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Onkologio - Vikipedio

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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksteraj ligiloj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksteraj_ligiloj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Onkologio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 90 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologie" title="Onkologie — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onkologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncoloch%C3%ADa" title="Oncolochía — aragona" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oncolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم الأورام — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأورام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D9%89" title="اونكولوچى — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اونكولوچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolox%C3%ADa" title="Oncoloxía — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oncoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologiya" title="Onkologiya — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onkologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="اونکولوژی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اونکولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анкалогія — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анкалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анкалёгія — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анкалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Онкология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্যান্সারবিজ্ঞান — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্সারবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — bosna" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oncologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شێرپەنجەناسی — sorana" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologie" title="Onkologie — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Onkologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncoleg" title="Oncoleg — kimra" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oncoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologie" title="Onkologie — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Onkologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ογκολογία — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ογκολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oncology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolog%C3%ADa" title="Oncología — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oncología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkoloogia" title="Onkoloogia — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Onkoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologia" title="Onkologia — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onkologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سرطان‌شناسی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologia" title="Onkologia — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Onkologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologie" title="Oncologie — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oncologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkology" title="Onkology — okcident-frisa" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Onkology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="okcident-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinceola%C3%ADocht" title="Oinceolaíocht — irlanda" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oinceolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolox%C3%ADa" title="Oncoloxía — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oncoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology — haŭsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Oncology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haŭsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אונקולוגיה — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונקולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अर्बुदविज्ञान — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्बुदविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkol%C3%B3gia" title="Onkológia — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Onkológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուռուցքաբանություն — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուռուցքաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia — Interlingvao" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oncologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingvao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologio" title="Onkologio — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Onkologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86xlafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Æxlafræði — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æxlafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oncologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="腫瘍学 — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腫瘍学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ონკოლოგია — kartvela" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="kartvela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология — kazaĥa" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Онкология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%ED%95%99" title="종양학 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종양학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="اونکولوجی — kaŝmira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اونکولوجی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaŝmira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkoloj%C3%AE" title="Onkolojî — kurda" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Onkolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология — kirgiza" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Онкология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oncologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkolo%C4%A3ija" title="Onkoloģija — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Onkoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Онкологија — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Онкологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8" title="അർബുദ ചികിൽസ — malajalama" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർബുദ ചികിൽസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="अङ्कोलोजी — nevara" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अङ्कोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologie" title="Oncologie — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oncologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ओन्कोलोजी — Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ओन्कोलोजी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologia" title="Onkologia — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Onkologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرطانپوهنه — paŝtua" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرطانپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paŝtua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologia" title="Oncologia — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oncologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologie" title="Oncologie — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oncologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Онкология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanseri" title="Kanseri — ruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanseri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ओन्कोलोजी — sanskrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओन्कोलोजी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="آنگڪولاجي (طب) — sinda" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آنگڪولاجي (طب)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පිළිකා රෝග අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාව — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිළිකා රෝග අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oncology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkol%C3%B3gia" title="Onkológia — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Onkológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologjia" title="Onkologjia — albana" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Onkologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologija" title="Onkologija — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Onkologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Onkologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புற்றுநோயியல் — tamila" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புற்றுநோயியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Саратоншиносӣ — taĝika" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саратоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taĝika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="วิทยามะเร็ง — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยามะเร็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkolohiya" title="Onkolohiya — tagaloga" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Onkolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkoloji" title="Onkoloji — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Onkoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология — tatara" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Онкология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Онкологія — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Онкологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلعیات — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkologiya" title="Onkologiya — uzbeka" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Onkologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ung thư học — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolohiya" title="Oncolohiya — varaja" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oncolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肿瘤学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ონკოლოგია — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ონკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אנקאלאגיע — jida" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנקאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jida" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肿瘤学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="腫瘤學 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腫瘤學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162555#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Onkologio" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspekto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><p><b>Onkologio</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greke" class="mw-redirect" title="Greke">greke</a> όγκος „ŝveliĝo“ kaj λόγος „instruo, scienco“) estas la scienco, kiu traktas la diversajn specojn de <a href="/wiki/Kancero" title="Kancero">kancero</a>. </p><p>En malvasta senco onkologio estas la fako de <a href="/wiki/Medicino" title="Medicino">medicino</a>, kiu traktas la preventon, diagnozadon, terapion kaj postmalsanan pacientan prizorgon de agresemaj ("malignaj") <a href="/wiki/Tumoro" title="Tumoro">tumoroj</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevento">Prevento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Prevento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Prevento"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multaj streboj de la kuracistoj kaj laboratoriaj sciencistoj de onkologio celas preventi kanceron aŭ subpremi ĝian disvastiĝon en la korpo de la paciento. Centran signifon havas la ekkono de riskofaktoroj. Pri tiu tasko onkologoj kunlaboras kun epidemiologoj kaj ekzemple statistike evaluas la malsanohistoriojn de grandaj kvantoj da pacientoj. La kono pri riskofaktoroj helpas dumaniere: </p> <ul><li>Se riskofaktoro montriĝas signifa kaŭzo de kanceraj malsanoj, oni provas redukti la aperon de la substanco respektive la kontakton de homoj kun ĝi. Ekzemple eblas decidi pri teknikaj maksimumaj koncentraĵoj de unuopaj substancoj en konstruaĵoj aŭ en home uzataj objektoj. Aŭ eblas difini konsilojn por homa konduto, ekzemple prisana eduko rilate al rezigno pri <a href="/wiki/Fumado" title="Fumado">fumado</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Laŭ riskofaktoroj eblas identigi homgrupojn aparte danĝerigitajn pri malsaniĝo, kaj eblas fari serĉajn esplorojn inter la anoj de tiuj grupoj por laŭeble diagnozi malsaniĝon jam en komenca fazo. Celo estas identigi kaj terapii malignan kreskadon de ĉeloj antaŭ ol kancera malsano erupcias.