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<span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linked_open_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linked_open_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linked open data</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linked_open_data-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linked open data subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linked_open_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5-star_linked_open_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5-star_linked_open_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>5-star linked open data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5-star_linked_open_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking_Open_Data_community_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_Open_Data_community_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Linking Open Data community project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_Open_Data_community_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European Union projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ontologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datasets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datasets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Datasets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datasets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dataset_instance_and_class_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dataset_instance_and_class_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Dataset instance and class relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dataset_instance_and_class_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linked data</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="بيانات مترابطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيانات مترابطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dades_enlla%C3%A7ades" title="Dades enllaçades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dades enllaçades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_cysylltiedig" title="Data cysylltiedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Data cysylltiedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblede_data" title="Koblede data – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koblede data" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkandmed" title="Linkandmed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linkandmed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data" title="Linked Data – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Linked Data" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datos_enlazados" title="Datos enlazados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Datos enlazados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_estekatuak" title="Datu estekatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datu estekatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="داده پیوندشده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داده پیوندشده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_des_donn%C3%A9es" title="Web des données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Web des données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC%EB%93%9C_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="링크드 데이터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="링크드 데이터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_tertaut" title="Data tertaut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Data tertaut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נתונים מקושרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נתונים מקושרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saist%C4%ABtie_dati" title="Saistītie dati – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saistītie dati" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_conectate" title="Date conectate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Date conectate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linked data" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nkade_data" title="Länkade data – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Länkade data" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இணைப்புத் தரவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைப்புத் தரவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_veri" title="Bağlı veri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağlı veri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u_li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt" title="Dữ liệu liên kết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dữ liệu liên kết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%B5%E9%80%A3%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="鍵連資料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鍵連資料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q515701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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method for its publication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Linked_data_structure" title="Linked data structure">Linked data structure</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A network of over a thousand circles clustered into groups and linked with lines into a web." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg/300px-Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg/450px-Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg/600px-Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Wikidata in the Linked Open Data Cloud. Databases indicated as circles (with wikidata indicated as ‘WD’), with grey lines linking databases in the network if their data is aligned. Generated from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lod-cloud.net/datasets">https://lod-cloud.net/datasets</a> . </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png/300px-Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png/450px-Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png/600px-Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008, image from 2021, generated from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod-cloud.net/">https://lod-cloud.net</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>linked data</b> is structured data which is interlinked with other data so it becomes more useful through <a href="/wiki/Semantic_query" title="Semantic query">semantic queries</a>. It builds upon standard <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">URIs</a>, but rather than using them to serve web pages only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers. Part of the vision of linked data is for the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to become a global <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linked data may also be <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines:<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifiers</a> (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced".</li> <li>Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, etc.</li> <li>When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names.</li></ol> <p>Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009 <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED conference</a>, again paraphrased along the following lines:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>All conceptual things should have a name starting with <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>.</li> <li>Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format.