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[o]" accesskey="o"> Skrá inn</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Síður fyrir útskráða notendur <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:Introduction" aria-label="Læra meira um breytingar">Læra meira</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Framl%C3%B6g_m%C3%ADn" title="Listi yfir breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [y]" accesskey="y">Framlög</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Spjallas%C3%AD%C3%B0a_m%C3%ADn" title="Spjall um breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [n]" accesskey="n">Spjall</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vefsíða"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Efni" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Efni</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">fela</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjun</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Heiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Heiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Saga </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Saga undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forsögulegur_tími" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forsögulegur_tími"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Forsögulegur tími </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forsögulegur_tími-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piast-ætt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piast-ætt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Piast-ætt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piast-ætt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jagiellon-ætt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jagiellon-ætt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Jagiellon-ætt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jagiellon-ætt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pólsk-litháíska_samveldið" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pólsk-litháíska_samveldið"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pólsk-litháíska samveldið </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pólsk-litháíska_samveldið-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upplausn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upplausn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Upplausn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upplausn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uppreisnir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uppreisnir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Uppreisnir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uppreisnir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annað_pólska_lýðveldið" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annað_pólska_lýðveldið"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Annað pólska lýðveldið </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annað_pólska_lýðveldið-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seinni_heimsstyrjöld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seinni_heimsstyrjöld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Seinni heimsstyrjöld </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seinni_heimsstyrjöld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommúnistastjórnin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommúnistastjórnin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Kommúnistastjórnin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommúnistastjórnin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eftir_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eftir_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Eftir 1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eftir_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landfræði" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Landfræði </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stjórnmál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stjórnmál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Stjórnmál </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stjórnmál-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Stjórnmál undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Stjórnmál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Héruð" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Héruð"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Héruð </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Héruð-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efnahagslíf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efnahagslíf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Efnahagslíf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efnahagslíf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Íbúar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Íbúar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Íbúar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Íbúar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Íbúar undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Íbúar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Borgir_og_bæir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borgir_og_bæir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Borgir og bæir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borgir_og_bæir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Menning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sýna/fela Menning undirkafla </button> <ul id="toc-Menning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matargerð" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matargerð"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Matargerð </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matargerð-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilvísanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilvísanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tilvísanir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilvísanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenglar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenglar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tenglar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenglar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pólland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 305 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" > 305 tungumál </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – abkasíska" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – akkíska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="akkíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Полшэ – adýge" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adýge" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – afríkanska" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afríkanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – amharíska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – aragonska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – fornenska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – angíka" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angíka" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولندا – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – arameíska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پولونيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – assamska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamska" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – avaríska" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%C3%B1a" title="Puluña – aímara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aímara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – balíska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – bíslama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bíslama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – bengalska" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – tíbeska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tíbeska" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – bosníska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – búgíska" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="búgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Польшо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tsjetsjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – kebúanó" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="kebúanó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – kamorró" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="kamorró" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – Cherokee-mál" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee-mál" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sjeyen" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="sjeyen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پۆڵەندا – miðkúrdíska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="miðkúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – korsíska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – krímtyrkneska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krímtyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsk%C3%B4" title="Pòlskô – kasúbíska" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasúbíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пол҄ьска – kirkjuslavneska" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kirkjuslavneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – sjúvas" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="sjúvas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – velska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – lágsorbneska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lágsorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – dívehí" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dívehí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – dsongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dsongka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisa" title="Pɔlisa – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – gríska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gríska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a" title="Poloña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهستان – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – fúla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fúla" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – fídjeyska" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fídjeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – færeyska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – norðurfrísneska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="norðurfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – fríúlska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="fríúlska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – írska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – gagás" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagás" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2gn" title="Pològn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ph%C3%B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – skosk gelíska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skosk gelíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Polóña – gvaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – gotneska" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="પોલેંડ – gújaratí" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gújaratí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – manska" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – hása" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hása" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n" title="Pô-làn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dlani" title="Pōlani – havaíska" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פולין – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – hindí" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindí" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – króatíska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="króatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – hásorbneska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hásorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2y" title="Polòy – haítíska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haítíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lengyelország – ungverska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեհաստան – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – íban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="íban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – ígbó" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ígbó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – ínúpíak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="ínúpíak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ílokó" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ílokó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Полхехье – ingús" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingús" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ídó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ídó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B3%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – inúktitút" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inúktitút" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポーランド – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – javanska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – georgíska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – kabíle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabíle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лэхьый – kabardíska" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94%C9%94%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – kongóska" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongóska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – kíkújú" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kíkújú" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – kasakska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – kmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Польска – kómí-permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="kómí-permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – karasaíbalkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karasaíbalkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – kasmírska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasmírska" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – kölníska" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölníska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – kúrdíska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – komíska" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – kornbreska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornbreska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – kirgiska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ladínska" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – lúxemborgíska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lúxemborgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – lesgíska" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – limbúrgíska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbúrgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – laó" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laó" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – madúrska" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madúrska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – maítílí" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maítílí" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полень мастор – moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4nia" title="Pôlônia – malagasíska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – maorí" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – mínangkabá" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="mínangkabá" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полска – makedónska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളണ്ട് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88" title="Польш – mongólska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongólska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – manípúrí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manípúrí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – maratí" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratí" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – malaíska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – maltneska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – mirandesíska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – búrmneska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="búrmneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Польша Мастор – ersja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لهستون – masanderaní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="masanderaní" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – napólíska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napólíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – lágþýska; lágsaxneska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lágþýska; lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – lágsaxneska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – nepalska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – nevarí" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarí" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – norðursótó" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="norðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – navahó" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navahó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – nýanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nýanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – oksítaníska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksítaníska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1u" title="Pol'šu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6" title="Польшæ – ossetíska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – púnjabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="púnjabí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pangasínmál" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasínmál" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – papíamentó" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papíamentó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – palí" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="palí" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="پولنډ – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – kvesjúa" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kvesjúa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna – rómanska" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pologna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rómanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – rúndí" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rúndí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – arúmenska" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Польско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – kínjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kínjarvanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – sanskrít" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrít" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – jakút" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakút" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – santalí" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalí" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – sardínska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – sikileyska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sikileyska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – skoska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skoska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ – sindí" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindí" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – norðursamíska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="norðursamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6l%C3%B4ni" title="Pölôni – sangó" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sangó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – serbókróatíska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbókróatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – sjan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="sjan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝලන්තය – singalíska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsko" title="Poľsko – slóvakíska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slóvakíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – samóska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samóska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – enaresamíska" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – sómalska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="sómalska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пољска – serbneska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – svatí" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svatí" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – suðursótó" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="suðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – súndanska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="súndanska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – sænska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sænska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – svahílí" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahílí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து – tamílska" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamílska" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పోలాండ్ – telúgú" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telúgú" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – tetúm" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetúm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лаҳистон – tadsjikska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – taílenska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taílenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – tígrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tígrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – túrkmenska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="túrkmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1a" title="Polša – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Polša" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – tongverska" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tokpisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tokpisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tyrkneska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – tarókó" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="tarókó" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tatarska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – túmbúka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="túmbúka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – tví" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="tví" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – tahítíska" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahítíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – túvínska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="túvínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – údmúrt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="údmúrt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لەھىستان – úígúr" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="úígúr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Польща – úkraínska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="úkraínska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – úsbekska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="úsbekska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C3%B2nia" title="Połònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – víetnamska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="víetnamska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4n" title="Polän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – vallónska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – varaí" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1" title="Poloñ – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – wu-kínverska" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – sósa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="sósa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פוילן – jiddíska" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddíska" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Pólándì – jórúba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jórúba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – súang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="súang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4l%27n" title="Poôl'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – staðlað marokkóskt tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="staðlað marokkóskt tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – kínverska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n" title="Pho-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – kantónska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantónska" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – súlú" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="súlú" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Breyta tungumálatenglum" class="wbc-editpage">Breyta tenglum</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nafnrými"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Sýna efnissíðuna [c]" accesskey="c">Síða</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spjall:P%C3%B3lland" rel="discussion" title="Spallsíða þessarar síðu [t]" accesskey="t">Spjall</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1754226">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em;width:22em}@media screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{float:right}}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{float:none}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}</style> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.33em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Lýðveldið Pólland </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Rzeczpospolita Polska </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fáni Póllands"><img alt="Fáni Póllands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/100px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;max-width:50% !important;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skjaldarmerki Póllands"><img alt="Skjaldarmerki Póllands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/85px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/128px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/170px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_P%C3%B3llands" title="Fáni Póllands">Fáni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center" width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Skjaldarmerki_P%C3%B3llands" title="Skjaldarmerki Póllands">Skjaldarmerki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0s%C3%B6ngur" title="Þjóðsöngur">Þjóðsöngur</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazurek_D%C4%85browskiego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (síða er ekki enn til)">Mazurek Dąbrowskiego</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fff; padding: 0em 0 0em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:EU-Poland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kort sem sýnir staðsetningu Póllands"><img alt="Staðsetning Póllands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fu%C3%B0borg" title="Höfuðborg">Höfuðborg</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjá</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Opinbert_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Opinbert tungumál">Opinbert tungumál</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska">pólska</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_stj%C3%B3rnarfari" title="Lönd eftir stjórnarfari">Stjórnarfar</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi" title="Lýðveldi">Lýðveldi</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Forseti</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors%C3%A6tisr%C3%A1%C3%B0herra_P%C3%B3llands" title="Forsætisráðherra Póllands">Forsætisráðherra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data">Stofnun </td> <td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristnitakan_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristnitakan í Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Kristnitakan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/14._apr%C3%ADl" title="14. apríl">14. apríl</a> <a href="/wiki/966" title="966">966</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland" title="Konungsríkið Pólland">Konungsríkið Pólland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1._ma%C3%AD" title="1. maí">1. maí</a> <a href="/wiki/992" title="992">992</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lsk-lit%C3%A1%C3%ADska_samveldi%C3%B0" title="Pólsk-litáíska samveldið">Pólsk-litáíska samveldið</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1._j%C3%BAl%C3%AD" title="1. júlí">1. júlí</a> <a href="/wiki/1569" title="1569">1569</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/wiki/Skiptingar_P%C3%B3llands" title="Skiptingar Póllands">Skiptingar Póllands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/24._okt%C3%B3ber" title="24. október">24. október</a> <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Varsj%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertogadæmið Varsjá (síða er ekki enn til)">Hertogadæmið Varsjá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/22._j%C3%BAl%C3%AD" title="22. júlí">22. júlí</a> <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sameining_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sameining Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Sameining Póllands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11._n%C3%B3vember" title="11. nóvember">11. nóvember</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/wiki/Innr%C3%A1sin_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland" title="Innrásin í Pólland">Innrásin í Pólland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1._september" title="1. september">1. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C3%BE%C3%BD%C3%B0ul%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alþýðulýðveldið Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">Alþýðulýðveldið Pólland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8._apr%C3%ADl" title="8. apríl">8. apríl</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>  </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lýðveldið Pólland">Lýðveldið Pólland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/13._september" title="13. september">13. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>  </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandsaðild</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Flatarm%C3%A1l" title="Flatarmál">Flatarmál</a>  • Samtals  • Vatn (%) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_og_%C3%BAtliggjandi_yfirr%C3%A1%C3%B0asv%C3%A6%C3%B0i_eftir_st%C3%A6r%C3%B0" title="Listi yfir lönd og útliggjandi yfirráðasvæði eftir stærð">69. sæti</a> 312.696 km² 1,48 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mannfj%C3%B6ldi" title="Mannfjöldi">Mannfjöldi</a>  • Samtals (2020)  • <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A9ttleiki_bygg%C3%B0ar" title="Þéttleiki byggðar">Þéttleiki byggðar</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_eftir_mannfj%C3%B6lda" title="Listi yfir lönd eftir mannfjölda">38. sæti</a> 38.268.000 123/km² </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Verg_landsframlei%C3%B0sla" title="Verg landsframleiðsla">VLF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaupm%C3%A1ttarj%C3%B6fnu%C3%B0ur" title="Kaupmáttarjöfnuður">KMJ</a>) </td> <td class="infobox-data">áætl. <a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • Samtals</td> <td>1.363 millj. <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkjadalur" title="Bandaríkjadalur">dala</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_landsframlei%C3%B0slu_(KMJ)" title="Lönd eftir landsframleiðslu (KMJ)">19. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • Á mann</td> <td>35.957 dalir (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_landsframlei%C3%B0slu_%C3%A1_mann_(KMJ)" title="Lönd eftir landsframleiðslu á mann (KMJ)">39. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsitala_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða">VÞL</a> (2019) </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Increase2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> 0.880 (<a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_eftir_v%C3%ADsit%C3%B6lu_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Listi yfir lönd eftir vísitölu um þróun lífsgæða">35. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Gjaldmi%C3%B0ill" title="Gjaldmiðill">Gjaldmiðill</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lskt_slot" title="Pólskt slot">Pólskt slot (zł)</a> (PLN) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADmabelti" title="Tímabelti">Tímabelti</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+1 (UTC+2 <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pskur_sumart%C3%ADmi" title="Evrópskur sumartími">á sumrin</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0arl%C3%A9n" title="Þjóðarlén">Þjóðarlén</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Landsnúmer">Landsnúmer</a> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Listi yfir landsnúmer">+48</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Pólland (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska">pólska</a>: Polska), formlega Lýðveldið Pólland, er land í <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-Evrópu</a>. Það á landamæri að <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskalandi</a> í vestri, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland">Tékklandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Slóvakía">Slóvakíu</a> í suðri, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína">Úkraínu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAssland" title="Hvíta-Rússland">Hvíta-Rússlandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1en" title="Litáen">Litáen</a> í austri og <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland">Rússlandi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%ADn%C3%ADngrad" title="Kalíníngrad">Kalíníngrad</a>) í norðri.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Landið á strönd að <a href="/wiki/Eystrasalt" title="Eystrasalt">Eystrasalti</a> og renna þar árnar <a href="/wiki/Odra" title="Odra">Odra</a> og <a href="/wiki/Visla" title="Visla">Visla</a> í sjó. Pólland er landfræðilega fjölbreytt land sem nær að <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdetaland" title="Súdetaland">Súdetalandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Karpatafj%C3%B6ll" title="Karpatafjöll">Karpatafjöllum</a> í suðri. Pólland er 312.679 ferkílómetrar að flatarmáli og er níunda stærsta land Evrópu. Íbúar Póllands eru rúmlega 38 milljónir og það er sjötta fjölmennasta ríki <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandsins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjá</a> er höfuðborg landsins og stærsta borgin. Aðrar helstu borgir Póllands eru <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saga_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saga Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Saga Póllands</a> nær þúsundir ára aftur í tímann. Á <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0forn%C3%B6ld" title="Síðfornöld">síðfornöld</a> settust ýmsir þjóðflokkar og ættbálkar að á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pusl%C3%A9ttan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norður-Evrópusléttan (síða er ekki enn til)">Norður-Evrópusléttunni</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestur-P%C3%B3lanar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestur-Pólanar (síða er ekki enn til)">Vestur-Pólanar</a> lögðu hluta svæðisins undir sig og landið dregur nafn sitt af þeim. Stofnun ríkis í Póllandi má rekja til ársins 966 þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_1.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko 1. (síða er ekki enn til)">Mieszko 1.</a>, fursti yfir landsvæði sem samsvarar nokkurn veginn núverandi ríki, tók <a href="/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni">kristni</a> og snerist til <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-ka%C3%BE%C3%B3lsk_tr%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rómversk-kaþólsk trú">rómversk-kaþólskrar trúar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland" title="Konungsríkið Pólland">Konungsríkið Pólland</a> var stofnað árið 1025 og árið 1569 gekk það í konungssamband við <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B3rhertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Lit%C3%A1en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stórhertogadæmið Litáen (síða er ekki enn til)">Stórhertogadæmið Litáen</a> með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lublinsamningurinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lublinsamningurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Lublinsamningnum</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lsk-lit%C3%A1%C3%ADska_samveldi%C3%B0" title="Pólsk-litáíska samveldið">Pólsk-litáíska samveldið</a> var eitt af stærstu og fjölmennustu ríkjum Evrópu á 16. og 17. öld með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gullna_frelsi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gullna frelsið (síða er ekki enn til)">einstaklega frjálslynt</a> stjórnkerfi sem tók upp fyrstu <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1" title="Stjórnarskrá">stjórnarskrá</a> Evrópu.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_gull%C3%B6ldin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska gullöldin (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska gullöldin</a> leið undir lok við <a href="/wiki/Skiptingar_P%C3%B3llands" title="Skiptingar Póllands">skiptingar Póllands</a> af hálfu nágrannaríkja undir lok 18. aldar. Landið fékk aftur sjálfstæði þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna%C3%B0_p%C3%B3lska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annað pólska lýðveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">Annað pólska lýðveldið</a> var stofnað eftir <a href="/wiki/Versalasamningarnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Versalasamningarnir">Versalasamningana</a> 1918. Eftir röð átaka um yfirráðasvæði komst Pólland til áhrifa í evrópskum stjórnmálum á ný. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0ari_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðari heimsstyrjöldin">Síðari heimsstyrjöldin</a> hófst með <a href="/wiki/Innr%C3%A1sin_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland" title="Innrásin í Pólland">innrás Þjóðverja í Pólland</a> og síðan innrás <a href="/wiki/Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkin" title="Sovétríkin">Sovétríkjanna</a> í kjölfarið, samkvæmt <a href="/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop-s%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1linn" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop-sáttmálinn">Molotov-Ribbentrop-sáttmálanum</a> milli ríkjanna. Um sex milljón Pólverjar, þar á meðal þrjár milljónir <a href="/wiki/Helf%C3%B6rin" title="Helförin">gyðinga</a>, týndu lífinu í styrjöldinni.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Eftir stríðið varð Pólland hluti af <a href="/wiki/Austurblokkin" title="Austurblokkin">Austurblokkinni</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_al%C3%BE%C3%BD%C3%B0ul%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska alþýðulýðveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska alþýðulýðveldið</a> var stofnað. Landið var einn af stofnaðilum <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1rbandalagi%C3%B0" title="Varsjárbandalagið">Varsjárbandalagsins</a> í <a href="/wiki/Kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kalda stríðið">Kalda stríðinu</a>. Árið 1989 hófust mótmæli gegn kommúnistastjórninni og verkföll verkalýðsfélaga <a href="/wiki/Samsta%C3%B0a_(verkal%C3%BD%C3%B0sf%C3%A9lag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samstaða (verkalýðsfélag)">Samstöðu</a>. Stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sameina%C3%B0i_p%C3%B3lski_verkamannaflokkurinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sameinaði pólski verkamannaflokkurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Sameinaða pólska verkamannaflokksins</a> féll og Póllandi var breytt úr <a href="/wiki/Flokksr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Flokksræði">flokksræði</a> í <a href="/wiki/Forseta%C3%BEingr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Forsetaþingræði">forsetaþingræði</a>. Pólland er með <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Er%C3%B3a%C3%B0_marka%C3%B0shagkerfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þróað markaðshagkerfi (síða er ekki enn til)">þróað markaðshagkerfi</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> og telst til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%C3%B0veldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miðveldi (síða er ekki enn til)">miðvelda</a>. Hagkerfi Póllands er það sjötta stærsta í Evrópusambandinu að nafnvirði og það fimmta stærsta kaupmáttarjafnað.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Póllandi situr hátt á lista yfir lönd eftir <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsitala_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða">lífsgæðum</a>, og skorar hátt fyrir öryggi<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vi%C3%B0skiptafrelsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viðskiptafrelsi (síða er ekki enn til)">viðskiptafrelsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menntun_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menntun í Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Háskólamenntun</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilbrig%C3%B0is%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilbrigðisþjónusta í Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">heilbrigðisþjónusta</a> eru opinber og gjaldfrjáls.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Pólland á aðild að <a href="/wiki/Schengen-sv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen-svæðið">Schengen-svæðinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pska_efnahagssv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evrópska efnahagssvæðið">Evrópska efnahagssvæðinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ryggis-_og_samvinnustofnun_Evr%C3%B3pu" title="Öryggis- og samvinnustofnun Evrópu">Öryggis- og samvinnustofnun Evrópu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0irnar" title="Sameinuðu þjóðirnar">Sameinuðu þjóðunum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6fin_%C3%BErj%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Höfin þrjú (síða er ekki enn til)">Höfunum þremur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d-h%C3%B3purinn" title="Visegrád-hópurinn">Visegrád-hópnum</a> og <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heiti">Heiti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Heiti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Heiti">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Á <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska">pólsku</a> heitir landið Polska.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-13">[13]</a> Nafnið er dregið af heiti <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lanar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólanar (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestur-Slavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestur-Slavar (síða er ekki enn til)">vesturslavnesks</a> þjóðarbrots sem bjó við <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warta-%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warta-á (síða er ekki enn til)">Warta-á</a> frá 6. til 8. aldar.<a href="#cite_note-Lukowski_&_Zawadzki-14">[14]</a> Heiti þjóðarbrotsins er dregið af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frumslavneska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frumslavneska (síða er ekki enn til)">frumslavneska</a> orðinu pole sem merkir „akur“ og er dregið af frumindóevrópska orðinu *pleh₂- „flatlendi“.<a href="#cite_note-Lehr-Spławiński-15">[15]</a> Orðið vísar til landfræði svæðisins og flatlendrar sléttunnar í <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland_hi%C3%B0_meira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólland hið meira (síða er ekki enn til)">Póllandi hinu meira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Potkański-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath-17">[17]</a> Landið hét áður fyrr Pólínaland og íbúar þess Pólínar á <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslenska" title="Íslenska">íslensku</a>, en frá miðri 19. öld var farið að notast við orðmyndina Pólland. Nafn landsins var þýtt sem „Sléttumannaland“ í 4. hefti Fjölnis.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Latneska heitið Polonia var almennt notað í Evrópu á miðöldum.<a href="#cite_note-Buko-19">[19]</a> Annað fornt norrænt heiti á íbúum landsins er Læsir, dregið af forna heitinu Lechia sem er uppruni heitis Póllands á <a href="/wiki/Ungverska" title="Ungverska">ungversku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1%C3%ADska" title="Litáíska">litáísku</a> og <a href="/wiki/Persneska" title="Persneska">persnesku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hannan-20">[20]</a> Nafnið er dregið af sagnkonungnum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lech_og_Czech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lech og Czech (síða er ekki enn til)">Lech</a> sem átti að hafa stofnað ríki í <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland_hi%C3%B0_minna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólland hið minna (síða er ekki enn til)">Póllandi hinu minna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella-22">[22]</a> Orðið er skylt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fornp%C3%B3lska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fornpólska (síða er ekki enn til)">fornpólska</a> orðinu lęda „slétta“.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Bæði nöfnin Lechia og Polonia voru notuð af sagnariturum á miðöldum.<a href="#cite_note-Andersson_&_Morkinskinna-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saga">Saga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Saga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Saga">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forsögulegur_tími">Forsögulegur tími</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Forsögulegur tími" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Forsögulegur tími">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Elstu merki um mannabyggð (<a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>) á svæðinu eru um það bil 500.000 ára gömul, en ísaldir sem fylgdu í kjölfarið hafa gert varanlega byggð ómögulega.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Vísbendingar eru um að hópar <a href="/wiki/Neanderdalsmenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderdalsmenn">neanderdalsmanna</a> hafi hafst við í suðurhéruðum Póllands á <a href="/wiki/Eem" title="Eem">Eem-hlýskeiðinu</a> (128.000-115.000 f.o.t.) og næstu árþúsund.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Koma <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAt%C3%ADmama%C3%B0ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nútímamaður">nútímamanna</a> fór saman við lok <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0asta_%C3%ADs%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðasta ísöld">síðustu ísaldar</a> (10.000 f.Kr.) þegar Pólland varð byggilegt.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Minjar frá <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDstein%C3%B6ld" title="Nýsteinöld">nýsteinöld</a> sýna umtalsverða þróun mannabyggða á svæðinu; elstu dæmi um <a href="/wiki/Ostager%C3%B0" title="Ostagerð">ostagerð</a> í Evrópu (5500 f.Kr.) fundust í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kujav%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kujavía (síða er ekki enn til)">Kujavíu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronicice-potturinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronicice-potturinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Bronicice-potturinn</a> er grafinn með mynstri sem gæti verið elstu þekktu myndir af <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%B3l" title="Hjól">hjóli</a> (3400 f.Kr.).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brons%C3%B6ld" title="Bronsöld">Bronsöld</a> hófst í Póllandi um 2400 f.Kr. en <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rn%C3%B6ld" title="Járnöld">járnöld</a> hófst um 750 f.Kr.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Á þessum tíma varð <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAsat%C3%ADumenningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúsatíumenningin (síða er ekki enn til)">Lúsatíumenningin</a>, sem nær frá bronsöld til járnaldar, áberandi á svæðinu. Frægasti fornleifafundur frá forsögulegum tíma í Póllandi er víggirta byggðin í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biskupin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biskupin (síða er ekki enn til)">Biskupin</a> (endurbyggð sem útisafn), sem er frá Lúsatíumenningunni á síðbronsöld, um 748 f.Kr.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Mörg aðskilin menningarsamfélög settust að á svæðinu á <a href="/wiki/Klass%C3%ADsk_forn%C3%B6ld" title="Klassísk fornöld">klassískri fornöld</a>, sérstaklega <a href="/wiki/Keltar" title="Keltar">Keltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%BD%C3%BEar" title="Skýþar">Skýþar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanar">Germanar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatar" title="Sarmatar">Sarmatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavar" title="Slavar">Slavar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eystrasaltsb%C3%BAar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eystrasaltsbúar (síða er ekki enn til)">Eystrasaltsbúar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Fornleifarannsóknir hafa auk þess staðfest að <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi">rómverskar</a> herdeildir hafi komið til svæðisins.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Þetta hafa líklega verið könnunarsveitir sendar til að verja flutninga <a href="/wiki/Raf" title="Raf">rafs</a> um <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raflei%C3%B0in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafleiðin (síða er ekki enn til)">Rafleiðina</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lskir_%C3%A6ttb%C3%A1lkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólskir ættbálkar (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólskir ættbálkar</a> komu fram á <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0flutningat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Þjóðflutningatímabilið">þjóðflutningatímabilinu</a> um miðja 6. öld.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Þetta voru aðallega <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestur-Slavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestur-Slavar (síða er ekki enn til)">Vestur-Slavar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lek%C3%ADtar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekítar (síða er ekki enn til)">Lekítar</a> að uppruna, en blönduðust öðrum hópum sem búið höfðu á svæðinu í þúsundir ára.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Elstu ættbálkasamfélögin gætu tengst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wielbark-menningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wielbark-menningin (síða er ekki enn til)">Wielbark-menningunni</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przeworsk-menningin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przeworsk-menningin (síða er ekki enn til)">Przeworsk-menningunni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piast-ætt">Piast-ætt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Piast-ætt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Piast-ætt">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Poland960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/200px-Poland960.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/300px-Poland960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/400px-Poland960.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Pólland undir stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_1.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko 1. (síða er ekki enn til)">Mieszko 1.</a>, en kristnun hans markar upphaf ríkis í Póllandi árið 966.</figcaption></figure> Ríki tók að myndast í Póllandi um miðja 10. öld þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piast-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piast-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Piast-ætt</a> barðist til valda.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Árið 966 tók <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_1.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko 1. (síða er ekki enn til)">Mieszko 1.</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni">kristni</a> og gerði að ríkistrú.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Bréf um hann frá um 1080 sem ber titilinn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagome_iudex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagome iudex (síða er ekki enn til)">Dagome iudex</a> skilgreinir landamæri Póllands, segir höfuðborgina vera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gniezno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gniezno (síða er ekki enn til)">Gniezno</a> og staðfestir að konungur landsins sé undir verndarvæng <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1fad%C3%B3mur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Páfadómur (síða er ekki enn til)">Páfadóms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curta-40">[40]</a> Saga Póllands var fyrst sögð af sagnaritaranum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallus_Anonymus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallus Anonymus (síða er ekki enn til)">Gallus Anonymus</a> í ritinu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesta_principum_Polonorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesta principum Polonorum (síða er ekki enn til)">Gesta principum Polonorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Mikilvægur atburður á miðöldum var þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%B0albert_af_Prag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aðalbert af Prag (síða er ekki enn til)">Aðalbert af Prag</a> var myrtur af heiðingjum árið 997 og líkamsleifar hans keyptar fyrir þyngd þeirra í gulli af eftirmanni Mieszkos, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_1.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław 1. (síða er ekki enn til)">Bolesław 1.</a><a href="#cite_note-Curta-40">[40]</a> Árið 1000 lagði Bolesław grunninn að því sem síðar varð <a href="/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland" title="Konungsríkið Pólland">sjálfstætt konungsríki</a>. Hann fékk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skr%C3%BD%C3%B0ing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrýðing (síða er ekki enn til)">skrýðingarleyfi</a> frá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ott%C3%B3_3._keisari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottó 3. keisari (síða er ekki enn til)">Ottó 3. keisara</a> sem samþykkti stofnun <a href="/wiki/Biskupsd%C3%A6mi" title="Biskupsdæmi">biskupsdæma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curta-40">[40]</a> Fyrstu pólsku biskupsdæmin voru stofnuð í <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a> og <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Á <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eingi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Gniezno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þingið í Gniezno (síða er ekki enn til)">þinginu í Gniezno</a> gaf Ottó Bolesław konungstákn og eftirmynd af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spj%C3%B3ti%C3%B0_helga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spjótið helga (síða er ekki enn til)">spjótinu helga</a> fyrir krýningu hans sem fyrsta konungs Póllands í kringum 1025.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Bolesław stækkaði ríkið umtalsvert með því að hertaka hluta af <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAsat%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúsatía">Lúsatíu</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6ri" title="Mæri">Mæri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efra-Ungverjaland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efra-Ungverjaland (síða er ekki enn til)">Efra-Ungverjalandi</a> og svæði sem <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a> réði yfir.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/170px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/255px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/340px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasim%C3%ADr_3.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasimír 3. (síða er ekki enn til)">Kasimír 3.</a> er eini pólski konungurinn sem hefur hlotið auknefnið „hinn mikli“. Hann reisti margar byggingar og endurbætti her Póllands og lögbók í valdatíð sinni.</figcaption></figure> Umskiptin frá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavnesk_hei%C3%B0ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavnesk heiðni (síða er ekki enn til)">slavneskri heiðni</a> til kristni í Póllandi urðu ekki umsvifalaus og leiddu til andspyrnu pólskra heiðingja á 4. áratug 11. aldar.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Árið 1031 missti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_2.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko 2. (síða er ekki enn til)">Mieszko 2.</a> konungstitilinn og flúði eftir átök.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Ófriðurinn leiddi til þess að höfuðborgin var flutt til Krakár af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasim%C3%ADr_1.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasimír 1. (síða er ekki enn til)">Kasimír 1.</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Árið 1076 endurreisti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_2.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław 2. (síða er ekki enn til)">Bolesław 2.</a> konungdæmið, en var síðan bannfærður árið 1079 fyrir að myrða andstæðing sinn, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislaus_fr%C3%A1_Szczepan%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislaus frá Szczepanów (síða er ekki enn til)">Stanislaus biskup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Árið 1138 var landinu skipt í fimm furstadæmi þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_3.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław 3. (síða er ekki enn til)">Bolesław 3.</a> skipti því milli sona sinna.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Þessi furstadæmi voru <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland_hi%C3%B0_meira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólland hið meira (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólland hið meira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland_hi%C3%B0_minna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólland hið minna (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólland hið minna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A9s%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Slésía">Slésía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mas%C3%B3v%C3%ADa" title="Masóvía">Masóvía</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandomierz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandomierz (síða er ekki enn til)">Sandomierz</a>, sem stundum náði líka yfir <a href="/wiki/Pommern" title="Pommern">Pommern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Árið 1226 bað <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konr%C3%A1%C3%B0ur_1._af_Mas%C3%B3v%C3%ADu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konráður 1. af Masóvíu (síða er ekki enn til)">Konráður 1. af Masóvíu</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDsku_riddararnir" title="Þýsku riddararnir">Þýsku riddarana</a> að hjálpa sér gegn hinum heiðnu baltnesku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%BAssar_hinir_fornu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prússar hinir fornu (síða er ekki enn til)">Prússum</a>. Sú ákvörðun leiddi á endanum til stríðs gegn riddurunum.