CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chaebol: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bddafa60-1173-4df9-a953-6e438f396c13","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chaebol","wgTitle":"Chaebol","wgCurRevisionId":1259268165,"wgRevisionId":1259268165,"wgArticleId":338409,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Source attribution","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from January 2022","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2023", "All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use British English from April 2020","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles containing Korean-language text","Pages with Korean IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles needing additional references from January 2011","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Chaebol","Economy of South Korea","Industrial policy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chaebol","wgRelevantArticleId":338409, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1259268014,"wgDiffNewId":1259268165,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q482517","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chaebol: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chaebol rootpage-Chaebol skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chaebol&returntoquery=curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chaebol&returntoquery=curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chaebol&returntoquery=curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chaebol&returntoquery=curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Corporate governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Management structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Equity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Workplace culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_and_inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_and_inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Emergence and inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_and_inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_market_transactions_accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_market_transactions_accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Internal market transactions accountability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_market_transactions_accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_foreign_investors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_foreign_investors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Relationship with foreign investors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_foreign_investors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Too_big_to_fail"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Too_big_to_fail""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>"Too big to fail"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Too_big_to_fail"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monopolistic_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monopolistic_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Monopolistic behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monopolistic_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_ties,_corruption,_and_abuse_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_ties,_corruption,_and_abuse_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Government ties, corruption, and abuse of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_ties,_corruption,_and_abuse_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IMF_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMF_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>IMF agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMF_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government-led_reforms_and_the_2008_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-led_reforms_and_the_2008_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Government-led reforms and the 2008 crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-led_reforms_and_the_2008_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaebols_by_category" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaebols_by_category"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chaebols by category</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaebols_by_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Depictions in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chaebol: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="تشايبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشايبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Чебол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чебол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cebol" title="Čebol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čebol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaebeol" title="Jaebeol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jaebeol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88aebolo" title="Ĉaebolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉaebolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="چبول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C" title="재벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재벌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="छेबोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छेबोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="צ'בול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'בול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C4%97biol" title="Džėbiol – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džėbiol" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csebol" title="Csebol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csebol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E9%96%A5_(%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD)" title="財閥 (韓国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="財閥 (韓国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czebol" title="Czebol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czebol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чеболь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чеболь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A4bol" title="Čäbol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čäbol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чеболь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чеболь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chaebol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A2%E9%98%80" title="韩国财阀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韩国财阀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482517#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chaebol" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chaebol"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chaebol"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chaebol" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chaebol" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&oldid=1259268165" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chaebol&id=1259268165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DChaebol%26curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DChaebol%26curid%3D338409%26diff%3D1259268165%26oldid%3D1259268014"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chaebol&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482517" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&diff=prev&oldid=1259268014" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="Chaebol">← Previous edit</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">Content deleted</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">Content added</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Chaebol&curid=338409&diff=1259268165&oldid=1259268014&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&curid=338409&diff=1259268165&oldid=1259268014&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&oldid=1259268014" title="Chaebol">Revision as of 07:26, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&oldid=1259268014" title="Chaebol">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T07:26:51Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Seefooddiet" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Seefooddiet" data-mw-revid="1259268014"><bdi>Seefooddiet</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Seefooddiet" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Seefooddiet">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Seefooddiet" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Seefooddiet">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>19,901</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">"Chaebol" has become a word in English, so it's not italicized per <a href="/wiki/MOS:FOREIGNITALIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGNITALIC">MOS:FOREIGNITALIC</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor-switched"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit: Switched</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&diff=prev&oldid=1259268014" title="Chaebol" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&oldid=1259268165" title="Chaebol">Latest revision as of 07:27, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit" title="Chaebol">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T07:27:57Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&undoafter=1259268014&undo=1259268165" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Seefooddiet" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Seefooddiet" data-mw-revid="1259268165"><bdi>Seefooddiet</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Seefooddiet" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Seefooddiet">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Seefooddiet" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Seefooddiet">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>19,901</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">invisible comments to salt italicization</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor-switched"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit: Switched</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Short description|South Korean family-run business conglomerate}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|South Korean family-run business conglomerate}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple issues|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple issues|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{South Korean economy}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{South Korean economy}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A '''chaebol''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|əl|,_|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|ɒ|l}} {{respell|CHAY|bəl|,_|CHAY|bol}},<ref name="ODE">{{cite web |title=chaebol |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927030852/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CHAEBOL |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/chaebol |website=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|oʊ|l|,_|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|b|əl}} {{respell|CHAY|bohl|,_|JEB|əl}};<ref name="MW">{{cite web |title=Chaebol |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol |website=[[Dictionary by Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613133927/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol |url-status=live }}</ref> {{korean|재벌}} {{IPA|ko|tɕɛbʌɭ||Ko-재벌.oga}}, {{literal translation|rich family|financial [[clique]]}}) is a large industrial [[South Korea]]n conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family.<ref name="MW" /> A chaebol often consists of multiple diversified affiliates, controlled by a person or group.<ref name="Jung 2004 299–303">{{cite journal|last=Jung|first=Dong-Hyeon|title=Korean Chaebol in Transition|journal=China Report |date=August 2004|volume=40|issue=3|pages=299–303|doi=10.1177/000944550404000306|s2cid=154720682}}</ref> Several dozen large South Korean family-controlled corporate groups fall under this definition. The term first appeared in English text in 1972.<ref name="MW" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A '''chaebol'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ins> ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|əl|,_|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|ɒ|l}} {{respell|CHAY|bəl|,_|CHAY|bol}},<ref name="ODE">{{cite web |title=chaebol |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927030852/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CHAEBOL |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/chaebol |website=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|b|oʊ|l|,_|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|b|əl}} {{respell|CHAY|bohl|,_|JEB|əl}};<ref name="MW">{{cite web |title=Chaebol |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol |website=[[Dictionary by Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=30 August 2011 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613133927/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol |url-status=live }}</ref> {{korean|재벌}} {{IPA|ko|tɕɛbʌɭ||Ko-재벌.oga}}, {{literal translation|rich family|financial [[clique]]}}) is a large industrial [[South Korea]]n conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family.<ref name="MW" /> A chaebol often consists of multiple diversified affiliates, controlled by a person or group.<ref name="Jung 2004 299–303">{{cite journal|last=Jung|first=Dong-Hyeon|title=Korean Chaebol in Transition|journal=China Report |date=August 2004|volume=40|issue=3|pages=299–303|doi=10.1177/000944550404000306|s2cid=154720682}}</ref> Several dozen large South Korean family-controlled corporate groups fall under this definition. The term first appeared in English text in 1972.<ref name="MW" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Chaebol have also played a significant role in [[South Korean politics]]. In 1988, a member of a chaebol family, [[Chung Mong-joon]], president of [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]], successfully ran for the [[National Assembly of South Korea]]. Other business leaders were also chosen to be members of the National Assembly through [[proportional representation]].<ref name=loc/> [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]] has made efforts in the thawing of [[North Korea–South Korea relations|North Korean relations]], despite some controversy.