vocabulary, which incorporates <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> words. Their accents and some aspects of their grammar can also sometimes exhibit Tagalog influence. Such <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>-influenced Cebuano dialects are sometimes colloquially known as "<a href="/wiki/Bisalog" title="Bisalog">Bisalog</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of Tagalog and Bisaya).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saksak_sinagol">Saksak sinagol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Saksak sinagol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saksak_sinagol" class="extiw" title="wikt:saksak sinagol">saksak sinagol</a> in context means "a collection of miscellaneous things" or literally "inserted mixture", thus the few other Cebuano-influenced regions that have a variety of regional languages use this term to refer to their dialects with considerable incorporated Cebuano words. Examples of these regions can be found in places like <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_literature" title="Cebuano literature">Cebuano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Classical Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Alcos" title="Jacinto Alcos">Jacinto Alcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reference to the language as <i>Binisayâ</i> is discouraged by many linguists, in light of the many languages within the Visayan language group that might be confounded with the term.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Tipo-litografía del asilo de huérfanos. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudio+de+los+antiguos+alfabetos+filipinos&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Tipo-litograf%C3%ADa+del+asilo+de+hu%C3%A9rfanos&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Marcilla&rft.aufirst=Cipriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Lucero2024" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz-Lucero, Rosario (8 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792537">"The "Nation" in Vicente Sotto's Literary Imagination: A Study of Thirteen Cebuano Stories"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>306. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792537">29792537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+%22Nation%22+in+Vicente+Sotto%27s+Literary+Imagination%3A+A+Study+of+Thirteen+Cebuano+Stories&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cruz-Lucero&rft.aufirst=Rosario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojares1973" class="citation journal cs1">Mojares, Resil B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791057">"Cebuano Literature: A Survey of Sources"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-0243">0115-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791057">29791057</a>. <q>Vernacular journalism in Cebu, on the hand, had its start with Vicente Sotto's Ang Suga (founded in 1901). [...] From 1901 to the present time, there have been no less than 150 commercial publications either purely or partly in Cebuano, published in Cebu and in other places, notably Manila, Bohol, the Misamis provinces, and Davao.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Cebuano+Literature%3A+A+Survey+of+Sources&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0115-0243&rft.aulast=Mojares&rft.aufirst=Resil+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phon-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phon_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phon_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dila.ph/cebuano%20phonetics%20and%20orthography.pdf">"Cebuano Phonetics and Orthography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dila<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cebuano+Phonetics+and+Orthography&rft.pub=Dila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdila.ph%2Fcebuano%2520phonetics%2520and%2520orthography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2013" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Irene (11 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboutworldlanguages.com/cebuano">"Cebuano"</a>. About World Languages<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Palomo, Rosa Salas (eds.). <i>Hispanisation: The Impact of Spanish on the Lexicon and Grammar of the Indigenous Languages of Austronesia and the Americas</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110207231" title="Special:BookSources/9783110207231"><bdi>9783110207231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispanisation+processes+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Hispanisation%3A+The+Impact+of+Spanish+on+the+Lexicon+and+Grammar+of+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+Austronesia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110207231&rft.aulast=Steinkr%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Patrick+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kacyicU4BgC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/cebuano/">"Cebuano Language – Structure, Writing and Alphabet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cebuano+Language+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BStructure%2C+Writing+and+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustgo.com%2Fworldlanguages%2Fcebuano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expr-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expr_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2011" class="citation web cs1">Morrow, Paul (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html">"The basics of Filipino pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • accent marks"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+basics+of+Filipino+pronunciation%3A+Part+2+of+3+%E2%80%A2+accent+marks&rft.pub=Pilipino+Express&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilipino-express.com%2Fhistory-a-culture%2Fin-other-words%2F1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolasco-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nolasco_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolasco" class="citation book cs1">Nolasco, Ricardo M.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf"><i>Grammar notes on the national language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+notes+on+the+national+language&rft.aulast=Nolasco&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+M.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffhl.digitalsolutions.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fgrammar-notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagalog-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tagalog_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoellnerHeinle2007" class="citation book cs1">Schoellner, Joan; Heinle, Beverly D., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf"><i>Tagalog Reading Booklet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Simon & Schister's Pimsleur. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog+Reading+Booklet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schister%27s+Pimsleur&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supadu.com%2Fimages%2Fckfinder%2F26%2Fpdfs%2FPIMSLEUR%2FTagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comp_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollas2013" class="citation cs2">Bollas, Abigail A. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4427395"><i>Comparative Analysis on the Phonology of Tagalog, Cebuano, and Itawis</i></a>, University of the Philippines – Diliman</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Analysis+on+the+Phonology+of+Tagalog%2C+Cebuano%2C+and+Itawis&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BDiliman&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bollas&rft.aufirst=Abigail+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4427395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ver-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ver_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstraelen1961" class="citation journal cs1">Verstraelen, Eugene (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2806/5450">"Some further remarks about the L-feature"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+further+remarks+about+the+L-feature&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Verstraelen&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2806%2F5450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1991" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Brian (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792064">"The Cebuano Language and Generative Phonology"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792064">29792064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Cebuano+Language+and+Generative+Phonology&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC2018S07/LSP_301_final.pdf">"Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Cebuano as Spoken in the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>APPEN</i>. Linguistic Data Consortium University of Pennsylvania: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4 – via LDC Catalog. <q>There are canonically only three vowel sounds in Cebuano: i, u, a. There is, however some inconsistency in representing them in the orthography. The i vowel in particular can be written as i or e. The u vowel is generally represented with u and sometimes o, especially in final syllables.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APPEN&rft.atitle=Language+Specific+Peculiarities+Document+for+Cebuano+as+Spoken+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fdocs%2FLDC2018S07%2FLSP_301_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cebuano.htm">"Cebuano (Binisaya)"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>. 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Cebuano+%28Binisaya%29&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fcebuano.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-lo_w.htm#30029">"ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – w"</a>. <i>www.trussel2.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trussel2.com&rft.atitle=ACD+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BAustronesian+Comparative+Dictionary+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BNear+Comparisons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FACD%2Facd-near.htm%2330724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuizon-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kuizon_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuizon1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kuizon, Jose G. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020118/https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/646">"The Sanskrit Loan-Words in the Cebuano-Bisayan Language"</a>. <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177640">10.2307/1177640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177640">1177640</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/646">the original</a> on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sanskrit+Loan-Words+in+the+Cebuano-Bisayan+Language&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuizon&rft.aufirst=Jose+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstraelenTrosdal1974" class="citation journal cs1">Verstraelen, Eugene; Trosdal, Mimi (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791163">"Lexical Studies on the Cebuano Language"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-0243">0115-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791163">29791163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Lexical+Studies+on+the+Cebuano+Language&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0115-0243&rft.aulast=Verstraelen&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Trosdal%2C+Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstraelenTrosdal1976" class="citation journal cs1">Verstraelen, Eugene; Trosdal, Mimi (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791261">"Lexical Studies on the Cebuano Language"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-0243">0115-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791261">29791261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Lexical+Studies+on+the+Cebuano+Language&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0115-0243&rft.aulast=Verstraelen&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Trosdal%2C+Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelos1998" class="citation journal cs1">Morelos, Allan T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792425">"English Loanwords in the Modern Cebuano Language: An Index of Cultural Change"</a>. <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>26</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">324–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-0243">0115-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792425">29792425</a>. <q>English words and phrases which have been well-assimilated and integrated in the cultural vocabulary of the Cebuano language are not just a record of the modifications in the material circumstances of the lives of the Cebuano-speaking populace but have also chronicled changes in the ideational content of Cebuano culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=English+Loanwords+in+the+Modern+Cebuano+Language%3A+An+Index+of+Cultural+Change&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E324-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0115-0243&rft.aulast=Morelos&rft.aufirst=Allan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english"><i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i></a> – via ohchr.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Fenglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santoninodecebubasilica.org/cebuano-prayers-binisaya-nga-mga-pag-ampo/amahan-namo-our-father/">"Amahan Namo/Our Father"</a>. <i>santoninodecebubasilica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cebuano&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fceb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ding-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ding_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingwall1994" class="citation book cs1">Dingwall, Alastair (1994). <i>Traveller's Literary Companion to South-East Asia</i>. In Print Publishing, Limited. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873047255" title="Special:BookSources/9781873047255"><bdi>9781873047255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveller%27s+Literary+Companion+to+South-East+Asia&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=In+Print+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781873047255&rft.aulast=Dingwall&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blake-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blake_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1905" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Frank R. (1905). "The Bisayan Dialects". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>26</b> (1905): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592885">10.2307/592885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592885">592885</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Bisayan+Dialects&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1905&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F592885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gonz_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1991" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Andrew (1991). "Cebuano and Tagalog: Ethnic Rivalry Redivivus". In Dow, James R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tm4T59MWHNUC"><i>Focus on Language and Ethnicity</i></a>. Vol. 2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027220813" title="Special:BookSources/9789027220813"><bdi>9789027220813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cebuano+and+Tagalog%3A+Ethnic+Rivalry+Redivivus&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Language+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789027220813&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtm4T59MWHNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.binisaya.com/content/dialectology-cebuano-similarities-and-differences">"The Dialectology of Cebuano: Similarities and differences | Binisaya !"</a>. <i>www.binisaya.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.binisaya.com&rft.atitle=The+Dialectology+of+Cebuano%3A+Similarities+and+differences+%7C+Binisaya+%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.binisaya.com%2Fcontent%2Fdialectology-cebuano-similarities-and-differences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndriga2010" class="citation conference cs1">Endriga, Divine Angeli (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mlephil.wordpress.com/2012/04/04/the-dialectology-of-cebuano/"><i>The Dialectology of Cebuano: Bohol, Cebu and Davao</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mothertongue-based.blogspot.com/2010/01/plenary-sessions-doing-mother-tongue.html">1st Philippine Conference Workshop on Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education held from 18–20 February 2010</a>. Capitol University, Cagayan de Oro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Dialectology+of+Cebuano%3A+Bohol%2C+Cebu+and+Davao&rft.place=Capitol+University%2C+Cagayan+de+Oro&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Endriga&rft.aufirst=Divine+Angeli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmlephil.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F04%2F04%2Fthe-dialectology-of-cebuano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunyeYap1971a" class="citation book cs1">Bunye, Maria V. R.; Yap, Elsa P. (1971a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1nGDwAAQBAJ"><i>Cebuano for Beginners</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F62862">10125/62862</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824879778" title="Special:BookSources/9780824879778"><bdi>9780824879778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cebuano+for+Beginners&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F62862&rft.isbn=9780824879778&rft.aulast=Bunye&rft.aufirst=Maria+V.+R.&rft.au=Yap%2C+Elsa+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1nGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunyeYap1971b" class="citation book cs1">Bunye, Maria V. R.; Yap, Elsa P. (1971b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVrGDwAAQBAJ"><i>Cebuano Grammar Notes</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F62863">10125/62863</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824881306" title="Special:BookSources/9780824881306"><bdi>9780824881306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cebuano+Grammar+Notes&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F62863&rft.isbn=9780824881306&rft.aulast=Bunye&rft.aufirst=Maria+V.+R.&rft.au=Yap%2C+Elsa+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVrGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1972" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, John U. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930054015/http://www.gutenberg.ph/previews/wolff/WCED-complete.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program and Linguistic Society of the Philippines. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F11777">1813/11777</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.ph/previews/wolff/WCED-complete.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2017</span> – via Gutenberg.ph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Cebuano+Visayan&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University%2C+Southeast+Asia+Program+and+Linguistic+Society+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F11777&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.ph%2Fpreviews%2Fwolff%2FWCED-complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACebuano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebuano_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ceb:"> Cebuano edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cebuano_phrasebook#Q33239" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cebuano phrasebook">Cebuano</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cebuano.pinoydictionary.com/">Cebuano Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227010738/http://www.wikapinoy.com/glossary/">Cebuano English Searchable Dictionary</a></li> <li>John U. Wolff, A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seapdatapapers.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?idno=seap085a">Volume I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seapdatapapers.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?idno=seap085b">Volume II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bohol.ph/wced.php">searchable interface</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40074">Downloadable text at Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AngDilaNatongBisaya">Ang Dila Natong Bisaya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bismag.pbworks.com/w/page/9015814/Lagda-Sa-Espeling">Lagda Sa Espeling <i>Rules of Spelling</i></a> (Cebuano)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagelinks.org/lessons/cebuano/cebuano.html">Language Links.org – Philippine Languages to the world – Cebuano Lessons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=cebuano;rgn=full%20text;view=image;seq=00000001;idno=APT6490.0001.001;didno=APT6490.0001.001">Online E-book of Spanish-Cebuano Dictionary</a>, published in 1898 by Fr. Felix Guillén</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cebuano.free.fr/index_uk.php">Cebuano dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/ceb/librarya/bibliya/">Online bible</a>, video and audio files, publications and other <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">bible</a> study material in Cebuano language <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jw.org/ceb/">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bisayan_languages116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visayan_languages" title="Template:Visayan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visayan_languages" title="Template