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Um miðja 13. öld reyndu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinrik_hinn_skeggja%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinrik hinn skeggjaði (síða er ekki enn til)">Hinrik hinn skeggjaði</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinrik_hinn_fr%C3%B3mi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinrik hinn frómi (síða er ekki enn til)">Hinrik hinn frómi</a> að sameina hertogadæmin, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innr%C3%A1s_Mong%C3%B3la_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innrás Mongóla í Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">innrás Mongóla í Pólland</a> og lát Hinriks fróma í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Legnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Legnica (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Legnica</a> komu í veg fyrir sameiningu.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Eyðilegging og mannfækkun í kjölfar innrásanna og eftirspurn eftir faglærðu vinnuafli leiddu til innflutnings þýskra og flæmskra handverksmanna til Póllands, sem pólsku hertogarnir studdu.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Árið 1264 fengu Gyðingar mikið sjálfstæði með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalisz-s%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1linn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalisz-sáttmálinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Kalisz-sáttmálanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dembkowski/Lublin-54">[54]</a> Árið 1320 varð <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladisl%C3%A1s_1._af_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladislás 1. af Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Vladislás 1. af Póllandi</a> fyrsti konungur sameinaðs Póllands frá 1296<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> og var sá fyrsti sem var krýndur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B3mkirkjan_%C3%AD_Wawel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dómkirkjan í Wawel (síða er ekki enn til)">Wawel-dómkirkju</a> í Kraká.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasim%C3%ADr_3.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasimír 3. (síða er ekki enn til)">Kasimír 3.</a> hóf að reisa net <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnarhrei%C3%B0rasl%C3%B3%C3%B0in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnarhreiðraslóðin (síða er ekki enn til)">kastala</a>, bæta herinn og laga- og dómskerfi landsins og efla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%A1r%C3%BEingi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krakárþingið (síða er ekki enn til)">alþjóðatengsl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sokol1992-60-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Undir hans stjórn gerðist Pólland stórveldi í Evrópu. Hann lagði <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%BA%C3%BEen%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rúþenía (síða er ekki enn til)">Rúþeníu</a> undir pólska stjórn árið 1340 og setti reglur um <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B3ttkv%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sóttkví (síða er ekki enn til)">sóttkví</a> sem komu í veg fyrir útbreiðslu <a href="/wiki/Svarti_dau%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarti dauði">svarta dauða</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Árið 1364 stofnaði hann <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagiellon-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagiellon-háskóli (síða er ekki enn til)">háskóla í Kraká</a> sem er ein af elstu háskólastofnunum Evrópu.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Andlát hans árið 1370 markaði endalok valdatíðar Piast-ættar.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Eftirmaður hans var næsti karlkyns ættingi hans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_1._af_Ungverjalandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loðvík 1. af Ungverjalandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Loðvík af Anjou</a>, sem ríkti yfir Póllandi, <a href="/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland">Ungverjalandi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADa" title="Króatía">Króatíu</a> með <a href="/wiki/Konungssamband" title="Konungssamband">konungssambandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001_256-63">[63]</a> Yngri dóttir Loðvíks, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadwiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadwiga (síða er ekki enn til)">Jadwiga</a>, varð fyrsta ríkjandi drottning Póllands árið 1384.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001_256-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jagiellon-ætt">Jagiellon-ætt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Jagiellon-ætt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Jagiellon-ætt">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Grunwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Grunwald (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Grunwald</a> barðist pólska konungsríkið gegn <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDsku_riddararnir" title="Þýsku riddararnir">þýsku riddurunum</a> og hafði sigur þann 15. júlí 1410.</figcaption></figure> Árið 1386 gekk Jadwiga af Póllandi að eiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_2._Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław 2. Jagiełło (síða er ekki enn til)">Władysław 2. Jagiełło</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3rhertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Lith%C3%A1en" class="mw-redirect" title="Stórhertogadæmið Litháen">stórhertoga af Litháen</a>. Þar með tók <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagiellon-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagiellon-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Jagiellon-ætt</a> við völdum í konungssambandi sem nefndist <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lsk-lith%C3%A1%C3%ADska_sambandi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólsk-litháíska sambandið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólsk-litháíska sambandið</a> og ríkti frá lokum <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0mi%C3%B0aldir" title="Síðmiðaldir">síðmiðalda</a> til upphafs <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rn%C3%BD%C3%B6ld" title="Árnýöld">árnýaldar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OHalecki-64">[64]</a> Stórhertogadæmið var þá miklu stærra en <a href="/wiki/Lith%C3%A1en" class="mw-redirect" title="Litháen">Litháen</a> er í dag og átti seinna eftir að verða enn stærra. Pólsk-litháíska sambandið varð þannig eitt af stærstu og fjölbreyttustu ríkjum Evrópu á þeim tíma.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Átök Pólverja og Litháa við <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDsku_riddararnir" title="Þýsku riddararnir">þýsku riddarana</a> héldu áfram og náðu hámarki í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Grunwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Grunwald (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Grunwald</a> árið 1410, þar sem sameinaður her gersigraði riddarana.<a href="#cite_note-Wyrozumski-66">[66]</a> Árið 1466, eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Erett%C3%A1n_%C3%A1ra_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þrettán ára stríðið (síða er ekki enn til)">þrettán ára stríðið</a>, gekk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasim%C3%ADr_4._Jagiellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasimír 4. Jagiellon (síða er ekki enn til)">Kasimír 4. Jagiellon</a> að <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn-fri%C3%B0urinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorn-friðurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Thorn-friðnum</a> sem leiddi til stofnunar <a href="/wiki/Hertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Pr%C3%BAssland" title="Hertogadæmið Prússland">hertogadæmis í Prússlandi</a> undir pólska konungdæminu og neyddi ráðamenn í Prússlandi til að greiða skatt.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Jagiellon-ættin náði líka yfirráðum yfir konungsríkjum í <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6heimur" title="Bæheimur">Bæheimi</a> og Ungverjalandi.<a href="#cite_note-Europe:_a_history-67">[67]</a> Í suðri barðist ríkið gegn <a href="/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi">Tyrkjaveldi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%ADmkanati%C3%B0" title="Krímkanatið">Krímkanatinu</a>, og í austri gegn <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B3rhertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Moskva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stórhertogadæmið Moskva (síða er ekki enn til)">Rússlandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Pólland breyttist í <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9nsveldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lénsveldi">lénsveldi</a> sem byggðist á landbúnaði með sífellt valdameiri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lendur_a%C3%B0all&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lendur aðall (síða er ekki enn til)">lendan aðal</a> þar sem bændur unnu sem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiguli%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leiguliði (síða er ekki enn til)">leiguliðar</a> á stórjarðeignum.<a href="#cite_note-RFrost-68">[68]</a> Árið 1493 samþykkti <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3hann_1._Albert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jóhann 1. Albert (síða er ekki enn til)">Jóhann 1. Albert</a> stofnun <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eing" title="Þing">þings</a> í tveimur deildum: <a href="/wiki/Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> (neðri deild) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96ldungadeild_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öldungadeild Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">öldungadeild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihil_novi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihil novi (síða er ekki enn til)">Nihil novi</a> voru lög sem pólska þingið samþykkti árið 1505 og fólu í sér að <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ggjafarvald" title="Löggjafarvald">löggjafarvald</a> fluttist frá konungi til þingsins. Sá atburður markar upphaf svokallaðs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyllta_frelsi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyllta frelsið (síða er ekki enn til)">gyllts frelsis</a>, þegar landið breyttist í samveldi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szlachta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szlachta (síða er ekki enn til)">pólskra aðalsmanna</a> sem voru jafningjar að nafninu til.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Wawel_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg/290px-Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg/435px-Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg/580px-Wawel_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawel-kastali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawel-kastali (síða er ekki enn til)">Wawel-kastali</a> í <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a> var höfuðstöðvar pólskra konunga frá 1038 þar til höfuðborgin var flutt til <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjár</a> árið 1596.</figcaption></figure> Á 16. öld náðu <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%B0askiptin" title="Siðaskiptin">siðaskiptin</a> til Póllands og leiddu til aukins trúfrelsis, sem var einstakt í evrópsku samhengi.<a href="#cite_note-LouthanCohen2011-71">[71]</a> Það varð til þess að landið slapp við trúarátök og styrjaldir sem á þeim tíma einkenndu aðra hluta Evrópu.<a href="#cite_note-LouthanCohen2011-71">[71]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_br%C3%A6%C3%B0ralagi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska bræðralagið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska bræðralagið</a> boðaði <a href="/w/index.php?title=And%C3%BErenningartr%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andþrenningartrú (síða er ekki enn til)">andþrenningartrú</a> og skildi sig frá <a href="/wiki/Kalv%C3%ADnismi" title="Kalvínismi">kalvínskum</a> rótum sínum. Bræðralagið átti seinna þátt í stofnun <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C3%ADtarismi" title="Únítarismi">únítarahreyfingarinnar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Í valdatíð <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmundur_1._gamli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmundur 1. gamli (síða er ekki enn til)">Sigmundar gamla</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmundur_2._%C3%81g%C3%BAstus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmundur 2. Ágústus (síða er ekki enn til)">Sigmundar 2.</a> barst <a href="/wiki/Endurreisnin" title="Endurreisnin">endurreisnin</a> til Póllands og leiddi til upphafs <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_gull%C3%B6ldin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska gullöldin (síða er ekki enn til)">pólsku gullaldarinnar</a> þegar efnahagur og menningarlíf blómstraði í landinu.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Eiginkona Sigmundar gamla, <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>, dóttir hertogans af Mílanó, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza (síða er ekki enn til)">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a>, hafði mikil áhrif á <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lskur_arkitekt%C3%BAr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólskur arkitektúr (síða er ekki enn til)">pólskan arkitektúr</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lsk_matarger%C3%B0" title="Pólsk matargerð">pólska matargerð</a>, tungumál og hirðsiði í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawel-kastala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawel-kastala (síða er ekki enn til)">Wawel-kastala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pólsk-litháíska_samveldið">Pólsk-litháíska samveldið</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Pólsk-litháíska samveldið" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Pólsk-litháíska samveldið">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/290px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/435px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/580px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Pólsk-litháíska samveldið þegar það var stærst, árið 1619.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lsk-lith%C3%A1%C3%ADska_samveldi%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Pólsk-litháíska samveldið">Pólsk-litháíska samveldið</a> var stofnað með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lublin-samningurinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lublin-samningurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Lublin-samningnum</a> árið 1569. Þetta var sameinað lénsveldi með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kj%C3%B6rkonungur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjörkonungur (síða er ekki enn til)">kjörkonung</a>, sem aðallinn ríkti yfir að mestu.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick-73">[73]</a> Stofnunin fór saman við uppgangstíma í sögu landsins sem varð leiðandi afl og menningarmiðstöð með mikil áhrif um alla <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Austur-Evrópa">Austur-</a> og <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suðaustur-Evrópa">Suðaustur-Evrópu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Innanlands fór fram <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lskuv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólskuvæðing (síða er ekki enn til)">pólskuvæðing</a> sem mætti andstöðu, sérstaklega í löndum sem nýlega höfðu verið innlimuð í ríkið og meðal trúarlegra minnihlutahópa.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick-73">[73]</a> Árið 1573 fullgilti fyrsti kjörkonungurinn, <a href="/wiki/Hinrik_3._Frakkakonungur" title="Hinrik 3. Frakkakonungur">Hinrik af Valois</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinriksgreinarnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinriksgreinarnar (síða er ekki enn til)">Hinriksgreinarnar</a> sem skuldbundu framtíðarkonunga landsins til að virða réttindi aðalsins.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Eftirmaður hans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stef%C3%A1n_B%C3%A1thory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefán Báthory (síða er ekki enn til)">Stefán Báthory</a>, gerði innrás í <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADfland" title="Lífland">Lífland</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADflandsstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Líflandsstríðið (síða er ekki enn til)">Líflandsstríðinu</a> og stækkaði þannig ríkið norður eftir strönd Eystrasalts.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Stjórn ríkisins var að mestu í höndum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanslari_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanslari Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">kanslarans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zamoyski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Zamoyski (síða er ekki enn til)">Jan Zamoyski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski678-78">[78]</a> Árið 1592 tók <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmundur_3._af_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmundur 3. af Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Sigmundur 3. af Póllandi</a> við af föður sínum, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hann_3._Sv%C3%ADakonungur" title="Jóhann 3. Svíakonungur">Jóhanni Vasa</a>, sem <a href="/wiki/Konungur_Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ar" title="Konungur Svíþjóðar">konungur Svíþjóðar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lsk-s%C3%A6nska_bandalagi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólsk-sænska bandalagið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólsk-sænska bandalagið</a> stóð til 1599 þegar Svíar settu hann frá völdum.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Jan_III_Schultz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/170px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/255px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/340px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3hann_3._Sobieski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jóhann 3. Sobieski (síða er ekki enn til)">Jóhann 3. Sobieski</a> sigraði <a href="/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi">Tyrkjaveldi</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_V%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Vín (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni um Vín</a> 12. september 1683.</figcaption></figure> Árið 1609 gerði Sigmundur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_P%C3%B3llands_og_Moskvu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stríð Póllands og Moskvu (síða er ekki enn til)">innrás</a> í <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssaveldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rússaveldi">Rússaveldi</a> þar sem <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3sturt%C3%ADmarnir_%C3%AD_R%C3%BAsslandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rósturtímarnir í Rússlandi (síða er ekki enn til)">rósturtímarnir</a> stóðu yfir.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Ári síðar hertóku <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A6ngja%C3%B0ir_h%C3%BAsarar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vængjaðir húsarar (síða er ekki enn til)">vængjaðir húsarar</a>, undir stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski (síða er ekki enn til)">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskvu</a>, og héldu henni í tvö ár eftir ósigur Rússa í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Klusjino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Klusjino (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Klusjino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">[21]</a> Sigmundur barðist líka gegn <a href="/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi">Tyrkjaveldi</a> í suðaustri. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> vann afgerandi sigur gegn Tyrkjum í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_Khotyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Khotyn (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni um Khotyn</a> árið 1621, sem flýtti fyrir falli soldánsins <a href="/wiki/%C3%93sman_2." title="Ósman 2.">Ósmans 2.</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Löng valdatíð Sigmundar í Póllandi var kölluð „silfuröld“.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Hinn frjálslyndi konungur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladisl%C3%A1s_4._Vasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladislás 4. Vasa (síða er ekki enn til)">Vladislás 4. Vasa</a> náði að viðhalda yfirráðum Póllands yfir löndum sínum, en eftir lát hans tóku innri átök og stöðugur hernaður að draga úr mætti ríkisins.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Árið 1648 var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kmelnitsk%C3%ADjuppreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kmelnitskíjuppreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">Kmelnitskíjuppreisnin</a> gerð í <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína">Úkraínu</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> og þar á eftir fylgdi <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A6nska_syndafl%C3%B3%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sænska syndaflóðið (síða er ekki enn til)">Sænska syndaflóðið</a> sem olli mikill eyðileggingu.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2015_409–413-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssland" title="Prússland">Prússland</a> varð sjálfstætt 1657 með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brombergs%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1linn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brombergsáttmálinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Brombergsáttmálanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2015_409–413-87">[87]</a> Árið 1683 sýndi <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3hann_3._Sobieski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jóhann 3. Sobieski (síða er ekki enn til)">Jóhann 3. Sobieski</a> fram á hernaðarmátt ríkisins að nýju þegar hann stöðvaði innrás Tyrkjaveldis í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_V%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Vín (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni um Vín</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Eftir hans tíð tók <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wettin-%C3%A6tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wettin-ætt (síða er ekki enn til)">Wettin-ætt</a> við völdum og í valdatíð <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81g%C3%BAstus_2._sterki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ágústus 2. sterki (síða er ekki enn til)">Ágústusar 2.</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81g%C3%BAstus_3._af_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ágústus 3. af Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Ágústusar 3.</a> efldust nágrannalönd Póllands eftir <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0urlanda%C3%B3fri%C3%B0urinn_mikli" title="Norðurlandaófriðurinn mikli">Norðurlandaófriðinn mikla</a> (1700) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_erf%C3%B0astr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska erfðastríðið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska erfðastríðið</a> (1733).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upplausn">Upplausn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Breyti hluta: Upplausn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Upplausn">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/170px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/255px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/340px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanisl%C3%A1s_2._%C3%81g%C3%BAstus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislás 2. Ágústus (síða er ekki enn til)">Stanislás 2. Ágústus</a>, síðasti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungur_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungur Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">konungur Póllands</a>, sem ríkti frá 1764 fram að afsögn sinni 25. nóvember 1795.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konungskj%C3%B6r_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konungskjör í Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Konungskjör í Póllandi</a> 1764 varð til þess að <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanisl%C3%A1s_2._%C3%81g%C3%BAstus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislás 2. Ágústus (síða er ekki enn til)">Stanislás 2. Ágústus</a> varð konungur.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Framboð hans var styrkt af fyrrum ástkonu hans, <a href="/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_mikla" title="Katrín mikla">Katrínu miklu</a> keisaraynju Rússlands.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Nýi konungurinn sveiflaðist milli þess að koma á nútímalegri stjórnháttum og halda frið við nágrannaríkin.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Umbætur hans leiddu til uppreisnar aðalsmanna í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbandalagi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbandalagið (síða er ekki enn til)">Barbandalaginu</a> gegn honum og erlendum áhrifum almennt, sem sóttust eftir að viðhalda sérréttindum aðalsins.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Misheppnaðar tilraunir til umbóta í stjórnkerfinu og innanlandsófriður urðu til þess að nágrannaríkin kusu að grípa inn í.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Árið 1772 var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fyrsta_skipting_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fyrsta skipting Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">fyrsta skipting Póllands</a> samþykkt af Prússlandi, Rússlandi og Austurríki. Pólska þingið samþykkti hana sem orðinn hlut eftir mikinn þrýsting.<a href="#cite_note-wydawnictwo-95">[95]</a> Árið 1773 var gerð áætlun um róttækar umbætur í landinu þar sem meðal annars var stofnuð fyrsta opinbera menntastofnun Evrópu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menntar%C3%A1%C3%B0_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menntaráð Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Menntaráð Póllands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Líkamlegar refsingar gegn börnum voru bannaðar með lögum árið 1783. Stanislás var leiðandi í <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_uppl%C3%BDsingin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska upplýsingin (síða er ekki enn til)">pólsku upplýsingunni</a>, hvatti til iðnþróunar og studdi við byggingarlist í <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BDklass%C3%ADskur_st%C3%ADll" title="Nýklassískur stíll">nýklassískum anda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Vegna þessa var hann gerður að félaga í <a href="/wiki/Konunglega_breska_v%C3%ADsindaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Konunglega breska vísindafélagið">Konunglega breska vísindafélaginu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Árið 1791 samþykkti stórþingið <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1_P%C3%B3llands_1791&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stjórnarskrá Póllands 1791 (síða er ekki enn til)">Maístjórnarskrána</a>, fyrstu stjórnarskrá landsins sem kom á <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingbundin_konungsstj%C3%B3rn" title="Þingbundin konungsstjórn">þingbundinni konungsstjórn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Targowica-bandalagi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Targowica-bandalagið (síða er ekki enn til)">Targowica-bandalagið</a>, samtök aðalsmanna sem voru andsnúnir stjórnarskránni, sneri sér til Katrínar miklu sem hóf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_P%C3%B3llands_og_R%C3%BAsslands_1792&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stríð Póllands og Rússlands 1792 (síða er ekki enn til)">stríð Póllands og Rússlands 1792</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Rússar og Prússar óttuðust vaxandi styrk Pólverja og framkvæmdu því <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96nnur_skipting_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Önnur skipting Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">aðra skiptingu Póllands</a> 1793. Eftir það var landið rúið sínum mikilvægustu landsvæðum og í reynd ófært um að viðhalda sjálfstæði sínu. Eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ja_skipting_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þriðja skipting Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">þriðju skiptingu Póllands</a> 24. október 1795 var landið ekki lengur til.<a href="#cite_note-gierowski3-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Síðasti konungur Póllands, Stanislás Ágústus, sagði af sér þann 25. nóvember 1795.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uppreisnir">Uppreisnir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Breyti hluta: Uppreisnir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Uppreisnir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/290px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/435px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/580px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skiptingar_P%C3%B3llands" title="Skiptingar Póllands">Skiptingar Póllands</a> milli Prússlands (blár), Rússlands (brúnn) og Austurríkis (grænn).