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2003 |title=Hyundai's $500 Million Payments to North Korea: A Bribe or Business Deal? |publisher=Korea WebWeekly |url=http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905114217/http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> Many South Korean family-run chaebol have been criticised for low dividend payouts and other governance practices that favor controlling [[shareholder]]s at the expense of ordinary [[investor]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Joyce |title=Samsung Electronics names new-generation leaders as profit soars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=Reuters |date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031095732/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Chaebol have also played a significant role in [[South Korean politics]]. In 1988, a member of a chaebol family, [[Chung Mong-joon]], president of [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]], successfully ran for the [[National Assembly of South Korea]]. Other business leaders were also chosen to be members of the National Assembly through [[proportional representation]].<ref name=loc/> [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]] has made efforts in the thawing of [[North Korea–South Korea relations|North Korean relations]], despite some controversy.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2003 |title=Hyundai's $500 Million Payments to North Korea: A Bribe or Business Deal? |publisher=Korea WebWeekly |url=http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905114217/http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> Many South Korean family-run chaebol have been criticised for low dividend payouts and other governance practices that favor controlling [[shareholder]]s at the expense of ordinary [[investor]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Joyce |title=Samsung Electronics names new-generation leaders as profit soars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=Reuters |date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031095732/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 07:27, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South Korean family-run business conglomerate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaebol" title="Special:EditPage/Chaebol">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chaebol" title="Talk:Chaebol">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaebol" title="Special:EditPage/Chaebol">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chaebol%22">"Chaebol"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chaebol%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chaebol%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chaebol%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chaebol%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chaebol%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chaebol#This_article_seems_super_biased" title="Talk:Chaebol">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chaebol</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">재벌</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">財閥</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">jaebeol</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">chaebŏl</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tɕɛbʌɭ]</a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_South_Korea" title="Five-Year Plans of South Korea">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saemaul_Undong" title="Saemaul Undong">Saemaul Undong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-Chemical_Industry_Drive" title="Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive">Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Business culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Trade policy of South Korea">Trade policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Industries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in South Korea">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_regions_by_GDP" title="List of South Korean regions by GDP">Regions by GDP per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seoul" title="Economy of Seoul">Seoul</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Korean_economy" title="Template:South Korean economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Korean_economy" title="Template talk:South Korean economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Korean_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Korean economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>chaebol</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHAY</span>-bəl, <span style="font-size:90%">CHAY</span>-bol</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ODE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHAY</span>-bohl, <span style="font-size:90%">JEB</span>-əl</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">재벌</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tɕɛbʌɭ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0c\/Ko-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C.oga\/Ko-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ko-\uc7ac\ubc8c.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Ko-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C.oga/Ko-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%8C.oga" title="File:Ko-재벌.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">rich family</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">financial <a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">clique</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a large industrial <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chaebol often consists of multiple diversified affiliates, controlled by a person or group.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several dozen large South Korean family-controlled corporate groups fall under this definition. The term first appeared in English text in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaebol have also played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean politics">South Korean politics</a>. In 1988, a member of a chaebol family, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-joon" title="Chung Mong-joon">Chung Mong-joon</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries">Hyundai Heavy Industries</a>, successfully ran for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of South Korea">National Assembly of South Korea</a>. Other business leaders were also chosen to be members of the National Assembly through <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a> has made efforts in the thawing of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">North Korean relations</a>, despite some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many South Korean family-run chaebol have been criticised for low dividend payouts and other governance practices that favor controlling <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> at the expense of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Chaebol" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> romanization of the Korean word <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">재벌</span></span> (<i>chaebŏl</i>), without the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> above the o. In 2000, the South Korean Ministry of Tourism introduced a new system of converting the Korean language into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> called <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoCT2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoCT2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new transliteration style, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">재벌</span></span> is written as <i>jaebeol</i>, not chaebol. Despite <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> being largely abandoned in South Korea, the term is still ubiquitously written as chaebol. </p><p>The word originates from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">財閥</span></span>), where <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">財</span></span> means 'wealth' and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">閥</span></span> means 'clan'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese zaibatsu dominated their economy from 1868 until they were dissolved under the <a href="/wiki/American_Occupation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="American Occupation of Japan">American Occupation of Japan</a> in 1945. The rise and proliferation of the Korean chaebol resembles the Japanese zaibatsu at their peak. </p><p>The word has been <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loaned</a> into English since at least 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaebol" title="Special:EditPage/Chaebol">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Headquarter_Building,_Jongno-gu,_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg/220px-Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg/330px-Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg/440px-Hyundai_Headquarter_Building%2C_Jongno-gu%2C_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>The former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>South Korea's economy was small and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> well into the mid-20th century. However, the policies of President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> spurred rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> by promoting large businesses, following his seizure of power in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_South_Korea" title="Five-Year Plans of South Korea">The First Five Year Economic Plan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the government set <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> towards new investment, and chaebols were to be guaranteed loans from the banking sector. The chaebol played a key role in developing new industries, markets, and export production, helping make South Korea one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>. </p><p>Although South Korea's major industrial programs did not begin until the early 1960s, the origins of the country's entrepreneurial elite were found in the political economy of the 1950s. Very few Koreans owned or managed larger corporations during the Japanese colonial period. After the Japanese left in 1945, some Korean businessmen obtained the assets of some of the Japanese firms, several of which grew into the chaebols of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese colonial government sometimes sought to co-opt local businessmen, and wealthy individuals often linked to land ownership, and a significant minority of industries were jointly owned by Japanese and Korean businesses. A few Korean chaebols such as Kyungbang came into existence during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The companies, as well as certain other firms that were formed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, had close links with <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>'s First Republic, which lasted from 1948 to 1960. It is confirmed that many of these companies received special treatment from the government in return for kickbacks and other payments.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the military took over the government in 1961, its leaders announced that they would eradicate the corruption that had plagued the Rhee administration and eliminate "injustice" from society. Some leading industrialists were arrested and charged with corruption, but the new government realized that it would need the help of entrepreneurs if the government's ambitious plans to modernize the economy were to be fulfilled. A compromise was reached, under which many of the accused corporate leaders paid fines to the government. Subsequently, there was increased cooperation between corporate and government leaders in modernizing the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup> </p><p>Government-chaebol cooperation was essential to the subsequent economic growth and astounding successes that began in the early 1960s. Driven by the urgent need to turn the economy away from consumer goods and light industries toward heavy, chemical, and import-substitution industries, political leaders and government planners relied on the ideas and cooperation of chaebol leaders. The government provided the blueprints for industrial expansion; the chaebol realized the plans. However, the chaebol-led industrialization accelerated the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> and oligopolistic concentration of capital and economically profitable activities in the hands of a limited number of conglomerates.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park used the chaebol as a means of economic growth. Exports were encouraged, reversing Rhee's policy of reliance on imports. Performance quotas were established.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaebols were able to grow because of two factors: foreign loans and special favours. Access to foreign technology also was critical to the growth of the chaebol through the 1980s. Under the guise of "guided capitalism", the government selected companies to undertake projects and channelled funds from foreign loans. The government guaranteed repayment should a company be unable to repay its foreign creditors. Additional loans were made available from domestic banks. In the late 1980s, chaebols dominated the industrial sector and were especially prevalent in manufacturing, trading, and heavy industries.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaebols experienced tremendous growth beginning in the early 1960s in connection with the expansion of South Korean exports. The growth resulted from the production of a diversity of goods rather than just one or two products. Innovation and the willingness to develop new product lines were critical. In the 1950s and early 1960s, chaebols concentrated on wigs and textiles; by the mid-1970s and 1980s, heavy, defence, and chemical industries had become predominant. While these activities were important in the early 1990s, real growth was occurring in the electronics and high-technology industries. Chaebols also were responsible for turning the trade deficit in 1985 into a trade surplus in 1986. The current account balance, however, fell from more than US$14 billion in 1988 to US$5 billion in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaebols continued their explosive growth in export markets in the 1980s. By the late 1980s, they had become financially independent and secure, thereby eliminating the need for further government-sponsored credit and assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s, South Korea was one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialised_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised countries">newly industrialised countries</a> and boasted a standard of living comparable to industrialized countries. