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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redery" title="Redery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Redery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86" title="خط شحن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط شحن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navilier" title="Navilier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Navilier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rederi" title="Rederi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rederi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reederei" title="Reederei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reederei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresa_naviera" title="Empresa naviera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empresa naviera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cipveturiga_kompanio" title="Ŝipveturiga kompanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝipveturiga kompanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_maritime" title="Compagnie maritime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compagnie maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rederij" title="Rederij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rederij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodarstvo" title="Brodarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brodarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_di_navigazione" title="Compagnia di navigazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagnia di navigazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_mercium_navigandarum" title="Societas mercium navigandarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas mercium navigandarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%A3niec%C4%ABba" title="Kuģniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuģniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rederij" title="Rederij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rederij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rederi" title="Rederi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rederi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiarlag" title="Reiarlag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reiarlag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reederee" title="Reederee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Reederee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivanvarustaja" title="Laivanvarustaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laivanvarustaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rederi" title="Rederi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rederi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_company&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping company">Shipping company</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Business that transports cargo aboard ships</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port,_Postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_Maru_of_Nagasaki_port%2C_Postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">Nippon Yusen Kaisha Shipping line</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-MSC_Carolina_docked_at_Port_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Container ships are used by shipping lines to transport cargo.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>shipping line</b> or <b>shipping company</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> whose line of business is ownership and operation of <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>. </p><p>Shipping companies provide a method of distinguishing ships by different kinds of cargo: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">Bulk cargo</a> is a type of special cargo that is delivered and handled in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="General cargo">General cargo</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Break bulk cargo">break-bulk cargo</a>, refers to a wide assortment of goods that may be delivered to several ports around the world.</li> <li>Oil became a crucial part of the shipping industry in the early 20th century. Its use varied from lubrication for developed machinery, burning in boilers and industrial plants, as well as for operating engines.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil is also primarily shipped by specific shipping companies as opposed to other forms of transportation. This is considered a type of special cargo. The shipping of oil has become a debated issue due to the environmental impacts of both <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger cargo">Passenger cargo</a> is the business of transporting people on shipping lines for the purposes of relocation or recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became a growing industry near the turn of the twentieth century with the wide use of luxury <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a>. Passenger cargo became a logistical challenge by attempting to balance pleasure voyage aspects with the structural limitations and requirements of the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cargo">Special cargo</a> is a term used for one specific product being shipped to a specific port.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Inland shipping along rivers and other freshwater bodies are used to transport cargo to ports other than those along the coast. Inland shipping requires more infrastructure than ocean shipping. Rivers and lakes require infrastructure, such as river ports and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, to be considered developed and ready for commercial use. Much of this infrastructure became more widely developed during the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some principal waterways used by shipping lines in the 20th century were the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. Examples of waterway infrastructure include the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These waterways are still in use for commercial purposes today. Some waterways can only operate under seasonal conditions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> operate shipping for approximately eight months each year, but cannot continue operations during winter months when the lakes typically freeze. Most inland shipping lines are based on speed and efficiency to deliver cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_shipping">Modern shipping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary maritime transportation is bound by geographical constraints, political regulation, and commercial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern advances and innovations in shipping technology have grown the shipping industry since the twentieth century. Many of these advances include the size of vessels, the size of fleets, specialty purposes for ships within the fleet, <a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">naval architecture</a> and design, and automated ship systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of commercial interests, the maritime industry has a high level of <a href="/wiki/Contestability" class="mw-redirect" title="Contestability">contestability</a> for shipping lines. This means that the ease of entering and leaving the industry is high.