</figcaption></figure> Pólverjar gerðu nokkrar uppreisnir gegn hernámsliðum ríkjanna sem höfðu skipt landinu milli sín. Árið 1794 var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%9Bciuszko-uppreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kościuszko-uppreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">Kościuszko-uppreisnin</a> gerð, þar sem vinsæll herforingi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko (síða er ekki enn til)">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, sem hafði áður barist með <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> í <a href="/wiki/Frelsisstr%C3%AD%C3%B0_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Frelsisstríð Bandaríkjanna">frelsisstríði Bandaríkjanna</a>, leiddi uppreisnarmenn.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-104">[104]</a> Þrátt fyrir sigur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Rac%C5%82awice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Racławice (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Racławice</a> varð ósigur hans á endanum til þess að vonin um endurheimt sjálfstæðis dó.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Árið 1806 leiddi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (síða er ekki enn til)">Jan Henryk Dąbrowski</a> uppreisn rétt fyrir innrás <a href="/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napóleon Bonaparte">Napóleons</a> inn í Rússland í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B3r%C3%B0a_bandalagsstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjórða bandalagsstríðið (síða er ekki enn til)">fjórða bandalagsstríðinu</a>. Með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilsits%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1linn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilsitsáttmálinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Tilsitsáttmálanum</a> lýsti Napóleon yfir stofnun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Varsj%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertogadæmið Varsjá (síða er ekki enn til)">hertogadæmisins Varsjár</a> 1807. Hertogadæmið var leppríki undir stjórn bandamanns hans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fri%C3%B0rik_%C3%81g%C3%BAst_1._af_Saxlandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friðrik Ágúst 1. af Saxlandi (síða er ekki enn til)">Friðriks af Saxlandi</a>. Pólverjar studdu franska herinn í <a href="/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leonsstyrjaldirnar" title="Napóleonsstyrjaldirnar">Napóleonsstyrjöldunum</a>, sérstaklega lið undir stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Poniatowski (síða er ekki enn til)">Józef Poniatowski</a> sem varð <a href="/wiki/Hermarsk%C3%A1lkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermarskálkur">hermarskálkur</a> skömmu fyrir andlát sitt í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_Leipzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Leipzig (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustuna um Leipzig</a> 1813.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Eftir að Napóleon var hrakinn í útlegð var hertogadæmið Varsjá lagt niður á <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADnar%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Vínarþingið">Vínarþinginu</a> 1815 og landi þess skipt milli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongressr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongressríkið Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">Kongresskonungsríkisins Póllands</a> undir stjórn Rússlands, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B3rhertogad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stórhertogadæmið Posen (síða er ekki enn til)">Stórhertogadæmisins Posen</a> undir stjórn Prússlands, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austurr%C3%ADska_P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austurríska Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">Austurríska Pólland</a> með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%ADr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Krak%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fríríkið Kraká (síða er ekki enn til)">fríríkinu Kraká</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Árið 1830 hófu foringjaefni úr herforingjaskóla í Varsjá <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B3vemberuppreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nóvemberuppreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">Nóvemberuppreisnina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Eftir að hún var brotin á bak aftur missti Kongressríkið Pólland sjálfstæði sitt, her og löggjafarþing.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Byltingarárið <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> gerðu Pólverjar enn <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B3r-P%C3%B3llandsuppreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stór-Póllandsuppreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">uppreisn</a> gegn <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9E%C3%BDskuv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þýskuvæðing (síða er ekki enn til)">þýskuvæðingu</a> vesturhéraðanna. Í kjölfarið varð stórhertogadæmið Posen að einföldu héraði sem var innlimað í <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Þýska keisaradæmið">Þýska keisaradæmið</a> 1871.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Í Rússlandi var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan%C3%BAaruppreisnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janúaruppreisnin (síða er ekki enn til)">Janúaruppreisnin</a> 1863-1864 barin niður með hörku og leiddi til brottflutnings Pólverja og pólskra gyðinga. Undir lok 19. aldar átti sér stað mikil iðnvæðing í Kongress-Póllandi og helstu útflutningsafurður urðu <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rn" title="Járn">járn</a> og <a href="/wiki/Text%C3%ADll" class="mw-redirect" title="Textíll">textíll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annað_pólska_lýðveldið">Annað pólska lýðveldið</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Breyti hluta: Annað pólska lýðveldið" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Annað pólska lýðveldið">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> var sjálfstæðishetja Pólverja og helsti stjórnmálamaður landsins frá 1918 til dauðadags 1935.</figcaption></figure> Eftir <a href="/wiki/Fyrri_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin">fyrri heimsstyrjöldina</a> samþykktu <a href="/wiki/Bandamenn_(fyrri_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandamenn (fyrri heimsstyrjöld)">bandamenn</a> að endurreisa Pólland með <a href="/wiki/Versalasamningarnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Versalasamningarnir">Versalasamningunum</a> í júní 1919.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Alls börðust 2 milljónir pólskra hermanna með hernámsliðunum þremur, og yfir 450.000 létu lífið.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Eftir undirritun vopnahlés við Þýskaland í nóvember 1918 lýstu Pólverjar yfir stofnun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna%C3%B0_p%C3%B3lska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annað pólska lýðveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">annars pólska lýðveldisins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Næstu ár var sjálfstæði þess staðfest í röð stríðsátaka, sérstaklega <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_P%C3%B3llands_og_Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkjanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Stríð Póllands og Sovétríkjanna">stríði Póllands og Sovétríkjanna</a> þar sem Pólverjar gersigruðu <a href="/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_herinn" title="Rauði herinn">rauða herinn</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_Varsj%C3%A1_(1920)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Varsjá (1920) (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni um Varsjá</a> árið 1920.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Á þessum tíma tókst pólska lýðveldinu að sameina löndin sem áður höfðu skipst milli þriggja ríkja, í eitt þjóðríki. Á millistríðsárunum fór í hönd nýtt tímabil í pólskum stjórnmálum. Áratugina á undan höfðu pólskir stjórnmálaleiðtogar mátt þola ritskoðun, og nú þurfti að skapa nýja stjórnmálaumræðu. Margir útlægir pólskir aðgerðasinnar, eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski (síða er ekki enn til)">Ignacy Paderewski</a> (sem síðar varð forsætisráðherra), sneru nú aftur heim og margir þeirra gegndu lykilstöðum í stjórnkerfinu. Árið 1922 var fyrsti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">forseti Póllands</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Narutowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Narutowicz (síða er ekki enn til)">Gabriel Narutowicz</a>, myrtur í Varsjá af hægriöfgamanninum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eligiusz_Niewiadomski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eligiusz Niewiadomski (síða er ekki enn til)">Eligiusz Niewiadomski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bitter-117">[117]</a> Árið 1926 leiddi herforinginn og þjóðhetjan <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C3%ADvaldar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0_(P%C3%B3lland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maívaldaránið (Pólland) (síða er ekki enn til)">valdarán</a> og fól <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanacja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanacja (síða er ekki enn til)">Sanacja-hreyfingunni</a> stjórn landsins til að koma í veg fyrir að róttækar stjórnmálahreyfingar til hægri og vinstri næðu völdum.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Seint á 4. áratugnum varð óttinn við rótttækar hreyfingar svo mikill að stjórnvöld beittu sífellt meiri hörku og bönnuðu marga stjórnmálaflokka, þar á meðal kommúnista og þjóðernissinnaða flokka sem þau töldu ógna stöðugleikanum.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seinni_heimsstyrjöld">Seinni heimsstyrjöld</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Breyti hluta: Seinni heimsstyrjöld" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Seinni heimsstyrjöld">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:7TP_Polish_Tank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/220px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/330px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/440px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=7TP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7TP (síða er ekki enn til)">7TP-skriðdrekar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lski_herinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólski herinn (síða er ekki enn til)">pólska hersins</a> á heræfingu skömmu fyrir innrásina í Pólland 1939.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0ari_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðari heimsstyrjöld">Síðari heimsstyrjöld</a> hófst þegar <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ja_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Þriðja ríkið">Þriðja ríkið</a> gerði <a href="/wiki/Innr%C3%A1sin_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland" title="Innrásin í Pólland">innrás í Pólland</a> 1. september 1939. Í kjölfarið fylgdi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innr%C3%A1s_Sov%C3%A9tmanna_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innrás Sovétmanna í Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">innrás Sovétmanna í Pólland</a> 17. september. Þann 28. september <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ums%C3%A1tri%C3%B0_um_Varsj%C3%A1_(1939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umsátrið um Varsjá (1939) (síða er ekki enn til)">féll Varsjá</a>. Samkvæmt <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3lotov-Ribbentrop-samningurinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mólotov-Ribbentrop-samningurinn">Mólotov-Ribbentrop-samningnum</a> var Póllandi skipt í tvennt milli hernámsliðanna. Frá 1939 til 1941 flutti Sovétherinn þúsundir Pólverja burt. Sovéska innanríkisráðuneytið <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKVD (síða er ekki enn til)">NKVD</a> myrti þúsundir pólskra stríðsfanga í <a href="/wiki/Katyn-fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0in" title="Katyn-fjöldamorðin">Katyn-fjöldamorðunum</a> áður en Þjóðverjar réðust á Sovétríkin í <a href="/wiki/Barbarossa-a%C3%B0ger%C3%B0in" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa-aðgerðin">Barbarossa-aðgerðinni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-120">[120]</a> Í þýskum áætlunum var talað um „útrýmingu Pólverja“ árið 1939 og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalplan_Ost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalplan Ost (síða er ekki enn til)">Generalplan Ost</a> fól í sér <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0armor%C3%B0" title="Þjóðarmorð">þjóðarmorð</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Pilots_of_No._303_(Polish)_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes,_October_1940._CH1535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Pólskir flugmenn í <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._303_Polish_Fighter_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron (síða er ekki enn til)">No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron</a> í <a href="/wiki/Orrustan_um_Bretland" title="Orrustan um Bretland">orrustunni um Bretland</a> í október 1940.</figcaption></figure> Pólverjar lögðu til fjórða stærsta herlið Evrópu<a href="#cite_note-ZalogaHook1982-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lerski1996-123">[123]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Walters1988-124">[124]</a> og pólskir hermenn börðust fyrir bæði <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atlagastj%C3%B3rn_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útlagastjórn Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">útlagastjórn Póllands</a> í vestri og <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3llandsher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Póllandsher (síða er ekki enn til)">Póllandsher</a> undir stjórn Sovétríkjanna í austri. Pólskir hermenn léku stór hlutverk í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overlord-a%C3%B0ger%C3%B0in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overlord-aðgerðin (síða er ekki enn til)">Overlord-aðgerðinni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADuherf%C3%B6rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ítalíuherförin (síða er ekki enn til)">Ítalíuherförinni</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADkuherf%C3%B6rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norður-Afríkuherförin (síða er ekki enn til)">Norður-Afríkuherförinni</a>, og er sérstaklega minnst fyrir framgöngu sína í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_um_Monte_Cassino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan um Monte Cassino (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni um Monte Cassino</a>. Pólskir njósnarar reyndust bandamönnum ómetanleg uppspretta upplýsinga innan úr Evrópu<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> og pólskum dulmálssérfræðingum tókst að ráða í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enigma-dulm%C3%A1li%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enigma-dulmálið (síða er ekki enn til)">Enigma-dulmálið</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Í austri barðist <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lski_fyrsti_herinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólski fyrsti herinn (síða er ekki enn til)">pólski fyrsti herinn</a> með Sovéthernum í orrustum um Varsjá og Berlín.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski1996-2-127">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_andspyrnuhreyfingin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska andspyrnuhreyfingin (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska andspyrnuhreyfingin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armia_Krajowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armia Krajowa (síða er ekki enn til)">Armia Krajowa</a> („heimaherinn“) börðust gegn hernámi Þjóðverja og störfuðu eins og neðanjarðarríki, með virku menntakerfi og dómskerfi.<a href="#cite_note-Salm42-128">[128]</a> Andspyrnan leit á útlagastjórnina sem réttmæta stjórn landsins og hafnaði hugmyndinni um kommúnistastjórn yfir Póllandi. Af þeim orsökum hóf hún <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storma%C3%B0ger%C3%B0in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stormaðgerðin (síða er ekki enn til)">Stormaðgerðina</a> 1944, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uppreisnin_%C3%AD_Varsj%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uppreisnin í Varsjá (síða er ekki enn til)">uppreisnin í Varsjá</a> er þekktasti angi þeirrar aðgerðar.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski1996-2-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soviets_and_AK-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/220px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/330px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/440px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Kort af <a href="/wiki/Helf%C3%B6rin" title="Helförin">helförinni</a> í Póllandi sem sýnir helstu flutningsleiðir og fjöldamorð. Helstu gettó gyðinga eru merkt með gulum stjörnum. Útrýmingarbúðir nasista eru merktar með hauskúpum í svörtum reitum. Landamærin milli Þýskalands og Sovétríkjanna 1941 eru merkt með rauðu.</figcaption></figure> Samkvæmt skipunum <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitlers</a> reistu Þjóðverjar sex <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atr%C3%BDmingarb%C3%BA%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útrýmingarbúðir (síða er ekki enn til)">útrýmingarbúðir</a> á hernámssvæðinu í Póllandi, þar á meðal <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atr%C3%BDmingarb%C3%BA%C3%B0irnar_%C3%AD_Treblinka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útrýmingarbúðirnar í Treblinka (síða er ekki enn til)">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atr%C3%BDmingarb%C3%BA%C3%B0irnar_%C3%AD_Majdanek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útrýmingarbúðirnar í Majdanek (síða er ekki enn til)">Majdanek</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Atr%C3%BDmingarb%C3%BA%C3%B0irnar_%C3%AD_Auschwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Útrýmingarbúðirnar í Auschwitz (síða er ekki enn til)">Auschwitz</a>. Þjóðverjar fluttu milljónir gyðinga alls staðar að úr Evrópu til búðanna þar sem þeir voru myrtir.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Talið er að um 3 milljónir pólskra gyðinga<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> – um 90% af öllum gyðingum í Póllandi - og milli 1,8 og 2,8 aðrir Pólverjar<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> hafi verið myrtir meðan á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1m_P%C3%B3llands_(1939-1945)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hernám Póllands (1939-1945) (síða er ekki enn til)">hernámi Póllands</a> stóð, þar á meðal voru milli 50 og 100.000 pólskir menntamenn (háskólakennarar, læknar, lögfræðingar, aðalsmenn og prestar). Í uppreisninni í Varsjá einni voru 150.000 pólskir borgarar drepnir, flestir myrtir af Þjóðverjum í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0in_%C3%AD_Wola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjöldamorðin í Wola (síða er ekki enn til)">Wola</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0in_%C3%AD_Ochota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjöldamorðin í Ochota (síða er ekki enn til)">Ochota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Um 150.000 pólskir almennir borgarar voru myrtir af Sovétmönnum milli 1939 og 1941 meðan á hernámi Sovétríkjanna í austurhluta Póllands stóð, og eins er talið að um 100.000 Pólverjar hafi verið myrtir af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uppreisnarher_%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uppreisnarher Úkraínu (síða er ekki enn til)">Uppreisnarher Úkraínu</a> milli 1943 og 1944 í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fj%C3%B6ldamor%C3%B0_%C3%A1_P%C3%B3lverjum_%C3%AD_Volhynia_og_Austur-Galis%C3%ADu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjöldamorð á Pólverjum í Volhynia og Austur-Galisíu (síða er ekki enn til)">Volhynia og Austur-Galisíu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Talið er að Pólland hafi misst hæsta hlutfall íbúa sinna í stríðinu, um 6 milljónir, yfir 1/6 af íbúafjöldanum fyrir stríð. Helmingur þeirra voru gyðingar.<a href="#cite_note-szma-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Árið 1945 voru bæði austur- og vesturlandamæri Póllands flutt í vesturátt. Yfir 2 milljónir pólskra íbúa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kresy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kresy (síða er ekki enn til)">Kresy</a> voru reknir yfir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curzon-l%C3%ADnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curzon-línan (síða er ekki enn til)">Curzon-línuna</a> af <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3sef_Stal%C3%ADn" title="Jósef Stalín">Jósef Stalín</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Vesturlandamærin voru sett við <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oder-Neisse-l%C3%ADnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oder-Neisse-línan (síða er ekki enn til)">Oder-Neisse-línuna</a>. Afleiðingin var að Pólland minnkaði um 20% eða 77.500 km². Þessi breyting leiddi til stórfelldra fólksflutninga Pólverja, Þjóðverja, Úkraínumanna og Gyðinga.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc5-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kommúnistastjórnin">Kommúnistastjórnin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Breyti hluta: Kommúnistastjórnin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kommúnistastjórnin">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Solidarity_petition,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/255px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/340px-Solidarity_petition%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Stúdentar í Skotlandi safna undirskriftum handa Samstöðu í Edinborg árið 1981.</figcaption></figure> Samkvæmt kröfum Stalíns á <a href="/wiki/Jaltar%C3%A1%C3%B0stefnan" title="Jaltaráðstefnan">Jaltaráðstefnunni</a> var mynduð ný samsteypustjórn í Póllandi sem var hliðholl kommúnistum, en pólska útlagastjórnin í London hunsuð. Margir Pólverjar litu á þetta sem <a href="/wiki/Svik_Vesturveldanna" title="Svik Vesturveldanna">svik Vesturveldanna</a>. Árið 1944 hafði Stalín heitið <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> og <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> að virða fullveldi Póllands og heimila lýðræðislegar kosningar, en eftir að sigur vannst 1945 stóðu sovésk hernámsyfirvöld fyrir fölsun kosningaúrslita til að réttlæta yfirráð Sovétríkjanna yfir Póllandi. Sovétríkin komu á nýrri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komm%C3%BAnistar%C3%ADki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommúnistaríki (síða er ekki enn til)">kommúnistastjórn</a> í Póllandi eins og annars staðar í <a href="/wiki/Austurblokkin" title="Austurblokkin">Austurblokkinni</a>. Vopnuð andspyrna gegn hernámi Sovétmanna stóð fram á 6. áratuginn.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Þrátt fyrir mótmæli samþykkti pólska stjórnin innlimun austurhéraða Póllands í Sovétríkin<a href="#cite_note-indianapolis-149">[149]</a> (sérstaklega borgirnar <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>) og samþykkti varanlegar herstöðvar <a href="/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_herinn" title="Rauði herinn">rauða hersins</a> í Póllandi. Með <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1rbandalagi%C3%B0" title="Varsjárbandalagið">Varsjárbandalaginu</a> í <a href="/wiki/Kalda_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Kalda stríðið">kalda stríðinu</a> voru hernaðarlegir hagsmunir Póllands og Sovétríkjanna sameinaðir.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Nýja kommúnistastjórnin tók upp <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litla_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1in_1947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litla stjórnarskráin 1947 (síða er ekki enn til)">litlu stjórnarskrána</a> þann 19. febrúar 1947. <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lska_al%C3%BE%C3%BD%C3%B0ul%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólska alþýðulýðveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólska alþýðulýðveldið</a> (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) var formlega stofnað árið 1952. Árið 1956, eftir andlát <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Bierut (síða er ekki enn til)">Bolesław Bierut</a>, tók stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Gomułka (síða er ekki enn til)">Władysław Gomułka</a> við völdum sem var eilítið frjálslyndari um tíma, lét marga lausa úr fangelsi og jók einstaklingsfrelsi. Stjórnin batt líka enda á hina misheppnuðu <a href="/wiki/Samyrkjub%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyrkjubú">samyrkjuvæðingu</a> í pólskum landbúnaði. Svipað gerðist í valdatíð <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gierek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Gierek (síða er ekki enn til)">Edward Gierek</a> á 8. áratugnum, en lengst af héldu ofsóknir gegn stjórnarandstöðu áfram. Þrátt fyrir það var Pólland oft talið minnsta alræðisríkið í Austurblokkinni.<a href="#cite_note-PWN_historia-151">[151]</a> Vinnudeilur árið 1980 leiddu til stofnunar verkalýðsfélagsins <a href="/wiki/Samsta%C3%B0a_(verkal%C3%BD%C3%B0sf%C3%A9lag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samstaða (verkalýðsfélag)">Samstöðu</a> (Solidarność) sem varð með tímanum að stjórnmálaafli. Þrátt fyrir ofsóknir og setningu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herl%C3%B6gin_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herlögin í Póllandi (síða er ekki enn til)">herlaga</a> árið 1981, gróf hún undan stjórn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sameina%C3%B0i_p%C3%B3lski_verkamannaflokkurinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sameinaði pólski verkamannaflokkurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Sameinaða pólska verkamannaflokksins</a> og árið 1989 voru <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Eingkosningar_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þingkosningar í Póllandi 1989 (síða er ekki enn til)">fyrstu frjálsu kosningarnar</a> haldnar í landinu frá lokum seinni heimsstyrjaldar. Leiðtogi Samstöðu, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, sigraði forsetakosningar árið 1990.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eftir_1989">Eftir 1989</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Breyti hluta: Eftir 1989" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Eftir 1989">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/170px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/255px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/340px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Blóm við <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forsetah%C3%B6llin_%C3%AD_Varsj%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsetahöllin í Varsjá (síða er ekki enn til)">forsetahöllina í Varsjá</a> eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flugslysi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flugslysið í Póllandi 2010 (síða er ekki enn til)">flugslysið 2010</a> þar sem margir pólskir ráðamenn fórust.</figcaption></figure> Snemma á 10. áratugnum hóf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Balcerowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leszek Balcerowicz (síða er ekki enn til)">Leszek Balcerowicz</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lostme%C3%B0fer%C3%B0_(hagfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lostmeðferð (hagfræði) (síða er ekki enn til)">lostmeðferð</a> til að breyta efnahagslífi landsins úr sósíalískum <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81%C3%A6tlunarb%C3%BAskapur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Áætlunarbúskapur (síða er ekki enn til)">áætlunarbúskap</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marka%C3%B0sb%C3%BAskapur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markaðsbúskapur (síða er ekki enn til)">markaðsbúskap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Líkt og önnur fyrrum kommúnistaríki gekk Pólland í gegnum tímabil þar sem lífsgæði, efnahagur og félagsleg þjónusta drógust saman eftir fall kommúnistastjórnarinnar,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> en landið varð síðan það fyrsta sem endurheimti verga landsframleiðslu frá því fyrir 1989 út af miklum hagvexti strax árið 1995.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Pólland gerðist aðili að <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d-h%C3%B3purinn" title="Visegrád-hópurinn">Visegrád-hópnum</a> árið 1991<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> og gekk í <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> árið 1999.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Pólska þjóðin kaus síðan að ganga í <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandið</a> í þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu 2003<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> og landið varð fullgildur meðlimur 1. maí 2004 eftir <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A6kkun_Evr%C3%B3pusambandsins_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stækkun Evrópusambandsins 2004 (síða er ekki enn til)">stækkun Evrópusambandsins 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Pólland gekk í <a href="/wiki/Schengen-samstarfi%C3%B0" title="Schengen-samstarfið">Schengen-samstarfið</a> árið 2007 og opnaði landamæri sín að öðrum Evrópusambandsríkjum.<a href="#cite_note-Europe's_border-free_zone_expands-160">[160]</a> Þann 10. apríl 2010 fórst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">forseti Póllands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a>, ásamt 89 hátt settum pólskum ráðamönnum í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flugslysi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flugslysið í Póllandi 2010 (síða er ekki enn til)">flugslysi</a> nærri <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> í Rússlandi.