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seoul_Square.jpg/220px-Seoul_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seoul_Square.jpg/330px-Seoul_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seoul_Square.jpg/440px-Seoul_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Former headquarters of the defunct <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a> Group, once the second-largest conglomerate in South Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> began to challenge the chaebol, but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> that the weaknesses of the system were widely understood. Of the 30 largest chaebols, 11 collapsed between July 1997 and June 1999. Initially, the crisis was caused by a sharp drop in the value of the currency and led to immediate cash flow concerns needed to pay foreign debts; however, the lower costs ultimately helped the stronger chaebols expand their brands to Western markets. Yet, the decline of nearby export markets in Southeast Asia, which had been fueling growth by incurring large debts, proved fatal to many.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The remaining chaebols also became far more specialized in their focus. For example, with a population ranked 26th in the world, before the crisis, the country had seven major automobile manufacturers. Afterward, only two major manufacturers remained intact though two additional continued, in a smaller capacity, under <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>. Chaebol debts were not only to state industrial banks but also to independent banks and their financial services subsidiaries. The scale of the loan defaults meant that banks could neither foreclose nor write off bad loans without themselves collapsing, so the failure to service these debts quickly caused a systemic banking crisis, and South Korea turned to the IMF for assistance. The most spectacular example came in mid-1999, with the <a href="/wiki/Daewoo_dissolution_and_corruption_scandal" title="Daewoo dissolution and corruption scandal">collapse of the Daewoo Group</a>, which had some US$80 billion in unpaid debt. At the time, it was the largest corporate bankruptcy in history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigations also exposed widespread corruption in the chaebol, particularly fraudulent accounting, and bribery. </p><p>Still, South Korea recovered quickly from the crisis, and most of the blame for economic problems was shifted to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (March 2022)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> The remaining chaebols have grown substantially since the crisis, but they have maintained far lower debt levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2019, the largest chaebol, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, composed about 17% of the South Korean GDP<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held billions of dollars in cash. However, recent financial statements of these chaebols showed that chaebols are slowly losing power due to either international competition or internal disruptions from newly emerging startups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The net profit/income of South Korea's top conglomerates has decreased from 2012 to 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corporate governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_structure">Management structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Management structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some chaebols are one large <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> while others have broken up into loosely connected groups of separate companies sharing a common name. Even in the latter case, each is almost always owned, controlled, or managed by the same family group. </p><p>South Korea's chaebols are often compared with Japan's <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a></i> business groupings, the successors of the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>, but they have some major differences:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Chaebols are still largely controlled by their founding families while <i>keiretsu</i> are controlled by groups of professional managers. Chaebols, furthermore, are more family-based and family-oriented than their Japanese counterparts.</li> <li>Chaebols are centralized in ownership while <i>keiretsu</i> are more decentralized.</li> <li>Chaebols have more often formed subsidiaries to produce components for exports while large Japanese corporations have mostly switched to employing outside contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The major structural difference between Korean chaebols and Japanese <i>keiretsu</i> is that chaebols do not have affiliated banks for credit access. Most were heavily dependent on government loans and loan guarantees in their early years, and they still have a closer relationship with the government than their Japanese counterparts. Chaebols are largely prohibited from owning private banks, partly to spread risk and partly to increase the government's leverage over the banks in areas such as credit allocation. In 1990, government regulations made it difficult for a chaebol to develop an exclusive banking relationship, but following the cascading collapses of the late 1990s, they were somewhat relaxed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Keiretsu</i> has historically worked with an affiliated bank, giving the affiliated companies almost unlimited access to credit,<sup id="cite_ref-loc_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the economic problems for which the Japanese have been known are <a href="/wiki/Zombie_bank" title="Zombie bank">zombie banks</a> rather than systemic banking crises. However, many of the largest <i>keiretsu</i> have diversified their debt practices, and public bond sales have become somewhat common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The chaebol model is heavily reliant on a complex system of interlocking ownership. The owner, with the help of family members, family-owned charities, and senior managers from subsidiaries, has to control only three of four public companies, which control other companies that control subsidiaries. A good example of this practice would be the owner of <a href="/wiki/Doosan" class="mw-redirect" title="Doosan">Doosan</a>, who controlled more than 20 subsidiaries with only minor participation in about 5 companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity">Equity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chairman of a typical chaebol possesses a small portion of the equity in the companies under the large umbrella of the chaebol but is very powerful in making decisions and controls all management. For example, Samsung owns 0.5% of the group's listed firms. That demonstrates a weakness in the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method that allows this type of possession is called cross-holding, which is a horizontal and vertical structure that enhances the control of the chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_culture">Workplace culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workplace culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical culture at one of these conglomerates is highly paternalistic. Much of the environment is defined by the chairman who acts as a "fatherly figure" to his subordinates. This can be traced back to the infusion of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> values that permeate Korean society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A chaebol head's demeanour towards his employee can be described as "loving" while maintaining "sternness and a sense of responsibility". Workers commit to long hours, most notably on weekends and holidays, to appease their superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Company outings and drinking sessions tend to be compulsory to foster a sense of family and belonging among employees. Employers believe that enhancing a common bond between them would translate into prosperity and productivity for the company. Other practices that would be uncommon for Western workplaces to engage in include gift-giving to employees and arranging dates for workers in search of relationships or marriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chaebols are notoriously hierarchical. As such, it is unusual for an individual to challenge or question the decision-making of his or her boss. This dynamic adds to the culture that orients itself around whoever is in charge but can lead to undesirable circumstances. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_214" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 214">Asiana flight 214</a> crash led critics to speculate that cultural factors prevented a pilot on board from aborting the low-speed landing and thus straying from his superior's commands.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promotion is rarely merit-based. Rather, it is through the order of age and time served to the conglomerate. This is reflected by the fact that most executives are far older than their employees. If a worker does not attain an executive or senior-management role by the age of fifty, he or she is commonly forced to resign. Again, this is attributable to the age-hierarchy dynamics in Korean Confucian culture. A typical firm heavily emphasizes loyalty to the firm, as demonstrated in the standard recruiting process. Newly acquired employees undergo an intense initiation that includes activities such as training camps and singing company-unique songs that reiterate the production goals of the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_and_inflation">Emergence and inflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emergence and inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the chaebol system in South Korea come as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The war resulted in much destruction and halted industrial production, which led the government to print money to pay for the war and meet the requirements of the United Nations forces for the Korean currency,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> all of which caused mass inflation. This inflation caused many commodity prices to double every six months. </p><p>The government had to react and so devised a plan in providing strong financial incentives to private companies between the 1960s and 1970s. These included the government's choosing to select various family businesses to distribute the incentives (imported raw materials, commodities, bank loans). The impact was immediate, and most of the businesses flourished rapidly. The protection of infant companies allowed them to develop because of the highly regulated market, which prevented foreign companies from entering.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies that were not in the circle of businesses saw the system as flawed and corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption scandals have occurred periodically in all chaebols. Such incidents suggest a form of "<a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">crony capitalism</a>" which is common in developing countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_market_transactions_accountability">Internal market transactions accountability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal market transactions accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the government gave out incentives to help businesses, it had a lot of control over them. However, there was no way to ensure the businesses would use the incentives effectively and efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, there was no external monitoring system to monitor chaebols and ensure that they were efficient in the allocation of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All businesses undertake internal market transactions, which constitute "purchase and sale of intermediate inputs, the provision and receipt of loan collaterals, and the provision and receipt of payment guarantees among member firms in a business group".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is the question of efficiency, especially in production and management. Therefore, the chaebol system was not very transparent. Behind the scenes, businesses were provided with subsidiary financing and intragroup transactions. This allowed them easy loans to cover their deficits, and before the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, huge debts had accumulated, many of which were hidden. That gave the illusion that the system was flourishing into the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_foreign_investors">Relationship with foreign investors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with foreign investors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, the majority of South Korea's economy is driven by exports.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korea is one of the leading exporters worldwide. Additionally, the majority of investors in the Korean stock market are foreign investors. Out of 711 listed companies in the Korean stock market, approximately 683 have shares that are held by foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly a third of the market's value is owned by foreigners, a trend that is expected to continue. </p><p>Because of their major role in the Korean stock market, foreign investors play a massive part in whether or not chaebol conglomerates remain financially successful. Foreign investors tend to avoid chaebols, especially those that displayed heavy political influence in South Korea, like Samsung and Hyundai. Investors are reluctant to invest in large control-ownership disparity businesses because these companies tended to cheat shareholders to have higher personal financial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is extremely helpful, especially when it comes to determining how these corrupt conglomerates are still heavily supported, considering foreign investors show little interest in them. A study published in the Journal of the Japanese and International Economies found that after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, foreign investment behavioural patterns changed drastically. While foreign investors like to hold shares in large companies with high profit and liquidity margins, they do not show any particular interest in either chaebol or non-chaebol companies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, chaebols are still able to survive, highlighting just how much power and aid they receive from the Korean government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Too_big_to_fail""><span id=".22Too_big_to_fail.22"></span>"Too big to fail"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Too big to fail""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, bankers feared that chaebols would go bankrupt so they allowed these businesses to roll over their loans each time they were unable to repay their debts. Many did not believe that the chaebols were capable of collapsing and that the more they borrowed, the safer they were. </p><p>However, the theory was proven wrong when many businesses collapsed during the crisis. Since they were linked through debt guarantees, many of the companies fell into a chain reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus on capacity expansion created debt that was manageable when the economy was growing. However, when the economy stalled, <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-equity_ratio" title="Debt-to-equity ratio">debt-to-equity ratios</a> became a huge problem.