talk:Visayan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visayan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visayan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bisayan_languages116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cebuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cebuano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Warayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kinabalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">South Sorsogon (Gubat)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate_Sorsogon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Masbate Sorsogon language">North Sorsogon (Masbate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Kuyan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Butuan-Tausug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:BisayaPeoplesmall" title="Template:BisayaPeoplesmall">Visayan peoples</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippine_languages508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_languages" title="Template:Philippine languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_languages" title="Template talk:Philippine languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_languages508" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic (Bashiic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_language" title="Teduray language">Teduray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sambalic_languages" title="Sambalic languages">Sambalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Mag-indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Isarog Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cebuano</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano †</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davawenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalogic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin" title="Kasiguranin">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> †</small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangueño</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo–Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Binukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palawanic_languages" title="Palawanic languages">Palawanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taaw%CA%BCt_Bato_language" title="Taawʼt Bato language">Taawʼt Bato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Subanon_language" title="Western Subanon language">Western Subanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages" title="Cagayan Valley languages">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%CA%BCdang_language" title="Gaʼdang language">Gaʼdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages" title="Meso-Cordilleran languages">Meso-Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages" title="Central Cordilleran languages">Central Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_languages" title="Itneg languages">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages" title="Southern Cordilleran languages">Southern Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manide–Alabat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Katabangan_language" title="Katabangan language">Katabangan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template talk:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India-related topics in Philippines articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves#Tabon_Caves_Garuda_Gold_Pendant" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Tara">Golden Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdom</a> in Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities">Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Singhapala" title="Singhapala">Singhapala</a> city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines">Indian settlement in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cainta" title="Cainta">Cainta historic settlement of Indians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a> had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">Aswang</a> (Asura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Philippine folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Darbar_Indian_Sikh_Temple,_Iloilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo">Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">India–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements for Indian citizens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Philippine_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Philippine citizens">Visa requirements for Philippine citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_India" title="Filipinos in India">Filipinos in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Indianized ancient Filipino script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines#Language" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#Vocabulary_and_borrowed_words" title="Tagalog language">Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Tamil" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vocabulary">Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah buffalo</a> from Haryana imported to Philippine <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center" title="Philippine Carabao Center">Philippine Carabao Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_to_India" title="Business process outsourcing to India">Business process outsourcing to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Indian Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_India-related_topics_in_the_Philippines#Cultural_traditions" title="List of India-related topics in the Philippines">Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao#Alim_and_Hudhud_Oral_traditions_of_Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalong_Epic" title="Ibalong Epic">Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">Pangalay or Daling Daling</a> (fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines#Filipino_people_of_Indian_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines"> List of Filipino-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name#Indian.2FHindu_surnames" title="Filipino name">Indian surnames in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_population_by_country_of_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine population by country of citizenship">Foreign citizens residing in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos-Shahani" title="Leticia Ramos-Shahani">Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian</a></li> <li>Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_San_Miguel" title="Janina San Miguel">Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Raj" title="Venus Raj">Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parul_Shah" title="Parul Shah">Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bagatsing" title="Raymond Bagatsing">Raymond Bagatsing (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Ponti" title="Cassandra Ponti">Cassandra Ponti (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Romero" title="Chanda Romero">Chanda Romero (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Zulueta" title="Dawn Zulueta">Dawn Zulueta 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Diokno">José W. Diokno (politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Francisco" title="Juan R. Francisco">Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Acosta_Pasricha" title="Josephine Acosta Pasricha">Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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