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Árið 2011 sigraði <a href="/wiki/Borgaraflokkurinn_(P%C3%B3lland)" title="Borgaraflokkurinn (Pólland)">Borgaralegur vettvangur</a> þingkosningarnar.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Árið 2014 varð forsætisráðherra Póllands, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, forseti <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pska_r%C3%A1%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evrópska ráðið">Evrópska ráðsins</a> og sagði af sér embætti forsætisráðherra í kjölfarið.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Íhaldsflokkurinn <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6g_og_r%C3%A9ttl%C3%A6ti" title="Lög og réttlæti">Lög og réttlæti</a> með formanninum <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a> sigraði þingkosningarnar árin 2015 og 2019.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Það hefur leitt til vaxandi andstöðu við stefnu Evrópusambandsins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1rkreppan_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stjórnarskrárkreppan í Póllandi 2015 (síða er ekki enn til)">gagnrýni frá sambandinu</a> fyrir að vega að rétti kvenna, samkynhneigðra og dómskerfinu.<a href="#cite_note-:2-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-167">[167]</a> Í desember 2017 varð <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> nýr forsætisráðherra. Forsetinn <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> rétt náði endurkjöri í forsetakosningum 2020.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Innr%C3%A1s_R%C3%BAsslands_%C3%AD_%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnu_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Innrás Rússlands í Úkraínu 2022">Innrás Rússlands í Úkraínu 2022</a> olli því að yfir 5 milljón flóttamenn frá Úkraínu komu til Póllands.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfræði">Landfræði</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Breyti hluta: Landfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Landfræði">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Poland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/220px-Poland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/330px-Poland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/440px-Poland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Hæðakort af Póllandi.</figcaption></figure> Pólland er stórt land, og nær yfir um 312.696 ferkílómetra. 98,52% af þeim eru þurrlendi og 1,48% eru ár og vötn.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Landið er það 9. stærsta í Evrópu og í 69. sæti á heimsvísu. Pólland er landfræðilega fjölbreytt land með aðgang að sjó í norðri, fjöll í suðri og flatlenda sléttu í miðið.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-171">[171]</a> Megnið af miðhlutanum er flöt slétta, en annars staðar eru mörg stöðuvötn, ár, hæðir, mýrar og skógar.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-171">[171]</a> Pólland á strönd við <a href="/wiki/Eystrasalt" title="Eystrasalt">Eystrasalt</a> í norðri, sem nær frá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pommernfl%C3%B3i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pommernflói (síða er ekki enn til)">Pommernflóa</a> að <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk-v%C3%ADk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdańsk-vík (síða er ekki enn til)">Gdańsk-vík</a>. Út frá ströndinni liggja margar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyri_(landform)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyri (landform) (síða er ekki enn til)">eyrar</a>, strandlón og <a href="/wiki/Sandalda" title="Sandalda">sandöldur</a>. <a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Ströndin er að mestu bein, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szczecin-l%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szczecin-lón (síða er ekki enn til)">Szczecin-lón</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puck-fl%C3%B3i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puck-flói (síða er ekki enn til)">Puck-flói</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vistula-l%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vistula-lón (síða er ekki enn til)">Vistula-lón</a> ganga inn í hana. Mið- og norðurhluti landsins eru á <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pusl%C3%A9ttan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norður-Evrópusléttan (síða er ekki enn til)">Norður-Evrópusléttunni</a>. Ofan við hana eru hæðótt svæði mynduð úr <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6kulru%C3%B0ningur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jökulruðningur (síða er ekki enn til)">jökulruðningum</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6kull%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jökullón (síða er ekki enn til)">jökullón</a> sem mynduðust eftir síðustu <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ds%C3%B6ld" title="Ísöld">ísöld</a>, einkum í vatnasvæðinu í <a href="/wiki/Pommern" title="Pommern">Pommern</a>, vatnasvæðinu í <a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B3ra-P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stóra-Pólland (síða er ekki enn til)">Stóra-Póllandi</a>, vatnasvæðinu í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kass%C3%BAb%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassúbía (síða er ekki enn til)">Kassúbíu</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mas%C3%BAr%C3%ADuv%C3%B6tn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masúríuvötn (síða er ekki enn til)">Masúríuvötnum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-173">[173]</a> Stærst þessara fjögurra vatnasvæða er Masúríuvatnasvæðið sem nær yfir megnið af norðausturhluta Póllands. Vatnasvæðin mynda röð jökulgarða meðfram suðurströnd Eystrasalts.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-173">[173]</a> Sunnan við Norður-Evrópusléttuna eru héruðin <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAsat%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúsatía">Lúsatía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sles%C3%ADa" title="Slesía">Slesía</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mas%C3%B3v%C3%ADa" title="Masóvía">Masóvía</a>, sem eru breiðir ísaldardalir.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Syðsti hluti Póllands er fjalllendur; hann nær frá <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdetafj%C3%B6ll" title="Súdetafjöll">Súdetafjöllum</a> í vestri að <a href="/wiki/Karpatafj%C3%B6ll" title="Karpatafjöll">Karpatafjöllum</a> í austri. Hæsti hluti Karpatafjalla eru <a href="/wiki/Tatrafj%C3%B6ll" title="Tatrafjöll">Tatrafjöll</a> við suðurlandamæri Póllands.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Hæsti tindur Póllands er á fjallinu <a href="/wiki/Rysy" title="Rysy">Rysy</a>, 2.499 metrar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stjórnmál">Stjórnmál</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Breyti hluta: Stjórnmál" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Stjórnmál">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Pólland er <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi" title="Lýðveldi">lýðveldi</a> með <a href="/wiki/Fulltr%C3%BAal%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fulltrúalýðræði">fulltrúalýðræði</a> þar sem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">forseti Póllands</a> er þjóhöfðingi.<a href="#cite_note-Government-176">[176]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1%C3%B0herrar%C3%A1%C3%B0_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ráðherraráð Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Ráðherraráð Póllands</a> fer með framkvæmdavaldið og <a href="/wiki/Fors%C3%A6tisr%C3%A1%C3%B0herra_P%C3%B3llands" title="Forsætisráðherra Póllands">forsætisráðherra Póllands</a> er stjórnarleiðtogi.<a href="#cite_note-Government-176">[176]</a> Ráðherrar í ráðherraráðinu eru valdir af forsætisráðherra, skipaðir af forseta með fulltingi þingsins.<a href="#cite_note-Government-176">[176]</a> Forsetinn er kosinn í almennum kosningum til fimm ára í senn.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Núverandi forseti er <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> og <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> er forsætisráðherra.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Pólska þingið">Pólska þingið</a> kemur saman í tveimur deildum, með neðri deild (<a href="/wiki/Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) með 460 þingmönnum, og efri deild (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96ldungadeild_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öldungadeild Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">öldungadeild</a>) með 100 þingmönnum.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Þingmenn eru kosnir í Sejm með <a href="/wiki/Hlutfallskosning" title="Hlutfallskosning">hlutfallskosningu</a> þar sem þingsætum er úthlutað með <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Hondt-a%C3%B0fer%C3%B0in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D'Hondt-aðferðin (síða er ekki enn til)">d'Hondt-aðferðinni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Öldungadeildarþingmenn eru kosnir með <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meirihlutakosning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meirihlutakosning (síða er ekki enn til)">meirihlutakosningu</a> í <a href="/wiki/Einmenningskj%C3%B6rd%C3%A6mi" title="Einmenningskjördæmi">einmenningskjördæmum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ConPol-181">[181]</a> Öldungadeildin getur breytt eða hafnað lögum sem Sejm samþykkir, en Sejm getur fellt þá ákvörðun úr gildi með einföldum meirihluta.<a href="#cite_note-Machnikowski-182">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/220px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/330px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/440px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> er neðri deild pólska þingsins.</figcaption></figure> Fyrir utan þjóðernisminnihlutahópa þurfa listar stjórnmálaflokka í Póllandi að fá minnst 5% atkvæða á landsvísu til að fá þingfulltrúa á Sejm.<a href="#cite_note-ConPol-181">[181]</a> Þingmenn beggja deilda eru kosnir til fjögurra ára í senn og njóta <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Einghelgi" title="Þinghelgi">þinghelgi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski-183">[183]</a> Samkvæmt núverandi lögum þarf frambjóðandi að hafa náð 21 árs aldri til að verða þingmaður, 30 til að verða öldungadeildarþingmaður og 35 til að bjóða sig fram til forseta.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski-183">[183]</a> Báðar deildir mynda saman <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0%C3%BEing_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þjóðþing Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">þjóðþing Póllands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bien-184">[184]</a> Þjóðþingið kemur saman af þrennu tilefni: þegar nýr forseti tekur við embætti, ef forseti sætir ákæru fyrir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsr%C3%A9ttur_(P%C3%B3llandi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landsréttur (Póllandi) (síða er ekki enn til)">landsrétti</a>, og ef því er lýst yfir að forseti geti ekki uppfyllt skyldur sínar vegna heilsufars.<a href="#cite_note-Bien-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Héruð">Héruð</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Breyti hluta: Héruð" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Héruð">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744436">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Aðalgrein: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ru%C3%B0_%C3%AD_P%C3%B3llandi" title="Héruð í Póllandi">Héruð í Póllandi</a></div> Við endurreisn Póllands eftir heimsstyrjöldina síðari var landinu skipt upp í 14 héruð (pl: województwo - þýðir upphaflega hertogadæmi). 1950 var þeim fjölgað í 17. Árið 1975 var stjórnkerfinu breytt og stjórnstigum fækkað um eitt. Héruðin urðu þá 49 talsins og hélst svo til næstu stjórnkerfisbreytingar árið 1999. Var héruðum þá aftur fækkað, að þessu sinni í 16: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hérað</th> <th>Pólskt heiti</th> <th>Höfuðborg </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%B0ri-Sles%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Neðri-Slesía (hérað)">Neðri-Slesía</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></td> <td>Województwo dolnośląskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kujav%C3%ADska-Pommern_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Kujavíska-Pommern (hérað)">Kujavíska-Pommern</a></td> <td>Województwo kujawsko-pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toruń (síða er ekki enn til)">Toruń</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Lublin (hérað)">Lublin</a></td> <td>Województwo lubelskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Lubusz (hérað)">Lubusz</a></td> <td>Województwo lubuskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski (síða er ekki enn til)">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra (síða er ekki enn til)">Zielona Góra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Łódź (hérað)">Łódź</a></td> <td>Województwo łódzkie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Litla-P%C3%B3lland_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Litla-Pólland (hérað)">Litla-Pólland</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></td> <td>Województwo małopolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a> (Kraków) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C3%B3v%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Masóvía (hérað)">Masóvía</a><a href="#cite_note-fararheill-187">[187]</a></td> <td>Województwo mazowieckie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjá</a> (Warszawa) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opole_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Opole (hérað)">Opole</a></td> <td>Województwo opolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%B0ri-Karpat%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Neðri-Karpatía (hérað)">Neðri-Karpatía</a><a href="#cite_note-fararheill-187">[187]</a></td> <td>Województwo podkarpackie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podlas%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Podlasía (hérað)">Podlasía</a></td> <td>Województwo podlaskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pommern_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Pommern (hérað)">Pommern</a></td> <td>Województwo pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sles%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Slesía (hérað)">Slesía</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></td> <td>Województwo śląskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Krzy%C5%BC_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Święty Krzyż (hérað)">Święty Krzyż</a></td> <td>Województwo świętokrzyskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ermland-Mas%C3%BAr%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Ermland-Masúría (hérað)">Ermland-Masúría</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></td> <td>Województwo warmińsko-mazurskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3ra-P%C3%B3lland_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Stóra-Pólland (hérað)">Stóra-Pólland</a></td> <td>Województwo wielkopolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestur-Pommern_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Vestur-Pommern (hérað)">Vestur-Pommern</a></td> <td>Województwo zachodniopomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efnahagslíf">Efnahagslíf</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Breyti hluta: Efnahagslíf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Efnahagslíf">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Hagkerfi Póllands mælt í <a href="/wiki/Verg_landsframlei%C3%B0sla" title="Verg landsframleiðsla">vergri landsframleiðslu</a> er nú það sjötta stærsta innan Evrópusambandsins að nafnvirði og það fimmta stærsta með <a href="/wiki/Kaupm%C3%A1ttarj%C3%B6fnu%C3%B0ur" title="Kaupmáttarjöfnuður">kaupmáttarjöfnuði</a>. Það er líka það hagkerfi innan sambandsins sem er í örustum vexti.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Um 61% mannaflans starfa innan <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ji_geirinn" title="Þriðji geirinn">þriðja geirans</a>, 31% í framleiðsluiðnaði og 8% í landbúnaði.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Pólland er hluti af <a href="/wiki/Innri_marka%C3%B0ur_Evr%C3%B3pusambandsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Innri markaður Evrópusambandsins">innra markaði Evrópusambandsins</a>, en hefur þó ekki tekið upp <a href="/wiki/Evra" title="Evra">evruna</a> og opinber gjaldmiðill er enn <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lskur_z%C5%82oty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólskur złoty (síða er ekki enn til)">pólskur złoty</a> (zł, PLN). Pólland er leiðandi efnahagsveldi í <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-Evrópu</a> með um 40% af 500 stærstu fyrirtækjum heimshlutans (miðað við tekjur) og háa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnattv%C3%A6%C3%B0ingarv%C3%ADsitala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnattvæðingarvísitala (síða er ekki enn til)">hnattvæðingarvísitölu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Polish_economy_seen_as_stable_and_competitive-192">[192]</a> Stærstu fyrirtæki landsins eru hlutar af hlutabréfavísitölunum <a href="/w/index.php?title=WIG20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WIG20 (síða er ekki enn til)">WIG20</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=WIG30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WIG30 (síða er ekki enn til)">WIG30</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kauph%C3%B6llin_%C3%AD_Varsj%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kauphöllin í Varsjá (síða er ekki enn til)">Kauphöllinni í Varsjá</a>. Samkvæmt skýrslum til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%B0labanki_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seðlabanki Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Seðlabanka Póllands</a> var andvirði beinna erlendra fjárfestinga í Póllandi næstum 300 milljarðar pólsk zloty undir lok árs 2014. <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B6lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0istofnun_P%C3%B3llands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tölfræðistofnun Póllands (síða er ekki enn til)">Tölfræðistofnun Póllands</a> áætlaði að árið 2014 hefðu 1.437 pólsk fyrirtæki átt hlut í 3.194 erlendum fyrirtækjum.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Bankakerfið í Póllandi er það stærsta í Mið-Evrópu<a href="#cite_note-TWI-2011-194">[194]</a> með 32,3 útibú á 100.000 fullorðna íbúa.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Pólska hagkerfið var það eina í Evrópu sem komst hjá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0lega_fj%C3%A1rm%C3%A1lakreppan_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alþjóðlega fjármálakreppan 2008 (síða er ekki enn til)">alþjóðlegu fjármálakreppunni 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Global_Competitiveness_Report_2010–2011-196">[196]</a> Landið er 20. stærsti útflytjandi á vörum og þjónustu í heiminum.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-197">[197]</a> Útflutningur á vörum og þjónustu var talinn vera 56% af vergri landsframleiðslu árið 2020.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Í september 2018 var atvinnuleysi áætlað 5,7% sem var með því lægsta sem gerðist í Evrópusambandinu.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Árið 2019 voru sett lög í Póllandi sem gáfu launafólki undir 26 ára aldri undanþágu frá <a href="/wiki/Tekjuskattur" title="Tekjuskattur">tekjuskatti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Íbúar">Íbúar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Breyti hluta: Íbúar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Íbúar">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> Íbúar Póllands voru rúmlega 38 milljónir árið 2021 og landið er því níunda fjölmennasta land Evrópu og fimmta stærsta aðildarríki <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandsins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Íbúaþéttleiki er 122 á ferkílómetra.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frj%C3%B3semishlutfall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frjósemishlutfall (síða er ekki enn til)">Frjósemishlutfall</a> var talið vera 1,42 börn á konu árið 2019, sem er með því lægsta sem gerist í heiminum.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Að auki eru íbúar Póllands að eldast töluvert og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%C3%B0aldur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miðaldur (síða er ekki enn til)">miðaldur</a> er um 42 ár.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Population_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/240px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/360px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/480px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Íbúar Póllands frá 1990 til 2010 taldir í milljónum.</figcaption></figure> Um 60% af íbúum búa í þéttbýli eða stórborgum og 40% í sveitahéruðum.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Árið 2020 bjó yfir helmingur Pólverja í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Einb%C3%BDlish%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einbýlishús (síða er ekki enn til)">einbýlishúsum</a> og 44,3% í íbúðum.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Fjölmennasta sýsla Póllands er <a href="/wiki/Mas%C3%B3v%C3%ADa_(h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0)" title="Masóvía (hérað)">Masóvía</a> og fjölmennasta borgin er höfuðborgin, <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjá</a>, með 1,8 milljón íbúa og aðrar 2-3 milljónir á stórborgarsvæðinu.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Stærsta þéttbýlissvæðið er stórborgarsvæði <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> þar sem íbúar eru milli 2,7 milljón<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> og 5,3 milljón.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Íbúaþéttleiki er meiri í suðurhluta landsins og er mestur milli borganna <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> og <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Í manntali árið 2011 töldu 37.310.341 sig vera <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lverji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pólverji (síða er ekki enn til)">Pólverja</a>, 846.719 sögðust vera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sles%C3%ADub%C3%BAar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slesíubúar (síða er ekki enn til)">Slesíubúar</a>, 232.547 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kas%C3%BAb%C3%ADub%C3%BAar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasúbíubúar (síða er ekki enn til)">Kasúbíubúar</a> og 147.814 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0verjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Þjóðverjar (síða er ekki enn til)">Þjóðverjar</a>. Aðrir minnihlutahópar töldu 163.363 manns (0,41%) og 521.470 (1,35%) gáfu ekki upp neitt þjóðerni.<a href="#cite_note-GUS97-213">[213]</a> Opinberar tölur um íbúa innihalda ekki farandverkafólk án dvalarleyfis eða <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karta_Polaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karta Polaka (síða er ekki enn til)">Karta Polaka</a> (ríkisborgaraskírteini).<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Yfir 1,7 milljón úkraínskir ríkisborgarar störfuðu löglega í Póllandi árið 2017.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Fjöldi aðfluttra fer ört vaxandi og ríkið samþykkti 504.172 atvinnuleyfisumsóknir útlendinga árið 2021.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borgir_og_bæir">Borgir og bæir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Breyti hluta: Borgir og bæir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Borgir og bæir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielsko-Biała (síða er ekki enn til)">Bielsko-Biała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cz%C4%99stochowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Częstochowa (síða er ekki enn til)">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gdynia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdynia (síða er ekki enn til)">Gdynia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gniezno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gniezno (síða er ekki enn til)">Gniezno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goleni%C3%B3w" title="Goleniów">Goleniów</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpacz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpacz (síða er ekki enn til)">Karpacz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%A1" title="Kraká">Kraká</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81owicz" title="Łowicz">Łowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malbork&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malbork (síða er ekki enn til)">Malbork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowe_Warpno" title="Nowe Warpno">Nowe Warpno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopot (síða er ekki enn til)">Sopot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stargard_Szczeci%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard Szczeciński">Stargard Szczeciński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toruń (síða er ekki enn til)">Toruń</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá">Varsjá</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolin_(borg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolin (borg) (síða er ekki enn til)">Wolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakopane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakopane (síða er ekki enn til)">Zakopane</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menning">Menning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Breyti hluta: Menning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Menning">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013,_photo_by_Silar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG/220px-0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG/330px-0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG/440px-0003_kotlet_schabowy_2013%2C_photo_by_Silar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4781" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotlet_schabowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotlet schabowy (síða er ekki enn til)">Kotlet schabowy</a> með ýmsum salötum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matargerð">Matargerð</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Breyti hluta: Matargerð" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Matargerð">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1744436"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Aðalgrein: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3lsk_matarger%C3%B0" title="Pólsk matargerð">Pólsk matargerð</a></div> Pólsk matargerð hefur breyst í gegnum tíma vegna breytilegra aðstæðna í landinu. Hún er svipuð öðrum eldunarhefðum sem er að finna annars staðar í <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-Evrópu</a> og <a href="/wiki/Austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Austur-Evrópa">Austur-Evrópu</a> og jafnvel í <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakklandi</a> og á <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalíu</a>. Áhersla er lögð á <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B6t" title="Kjöt">kjöt</a>, sérstaklega svínakjöt, nautakjöt og kjúkling (mismunandi eftir svæðum), og <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nmeti" title="Grænmeti">vetrargrænmeti</a> svo sem kál, ásamt <a href="/wiki/Krydd" title="Krydd">kryddi</a>. Ýmiss konar <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BA%C3%B0la" title="Núðla">núðlur</a> er líka að finna í mörgum réttum, meðal þeirra helstu eru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluski (síða er ekki enn til)">kluski</a>, auk <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">kornplantna</a> eins og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasza (síða er ekki enn til)">kasza</a>. Pólsk matargerð er almennt vegleg og mikið er notað af <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggjum</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rj%C3%B3mi" title="Rjómi">rjóma</a>. Hefðbundnu réttirnir krefjast mikils undirbúnings. Margir Pólverjar eyða miklum tíma í að undirbúa og borða hátíðarrétti sína, sérstaklega um <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3l" title="Jól">jól</a> og <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1skar" title="Páskar">páska</a>. Þá getur tekið nokkra daga til að búa til alla réttina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tilvísanir">Tilvísanir</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Breyti hluta: Tilvísanir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Tilvísanir">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744314">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870430">.mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1873994">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geohistory.today/poland/">„Poland“</a>. 28. febrúar 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeohistory.today%2Fpoland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Pimlico 1997, p. 554: Poland-Lithuania was another country which experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The realm of the last Jagiellons was absolutely the largest state in Europe </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Stefan_Wandycz2001" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5plR3x6jLAC&pg=PA66">The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present</a>. Psychology Press. bls. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-415-25491-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-415-25491-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25491-5</bdi></a>. Sótt 13. ágúst 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+price+of+freedom%3A+a+history+of+East+Central+Europe+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+present&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25491-5&rft.au=Piotr+Stefan+Wandycz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5plR3x6jLAC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGehlerSteininger" class="citation book cs1">Gehler, Michael; Steininger, Rolf (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0rW0pBr2SAC&q=Michael+Gehler%2C+%E2%80%8ERolf+Steininger+%C2%B7+2005">Towards a European Constitution: A Historical and Political Comparison with the United States</a> (enska). Böhlau Verlag Wien. bls. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-3-205-77359-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-3-205-77359-7"><bdi>978-3-205-77359-7</bdi></a>. „Poland had actually managed to pass a first progressive constitution on 3, May 1795; this was Europes first written constitution.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+European+Constitution%3A+A+Historical+and+Political+Comparison+with+the+United+States&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.isbn=978-3-205-77359-7&rft.aulast=Gehler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Steininger%2C+Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0rW0pBr2SAC%26q%3DMichael%2BGehler%252C%2B%25E2%2580%258ERolf%2BSteininger%2B%25C2%25B7%2B2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFTatjana_TönsmeyerPeter_HaslingerAgnes_Laba" class="citation book cs1">Tatjana Tönsmeyer; Peter Haslinger; Agnes Laba (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">Coping with Hunger and Shortage under German Occupation in World War II</a>. Springer. bls. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-3-319-77467-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-3-319-77467-1"><bdi>978-3-319-77467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+with+Hunger+and+Shortage+under+German+Occupation+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-319-77467-1&rft.au=Tatjana+T%C3%B6nsmeyer&rft.au=Peter+Haslinger&rft.au=Agnes+Laba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbBhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emerging-europe.com/news/poland-promoted-to-developed-market-status-by-ftse-russell/#:~:text=Global%20index%20provider%20FTSE%20Russell,%2C%20France%2C%20Japan%20and%20Australia.">„Poland promoted to developed market status by FTSE Russell“</a>. Emerging Europe. september 2018. Sótt 1. janúar 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Europe&rft.atitle=Poland+promoted+to+developed+market+status+by+FTSE+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femerging-europe.com%2Fnews%2Fpoland-promoted-to-developed-market-status-by-ftse-russell%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGlobal%2520index%2520provider%2520FTSE%2520Russell%2C%252C%2520France%252C%2520Japan%2520and%2520Australia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">„The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency“</a>. www.cia.gov. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 4. júní 2011. Sótt 12. apríl 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/POL">„Human Development Indicators – Poland“</a>. Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. 2020. Sótt 16. desember 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FPOL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012741/http://www.city-safe.com/danger-rankings/">„World's Safest Countries Ranked — CitySafe“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-safe.com/danger-rankings/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 15. apríl 2017. Sótt 14. apríl 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Safest+Countries+Ranked+%E2%80%94+CitySafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-safe.com%2Fdanger-rankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106140617/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/272767,Poland-25th-worldwide-in-expat-ranking">„Poland 25th worldwide in expat ranking“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/272767,Poland-25th-worldwide-in-expat-ranking">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 6. nóvember 2018. Sótt 14. apríl 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+25th+worldwide+in+expat+ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F9%2FArtykul%2F272767%2CPoland-25th-worldwide-in-expat-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312084711/https://eures.praca.gov.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=114">„Social security in Poland“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eures.praca.gov.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=114">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 12. mars 2016. Sótt 24. apríl 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+security+in+Poland&rft.au=Administrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feures.praca.gov.pl%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D81%26Itemid%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424181021/http://www.europe-cities.com/destinations/poland/health/">„Healthcare in Poland – Europe-Cities“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-cities.com/destinations/poland/health/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 24. apríl 2017. Sótt 24. apríl 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+in+Poland+%E2%80%93+Europe-Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe-cities.com%2Fdestinations%2Fpoland%2Fhealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_13-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Wayne C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lttJEAAAQBAJ&dq=name+poland+%22polska%22+derived&pg=PA322">Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2020-2022</a>. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. bls. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781475856262" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781475856262"><bdi>9781475856262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central%2C+and+Southeastern+Europe+2020-2022&rft.place=Blue+Ridge+Summit&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.isbn=9781475856262&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlttJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dname%2Bpoland%2B%2522polska%2522%2Bderived%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukowski_&_Zawadzki-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Lukowski_&_Zawadzki_14-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki" class="citation book cs1">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&dq=polanie+poland+warta+history&pg=PA4">A Concise History of Poland</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. bls. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/0521551099" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/0521551099"><bdi>0521551099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0521551099&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26dq%3Dpolanie%2Bpoland%2Bwarta%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehr-Spławiński-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehr-Spławiński_15-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFLehr-Spławiński" class="citation book cs1">Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjJHAAAAIAAJ&q=Je%CC%A8zyk+polski+:+pochodzenie,+powstanie,+rozwo%CC%81j">Język polski. Pochodzenie, powstanie, rozwój</a> (pólska). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. bls. 64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4307116">4307116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski.+Pochodzenie%2C+powstanie%2C+rozw%C3%B3j&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4307116&rft.aulast=Lehr-Sp%C5%82awi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjJHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJe%25CC%25A8zyk%2Bpolski%2B%3A%2Bpochodzenie%2C%2Bpowstanie%2C%2Brozwo%25CC%2581j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potkański-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Potkański_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPotkański" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Potkański, Karol (2004) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Pisma_po%C5%9Bmiertne/b78eAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=p%C5%82aska%20wielkopolska%20polanie">Pisma pośmiertne. Granice plemienia Polan</a> (pólska). 1 & 2. árgangur. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. bls. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788370634117" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788370634117"><bdi>9788370634117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pisma+po%C5%9Bmiertne.+Granice+plemienia+Polan&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.isbn=9788370634117&rft.aulast=Potka%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPisma_po%25C5%259Bmiertne%2Fb78eAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dp%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Heath_17-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Everett-Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Everett-Heath (síða er ekki enn til)">Everett-Heath, John</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufkFEAAAQBAJ&dq=poland+field+polanie&pg=PT1498">„Poland (Polska)“</a>. The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780191905636" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780191905636"><bdi>9780191905636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland+%28Polska%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.isbn=9780191905636&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufkFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bfield%2Bpolanie%26pg%3DPT1498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=77051">„Af hverju skrifa Íslendingar Pólland með tveimur L-um?“</a>. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsindavefurinn" title="Vísindavefurinn">Vísindavefurinn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Af+hverju+skrifa+%C3%8Dslendingar+P%C3%B3lland+me%C3%B0+tveimur+L-um%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D77051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buko-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Buko_19-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBuko" class="citation book cs1">Buko, Andrzej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Bodzia/VAOjBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Bodzia. A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland</a>. Leiden: Brill. bls. 36, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789004281325" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789004281325"><bdi>9789004281325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodzia.+A+Late+Viking-Age+Elite+Cemetery+in+Central+Poland&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=36%2C+62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=9789004281325&rft.aulast=Buko&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FBodzia%2FVAOjBQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannan-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Hannan_20-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHannan" class="citation book cs1">Hannan, Kevin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmrlAAAAMAAJ&q=poland+persian+lithuanian+hungarian+lechitic">Language and Identity in a West Slavic Borderland: The Case of Teschen Silesia</a>. Austin: University of Texas. bls. 127. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35825118">35825118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Identity+in+a+West+Slavic+Borderland%3A+The+Case+of+Teschen+Silesia&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35825118&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmrlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoland%2Bpersian%2Blithuanian%2Bhungarian%2Blechitic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-0">21,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-1">21,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-2">21,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-3">21,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-4">21,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-5">21,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-6">21,6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_21-7">21,7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Poland/X__-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Poland. The First Thousand Years</a>. New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781501757402" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781501757402"><bdi>9781501757402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland.+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=9781501757402&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPoland%2FX__-DwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella_22-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spRUEAAAQBAJ&dq=lendians+lech+poland&pg=PA9">Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe</a>. Budapest: Central European University Press. bls. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789633864180" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789633864180"><bdi>9789633864180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+in+Space+and+Time%3A+A+Historical+Atlas+of+Language+Politics+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.isbn=9789633864180&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspRUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlendians%2Blech%2Bpoland%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMałecki" class="citation book cs1">Małecki, Antoni (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYwBAAAAMAAJ&q=Lechici+w+%C5%9Bwietle+historycznej+krytyki">Lechici w świetle historycznej krytyki</a> (pólska). Lwów (Lviv): Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. bls. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788365746641" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788365746641"><bdi>9788365746641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lechici+w+%C5%9Bwietle+historycznej+krytyki&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w+%28Lviv%29&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.isbn=9788365746641&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82ecki&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYwBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLechici%2Bw%2B%25C5%259Bwietle%2Bhistorycznej%2Bkrytyki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersson_&_Morkinskinna-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_&_Morkinskinna_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAnderssonMorkinskinna" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Theodore Murdock; Morkinskinna, Ellen Gade (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrdcDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Earliest+Icelandic+Chronicle+of+the+Norwegian+Kings+%281030-1157%29+2000&pg=PR4">The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157)</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. bls. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780801436949" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780801436949"><bdi>9780801436949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Icelandic+Chronicle+of+the+Norwegian+Kings+%281030-1157%29&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780801436949&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Murdock&rft.au=Morkinskinna%2C+Ellen+Gade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrdcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BEarliest%2BIcelandic%2BChronicle%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNorwegian%2BKings%2B%25281030-1157%2529%2B2000%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFFabisiak" class="citation book cs1">Fabisiak, Wojciech (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Dzieje_powiatu_wroc%C5%82awskiego/g_8jAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=500%20000%20lat%20temu%20polska%20homo%20erectus">Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego</a> (pólska). Wrocław: Starostwo Powiatowe. bls. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788391398531" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788391398531"><bdi>9788391398531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+powiatu+wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Starostwo+Powiatowe&rft.isbn=9788391398531&rft.aulast=Fabisiak&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FDzieje_powiatu_wroc%25C5%2582awskiego%2Fg_8jAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3D500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFChwalba" class="citation book cs1">Chwalba, Andrzej (2002). Kalendarium dziejów Polski (Chronology of Polish History) (pólska). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. bls. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788308031360" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788308031360"><bdi>9788308031360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalendarium+dziej%C3%B3w+Polski+%28Chronology+of+Polish+History%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.isbn=9788308031360&rft.aulast=Chwalba&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFJurek" class="citation book cs1">Jurek, Krzysztof (2019). Poznać przeszłość 1. Karty pracy ucznia. Poziom podstawowy (pólska). Warszawa (Warsaw): Nowa Era. bls. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788326736537" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788326736537"><bdi>9788326736537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pozna%C4%87+przesz%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87+1.+Karty+pracy+ucznia.+Poziom+podstawowy&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Nowa+Era&rft.isbn=9788326736537&rft.aulast=Jurek&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSubbaraman" class="citation journal cs1">Subbaraman, Nidhi (12. desember 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020">„Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old“</a>. Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020">10.1038/nature.2012.12020</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:180646880">180646880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Art+of+cheese-making+is+7%2C500+years+old&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A180646880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020&rft.aulast=Subbaraman&rft.aufirst=Nidhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fart-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAttemaLos-WeijnsPers" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (Desember 2006). „Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East“. Palaeohistoria. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Groningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Groningen (síða er ekki enn til)">University of Groningen</a>. 47/48: 10–28 (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=Bronocice%2C+Flintbek%2C+Uruk%2C+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe%3A+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East&rft.volume=47%2F48&rft.pages=10-28+%2811%29&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+J.&rft.au=Los-Weijns%2C+Ma&rft.au=Pers%2C+N.+D.+Maring-Van+der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGardawskiRajewskiGąssowski" class="citation web cs1">Gardawski, Aleksander; Rajewski, Zdzisław; Gąssowski, Jerzy (6. september 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GLUAAAAMAAJ&q=epoka+zelaza+w+polsce+700">„Archeologia i pradzieje Polski“</a> (pólska). Państwowe Zakł. Wydawn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archeologia+i+pradzieje+Polski&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Zak%C5%82.+Wydawn.&rft.aulast=Gardawski&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.au=Rajewski%2C+Zdzis%C5%82aw&rft.au=G%C4%85ssowski%2C+Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GLUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Depoka%2Bzelaza%2Bw%2Bpolsce%2B700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28. október 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&q=biskupin&pg=PA96">Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a> (enska). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781136639449" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781136639449"><bdi>9781136639449</bdi></a>. Sótt 31. mars 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781136639449&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbiskupin%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Davies (síða er ekki enn til)">Davies, Norman</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Heart_of_Europe/mkcSDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present</a> (enska). Oxford: Oxford University Press. bls. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780192801265" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780192801265"><bdi>9780192801265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe.+The+Past+in+Poland%27s+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780192801265&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHeart_of_Europe%2FmkcSDAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFZdziebłowski" class="citation web cs1">Zdziebłowski, Szymon (27. apríl 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C29296%2Carcheolog-mamy-dowody-na-obecnosc-rzymskich-legionistow-na-terenie-polski">„Archeolog: mamy dowody na obecność rzymskich legionistów na terenie Polski“</a>. Nauka w Polsce (pólska). Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki. Sótt 8. ágúst 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nauka+w+Polsce&rft.atitle=Archeolog%3A+mamy+dowody+na+obecno%C5%9B%C4%87+rzymskich+legionist%C3%B3w+na+terenie+Polski&rft.aulast=Zdzieb%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaukawpolsce.pap.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fnews%252C29296%252Carcheolog-mamy-dowody-na-obecnosc-rzymskich-legionistow-na-terenie-polski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMaciej_KosińskiMagdalena_Wieczorek-Szmal2007" class="citation book cs1">Maciej Kosiński; Magdalena Wieczorek-Szmal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumczestochowa.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/folder.pdf">Z mroku dziejów. Kultura Łużycka</a> (PDF) (pólska). Muzeum Częstochowskie. Rezerwat archeologiczny (Museum of Częstochowa). bls. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-60128-11-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-60128-11-4"><bdi>978-83-60128-11-4</bdi></a>. Sótt 9. janúar 2013. „Możemy jedynie stwierdzić, że kultura łużycka nie tworzyła jednej zwartej całości. Jak się wydaje, jej skład etniczny był niejednorodny.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Z+mroku+dziej%C3%B3w.+Kultura+%C5%81u%C5%BCycka&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Muzeum+Cz%C4%99stochowskie.+Rezerwat+archeologiczny+%28Museum+of+Cz%C4%99stochowa%29&rft.isbn=978-83-60128-11-4&rft.au=Maciej+Kosi%C5%84ski&rft.au=Magdalena+Wieczorek-Szmal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumczestochowa.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2Ffolder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMielnik-Sikorska2013" class="citation cs2">Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta; og fleiri (2013), „The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences“, PLOS ONE, 8 (1): e54360, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...854360M">2013PLoSO...854360M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360">10.1371/journal.pone.0054360</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544712">3544712</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23342138">23342138</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Slavs+Inferred+from+Complete+Mitochondrial+Genome+Sequences&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e54360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3544712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23342138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...854360M&rft.aulast=Mielnik-Sikorska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brather, Sebastian (2004). „The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)“. East Central Europe. 31 (1): 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633004x00116">10.1163/187633004x00116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Northwestern+Slavs+%28Seventh+To+Ninth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-81&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633004x00116&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Trubačev, O. N. 1985. Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs: The Ancient Slavs as Evidenced by Etymology and Onomastics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jies.org/">Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES)</a>, 13: 203–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowski, Patrice (2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. bls. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781501757402" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781501757402"><bdi>9781501757402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=9781501757402&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFRamet" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Catholic_Church_in_Polish_History/D2gpDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. bls. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-137-40281-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-137-40281-3"><bdi>978-1-137-40281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Polish+History.+From+966+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.isbn=978-1-137-40281-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Catholic_Church_in_Polish_History%2FD2gpDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_40-0">40,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_40-1">40,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_40-2">40,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCurtaHolt" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&dq=dagome+iudex+gniezno+poland&pg=PA468">Great Events in Religion</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. bls. 468, 480–481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781610695664" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781610695664"><bdi>9781610695664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=468%2C+480-481&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=9781610695664&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgF9DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddagome%2Biudex%2Bgniezno%2Bpoland%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKnollSchaer2003" class="citation cs2">Knoll, Paul W.; Schaer, Frank, ritstjórar (2003), Gesta Principum Polonorum / The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles, Central European Medieval Texts, General Editors János M. Bak, Urszula Borkowska, Giles Constable & Gábor Klaniczay, Volume 3, Budapest/ New York: Central European University Press, bls. 87–211, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-963-9241-40-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-963-9241-40-4"><bdi>978-963-9241-40-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Principum+Polonorum+%2F+The+Deeds+of+the+Princes+of+the+Poles&rft.place=Budapest%2F+New+York&rft.series=Central+European+Medieval+Texts%2C+General+Editors+J%C3%A1nos+M.+Bak%2C+Urszula+Borkowska%2C+Giles+Constable+%26+G%C3%A1bor+Klaniczay%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=87-211&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-40-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFOżóg" class="citation book cs1">Ożóg, Krzysztof (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Role_of_Poland_in_the_Intellectual_D/VbouAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=gniezno%20krakow%20wroclaw%20ko%C5%82obrzeg">The Role of Poland in the Intellectual Development of Europe in the Middle Ages</a>. Kraków: Societas Vistulana. bls. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-61033-36-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-61033-36-3"><bdi>978-83-61033-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Poland+in+the+Intellectual+Development+of+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Societas+Vistulana&rft.isbn=978-83-61033-36-3&rft.aulast=O%C5%BC%C3%B3g&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Role_of_Poland_in_the_Intellectual_D%2FVbouAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dgniezno%2520krakow%2520wroclaw%2520ko%25C5%2582obrzeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Davies (síða er ekki enn til)">Davies, Norman</a> (2005a). <a href="/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Playground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="God's Playground (síða er ekki enn til)">God's Playground: A History of Poland, Volume I</a> (2nd. útgáfa). Oxford: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (síða er ekki enn til)">Oxford University Press</a>. bls. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-231-12817-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-231-12817-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12817-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKumorObertyński" class="citation book cs1">Kumor, Bolesław; Obertyński, Zdzisław (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Historia_Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a_w_Polsce/3LrYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=boles%C5%82aw%20morawy%20%C5%82u%C5%BCyce%20w%C4%99gry">Historia Kościoła w Polsce</a>. Poznań: Pallottinum. bls. 12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174416485">174416485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+w+Polsce&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pallottinum&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174416485&rft.aulast=Kumor&rft.aufirst=Boles%C5%82aw&rft.au=Oberty%C5%84ski%2C+Zdzis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHistoria_Ko%25C5%259Bcio%25C5%2582a_w_Polsce%2F3LrYAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dboles%25C5%2582aw%2520morawy%2520%25C5%2582u%25C5%25BCyce%2520w%25C4%2599gry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Labuda1992" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Labuda (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8gAAAAIAAJ&q=1032">Mieszko II król Polski: 1025–1034 : czasy przełomu w dziejach państwa polskiego</a>. Secesja. bls. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-85483-46-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-85483-46-5"><bdi>978-83-85483-46-5</bdi></a>. Sótt 26. október 2014. „... w wersji Anonima Minoryty mówi się znowu, iż w Polsce "paliły się kościoły i klasztory", co koresponduje w przekazaną przez Anonima Galla wiadomością o zniszczeniu kościołów katedralnych w Gnieźnie...“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mieszko+II+kr%C3%B3l+Polski%3A+1025%E2%80%931034+%3A+czasy+prze%C5%82omu+w+dziejach+pa%C5%84stwa+polskiego&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Secesja&rft.isbn=978-83-85483-46-5&rft.au=Gerard+Labuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8gAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKrajewska" class="citation book cs1">Krajewska, Monika (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Integracja_i_dezintegracja_pa%C5%84stwa_Pias/BnlGAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=mieszko%20II%20w%201031%20utraci%C5%82%201032%20ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99">Integracja i dezintegracja państwa Piastów w kronikach polskich Marcina Kromera oraz Marcina i Joachima Bielskich9</a> (pólska). Warszawa (Warsaw): W. Neriton. bls. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-909852-1-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-909852-1-3"><bdi>978-83-909852-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integracja+i+dezintegracja+pa%C5%84stwa+Piast%C3%B3w+w+kronikach+polskich+Marcina+Kromera+oraz+Marcina+i+Joachima+Bielskich9&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=W.+Neriton&rft.isbn=978-83-909852-1-3&rft.aulast=Krajewska&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FIntegracja_i_dezintegracja_pa%25C5%2584stwa_Pias%2FBnlGAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dmieszko%2520II%2520w%25201031%2520utraci%25C5%2582%25201032%2520ksi%25C4%2585%25C5%25BC%25C4%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_J._Prazmowska2011" class="citation book cs1">Anita J. Prazmowska (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_0-BjHIkh4C&pg=PT28">A History of Poland</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. bls. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-230-34537-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-230-34537-9"><bdi>978-0-230-34537-9</bdi></a>. Sótt 26. október 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34537-9&rft.au=Anita+J.+Prazmowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_0-BjHIkh4C%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMelton" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Religious_Celebrations_An_Encyclopedia_o/lD_2J7W_2hQC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Religious Celebrations. An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. bls. 834. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations.+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=834&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FReligious_Celebrations_An_Encyclopedia_o%2FlD_2J7W_2hQC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&dq=1138+%22five%22+silesia+mazovia+sandomierz+pomerania&pg=RA4-PA14">The Grove encyclopedia of medieval art and architecture</a>. 2. árgangur. New York: Oxford University Press. bls. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780195395365" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780195395365"><bdi>9780195395365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+encyclopedia+of+medieval+art+and+architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780195395365&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D1138%2B%2522five%2522%2Bsilesia%2Bmazovia%2Bsandomierz%2Bpomerania%26pg%3DRA4-PA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBiberLeszczyński" class="citation book cs1">Biber, Tomasz; Leszczyński, Maciej (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Encyklopedia_Polska_2000/AbYjAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=konrad%20mazowiecki%20krzy%C5%BCacy%20sprowadzi%C5%82">Encyklopedia Polska 2000. Poczet władców</a>. Poznań: Podsiedlik-Raniowski. bls. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-7212-307-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-7212-307-7"><bdi>978-83-7212-307-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Polska+2000.+Poczet+w%C5%82adc%C3%B3w&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Podsiedlik-Raniowski&rft.isbn=978-83-7212-307-7&rft.aulast=Biber&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Leszczy%C5%84ski%2C+Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FEncyklopedia_Polska_2000%2FAbYjAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dkonrad%2520mazowiecki%2520krzy%25C5%25BCacy%2520sprowadzi%25C5%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKrasuski" class="citation book cs1">Krasuski, Jerzy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Polska_Niemcy/vBcsAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=henryk%20pobo%C5%BCny%20zjednoczenie">Polska-Niemcy. Stosunki polityczne od zarania po czasy najnowsze</a>. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. bls. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-04-04985-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-04-04985-7"><bdi>978-83-04-04985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska-Niemcy.+Stosunki+polityczne+od+zarania+po+czasy+najnowsze&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.isbn=978-83-04-04985-7&rft.aulast=Krasuski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolska_Niemcy%2FvBcsAQAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dhenryk%2520pobo%25C5%25BCny%2520zjednoczenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMaroń" class="citation book cs1">Maroń, Jerzy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Legnica_1241/CASkn7zoJj8C?hl=en&gbpv=0">Legnica 1241</a> (pólska). Warszawa (Warsaw): Bellona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-11-11171-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-11-11171-4"><bdi>978-83-11-11171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnica+1241&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.isbn=978-83-11-11171-4&rft.aulast=Maro%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLegnica_1241%2FCASkn7zoJj8C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD7SWb5lXBAC&dq=germans+flemish+into+poland+mongol+invasion&pg=PA366">Europe: A History</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. bls. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780198201717" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780198201717"><bdi>9780198201717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780198201717&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvD7SWb5lXBAC%26dq%3Dgermans%2Bflemish%2Binto%2Bpoland%2Bmongol%2Binvasion%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dembkowski/Lublin-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Dembkowski/Lublin_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDembkowski1982" class="citation book cs1">Dembkowski, Harry E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svAaAAAAMAAJ&q=poland+lithuania+1588+slavery">The union of Lublin, Polish federalism in the golden age</a>. East European Monographs. bls. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-88033-009-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-88033-009-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+union+of+Lublin%2C+Polish+federalism+in+the+golden+age&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-009-1&rft.aulast=Dembkowski&rft.aufirst=Harry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvAaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoland%2Blithuania%2B1588%2Bslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKula" class="citation book cs1">Kula, Marcin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Zupe%C5%82nie_normalna_historia_czyli_Dzieje/VBa1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%C5%82okietek%201320%20zjednoczenie">Zupełnie normalna historia, czyli, Dzieje Polski zanalizowane przez Marcina Kulę w krótkich słowach, subiektywnie, ku pożytkowi miejscowych i cudzoziemców</a>. Warszawa (Warsaw): Więzi. bls. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-88032-27-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-88032-27-1"><bdi>978-83-88032-27-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zupe%C5%82nie+normalna+historia%2C+czyli%2C+Dzieje+Polski+zanalizowane+przez+Marcina+Kul%C4%99+w+kr%C3%B3tkich+s%C5%82owach%2C+subiektywnie%2C+ku+po%C5%BCytkowi+miejscowych+i+cudzoziemc%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Wi%C4%99zi&rft.isbn=978-83-88032-27-1&rft.aulast=Kula&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FZupe%25C5%2582nie_normalna_historia_czyli_Dzieje%2FVBa1AAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3D%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520zjednoczenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWróblewski" class="citation book cs1">Wróblewski, Bohdan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Jaki_znak_tw%C3%B3j_Orze%C5%82_Bia%C5%82y/unEWAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%C5%82okietek%201320%20szczerbiec">Jaki znak twój? Orzeł Biały</a>. Piekary Śląskie: ZP Grupa. bls. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-922944-3-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-922944-3-6"><bdi>978-83-922944-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaki+znak+tw%C3%B3j%3F+Orze%C5%82+Bia%C5%82y&rft.place=Piekary+%C5%9Al%C4%85skie&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ZP+Grupa&rft.isbn=978-83-922944-3-6&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3blewski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FJaki_znak_tw%25C3%25B3j_Orze%25C5%2582_Bia%25C5%2582y%2FunEWAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3D%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520szczerbiec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sokol1992-60-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Sokol1992-60_57-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_S._Sokol1992" class="citation book cs1">Stanley S. Sokol (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko">The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. bls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-86516-245-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-86516-245-7"><bdi>978-0-86516-245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Biographical+Dictionary%3A+Profiles+of+Nearly+900+Poles+who+Have+Made+Lasting+Contributions+to+World+Civilization&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-245-7&rft.au=Stanley+S.+Sokol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishbiographic00soko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2013" class="citation book cs1">Britannica Educational Publishing (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. bls. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-61530-991-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-61530-991-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-991-7&rft.au=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf2cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWróbel" class="citation book cs1">Wróbel, Piotr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C">„Poland“</a>. Í Frucht, Richard C. (ritstjóri). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/10">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</a>. 1. árgangur. ABC-CLIO. bls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>. Sótt 8. apríl 2013. „At the same time, when most of Europe was decimated by the Black Death, Poland developed quickly and reached the levels of the wealthiest countries of the West in its economy and culture.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3bel&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMagill" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Middle_Ages/aBHSc2hTfeUC?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Middle Ages. Dictionary of World Biography</a>. 2. árgangur. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. bls. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-136-59313-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-136-59313-0"><bdi>978-1-136-59313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages.+Dictionary+of+World+Biography&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59313-0&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Middle_Ages%2FaBHSc2hTfeUC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Noelle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Northern_Europe/yfPYAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Northern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. bls. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe.+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FNorthern_Europe%2FyfPYAQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagill2012">Magill 2012</a>, bls. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2001_256-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2001_256_63-0">63,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2001_256_63-1">63,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>, bls. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-OHalecki-64"><a href="#cite_ref-OHalecki_64-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHalecki1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Halecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Halecki (síða er ekki enn til)">Halecki, Oscar</a> (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East-Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. bls. 116–117, 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-88033-206-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-88033-206-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jadwiga+of+Anjou+and+the+Rise+of+East-Central+Europe&rft.pages=116-117%2C+152&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+of+America&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-206-4&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGriessler" class="citation book cs1">Griessler, Christina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Visegrad_Four_and_the_Western_Balkan/inb4DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Visegrad Four and the Western Balkans</a>. Baden-Baden: Nomos. bls. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-3-7489-0113-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-3-7489-0113-6"><bdi>978-3-7489-0113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visegrad+Four+and+the+Western+Balkans&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.isbn=978-3-7489-0113-6&rft.aulast=Griessler&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Visegrad_Four_and_the_Western_Balkan%2Finb4DwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyrozumski-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyrozumski_66-0">↑</a> Jerzy Wyrozumski – Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN (síða er ekki enn til)">Polish Scientific Publishers PWN</a>), Warszawa 1986, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-01-03732-1">ISBN 978-83-01-03732-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe:_a_history-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Europe:_a_history_67-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies1996" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0">Europe: a history</a>. Oxford University Press. bls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/428">428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>. „By 1490 the Jagiellons controlled Poland–Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary, but not the Empire.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+a+history&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFrost-68"><a href="#cite_ref-RFrost_68-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFFrost" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=245lDwAAQBAJ&dq=poland+feudal+agricultural+folwark+nobility&pg=PA242">The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385-1569</a>. 1. árgangur. Oxford: University Press. bls. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780198800200" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780198800200"><bdi>9780198800200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Polish-Lithuanian+Union+1385-1569&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.isbn=9780198800200&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D245lDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bfeudal%2Bagricultural%2Bfolwark%2Bnobility%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGraves" class="citation book cs1">Graves, M. A. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Parliaments_of_Early_Modern_Europe/R2rJAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe</a>. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. bls. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-317-88433-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-317-88433-0"><bdi>978-1-317-88433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliaments+of+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88433-0&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Parliaments_of_Early_Modern_Europe%2FR2rJAwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves2014">Graves 2014</a>, bls. 101, 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-LouthanCohen2011-71">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-LouthanCohen2011_71-0">71,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LouthanCohen2011_71-1">71,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_W._Knoll2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul W. Knoll (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuzLNXpa-hYC&pg=PA30">„Religious Toleration in Sixteenth-Century Poland. Political Realities and Social Constrains.“</a>. Í Howard Louthan; Gary B. Cohen; Franz A.J. Szabo (ritstjórar). Diversity and Dissent: Negotiating Religious Difference in Central Europe, 1500–1800. Berghahn Books. bls. 30–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-85745-109-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-85745-109-5"><bdi>978-0-85745-109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Toleration+in+Sixteenth-Century+Poland.+Political+Realities+and+Social+Constrains.&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Dissent%3A+Negotiating+Religious+Difference+in+Central+Europe%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=30-45&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-109-5&rft.au=Paul+W.+Knoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuzLNXpa-hYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHoulden" class="citation book cs1">Houlden, J. L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Jesus_in_History_Legend_Scripture_and_Tr/mf7WCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia</a>. Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. bls. 577–578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-61069-804-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-61069-804-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Legend%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Tradition%3A+A+World+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=577-578&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-804-7&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FJesus_in_History_Legend_Scripture_and_Tr%2Fmf7WCQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterwick-73">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick_73-0">73,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick_73-1">73,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFButterwick" class="citation book cs1">Butterwick, Richard (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Polish_Lithuanian_Commonwealth_1733/g2cOEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795</a>. Yale University Press. bls. 21, 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-300-25220-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-300-25220-0"><bdi>978-0-300-25220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth%2C+1733-1795&rft.pages=21%2C+14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25220-0&rft.aulast=Butterwick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Polish_Lithuanian_Commonwealth_1733%2Fg2cOEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Global_Crisis/1GMlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Global Crisis. War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. bls. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-300-21936-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-300-21936-4"><bdi>978-0-300-21936-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Crisis.+War%2C+Climate+Change+and+Catastrophe+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21936-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGlobal_Crisis%2F1GMlDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2017">Parker 2017</a>, bls. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWardHume" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Wars_of_Religion_in_Europe/nrJ4DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Wars of Religion in Europe</a>. Vachendorf: Perennial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-5312-6318-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-5312-6318-8"><bdi>978-1-5312-6318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.place=Vachendorf&rft.pub=Perennial+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-5312-6318-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Adolphus&rft.au=Hume%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Wars_of_Religion_in_Europe%2FnrJ4DwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">O'Connor, Kevin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_History_of_the_Baltic_States_2nd_Edi/OOdjCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The History of the Baltic States</a>. 2nd Edition. árgangur. Westport: ABC-CLIO. bls. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-61069-916-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-61069-916-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-916-7&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_History_of_the_Baltic_States_2nd_Edi%2FOOdjCAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski678-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerski678_78-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski (30. janúar 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA678">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945</a>. ABC-CLIO. bls. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-313-03456-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-313-03456-5"><bdi>978-0-313-03456-5</bdi></a>. Sótt 2. júlí 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966-1945&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03456-5&rft.au=Halina+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSzujski" class="citation book cs1">Szujski, Józef (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Dzie%C5%82a_J%C3%B3zefa_Szujskiego/JlAFSS-12xwC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego. Dzieje Polski</a> (pólska). 3. árgangur. Kraków: Szujski-Kluczycki. bls. 162–163. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/717123162">717123162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzie%C5%82a+J%C3%B3zefa+Szujskiego.+Dzieje+Polski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Szujski-Kluczycki&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717123162&rft.aulast=Szujski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FDzie%25C5%2582a_J%25C3%25B3zefa_Szujskiego%2FJlAFSS-12xwC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Warrior_Kings_of_Sweden/FtFDthqmB2wC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Warrior Kings of Sweden. The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. bls. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-4766-0411-4" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-4766-0411-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-0411-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Kings+of+Sweden.+The+Rise+of+an+Empire+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0411-4&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FWarrior_Kings_of_Sweden%2FFtFDthqmB2wC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDyer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_History_of_Modern_Europe/kQZOAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The History of Modern Europe</a>. From the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857. Volume 2. árgangur. London: J. Murray. bls. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-3-337-75029-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-3-337-75029-9"><bdi>978-3-337-75029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.isbn=978-3-337-75029-9&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_History_of_Modern_Europe%2FkQZOAAAAcAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDzięgielewski" class="citation book cs1">Dzięgielewski, Jan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Encyklopedia_historii_Polski/qRAsAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Bitwa%20pod%20Chocimiem%2050%20tysi%C4%99cy%201621">Encyklopedia historii Polski: A-M</a> (pólska). Polska: Morex. bls. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-902522-1-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-902522-1-6"><bdi>978-83-902522-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+historii+Polski%3A+A-M&rft.place=Polska&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Morex&rft.isbn=978-83-902522-1-6&rft.aulast=Dzi%C4%99gielewski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FEncyklopedia_historii_Polski%2FqRAsAQAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3DBitwa%2520pod%2520Chocimiem%252050%2520tysi%25C4%2599cy%25201621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKizwalter" class="citation book cs1">Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Kryzys_O%C5%9Bwiecenia_a_pocz%C4%85tki_konserwat/p7JFAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=srebrn%20wiek%20%20z%C5%82oty%20waz%C3%B3w">Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego</a> (pólska). Warszawa (Warsaw): Uniwersytet Warszawski. bls. 21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23942204">23942204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryzys+O%C5%9Bwiecenia+a+pocz%C4%85tki+konserwatyzmu+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Warszawski&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23942204&rft.aulast=Kizwalter&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FKryzys_O%25C5%259Bwiecenia_a_pocz%25C4%2585tki_konserwat%2Fp7JFAAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26bsq%3Dsrebrn%2520wiek%2520%2520z%25C5%2582oty%2520waz%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation book cs1">Scott, H. M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Early_Modern_Euro/Jb4DCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750</a>. 2. árgangur. Oxford: Oxford University Press. bls. 409–413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-19-102000-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-19-102000-1"><bdi>978-0-19-102000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Modern+European+History%2C+1350-1750&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=409-413&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102000-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Oxford_Handbook_of_Early_Modern_Euro%2FJb4DCgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCzapliński1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czapli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Czapliński (síða er ekki enn til)">Czapliński, Władysław</a> (1976). Władysław IV i jego czasy [Władysław IV and His Times] (pólska). Warsaw: PW "Wiedza Poweszechna". bls. 170, 217–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+IV+i+jego+czasy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=170%2C+217-218&rft.pub=PW+%22Wiedza+Poweszechna%22&rft.aulast=Czapli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, bls. 409 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_2015_409–413-87">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2015_409–413_87-0">87,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2015_409–413_87-1">87,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, bls. 409–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, bls. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, bls. 409–412, 666 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 83–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 89–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 108–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 108–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-wydawnictwo-95"><a href="#cite_ref-wydawnictwo_95-0">↑</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 [History of Poland 1764–1864], Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN), Warszawa 1986, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-01-03732-1">ISBN 978-83-01-03732-1</a>, pp. 1–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFTed_TapperDavid_Palfreyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ted Tapper; David Palfreyman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riv0UCM90AMC&pg=RA2-PA140">Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives On Access</a>. RoutledgeFalmer. bls. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-415-35491-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-415-35491-2"><bdi>978-0-415-35491-2</bdi></a>. Sótt 17. mars 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mass+Higher+Education%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+On+Access&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=RoutledgeFalmer&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35491-2&rft.au=Ted+Tapper&rft.au=David+Palfreyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Driv0UCM90AMC%26pg%3DRA2-PA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Nauk1973" class="citation book cs1">Polska Akademia Nauk (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfs5AQAAIAAJ">Nauka polska</a>. Polska Akademia Nauk. bls. 151. Sótt 30. ágúst 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauka+polska&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&rft.au=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfs5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, bls. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-gierowski3-101"><a href="#cite_ref-gierowski3_101-0">↑</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 (History of Poland 1764–1864), pp. 74–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBertholet" class="citation journal cs1">Bertholet, Auguste (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html">„Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne“</a>. Annales Benjamin Constant. 