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the crisis, chaebols had less debt and were less vulnerable to similar crises, as was demonstrated in the 2008 crisis. With the growth of the fewer remaining chaebols, however, each of them occupies a larger portion of the economy, with the largest chaebols making up (by sales revenue) a substantial portion of South Korea's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monopolistic_behavior">Monopolistic behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monopolistic behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies and <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">preferable government treatment</a> granted chaebols the ability to exhibit monopolistic behaviour. The absence of a market free of intervention meant that "true competition" became a rarity in South Korea. Especially in the era before the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, the only products available to the Korean people were those made by chaebols. Therefore, the social fabric of the country lacked a welcoming culture toward entrepreneurship. The intensity and extent of market concentration became evident as 80% of the country's GDP is derived from chaebols. The largest of the group, Samsung, exports 20% of South Korea's goods and services alone. Although no longer financially supported by the government, these firms have attained <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> on such a massive level that it is extremely difficult for a startup or small or medium enterprise (SME) to surmount the high barriers to entry. A majority of these smaller companies ended up becoming acquired by the chaebols, thereby further stacking their size and economic dominance. During recent years a growing trend to scale globally has increased among aspiring Korean entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, chaebols have also been moving money abroad with the tacit endorsement of the South Korean government and investing in commercial enterprises, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Manhattan" title="Koreatown, Manhattan">Koreatown</a> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaebolsKoreatownManhattan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaebolsKoreatownManhattan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, chaebols maintain dominance across all industries. Reductions in <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and the removal of trade regulations designed to protect Korean conglomerates have led to increased competition from abroad. However, among domestic firms, chaebols have kept their market share intact. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s entry into the smartphone market pressured rival Samsung into diversifying its revenue streams from overseas. All but 3 of the top 50 firms listed on the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Exchange" title="Korea Exchange">Korean Stock Exchange</a> are designated as chaebols,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and despite chaebols only accounting for just over 10 per cent of the country's workers, the four largest chaebols hold 70 per cent of total market capitalization, and all chaebols together holding 77 per cent as of the late 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, chaebols have more bargaining power and often take pricing action that squeezes both suppliers and consumers. Typically the firms down the supply chain fail to increase their profit margins enough to expand and thus never see growth. Collusion among chaebols is commonplace. <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Price-fixing</a> acts mean consumers expect to pay an inflated value for most goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in 2012 <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> were fined for colluding to raise prices for home appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_ties,_corruption,_and_abuse_of_power"><span id="Government_ties.2C_corruption.2C_and_abuse_of_power"></span>Government ties, corruption, and abuse of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government ties, corruption, and abuse of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Korea" title="Corruption in South Korea">Corruption in South Korea</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gapjil" title="Gapjil">Gapjil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/220px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/330px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg/440px-Korea_President_Park_Business_Leaders_20130508_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> at a breakfast meeting with business magnates <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kun-hee" title="Lee Kun-hee">Lee Kun-hee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-koo" title="Chung Mong-koo">Chung Mong-koo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the inception of the chaebol, the government has been closely involved in its affairs. Many of the reforms enacted over the years, especially those under President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-Jung</a>, have cracked down on kickbacks and preferential treatment. Moreover, the state is no longer a majority shareholder of any chaebol.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But their sheer size and wealth have been used to gain influence. For the most part, the government sees the function of chaebols as crucial to the Korean economy. When President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-Bak</a> took office, he pardoned <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung Group</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kun-hee" title="Lee Kun-hee">Lee Kun-Hee</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>. President Lee then proceeded to champion pro-chaebol deals, including a nuclear energy contract with the city of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, and loosened laws preventing the conglomerates from owning financial services companies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samsung's leader is not the only chaebol chairman to be excused from a criminal conviction. <a href="/wiki/Chey_Tae-won" title="Chey Tae-won">Choi Tae-Won</a> of <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-koo" title="Chung Mong-koo">Chung Mong-Koo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, Kim Seung-Youn of Hanwha, and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Dong-bin" title="Shin Dong-bin">Shin Dong-bin</a> of Lotte<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a few examples of chairmen who have been charged, convicted, or are currently serving a prison sentence for white-collar crime. Accusations include bribery, tax evasion, accounting fraud, embezzlement, and violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically chaebol chairmen are pardoned. In the rare case that an executive is sentenced to prison, as the CEOs of SK and CJ group were, it is typically a relatively light punishment of up to 4 years depending on the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collusion between chaebol members and the government granted preferential statuses to the companies. A chaebol would funnel bribes to politicians and bureaucrats through slush funds and illegal donations. This could help maintain the government's position of power, allowing them to secure contracts for major government projects and provide favourable treatment to the donor firm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this type of corruption were widespread in the years leading up to the 1997 financial crisis. Many of the firms that benefited from this relationship were too indebted, had poor corporate governance, and were inefficient. There was a huge inflow of capital and a bending of regulation in favour of these problematic firms. Hanbo Group, formerly South Korea's second-largest steel-maker, is a good example of this. In the 1990s the company paid for special arrangements with high-ranking politicians so that it could secure contracts for large government projects over its competitors. Hanbo went bankrupt in 1997 after defaulting on debt payments along with other governance issues. Numerous chaebol companies had similar private agreements with the government in this fashion. It would be most common in companies dealing with heavy industries or projects that involved government procurement and urban planning. In the past, most successful political elections were won with chaebol support. Each time a new administration or regime stepped in, it would gear its policy platform towards chaebol revitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was under the claim that to be a competitive economy more power must be given to the chaebols. In recent years, the leading political parties of South Korea have shifted their focus from supporting large corporations to promoting economic diversification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms">Reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different reforms have been proposed or enacted to deal with the influence, power, and corruption associated with the chaebols, though it has been questioned whether real reform is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_real_reform_possible_at_South_Korea's_chaebols?_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_real_reform_possible_at_South_Korea's_chaebols?-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMF_agreement">IMF agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: IMF agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-Jung</a> and in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, many reforms were made to the chaebols. Most of these changes pertained to corporate structure, transparency in financial reporting, cuts in government subsidies, corporate governance, and debt stabilization.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> provided a bailout loan of $60 billion conditional on revision.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distressed financial institutions were to be closed down and those that were deemed viable were to be restructured and recapitalized by the levels it set forth. This affected the chaebol because it severely restricted its easy access to financing which led to over-leveraged balance sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenient accounting practices and disclosure rules were to be strengthened and standardized for international practice. Hence, transparency was increased to what would be expected from a public company. The chaebols agreed to be subject to independent auditors and were obligated to provide consolidated financial statements regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government-led_reforms_and_the_2008_crisis">Government-led reforms and the 2008 crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government-led reforms and the 2008 crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kim Dae-Jung enacted what is known as the "Five Principles of Corporate Governance".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the enhancement of management transparency, strengthening owner-manager accountability, elimination of cross-debt guarantees among chaebol affiliates, improvement of capital structures, and consolidation of core business areas. In his plans, debt-to-equity ratios was to be below 200%. Chaebol subsidiaries that were debt-laden or on the verge of bankruptcy were instructed to be either liquidated, sold, or put up for merger. Each chaebol-holding group had to break up its subsidiaries and operations so that they were more manageable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1997, each had an average of 26.8 subsidiaries. It was hoped that if there were fewer activities, the quality of the remaining businesses would see improvement. Many unrelated branches to their core competencies were swiftly shed. If any of the conglomerates failed to meet the conditions by the set deadlines, strict sanctions would be passed against them. During the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>, many of these reforms ensured chaebols' quick recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having had exposure to a massive recession before, they learned to cope better than those in foreign countries. With significantly healthier balance sheets and higher cash reserves, the chaebols were able to avoid any liquidity issues. Moreover, with fewer subsidiaries, they were less exposed to the full scope of the crisis and thus helped keep the Korean economy afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo Hyun</a> pushed for even more extensive reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration passed stringent regulations on fraudulent accounting, <a href="/wiki/Stock_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock manipulation">stock manipulation</a>, and irregular wealth succession. Chaebols were forced to improve objectivity on their board of directors. Rather than having the decision-makers be insiders, affiliates, or family members, chaebols were expected to hold representation that reflected the interests of investors, especially minority shareholders who gained a significant number of rights. As a result, it became easier for chaebols to raise capital through equity rather than riskier debt. This is because the new transparency laws and restructuring boosted investor confidence from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chaebol" title="Special:EditPage/Chaebol">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition laws</a> were passed to attempt to limit the expansion of chaebol: </p> <ul><li>Law for separate finance from industry (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:금산분리법">금산분리법</a></span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">金産分離法</span></span>): Chaebols may no longer have banks since 1982</li> <li>Law for the limit of investment (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">출자총액제한</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">出資總額制限</span></span>): A chaebol's growth by <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">M&A</a> was limited until 2009</li> <li>Law for the limit of assurance (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">상호출자채무보증제한</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">相互出資債務保證制限</span></span>): Law defends the insolvency of a chaebol's affiliates</li></ul> <p>Formally, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Trade_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Fair Trade Commission (South Korea)">Korea Fair Trade Commission</a> announces a limited chaebol list every year by size of industrial assets (not including financial companies).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Appointment: Korea Fair Trade Commission</li> <li>Inclusion: industrial groups (assets: 5 <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a> won or more)</li> <li>Exclusion: bank and financial groups</li></ul> <p>Chaebols with limited assurance (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">상호출자제한기업집단</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">相互出資制限企業集團</span></span>). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Chaebols </th> <th>Affiliates </th> <th>Assets </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>1,196 Ent </td> <td>979.7 trillion won (<i>Not</i> including bank and financial group by South Korean law) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>1,680 Ent </td> <td>1,161.5 trillion won (more than 2 trillion won) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>1,137 Ent </td> <td>1,310.6 trillion won (more than 5 trillion won) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a>'s total assets are 317 trillion won, but the FTC recognizes only 174 trillion <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">won</a> which excludes the financial subsidiaries. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chaebols_by_category">Chaebols by category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chaebols by category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following charts list chaebols in order by different categories. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of major chaebols by family group </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Family group </th> <th>Operating groups </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Byung-chul" title="Lee Byung-chul">Lee Byung-chul</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinsegae_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinsegae Group">Shinsegae Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/CU_(store)" title="CU (store)">BGF Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansol" title="Hansol">Hansol Group</a>, and others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ju-yung" title="Chung Ju-yung">Chung Ju-yung</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Department_Store_Group" title="Hyundai Department Store Group">Hyundai Department Store Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Marine_%26_Fire_Insurance" title="Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance">Hyundai Marine & Fire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyundai_Sungmoo_Holding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyundai Sungmoo Holding (page does not exist)">Hyundai Sungmoo Holding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halla_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Halla Group">Halla Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDC_Hyundai_Development_Company" title="HDC Hyundai Development Company">HDC Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/HL_Mando" title="HL Mando">HL Mando</a>, <a href="/wiki/KCC_Corporation" title="KCC Corporation">KCC Corporation</a>, and others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koo_In-hwoi" title="Koo In-hwoi">Koo In-hwoi</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>, <a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/LS_Group" title="LS Group">LS Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LX Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/LIG_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LIG Group">LIG Group</a>, Ourhome Corp, LF Group, LT Group, Heesung Electronics, and others. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_Kyuk-ho" title="Shin Kyuk-ho">Shin Kyuk-ho</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nongshim" title="Nongshim">Nongshim</a>, Pulemil, and others. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cho_Choong-hoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cho Choong-hoon (page does not exist)">Cho Choong-hoon</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Group">Hanjin Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritz_Financial_Group" title="Meritz Financial Group">Meritz Financial Group</a>, and others. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Park_In-chon" title="Park In-chon">Park In-chon</a> family group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumho_Asiana_Group" title="Kumho Asiana Group">Kumho Asiana Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumho_Petrochemical" title="Kumho Petrochemical">Kumho Petrochemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumho_Tire" title="Kumho Tire">Kumho Tire</a> and others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other chaebols</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Group" title="Doosan Group">Doosan Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hankook" title="Hankook">Hankook</a>, <a href="/wiki/HiteJinro" title="HiteJinro">HiteJinro</a>, <a href="/wiki/POSCO" title="POSCO">POSCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao">Kakao Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naver_Corporation" title="Naver Corporation">Naver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation" title="Amorepacific Corporation">Amorepacific Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-Land_Group" title="E-Land Group">E-Land Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyobo_Life_Insurance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyobo Life Insurance Company">Kyobo Life Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong-A_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong-A Ilbo">Samyang Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/KG_Group" title="KG Group">KG Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCI_(company)" title="OCI (company)">OCI Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celltrion" title="Celltrion">Celltrion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyosung" title="Hyosung">Hyosung Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daelim_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Daelim Group">Daelim Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Poong_Group" title="Young Poong Group">Young Poong Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongwon_Industries" title="Dongwon Industries">Dongwon Group</a>, Korea Investment Holdings, <a href="/wiki/DB_Group" title="DB Group">DB Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolon_Industries" title="Kolon Industries">Kolon Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwang_Group" title="Taekwang Group">Taekwang Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seah_Holdings" title="Seah Holdings">Seah Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/SeAh_Steel_Holdings" title="SeAh Steel Holdings">SeAh Steel Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongkuk_Steel" title="Dongkuk Steel">Dongkuk Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aekyung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aekyung">Aekyung Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Group" title="Eugene Group">Eugene Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iljin_Group" title="Iljin Group">Iljin Group</a>, Booyoung Group, Harim Group, Taeyoung Engineering, Hoban Construction, etc. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Business area: chaebols that have several <a href="/wiki/Monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopolies">monopolies</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Group </th> <th>Number of affiliates </th> <th>Major businesses </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>Electronics, semiconductors, batteries, IT Solutions, construction, shipbuilding, insurance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a></td> <td>186</td> <td>Energy, chemicals, telecom, semiconductors, batteries, trading, biopharmaceuticals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>57</td> <td>Automobiles, auto parts, steel, construction, logistics, credit card </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a></td> <td>73</td> <td>Electronics, batteries, chemicals, telecom, display, food, cosmetics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>Retail, food, entertainment, hotels, chemicals, construction, tourism </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Group</a></td> <td>91</td> <td>Explosives, aerospace, energy, insurance, chemicals, hotels, construction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Group</a></td> <td>93</td> <td>Energy, retail, hotels, construction, trading </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries Group">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>Shipbuilding, engineering, heavy industries, construction equipment, energy, robotics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinsegae Group">Shinsegae Group</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>Retail, food, hotels, entertainment, fashion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>Food, retail, logistics, biopharmaceuticals, entertainment </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Group">Hanjin Group</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>Aviation, logistics, transportation, hotels, info systems, airports </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of well-known chaebol affiliates (revenue and assets in 2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit </th> <th>Parent </th> <th>Revenue (KRW) </th> <th>Total assets (KRW) </th> <th>Industries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>279.6 trillion</td> <td>426.6 trillion</td> <td>Electronics, semiconductors, smartphones, appliances </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Life_Insurance" title="Samsung Life Insurance">Samsung Life Insurance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>35.1 trillion</td> <td>341.4 trillion</td> <td>Insurance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation" title="Samsung C&T Corporation">Samsung C&T</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>34.5 trillion</td> <td>55.2 trillion</td> <td>Construction, trading, hotels </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Fire_%26_Marine_Insurance" title="Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance">Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>24.4 trillion</td> <td>94.9 trillion</td> <td>Insurance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_SDI" title="Samsung SDI">Samsung SDI</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>13.6 trillion</td> <td>25.8 trillion</td> <td>Batteries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_SDS" title="Samsung SDS">Samsung SDS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>13.6 trillion</td> <td>10.5 trillion</td> <td>IT Solutions </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electro-Mechanics" title="Samsung Electro-Mechanics">Samsung Electro-Mechanics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a></td> <td>9.7 trillion</td> <td>9.9 trillion</td> <td>Electronics, electronic components </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Shilla" title="Hotel Shilla">Hotel Shilla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Group">Samsung Group</a> </td> <td>3.8 trillion </td> <td>2.6 trillion </td> <td>Hotels, duty-free, entertainment </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor Company</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>117.6 trillion</td> <td>233.6 trillion</td> <td>Automobiles </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>69.9 trillion</td> <td>66.8 trillion</td> <td>Automobiles </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Mobis" title="Hyundai Mobis">Hyundai Mobis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>41.7 trillion</td> <td>51.5 trillion</td> <td>Auto parts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Steel" title="Hyundai Steel">Hyundai Steel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>22.8 trillion</td> <td>37.1 trillion</td> <td>Steel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Engineering_%26_Construction" title="Hyundai Engineering & Construction">Hyundai Engineering & Construction</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>18.1 trillion</td> <td>19.6 trillion</td> <td>Construction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Glovis" title="Hyundai Glovis">Hyundai Glovis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai Motor Group</a></td> <td>21.8 trillion</td> <td>12.2 trillion</td> <td>Logistics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a></td> <td>42.9 trillion</td> <td>96.3 trillion</td> <td>Semiconductors </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Innovation" title="SK Innovation">SK Innovation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a></td> <td>46.8 trillion</td> <td>49.5 trillion</td> <td>Energy, batteries, </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a></td> <td>16.7 trillion</td> <td>30.9 trillion</td> <td>Telecom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="SK Networks">SK Networks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a></td> <td>11.1 trillion</td> <td>9.4 trillion</td> <td>Trading, logistics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG Group</a></td> <td>74.7 trillion</td> <td>53.5 trillion</td> <td>Electronics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Chem" title="LG Chem">LG Chem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG Group</a></td> <td>42.7 trillion</td> <td>51.1 trillion</td> <td>Chemicals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Display" title="LG Display">LG Display</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG Group</a></td> <td>29.8 trillion</td> <td>38.2 trillion</td> <td>Display </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Chem" title="LG Chem">LG Energy Solution</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> </td> <td>17.9 trillion </td> <td>23.8 trillion </td> <td>Batteries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Uplus" title="LG Uplus">LG Uplus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> </td> <td>13.9 trillion</td> <td>19.4 trillion</td> <td>Telecom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Shopping" title="Lotte Shopping">Lotte Shopping</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a> </td> <td>15.6 trillion</td> <td>33.4 trillion</td> <td>Retail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Corporation" title="Lotte Corporation">Lotte Chemical</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a> </td> <td>18.1 trillion</td> <td>22.9 trillion</td> <td>Chemicals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Lotte Hotels & Resorts">Lotte Hotels & Resorts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a> </td> <td>4.2 trillion </td> <td>18.3 trillion </td> <td>Hotels </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Corporation" title="Lotte Corporation">Lotte Life Insurance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a> </td> <td>3.5 trillion </td> <td>18.9 trillion </td> <td>Insurance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Chilsung" title="Lotte Chilsung">Lotte Chilsung</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Group" title="Lotte Group">Lotte Group</a></td> <td>2.5 trillion</td> <td>3.6 trillion</td> <td>Food </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Corporation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Group</a> </td> <td>52.8 