</li> <li>Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">URIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured data">Structured data</a> using <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a> terms and dataset definitions expressed in <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> formats such as <a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a>, <a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notation_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Notation 3">N3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Platform" title="Linked Data Platform">Linked Data Platform</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linked_open_data">Linked open data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linked open data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Linked open data</b> are linked data that are <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tim Berners-Lee, Linked Data<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Large linked open data sets include <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikibase" title="Wikibase">Wikibase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_ICEcat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open ICEcat (page does not exist)">Open ICEcat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ICEcat" class="extiw" title="uk:Open ICEcat">uk</a>; <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ICEcat" class="extiw" title="nl:Open ICEcat">nl</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5-star_linked_open_data">5-star linked open data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 5-star linked open data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png/378px-5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png" decoding="async" width="378" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png/567px-5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Deployment scheme for Linked Open Data<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1 star: data is openly available in some format.</li> <li>2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Excel file format">Microsoft Excel file format</a> (.xls).</li> <li>3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">Comma-separated values</a> (.csv).</li> <li>4 stars: data follows <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> standards, like using <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and employing <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a>.</li> <li>5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mailing list was initially hosted by the <a href="/wiki/SIMILE" title="SIMILE">SIMILE</a> project<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_Open_Data_community_project">Linking Open Data community project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linking Open Data community project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/220px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/330px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/440px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>The above diagram shows which Linking Open Data datasets are connected, as of August 2014. This was produced by the Linked Open Data Cloud project, which was started in 2007. Some sets may include copyrighted data which is freely available.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png/220px-Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png/330px-Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png/440px-Lod-cloud_2017-02-20.png 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The same diagram as above, but for February 2017, showing the growth in just two and a half years</figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">data commons</a> by publishing various <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Dataset" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataset">datasets</a> as RDF on the Web and by setting <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> links between data items from different data sources. In October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF <a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a>, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_projects">European Union projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European Union projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PlanetData project,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data linking is one of the main goals of the <a href="/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal" title="EU Open Data Portal">EU Open Data Portal</a>, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontologies">Ontologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ontologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontologies</a> are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOAF_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (ontology)">FOAF</a> – an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMBEL" title="UMBEL">UMBEL</a> – a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from <a href="/wiki/OpenCyc" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCyc">OpenCyc</a>, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and <a href="/wiki/YAGO_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAGO (ontology)">YAGO</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datasets">Datasets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Datasets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a> – a dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a>, including abstracts in 11 different languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoNames" title="GeoNames">GeoNames</a> – provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> – a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sibling projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database" title="Global Research Identifier Database">Global Research Identifier Database</a> (<i>GRID</i>) – an international database of 89,506 institutions engaged in academic research, with 14,401 relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations<sup id="cite_ref-gridStats_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridStats-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gridPol_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridPol-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KnowWhereGraph<sup id="cite_ref-kwg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an integrated 12 billion triples strong <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graph</a> of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-kwgaimag_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwgaimag-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_ICEcat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open ICEcat (page does not exist)">Open ICEcat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ICEcat" class="extiw" title="uk:Open ICEcat">uk</a>; <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ICEcat" class="extiw" title="nl:Open ICEcat">nl</a>]</span> - a <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> open catalogue containing product <a href="/wiki/Datasheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Datasheets">datasheets</a>, related <a href="/wiki/Digital_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital assets">digital assets</a> and usage <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dataset_instance_and_class_relationships">Dataset instance and class relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dataset instance and class relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Art_Collaborative" title="American Art Collaborative">American Art Collaborative</a> - consortium of US art museums committed to establishing a critical mass of linked open data on American art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a> – about <i>controlled headings</i> in library catalogs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Citation analysis</a> – for citations between scholarly articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_model" title="Network model">Network model</a> – an older type of database management system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoID" title="VoID">VoID</a> – Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsld.org/">"Linked Data as JSON"</a>. <i>Linked Data as JSON</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wright; Sizhe Wang; Yuanyuan Tian; Zilong Liu; Meilin Shi; Anthony D'Onofrio; Zhining G; Kitty Currier (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1609%2Faimag.v43i1.19120">"Know, Know Where, Knowwheregraph: A Densely Connected, Cross-Domain Knowledge Graph and Geo-Enrichment Service Stack for Applications in Environmental Intelligence"</a>. <i>AI Magazine</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1609%2Faimag.v43i1.19120">10.1609/aimag.v43i1.19120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fbe176aba-9dec-456c-9615-01a0e8556b7b">1983/be176aba-9dec-456c-9615-01a0e8556b7b</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Magazine&rft.atitle=Know%2C+Know+Where%2C+Knowwheregraph%3A+A+Densely+Connected%2C+Cross-Domain+Knowledge+Graph+and+Geo-Enrichment+Service+Stack+for+Applications+in+Environmental+Intelligence&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fbe176aba-9dec-456c-9615-01a0e8556b7b&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1609%2Faimag.v43i1.19120&rft.au=Krzysztof+Janowicz&rft.au=Pascal+Hitzler&rft.au=Wenwen+Li&rft.au=Dean+Rehberger&rft.au=Mark+Schildhauer&rft.au=Rui+Zhu&rft.au=Cogan+Shimizu&rft.au=Colby+K.