</li></ul> <p>Esenca parto de ĉia prevento estas la esploro pri ekesto de kancero. El tio povas rezulti novaj vojoj en la prevento, diagnozado kaj terapio de kancero. Ekzistas internacia reto de onkologiaj esploraj centroj, kaj la translima interŝanĝo de informoj fortas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnozado">Diagnozado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Diagnozado" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Diagnozado"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komenco de ĉia serĉo pri kancera diagnozo estas la <a href="/wiki/Anamnezo" title="Anamnezo">anamnezo</a>, la intervjuo, en kiu la kuracisto demandas la kuraciston pri simptomoj, riskofaktoroj kaj rilataj informoj. Sur la bazo de la respondoj estas rekomendataj ĝenerale aŭ specife serĉaj esploroj, aparte </p> <ul><li>laboratoriaj esploroj de korpaj likvaĵoj,</li> <li>la citologia, mikroskopa esploro de korpaj histoj, kaj</li> <li>esploroj per bildigaj metodoj, ekzemple <a href="/wiki/Komputila_tomografio" title="Komputila tomografio">komputila tomografio</a> aŭ <a href="/wiki/Magneta_resonanca_tomografio" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneta resonanca tomografio">magneta resonanca tomografio</a>.</li></ul> <p>Se rezultas aŭ praviĝas la suspekto pri kancero, oni kutime provas ekhavi definitivan diagnozon laŭ la histologia aŭ citologia esploro de histo el la koncerna korpa areo. Samtempe oni provas taksi, en kiu stadio estas la agresema tumoro. Pro la ofte vivdanĝeriga prognozo de kancero unuflanke kaj la severaj riskoj kaj nedezirataj kromefikoj de la terapiaj metodoj aliflanke endas investi multe da energio kaj tempo en tiun diagnozadon – foje ankaŭ pravigeblas apartaj esploraj operacoj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terapio">Terapio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Terapio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Terapio"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La plej gravaj terapiaj metodaroj de onkologio estas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onkologia_kirurgio" title="Onkologia kirurgio">kirurgia</a> forpreno de la tumoro(j),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioterapio" title="Radioterapio">radioterapio</a> aŭ <a href="/wiki/Radiologio" title="Radiologio">radiologia</a> <a href="/wiki/Terapio" title="Terapio">terapio</a>, laŭ kiu al la tumora <a href="/wiki/Histo" title="Histo">histo</a> estas direktataj aparte altaj dozoj de <a href="/wiki/Jono" title="Jono">joniga</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiado" title="Radiado">radiado</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemiterapio" title="Kemiterapio">kemiterapio</a> aŭ medikamenta terapio per kontraŭkanceraj <a href="/wiki/Farmako" title="Farmako">farmakoj</a>,</li> <li>kaj aldone ankaŭ pliaj medikamentaj traktoj per relative novaj substancoj kiel <i>monoklonalaj antikorpoj</i> aŭ <i>tirosino-kinazo-malhelpiloj</i>.</li></ul> <p>La onkologiaj terapiroj celas aŭ la detruon de la tuta tumora histo ("kurativa", do saniga terapio), aŭ, se tio ne plu eblas, la malgrandigon de la tumora histo kun la celo, plilongigi la vivodaŭron de la paciento kaj redukti protumorajn simptomojn ("paliativa", do nur malplidoloriga terapio). </p><p>Por diversaj tumoroj establiĝis apartaj terapiaj skemoj, kiuj daŭre optimiĝas en grandaj internaciaj studoj. Laŭ la diagnozata tumora stadio la kuracistoj diskutas kun la pacientoj la unuopajn ŝancojn kaj riskojn de la terapiaj alternativoj. Gravas realisme prijuĝi la ĝeneralan fortecon de la paciento kaj la aldonajn malsanojn, ne rekte ligitajn al la kancero, ĉar ĉiuj terapioj estas aldona streso por la korpo, kiun ĝi devas povi trakti. Eblas kombini plurajn el la supre menciataj terapiaj metodaroj, aŭ kombini ekzemple plurajn medikamentajn terapiojn. Tamen menciindas, ke aparte en progresintaj stadioj malignaj tumoroj malgraŭ ĉiuj esploraj progresoj estas signifa medicina problemo, ofte ne sanigebla, kaj ke la riskoj kaj nedezirataj kromefikoj de la terapiaj metodoj ankaŭ restas granda problemo. </p><p>Tial daŭre estas fortaj streboj trovi iajn pli "mildajn" terapiajn metodojn, kiuj efike kontraŭbatalas kancerajn malsanojn sen tiom damaĝi la pacientojn. Ekzemploj de tiaj novaj terapiaj metodoj estas ekzemple </p> <ul><li>altfrekvencoindukcia termoterapio aŭ</li> <li>psikoonkologio por la trakto de psikaj komplikaĵoj de onkologiaj malsanoj.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institucioj">Institucioj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redakti sekcion: Institucioj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Institucioj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Curie_(Parizo)" title="Instituto Curie (Parizo)">Instituto Curie (Parizo)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksteraj_ligiloj">Eksteraj ligiloj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj ligiloj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkologio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Eksteraj ligiloj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telescan.nki.nl/code/index.html">"la eŭropa kodo kontraŭ kancero" (paĝoj anglaj, parte ankaŭ francaj, germanaj, hispanaj, italaj kaj nederlandaj)</a><span title="Kelkfoje okazas, ke ligilo en Vikipedio ne plu atingeblas. Se eble, trovu la korektan ligilon kaj enmeti ĝin ĉi tie, alikaze forigu la ligilon kaj, se tio temas pri noto, enmetu la ŝablonon &#123;&#123;citon&#125;&#125;." style="background:#ffeaea; color:#444444"></span><sup class="noprint" title="Kelkfoje okazas, ke ligilo en Vikipedio ne plu atingeblas. 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