trillion </td> <td>202.3 trillion </td> <td>Defense systems, explosives, aerospace </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Life_Insurance" title="Hanwha Life Insurance">Hanwha Life Insurance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Group</a></td> <td>27.1 trillion</td> <td>163.6 trillion</td> <td>Insurance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Solutions" title="Hanwha Solutions">Hanwha Solutions</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Group" title="Hanwha Group">Hanwha Group</a></td> <td>10.7 trillion</td> <td>20.0 trillion</td> <td>Renewable energy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Caltex" title="GS Caltex">GS Caltex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Group</a> </td> <td>34.5 trillion </td> <td>23.6 trillion </td> <td>Energy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Construction</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Group</a> </td> <td>9.1 trillion</td> <td>15.2 trillion</td> <td>Construction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Retail</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GS_Group" title="GS Group">GS Group</a></td> <td>9.8 trillion</td> <td>9.5 trillion</td> <td>Retail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries">Hyundai Heavy Industries</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries Group">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a> </td> <td>8.3 trillion </td> <td>13.8 trillion </td> <td>shipbuilding, heavy industries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Mipo_Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Mipo Dockyard">Hyundai Mipo Dockyard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries Group">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a> </td> <td>2.9 trillion </td> <td>4.3 trillion </td> <td>shipbuilding, heavy industries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Samho_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries">Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries Group">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a> </td> <td>4.1 trillion </td> <td>5.0 trillion </td> <td>shipbuilding, heavy industries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Oilbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Oilbank">Hyundai Oilbank</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries Group">Hyundai Heavy Industries Group</a> </td> <td>20.6 trillion </td> <td>18.2 trillion </td> <td>Energy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae" title="Shinsegae">Shinsegae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae" title="Shinsegae">Shinsegae Group</a></td> <td>6.3 trillion</td> <td>13.6 trillion</td> <td>Retail, duty-free, department stores </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E-mart" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mart">E-mart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae" title="Shinsegae">Shinsegae Group</a></td> <td>24.9 trillion</td> <td>31.2 trillion</td> <td>Retail, food </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae" title="Shinsegae">Josun Hotels & Resorts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinsegae" title="Shinsegae">Shinsegae Group</a> </td> <td>310.7 billion </td> <td>1.6 trillion </td> <td>Hotels </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_CheilJedang" title="CJ CheilJedang">CJ CheilJedang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a></td> <td>26.3 trillion</td> <td>26.9 trillion</td> <td>Food, biochemicals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Daehan Express</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a> </td> <td>11.3 trillion </td> <td>8.9 trillion </td> <td>Logistics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_E%26M" class="mw-redirect" title="CJ E&M">CJ E&M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a> </td> <td>3.6 trillion </td> <td>7.9 trillion </td> <td>Entertainment </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_CGV" title="CJ CGV">CJ CGV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJ_Group" title="CJ Group">CJ Group</a> </td> <td>736 billion </td> <td>3.8 trillion </td> <td>Movie theaters </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Group">Hanjin Group</a> </td> <td>9.1 trillion </td> <td>26.7 trillion </td> <td>Airlines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin" title="Hanjin">Hanjin Group</a> </td> <td>4.3 trillion </td> <td>13.1 trillion </td> <td>Airlines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin" title="Hanjin">Hanjin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Group">Hanjin Group</a> </td> <td>2.5 trillion </td> <td>3.9 trillion </td> <td>Logistics </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_popular_culture">Depictions in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Depictions in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many other conglomerates across the world, Korean chaebols have a presence in popular media. There are a large number of <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-dramas</a> that feature chaebols and chaebol family members. Some of these shows, including <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Proposal" title="Business Proposal">A Business Proposal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Prince_(2007_TV_series)" title="Coffee Prince (2007 TV series)">Coffee Prince</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Wrong_with_Secretary_Kim" title="What's Wrong with Secretary Kim">What's Wrong with Secretary Kim</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/King_the_Land" title="King the Land">King the Land</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heirs" title="The Heirs">The Heirs</a></i>, portray the lifestyles of chaebol family members in a comedic manner. Other dramas, however, portray chaebol family members being materialistic and arrogant, including <i><a href="/wiki/Innocent_Defendant" title="Innocent Defendant">Innocent Defendant</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Remember_(TV_series)" title="Remember (TV series)">Remember</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_(TV_series)" title="Vincenzo (TV series)">Vincenzo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reborn_Rich" title="Reborn Rich">Reborn Rich</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Mouth_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Big Mouth (South Korean TV series)">Big Mouth</a></i>, reflecting the huge income inequality and political corruption related to chaebols in South Korea. </p><p>In addition, many chaebol family members have taken to social media outlets like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, where they publish snippets of their personal lives. Some chaebols also partake in popular social media trends like <a href="/wiki/Mukbang" title="Mukbang">mukbangs</a>, as is seen on the popular <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel 햄연지 YONJIHAM. Some have suggested that these attempts at humanizing chaebols are purely financial strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_business" title="Family business">Family business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_Hong_Kong" title="Four big families of Hong Kong">Four big families of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Four big families of the Republic of China">Four big families of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South Korean companies">List of South Korean companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">Megacorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODE_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927030852/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol">"chaebol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chaebol">the original</a> on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=chaebol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fchaebol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/chaebol">"CHAEBOL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=CHAEBOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fpronunciation%2Fenglish%2Fchaebol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol">"Chaebol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_by_Merriam-Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary by Merriam-Webster">Dictionary by Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613133927/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaebol">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Chaebol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchaebol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung_2004_299–303-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_2004_299–303_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Dong-Hyeon (August 2004). "Korean Chaebol in Transition". <i>China Report</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 299–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000944550404000306">10.1177/000944550404000306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154720682">154720682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Report&rft.atitle=Korean+Chaebol+in+Transition&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-303&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000944550404000306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154720682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Dong-Hyeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavada1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91039109"><i>South Korea: A Country Study</i></a> (4th ed.). Washington: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0736-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0736-4"><bdi>0-8444-0736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Korea%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8444-0736-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F91039109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905114217/http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf">"Hyundai's $500 Million Payments to North Korea: A Bribe or Business Deal?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Korea WebWeekly. 9 February 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/hyndais-money.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hyundai%27s+%24500+Million+Payments+to+North+Korea%3A+A+Bribe+or+Business+Deal%3F&rft.date=2003-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.law.columbia.edu%2Fcourse_00S_L9436_001%2F2004%2Fhyndais-money.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Joyce (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8">"Samsung Electronics names new-generation leaders as profit soars"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031095732/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-results/samsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Samsung+Electronics+names+new-generation+leaders+as+profit+soars&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-samsung-elec-results%2Fsamsung-electronics-names-new-generation-leaders-as-profit-soars-idUSKBN1CZ2U8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoCT2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoCT2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916025652/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">"Romanization of Korean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a></i>. Ministry of Culture & Tourism. July 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">the original</a> on 16 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+Korean&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2Fkorea%2Fkor_loca.asp%3Fcode%3DA020303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incheonilbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1043246">"Where have you been, Chinese Characters? 72. Chaebol"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incheon_Ilbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incheon Ilbo (page does not exist)">Incheon Ilbo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:인천일보">ko</a>]</span>. 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+have+you+been%2C+Chinese+Characters%3F+72.+Chaebol&rft.pub=Incheon+Ilbo%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.incheonilbo.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D1043246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kohli, Atul (1994). "Where do high growth Political economies come from? The Japanese lineage of Korea's "Developmental State"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>World Development</i>. <b>22</b> (9): 1269–1293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-750X%2894%2990004-3">10.1016/0305-750X(94)90004-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Where+do+high+growth+Political+economies+come+from%3F+The+Japanese+lineage+of+Korea%27s+%22Developmental+State%22&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1269-1293&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-750X%2894%2990004-3&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Atul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsweek_Staff2006" class="citation news cs1">Newsweek Staff (29 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/daewoo-surviving-bust-111249">"Daewoo: Surviving a Bust-Up"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130222933/https://www.newsweek.com/daewoo-surviving-bust-111249">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Daewoo%3A+Surviving+a+Bust-Up&rft.date=2006-10-29&rft.au=Newsweek+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fdaewoo-surviving-bust-111249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/26/south-koreas-lee-kun-hee-who-made-samsung-a-global-powerhouse-dies-at-78.html">"South Korea's Lee Kun-hee, who made Samsung a global powerhouse, dies at 78"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea%27s+Lee+Kun-hee%2C+who+made+Samsung+a+global+powerhouse%2C+dies+at+78&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fsouth-koreas-lee-kun-hee-who-made-samsung-a-global-powerhouse-dies-at-78.