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of this is due to the purchase of secondhand ships, the return on which can often be covered fairly quickly for commercial ships. Newer, expensive ships require a larger return on the investment but pay off quickly. This is because these ships typically cater to a larger, more expensive crowd. For instance, new <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> can often be paid off within ten years due to the entrepreneurial nature of its intended purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Innovations in the shipping industry are also being utilized by shipping lines to find solutions to global problems. For example, modern technology and research is being used to analyze the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a> disappearing while at sea. These problems are being researched in part by government agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> that operates in the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While part of this issue is due to human error as a result of lack of enforcement, advances in technology and ship design hope to improve the rates at which containers may be lost at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other challenges being pursued in the maritime industry include adaptation to a more <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized</a> economy. While the maritime industry has always remained global by nature, shipping lines are now experiencing phenomenon that is unprecedented in scale or unseen at all before the 21st century. Many of these issues surround the nature of increased cooperation in the maritime industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, cooperation among many shipping lines in the industry is causing an anticompetitive market. This is one of the reasons for the high level of contestability in the shipping industry. With more cooperation among shipping lines, there are larger rates of ships and companies entering and leaving the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, business and economic analysists are attempting to find solutions to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anticompetitive practices</a> and promote competitive growth in the maritime industry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_shipping">British shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large-scale shipping lines became widespread in the nineteenth century, after the development of the <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> in 1783. At first, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> was the centre of development; in 1819, the first steamship crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> took place and by 1833, shipping lines had begun to operate steamships between Britain and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> possessions such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcvt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcvt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three major British shipping lines were founded in the 1830s: the British and American Steam Navigation Company, the Great Western Steamship Company and the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcvt_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcvt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_shipping">American shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States federal government passed the Shipping Act of 1916 as a protection agency for American shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act, passed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but before the nation officially entered the war, helped American shipping lines during a period when commercial shipping grew under the demands of the war. Under this act, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board" title="United States Shipping Board">United States Shipping Board</a> was also formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, after the end of World War I, the federal government passed the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Merchant Marine Act</a> to protect American shipping interests in response to changing foreign shipping policy. The responsibilities established under the Shipping Act were eventually transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Franklin D. Roosevelt.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission" title="Federal Maritime Commission">Federal Maritime Commission</a> was created in 1961 by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President John F. Kennedy</a> to regulate shipping activity in the United States, finally giving blanket authority to one shipping commission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Administration" title="United States Maritime Administration">United States Maritime Administration</a>, or MARAD, was founded to regulate the merchant marine industry and fleet. However, a sharp rise in international ocean trade gave the two agencies expanded power in the growing maritime industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_companies" title="List of ship companies">List of ship companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_portal" title="Shipping portal">Shipping portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Shipping_Council" title="World Shipping Council">World Shipping Council</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping_line&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy, A. C. (1928). <i>Seaways and Seatrade</i>. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodrigue, J. P. (2017). “Maritime Transportation”. <i>The Geography of Transport Systems</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1762">https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=1762</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavies1986" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, J. E. (1986). "Competition, Contestability and the Liner Shipping Industry". <i>Journal of Transport Economics and Policy</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 299–312. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20052790">20052790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transport+Economics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Competition%2C+Contestability+and+the+Liner+Shipping+Industry&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-312&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20052790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShipping+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frey, O. T., DeVogelaere, A. P. (2014, March). “The Containerized Shipping Industry and the Phenomenon of Containers Lost at Sea”. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-prod/media/archive/science/conservation/pdfs/lostcontainers.pdf">https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-prod/media/archive/science/conservation/pdfs/lostcontainers.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthibarajSubramanianPalaniappanLai2018" class="citation journal cs1">Parthibaraj, Calwin S.; Subramanian, Nachiappan; Palaniappan, P.L.K.; Lai, Kee-hung (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48894/1/Sustainable%20Decision%20Model%20.pdf">"Sustainable decision model for liner shipping industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Computers & Operations Research</i>. <b>89</b>: 213–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cor.2015.12.005">10.1016/j.cor.2015.12.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Operations+Research&rft.atitle=Sustainable+decision+model+for+liner+shipping+industry&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=213-229&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cor.2015.12.005&rft.aulast=Parthibaraj&rft.aufirst=Calwin+S.&rft.au=Subramanian%2C+Nachiappan&rft.au=Palaniappan%2C+P.L.K.&rft.au=Lai%2C+Kee-hung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F48894%2F1%2FSustainable%2520Decision%2520Model%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShipping+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcvt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcvt_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcvt_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml">British History - Victorian Technology</a>, BBC History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“History of the Federal Maritime Commission”. (2019, March 11). 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