+Fisher&rft.au=Ling+Cai&rft.au=Gengchen+Mai&rft.au=Joseph+Zalewski&rft.au=Lu+Zhou&rft.au=Shirly+Stephen&rft.au=Seila+Gonzalez+Estrecha&rft.au=Bryce+D.+Mecum&rft.au=Anna+Lopez-Carr&rft.au=Andrew+Schroeder&rft.au=Dave+Smith&rft.au=Dawn+J.+Wright&rft.au=Sizhe+Wang&rft.au=Yuanyuan+Tian&rft.au=Zilong+Liu&rft.au=Meilin+Shi&rft.au=Anthony+D%27Onofrio&rft.au=Zhining+G&rft.au=Kitty+Currier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1609%252Faimag.v43i1.19120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231016/http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/lod-datasets_2009-07-14.html">"Instance relationships amongst datasets"</a>. <i>fu-berlin.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/lod-datasets_2009-07-14.html">the original</a> on 2012-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fu-berlin.de&rft.atitle=Instance+relationships+amongst+datasets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de%2Fbizer%2Fpub%2Flod-datasets_2009-07-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828103804/http://umbel.org/sites/umbel.org/lod/lod_constellation.html">"Class relationships amongst datasets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umbel.org/sites/umbel.org/lod/lod_constellation.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Class+relationships+amongst+datasets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumbel.org%2Fsites%2Fumbel.org%2Flod%2Flod_constellation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinked+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahmet Soylu, Felix Mödritscher, and Patrick De Causmaecker. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmetsoylu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/soylu_ICAE2012.pdf">"Ubiquitous Web Navigation through Harvesting Embedded Semantic Data: A Mobile Scenario."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919092519/http://www.ahmetsoylu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/soylu_ICAE2012.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 19 (1): 93–109.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkeddatabook.com/book">Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space</a></i> (2011) by Tom Heath and Christian Bizer, Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, Morgan & Claypool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/">How to Publish Linked Data on the Web</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093458/http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/">Archived</a> 2021-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Chris Bizer, Richard Cyganiak and Tom Heath, Linked Data Tutorial at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 27 July 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=berners-lee-linked-data">The Web Turns 20: Linked Data Gives People Power</a>, part 1 of 4, by Mark Fischetti, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> 2010 October 23</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809091450/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/publications/linkedai2010_submission_13.pdf">Linked Data Is Merely More Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Peter Z. Yeh, Kunal Verma, and Amit P. Sheth. In: Dan Brickley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Harry Halpin, and Deborah McGuinness: <i>Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence</i>. Technical Report SS-10-07, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2010, pp. 82–86.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135146/http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1718">Moving beyond sameAs with PLATO: Partonomy detection for Linked Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh, Amit Sheth. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Hypertext and Social Media conference (HT 2012), Milwaukee, WI, USA, June 25–28, 2012.</li> <li>Freitas, André, Edward Curry, João Gabriel Oliveira, and Sean O’Riain. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardcurry.org/publications/freitas_IC_12.pdf">"Querying Heterogeneous Datasets on the Linked Data Web: Challenges, Approaches, and Trends."</a> IEEE Internet Computing 16 (1): 24–33.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626121000/http://sites.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/suhl/bizer/pub/LinkingOpenData.pdf">Interlinking Open Data on the Web</a> – Chris Bizer, Tom Heath, Danny Ayers, Yves Raimond. In Proceedings Poster Track, ESWC2007, Innsbruck, Austria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135332/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/publications/iswc10_paper218.pdf">Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Amit Sheth, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh. In proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121711/">Linked open drug data for pharmaceutical research and development</a> - J Cheminform. 2011; 3: 19. Samwald, Jentzsch, Bouton, Kallesøe, Willighagen, Hajagos, Marshall, Prud'hommeaux, Hassenzadeh, Pichler, and Stephens (May 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.community-of-knowledge.de/beitrag/the-hype-the-hope-and-the-lod2-soeren-auer-engaged-in-the-next-generation-lod/">Interview with Sören Auer, head of the LOD2 project about the continuation of LOD2 in 2011</a>, June 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semantic-web.at/LOD-TheEssentials.pdf">Linked Open Data: The Essentials</a> - Florian Bauer and Martin Kaltenböck (January 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110000748/http://semanticweb.com/the-flap-of-a-butterfly-wing_b26808">The Flap of a Butterfly Wing</a> - semanticweb.com Richard Wallis (February 2012)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linked_data&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q515701" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q515701">Linked data</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/wiki/LinkedData">LinkedData</a> at the W3C Wiki</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106144712/http://linkeddata.org/">LinkedData.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722075239/http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/white-papers/">OpenLink Software white papers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Open_data" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Open_data_navbox" title="Template:Open data navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Open_data_navbox" title="Template talk:Open data navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_data_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open data navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_data" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Open science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Open-notebook science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_Canada" title="Open data in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_the_United_States" title="Open data in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_Iran" title="Open data in Iran">Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_France" title="Open data in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open data projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" title="Open energy system databases">Open energy system databases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open source</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1896555/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2013002090">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="propojená data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph827253&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5412324">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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