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Dong-Woon (April 2003). "Interlocking Ownership in the Korean Chaebol". <i>Corporate Governance: An International Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 132–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8683.00014">10.1111/1467-8683.00014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Governance%3A+An+International+Review&rft.atitle=Interlocking+Ownership+in+the+Korean+Chaebol&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-142&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8683.00014&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Dong-Woon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskalevPark2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moskalev, Sviatoslav; Park, Seung Chan (March 2010). "South Korean Chaebols and Value-Based Management". <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>92</b>: 49–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-009-0138-5">10.1007/s10551-009-0138-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154121368">154121368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=South+Korean+Chaebols+and+Value-Based+Management&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-009-0138-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154121368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moskalev&rft.aufirst=Sviatoslav&rft.au=Park%2C+Seung+Chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2012" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Daniel (2012). <i>Korea: The Impossible Country</i>. UK: Tuttle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+Impossible+Country&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asiana-culture-idUSBREA1906U20140210">"Asiana Airlines seeks cockpit culture changer after U.S. crash"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230163951/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asiana-culture-idUSBREA1906U20140210">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Asiana+Airlines+seeks+cockpit+culture+changer+after+U.S.+crash&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-asiana-culture-idUSBREA1906U20140210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1998" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Peter M. (November 1998). "Revitalizing Korea's Chaebol". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>38</b> (11): 1018–1035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645683">10.2307/2645683</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645683">2645683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Revitalizing+Korea%27s+Chaebol&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1018-1035&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkYuhn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Seung-Rok; Yuhn, Ky-hyang (2012). "Has the Korean Model of Chaebol Succeeded?". <i>Journal of Economic Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 260–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01443581211222680">10.1108/01443581211222680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Has+the+Korean+Model+of+Chaebol+Succeeded%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-274&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F01443581211222680&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Seung-Rok&rft.au=Yuhn%2C+Ky-hyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkYuhn,_Ky-hyang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Seung-Rok; Yuhn, Ky-hyang (April 2011). "Has the Korean chaebol model succeeded?". <i>Journal of Economic Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 260–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01443581211222680">10.1108/01443581211222680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Has+the+Korean+chaebol+model+succeeded%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-274&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F01443581211222680&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Seung-Rok&rft.au=Yuhn%2C+Ky-hyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/south_korea/sk_co/website/default.html?type=chapter%25index=1&moduleID=0&taskID=0.">"South Korean Cultural Orientation"</a>. <i>fieldsupport.dliflc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043254/https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/south_korea/sk_co/website/default.html?type=chapter%25index=1&moduleID=0&taskID=0.">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fieldsupport.dliflc.edu&rft.atitle=South+Korean+Cultural+Orientation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffieldsupport.dliflc.edu%2Fproducts%2Fsouth_korea%2Fsk_co%2Fwebsite%2Fdefault.html%3Ftype%3Dchapter%2525index%3D1%26moduleID%3D0%26taskID%3D0.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeCho2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Youkyoung; Cho, Myeonghyeon (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2016.04.007">"Does control-ownership disparity matter to foreign investors in Korea?"</a>. <i>International Review of Economics & Finance</i>. <b>44</b>: 219–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iref.2016.04.007">10.1016/j.iref.2016.04.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-0560">1059-0560</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132932/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105905601630020X?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Economics+%26+Finance&rft.atitle=Does+control-ownership+disparity+matter+to+foreign+investors+in+Korea%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=219-231&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.iref.2016.04.007&rft.issn=1059-0560&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Youkyoung&rft.au=Cho%2C+Myeonghyeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.iref.2016.04.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoeOh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Joe, Denis Yongmin; Oh, Frederick Dongchuhl (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2017.10.002">"Foreign investor behavior in Korea after the 1997 Asian financial crisis"</a>. <i>Journal of the Japanese and International Economies</i>. <b>46</b>: 69–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jjie.2017.10.002">10.1016/j.jjie.2017.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-1583">0889-1583</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132929/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158317300552?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Japanese+and+International+Economies&rft.atitle=Foreign+investor+behavior+in+Korea+after+the+1997+Asian+financial+crisis&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=69-78&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jjie.2017.10.002&rft.issn=0889-1583&rft.aulast=Joe&rft.aufirst=Denis+Yongmin&rft.au=Oh%2C+Frederick+Dongchuhl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jjie.2017.10.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkabaBudde,_FlorianJungkiu_Choi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Akaba, Yuji; Budde, Florian; Jungkiu Choi (1 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=5f415648-0f8c-4e09-b4e1-b55ac6bf1fcc%40sessionmgr13&hid=14">"Restructuring South Korea's Chaebol"</a>. <i>McKinsey Quarterly</i> (4): 68–79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Restructuring+South+Korea%27s+Chaebol&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=68-79&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft.aulast=Akaba&rft.aufirst=Yuji&rft.au=Budde%2C+Florian&rft.au=Jungkiu+Choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ebscohost.com%2Fehost%2Fpdfviewer%2Fpdfviewer%3Fvid%3D2%26sid%3D5f415648-0f8c-4e09-b4e1-b55ac6bf1fcc%2540sessionmgr13%26hid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremack2017" class="citation book cs1">Premack, Rachel (21 August 2017). "South-koreas-conglomerates". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/frankel/files/skorea-conglomerates2017sage.pdf"><i>South Korea's Conglomerates</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SAGE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F237455680324.n1">10.1177/237455680324.n1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South-koreas-conglomerates&rft.btitle=South+Korea%27s+Conglomerates&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F237455680324.n1&rft.aulast=Premack&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffrankel%2Ffiles%2Fskorea-conglomerates2017sage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghionGurievJo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aghion, Philippe; Guriev, Sergei; Jo, Kangchul (9 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article/36/108/593/6350484">"Chaebols and firm dynamics in Korea"</a>. <i>Economic Policy</i>. <b>36</b> (108): 593–626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fepolic%2Feiab016">10.1093/epolic/eiab016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-4658">0266-4658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Chaebols+and+firm+dynamics+in+Korea&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=593-626&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fepolic%2Feiab016&rft.issn=0266-4658&rft.aulast=Aghion&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Guriev%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Jo%2C+Kangchul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Feconomicpolicy%2Farticle%2F36%2F108%2F593%2F6350484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukagawa1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fukagawa, Yukiko (1997). "East Asian Development Experience: Economic System Approach And Its Applicability". <i>East Asian Development Experience: Economic System Approach and Its Applicability = East Asian Development Experience: Economic System Approach and Its Applicability</i>. Institute of Developing Economies: 79–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20561%2F00025460">10.20561/00025460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Development+Experience%3A+Economic+System+Approach+and+Its+Applicability+%3D+East+Asian+Development+Experience%3A+Economic+System+Approach+and+Its+Applicability&rft.atitle=East+Asian+Development+Experience%3A+Economic+System+Approach+And+Its+Applicability&rft.pages=79-103&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20561%2F00025460&rft.aulast=Fukagawa&rft.aufirst=Yukiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_&_Young" class="citation web cs1">Ernst & Young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea/$FILE/EY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea.pdf">"EY G20 Country Report 2013 South Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ernst & Young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211231/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea/$FILE/EY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EY+G20+Country+Report+2013+South+Korea&rft.pub=Ernst+%26+Young&rft.au=Ernst+%26+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.com%2FPublication%2FvwLUAssets%2FEY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea%2F%24FILE%2FEY-G20-country-report-2013-South-Korea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChaebolsKoreatownManhattan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChaebolsKoreatownManhattan_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Kim,_photography_by_Gary_He2018" class="citation web cs1">Sam Kim, photography by Gary He (31 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.eater.com/2018/7/31/17633796/k-town-nyc-restaurants-chains-report">"NYC's K-Town Isn't What It Used to Be"</a>. Vox Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230164023/https://ny.eater.com/2018/7/31/17633796/k-town-nyc-restaurants-chains-report">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Most mom-and-pops are gone, and 32nd Street is now dominated by chains due to high rents and policies in Korea itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYC%27s+K-Town+Isn%27t+What+It+Used+to+Be&rft.pub=Vox+Media&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.au=Sam+Kim%2C+photography+by+Gary+He&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.eater.com%2F2018%2F7%2F31%2F17633796%2Fk-town-nyc-restaurants-chains-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2018" class="citation web cs1">Albert, Eleanor (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge">"South Korea's Chaebol Challenge"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Chaebol+Challenge&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fsouth-koreas-chaebol-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/lcd-makers-fined-388-million-for-alleged-price-fixing/">"LCD makers fined $388 million for alleged price fixing"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210845/https://www.cnet.com/news/lcd-makers-fined-388-million-for-alleged-price-fixing/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=LCD+makers+fined+%24388+million+for+alleged+price+fixing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Flcd-makers-fined-388-million-for-alleged-price-fixing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15816702">"Return of the overlord"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 31 March 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424182407/http://www.economist.com/node/15816702">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+overlord&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15816702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSang-hun2016" class="citation web cs1">Sang-hun, Choe (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/business/international/south-korea-lotte-chaebol-conglomerate-indicted.html">"Family Behind Korean Conglomerate Lotte Is Indicted in Corruption Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230164031/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/business/international/south-korea-lotte-chaebol-conglomerate-indicted.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Family+Behind+Korean+Conglomerate+Lotte+Is+Indicted+in+Corruption+Case&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sang-hun&rft.aufirst=Choe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fsouth-korea-lotte-chaebol-conglomerate-indicted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFickling2016" class="citation news cs1">Fickling, David (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-07-07/chaebol-behaving-badly-aren-t-korea-s-biggest-worry">"Don't Fret Over the Chaebol"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Gadfly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Gadfly&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Fret+Over+the+Chaebol&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Fickling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgadfly%2Farticles%2F2016-07-07%2Fchaebol-behaving-badly-aren-t-korea-s-biggest-worry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21648178-dark-side-family-capitalism-those-have">"To those that have"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 18 April 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230163956/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2015/04/16/to-those-that-have">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=To+those+that+have&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21648178-dark-side-family-capitalism-those-have&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lee, Phil-Sang (2000). "Economic Crisis and Chaebol Reform in Korea". <i>APEC Study Center</i>. Discussion Paper Series, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Business_School" title="Columbia Business School">Columbia Business School</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APEC+Study+Center&rft.atitle=Economic+Crisis+and+Chaebol+Reform+in+Korea&rft.volume=Discussion+Paper+Series%2C+Columbia+Business+School&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Phil-Sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_real_reform_possible_at_South_Korea's_chaebols?-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Is_real_reform_possible_at_South_Korea's_chaebols?_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaswani2017" class="citation web cs1">Vaswani, Karishma (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39690629">"Is real reform possible at South Korea's chaebols?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201230163135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39690629">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+real+reform+possible+at+South+Korea%27s+chaebols%3F&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Vaswani&rft.aufirst=Karishma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-39690629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge">"South Korea's Chaebol Challenge"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901061231/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Chaebol+Challenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fsouth-koreas-chaebol-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChekan" class="citation web cs1">Chekan, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210233654/http://uskoreainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Chekan_YB2010.pdf">"Korea and the Great Recession: The Effects of Chaebol Reform on South Korea's Recovery from the 2008 Financial Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uskoreainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Chekan_YB2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea+and+the+Great+Recession%3A+The+Effects+of+Chaebol+Reform+on+South+Korea%27s+Recovery+from+the+2008+Financial+Crisis&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.aulast=Chekan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuskoreainstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F05%2FChekan_YB2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Lew2013" class="citation book cs1">S. Lew (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIkBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>The Korean Economic Developmental Path: Confucian Tradition, Affective Network</i></a>. Springer. pp. 106–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34729-9"><bdi>978-1-137-34729-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230164012/https://books.google.com/books?id=vIkBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Economic+Developmental+Path%3A+Confucian+Tradition%2C+Affective+Network&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34729-9&rft.au=S.+Lew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIkBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6oS0PF88S0"><i>Korea's chaebol on social media: Pure communication or marketing tool?</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211108/q6oS0PF88S0">archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+chaebol+on+social+media%3A+Pure+communication+or+marketing+tool%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dq6oS0PF88S0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaebol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beck, Peter M. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000829094854/http://www.keia.com/chaebol2000.pdf">Are Korea's Chaebol Serious About Restructuring?</a>" Presentation at the Korea 2000 conference, 30 May 2000. Korea Economic Institute of America</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=1697767">Unfinished Business</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 17 April 2003</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=109064">Web site: South Korean conglomerates</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 11 December 1997</li> <li>Whitmore, Stuart and Nakarmi, Laxmi. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/1010/aa5.html">Guide to the Groups: The pecking order of the top 20 chaebols</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a></i>, 10 October 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516141140/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/22/content_8029589.htm">S.Korea's Samsung president resigns over corruption scandal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Business_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_organizations" title="Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_organizations" title="Template talk:Business organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Business_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Business organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organization" title="Employers' organization">Employers' organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">Chamber of commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-professional_association" title="Inter-professional association">Inter-professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_industry_trade_associations" title="List of food industry trade associations">List of food industry trade associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industry_trade_groups_in_the_United_States" title="List of industry trade groups in the United States">List of industry trade groups in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Cooperative federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaebol</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_(enterprise)" title="Combine (enterprise)">Combine</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concern_(business)" title="Concern (business)">Concern</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a> (Anglosphere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(business)" title="Xi (business)">Xi</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">Business network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a> (Greater China and Southeast Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_alliance" title="Business alliance">Business alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_joint_venture" title="International joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">Patent pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oppositional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Company registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_South_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Template:Economy of South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Economy of South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_South_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of South Korea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_South_Korea" title="Five-Year Plans of South Korea">Five-Year Plans of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-Chemical_Industry_Drive" title="Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive">Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Japan–South Korea trade dispute">South Korea–Japan trade dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won_(1945%E2%80%931953)" title="South Korean won (1945–1953)">Won (1945–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_hwan" title="South Korean hwan">Hwan (1953–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">Won (1962–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Minting_and_Security_Printing_Corporation" title="Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation">Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Korea" title="Agriculture in South Korea">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_South_Korea" title="Rice production in South Korea">Rice production</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_South_Korea" title="Defense industry of South Korea">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_markets_in_South_Korea" title="List of markets in South Korea">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_South_Korea" title="Retailing in South Korea">Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Semiconductor industry in South Korea">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_movement_of_South_Korea" title="Labor movement of South Korea">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Korea" title="Poverty in South Korea">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_South_Korea" title="Unemployment in South Korea">Unemployment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment_in_South_Korea" title="Youth unemployment in South Korea">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance_in_South_Korea" title="Work–life balance in South Korea">Work-life balance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Korea_Pipeline" title="Trans-Korea Pipeline">Trans-Korea Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Pipeline_Korea" title="South–North Pipeline Korea">South–North Pipeline Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Exchange" title="Korea Exchange">Korea Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOSPI" title="KOSPI">KOSPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOSDAQ" title="KOSDAQ">KOSDAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_South_Korea" title="List of banks in South Korea">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation">Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Financial_Investment_Association" title="Korea Financial Investment Association">Korea Financial Investment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_bond" title="Kimchi bond">Kimchi bond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free Trade Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#Membership" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Free_trade_agreements" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement_between_India_and_South_Korea" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and South Korea">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Korea_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="South Korea–Peru Free Trade Agreement">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_South_Korea" title="Free trade agreements of South Korea">Other FTAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_South_Korea" title="List of exports of South Korea">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Trade policy of South Korea">Trade policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (South Korea)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Employment_and_Labor" title="Ministry of Employment and Labor">Ministry of Employment and Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_SMEs_and_Startups" title="Ministry of SMEs and Startups">Ministry of SMEs and Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade,_Industry_and_Energy" title="Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy">Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Trade_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Fair Trade Commission (South Korea)">Fair Trade Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Financial Services Commission (South Korea)">Financial Services Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Supervisory_Service" title="Financial Supervisory Service">Financial Supervisory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Korean_Industries" title="Federation of Korean Industries">Federation of Korean Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_International_Trade_Association" title="Korea International Trade Association">Korea International Trade Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_billionaires_by_net_worth" title="List of South Korean billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaebol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Korea" title="List of companies of South Korea">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_of_South_Korea" title="List of largest companies of South Korea">Largest companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_South_Korea" title="International rankings of South Korea">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_regions_by_GDP" title="List of South Korean regions by GDP">Regions by GDP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seoul" title="Economy of Seoul">Seoul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482517#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/875134/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031090">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000014547">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555427205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&oldid=1259268165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&oldid=1259268165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chaebol" title="Category:Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Category:Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_policy" title="Category:Industrial policy">Industrial policy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2018">Articles with dead external links from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2022">Articles needing additional references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_August_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2023">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use British English from April 2020">Use British English from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Korean_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Korean IPA">Pages with Korean IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2011">Articles needing additional references from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 07:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaebol&curid=338409&diff=1259268165&oldid=1259268014&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-69fzm","wgBackendResponseTime":252,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.227","walltime":"1.519","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7340,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":212900,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17404,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":197741,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1303.394 1 -total"," 30.65% 399.458 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.76% 179.385 1 Template:Infobox_Korean_name"," 13.02% 169.668 14 Template:Cite_web"," 12.68% 165.335 3 Template:Infobox"," 10.29% 134.085 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese/Korean"," 10.08% 131.377 16 Template:Lang"," 8.00% 104.327 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 7.20% 93.855 1 Template:South_Korean_economy"," 7.06% 92.053 13 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.753","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17307830,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-fdln5","timestamp":"20241128172532","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chaebol","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaebol","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q482517","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q482517","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-10T23:19:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T07:27:57Z","headline":"South Korean business conglomerate"}</script> </body> </html>