46: 65–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Benjamin+Constant&rft.atitle=Constant%2C+Sismondi+et+la+Pologne&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=65-85&rft.aulast=Bertholet&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slatkine.com%2Ffr%2Feditions-slatkine%2F75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz-Forberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Schulz-Forberg, Hagen (2005). Unravelling Civilisation: European Travel and Travel Writing. Peter Lang. bls. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9052012350" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9052012350"><bdi>9052012350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+Civilisation%3A+European+Travel+and+Travel+Writing&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.isbn=9052012350&rft.aulast=Schulz-Forberg&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-104"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_104-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStorozynski2009" class="citation book cs1">Storozynski, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVqnlTbsdXcC">The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution</a> (Google Books). New York: St. Martin's Press, 352 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-4299-6607-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-4299-6607-8"><bdi>978-1-4299-6607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+Prince%3A+Thaddeus+Kosciuszko+and+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press%2C+352+pages&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-6607-8&rft.aulast=Storozynski&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVqnlTbsdXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1942" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Monica Mary (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27882/27882-h/27882-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII">The Rising of Kościuszko (Chapter VII)</a> (Project Gutenberg).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+of+Ko%C5%9Bciuszko+%28Chapter+VII%29&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin.%2C+ltd%2C+136+pages&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Monica+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F27882%2F27882-h%2F27882-h.htm%23CHAPTER_VII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Napoleon/PmCdv91zPS0C?hl=en&gbpv=0">Napoleon</a>. Oxford: ABC-CLIO. bls. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-87436-957-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-87436-957-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-957-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-957-1&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FNapoleon%2FPmCdv91zPS0C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="Lukowski2001" class="citation book cs1">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, W.H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&q=1807&pg=PA115">A Concise History of Poland</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. bls. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-521-55917-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-521-55917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55917-1&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26q%3D1807%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCarolina_ArmenterosDawn_DoddsIsabel_DivannaTim_Blanning" class="citation book cs1">Carolina Armenteros; Dawn Dodds; Isabel Divanna; Tim Blanning (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Historicising_the_French_Revolution/A4hJDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Historicising the French Revolution</a>. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. bls. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-4438-1157-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-4438-1157-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-1157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historicising+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1157-6&rft.au=Carolina+Armenteros&rft.au=Dawn+Dodds&rft.au=Isabel+Divanna&rft.au=Tim+Blanning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHistoricising_the_French_Revolution%2FA4hJDAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler" class="citation book cs1">Kappeler, Andreas (27. ágúst 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ9eBAAAQBAJ&q=congress+poland+integration+paskevich&pg=PA249">The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-317-56810-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-317-56810-0"><bdi>978-1-317-56810-0</bdi></a> – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+A+Multi-ethnic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56810-0&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ9eBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcongress%2Bpoland%2Bintegration%2Bpaskevich%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFLucassenFeldmanOltmer" class="citation book cs1">Lucassen, Leo; Feldman, David; Oltmer, Jochen (6. september 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YUuGSKXsFUC&q=1848+prussia+uprising+posen&pg=PA140">Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880–2004)</a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-90-5356-883-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-90-5356-883-5"><bdi>978-90-5356-883-5</bdi></a> – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Integration%3A+Migrants+in+Western+Europe+%281880%E2%80%932004%29&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-883-5&rft.aulast=Lucassen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Feldman%2C+David&rft.au=Oltmer%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YUuGSKXsFUC%26q%3D1848%2Bprussia%2Buprising%2Bposen%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFRestivo" class="citation book cs1">Restivo, Sal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_tQEAAAQBAJ&dq=economy+of+Russian+poland+zinc+textiles&pg=PA613">Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. bls. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/1280835133" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/1280835133"><bdi>1280835133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=1280835133&rft.aulast=Restivo&rft.aufirst=Sal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_tQEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Deconomy%2Bof%2BRussian%2Bpoland%2Bzinc%2Btextiles%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKoryś" class="citation book cs1">Koryś, Piotr (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKR8DwAAQBAJ&q=january+uprising+economic&pg=PA181">Poland From Partitions to EU Accession: A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-3-319-97126-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-3-319-97126-1"><bdi>978-3-319-97126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+From+Partitions+to+EU+Accession%3A+A+Modern+Economic+History%2C+1772%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97126-1&rft.aulast=Kory%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKR8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djanuary%2Buprising%2Beconomic%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (2001), p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Glenn E. (1994). Poland: A Country Study. 550. árgangur (3. útgáfa). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: Federal Research Division of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress (síða er ekki enn til)">Library of Congress</a>. bls. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-844-40827-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-844-40827-9"><bdi>978-0-844-40827-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.isbn=978-0-844-40827-9&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz" class="citation journal cs1">Wandycz, Piotr S. (2009). „The Second Republic, 1921-1939“. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Polish_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Polish Review (síða er ekki enn til)">The Polish Review</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Illinois_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Illinois Press (síða er ekki enn til)">University of Illinois Press</a>. 54 (2): 159–171. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779809">25779809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Second+Republic%2C+1921-1939&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25779809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKukiel1929" class="citation journal cs1">Kukiel, Marjan (1929). „The Polish-Soviet Campaign of 1920“. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Slavonic and East European Review (síða er ekki enn til)">The Slavonic and East European Review</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Humanities_Research_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Humanities Research Association (síða er ekki enn til)">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>. 8 (22): 48–65. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202361">4202361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Polish-Soviet+Campaign+of+1920&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=48-65&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4202361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kukiel&rft.aufirst=Marjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitter-117"><a href="#cite_ref-bitter_117-0">↑</a> Bitter glory: Poland and its fate, 1918 to 1939; p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMachray" class="citation journal cs1">Machray, Robert (nóvember 1930). „Pilsudski, the Strong Man of Poland“. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Current_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Current History (síða er ekki enn til)">Current History</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (síða er ekki enn til)">University of California Press</a>. 33 (2): 195–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195">10.1525/curh.1930.33.2.195</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45333442">45333442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Pilsudski%2C+the+Strong+Man+of+Poland&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45333442%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Machray&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPorter-Szücs" class="citation book cs1">Porter-Szücs, Brian (6. janúar 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEKMAgAAQBAJ&q=sanacja++communism+banned&pg=PT98">Poland in the Modern World: Beyond Martyrdom</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-118-59808-5" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-118-59808-5"><bdi>978-1-118-59808-5</bdi></a> – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Beyond+Martyrdom&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=978-1-118-59808-5&rft.aulast=Porter-Sz%C3%BCcs&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEKMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsanacja%2B%2Bcommunism%2Bbanned%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-120"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_120-0">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11845315">Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre</a>". BBC News. 26 November 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Geyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Geyer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcB3oASHnkAC&pg=PA152">Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</a>. Cambridge University Press. bls. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-521-89796-9" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-521-89796-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89796-9&rft.au=Michael+Geyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcB3oASHnkAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZalogaHook1982-122"><a href="#cite_ref-ZalogaHook1982_122-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._ZalogaRichard_Hook1982" class="citation book cs1">Steven J. Zaloga; Richard Hook (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAdYFeW2fnoC&pg=PA3">The Polish Army 1939–45</a>. Osprey Publishing. bls. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-85045-417-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-85045-417-8"><bdi>978-0-85045-417-8</bdi></a>. Sótt 6. mars 2011 – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Army+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-417-8&rft.au=Steven+J.+Zaloga&rft.au=Richard+Hook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAdYFeW2fnoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski1996-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerski1996_123-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Jan_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA18">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. bls. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>. Sótt 6. mars 2011 – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters1988-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Walters1988_124-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFE._Garrison_Walters1988" class="citation book cs1">E. Garrison Walters (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64VpSBd7xUcC&pg=PA276">The other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945</a>. Syracuse University Press. bls. 276–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-8156-2440-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-8156-2440-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2440-0</bdi></a>. Sótt 6. mars 2011 – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+Europe%3A+Eastern+Europe+to+1945&rft.pages=276-&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2440-0&rft.au=E.+Garrison+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64VpSBd7xUcC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2014" class="citation book cs1">Kochanski, Halik (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&q=22%2C047+Polish&pg=PA234">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-674-06814-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-674-06814-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Unbowed%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06814-8&rft.aulast=Kochanski&rft.aufirst=Halik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ5vIyDBpLcC%26q%3D22%252C047%2BPolish%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a> Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story, 1982, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski1996-2-127">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski1996-2_127-0">127,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski1996-2_127-1">127,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Jan_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&pg=PA34">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. bls. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a> – gegnum Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6aUBuWPqywC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salm42-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Salm42_128-0">↑</a> Stanisław Salmonowicz, Polskie Państwo Podziemne, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-02-05500-3" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-02-05500-3">ISBN 978-83-02-05500-3</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviets_and_AK-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Soviets_and_AK_129-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandinexile.com/rising.htm">The Warsaw Rising</a>, polandinexile.com </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningMatthäus" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R.; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow">The origins of the Final Solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939 – March 1942</a>. Comprehensive history of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-0-8032-1327-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-0-8032-1327-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+the+evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+history+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1327-2&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackearthholoca0000snyd">Black earth: the Holocaust as history and warning</a> (First. útgáfa). New York: Tim Duggan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-101-90345-2" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-101-90345-2"><bdi>978-1-101-90345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+earth%3A+the+Holocaust+as+history+and+warning&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Tim+Duggan+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-101-90345-2&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackearthholoca0000snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> Quote: Liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób.Source: IPN. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/poland-historical-background.html">„Poland Historical Background“</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+Historical+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Fstories%2Fpoland-historical-background.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims">„Polish Victims“</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Victims&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpolish-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski" class="citation web cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm">„Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)“</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+World+War+II+casualties+%28in+thousands%29&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectinposterum.org%2Fdocs%2Fpoland_WWII_casualties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> Quote: Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">„Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution“</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Numbers+of+Victims+of+the+Holocaust+and+Nazi+Persecution&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdocumenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035451/http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</a> [The Year was 1939: Operation of German Security Police in Poland. Intelligenzaktion] (PDF) (pólska). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_National_Remembrance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of National Remembrance (síða er ekki enn til)">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-7629-063-8" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-7629-063-8"><bdi>978-83-7629-063-8</bdi></a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 29. nóvember 2014. Sótt 4. janúar 2020. „Oblicza się, że akcja „Inteligencja" pochłonęła ponad 100 tys. ofiar. Translation: It is estimated that Intelligenzaktion took the lives of 100,000 Poles.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-063-8&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpamiec.pl%2Fdownload%2F49%2F34737%2FBYLROK1939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947. Kraków 2011, p. 447. See also: Book review by Tomasz Stańczyk: "Grzegorz Motyka oblicza, że w latach 1943–1947 z polskich rąk zginęło 11–15 tys. Ukraińców. Polskie straty to 76–106 tys. zamordowanych, w znakomitej większości podczas rzezi wołyńskiej i galicyjskiej." </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu">„What were the Volhynian Massacres?“</a>. 1943 Wołyń Massacres Truth and Remembrance. Institute of National Remembrance. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1943+Wo%C5%82y%C5%84+Massacres+Truth+and+Remembrance&rft.atitle=What+were+the+Volhynian+Massacres%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volhyniamassacre.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-szma-141"><a href="#cite_ref-szma_141-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remember.org/forgotten/">Holocaust: Five Million Forgotten: Non-Jewish Victims of the Shoah.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125075356/http://remember.org/forgotten">Geymt</a> 25 janúar 2018 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Remember.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818035613/https://www.expatica.com/de/polish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll/">„Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expatica.com/de/polish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 18. ágúst 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+experts+lower+nation%27s+WWII+death+toll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fde%2Fpolish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogumi%C5%82a_Lisocka-Jaegermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann (síða er ekki enn til)">Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann</a> (2006). "Post-War Migrations in Poland". In: Mirosława Czerny. Poland in the geographical centre of Europe. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 71–87. <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-59454-603-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-59454-603-7">ISBN 978-1-59454-603-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGYrq9qAeskC&q=%22so+called+Curzon+Line%22">Google Books preview.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2006" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151411/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf">Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948</a> (PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-5361-1035-7" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-5361-1035-7"><bdi>978-1-5361-1035-7</bdi></a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 26. júní 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Migrations+in+Poland+1939%E2%80%931948&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Didactica&rft.isbn=978-1-5361-1035-7&rft.aulast=Eberhardt&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igipz.pan.pl%2Fen%2Fzpz%2FPolitical_migrations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2011" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220409/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf">Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)</a> (PDF). Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-61590-46-0" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-61590-46-0"><bdi>978-83-61590-46-0</bdi></a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf">upprunalegu</a> (PDF) geymt þann 20. maí 2014. Sótt 31. ágúst 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Migrations+On+Polish+Territories+%281939%E2%80%931950%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Polish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.isbn=978-83-61590-46-0&rft.aulast=Eberhardt&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F15652%2FWA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc5-147"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc5_147-0">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/refugees_01.shtml">European Refugee Movements After World War Two</a>". BBC – History. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/9332,ARTICLE-by-Karol-Nawrocki-PhD-The-soldiers-of-Polish-freedom.html">„ARTICLE by Karol Nawrocki, Ph.D.: The soldiers of Polish freedom“</a>. Sótt 6. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTICLE+by+Karol+Nawrocki%2C+Ph.D.%3A+The+soldiers+of+Polish+freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2F9332%2CARTICLE-by-Karol-Nawrocki-PhD-The-soldiers-of-Polish-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianapolis-149"><a href="#cite_ref-indianapolis_149-0">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Bliss_Lane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Bliss Lane (síða er ekki enn til)">Arthur Bliss Lane</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=I_saw_Poland_betrayed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I saw Poland betrayed (síða er ekki enn til)">I saw Poland betrayed</a>: An American Ambassador Reports to the American People. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1948. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/warsaw-pact-4178983">„Warsaw Pact: Definition, History, and Significance“</a>. Sótt 6. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Pact%3A+Definition%2C+History%2C+and+Significance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwarsaw-pact-4178983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN_historia-151"><a href="#cite_ref-PWN_historia_151-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001084717/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4575043">„Polska. Historia“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (síða er ekki enn til)">PWN Encyklopedia</a> (pólska). Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4575043">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 1. október 2006. Sótt 11. júlí 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PWN+Encyklopedia&rft.atitle=Polska.+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D4575043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328012855/https://argumentum.al/lajmi/2020/09/solidarity-movement-or-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-communism/">„Solidarity Movement– or the Beginning of the End of Communism“</a>. september 2020. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://argumentum.al/lajmi/2020/09/solidarity-movement-or-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-communism/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 28 mars 2022. Sótt 6. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solidarity+Movement%E2%80%93+or+the+Beginning+of+the+End+of+Communism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fargumentum.al%2Flajmi%2F2020%2F09%2Fsolidarity-movement-or-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_Jr.Ryan" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter Jr., Richard J.; Ryan, Leo V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_polish-review_2006_51_2/page/147">„A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: "Why Was Poland's Transition So Difficult?"“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Polish_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Polish Review (síða er ekki enn til)">The Polish Review</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Illinois_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Illinois Press (síða er ekki enn til)">University of Illinois Press</a>. 51 (2): 147–171. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779611">25779611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=A+RETROSPECTIVE+ANALYSIS+AND+FUTURE+PERSPECTIVE%3A+%22Why+Was+Poland%27s+Transition+So+Difficult%3F%22&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25779611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hunter+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Leo+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_polish-review_2006_51_2%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKowalik2011" class="citation book cs1">Kowalik, Tadeusz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromsolidarityto0000kowa">From Solidarity to Sell-Out: The Restoration of Capitalism in Poland</a>. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Solidarity+to+Sell-Out%3A+The+Restoration+of+Capitalism+in+Poland&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.aulast=Kowalik&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromsolidarityto0000kowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSpieser" class="citation journal cs1">Spieser, Catherine (apríl 2007). „Labour Market Policies in Post-communist Poland: Explaining the Peaceful Institutionalisation of Unemployment“. Politique européenne. 21 (1): 97–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpoeu.021.0097">10.3917/poeu.021.0097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politique+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.atitle=Labour+Market+Policies+in+Post-communist+Poland%3A+Explaining+the+Peaceful+Institutionalisation+of+Unemployment&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpoeu.021.0097&rft.aulast=Spieser&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPoláčková" class="citation journal cs1">Poláčková, Hana (1994). „Regional Cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: from Visegrad to CEFTA“. Perspectives. <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publishers (síða er ekki enn til)">SAGE Publishers</a> (3): 117–129. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615759">23615759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.atitle=Regional+Cooperation+in+Central+Europe%3A+Poland%2C+Hungary%2C+Czech+Republic+and+Slovakia%3A+from+Visegrad+to+CEFTA&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23615759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pol%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Hana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSieradzka" class="citation web cs1">Sieradzka, Monika (3. nóvember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/after-20-years-in-nato-poland-still-eager-to-please/a-47862839">„After 20 years in NATO, Poland still eager to please“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DW_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DW News (síða er ekki enn til)">DW News</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Welle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Welle (síða er ekki enn til)">Deutsche Welle</a>. Sótt 26. mars 2022. „Poland's NATO accession in 1999 was meant to provide protection from Russia.“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=After+20+years+in+NATO%2C+Poland+still+eager+to+please&rft.aulast=Sieradzka&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fafter-20-years-in-nato-poland-still-eager-to-please%2Fa-47862839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSzczerbiak" class="citation journal cs1">Szczerbiak, Aleks (september 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_west-european-politics_2004-09_27_4/page/671">„History Trumps Government Unpopularity: The June 2003 Polish EU Accession Referendum“</a>. West European Politics. 27 (4): 671–690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0140238042000249876">10.1080/0140238042000249876</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153998856">153998856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=History+Trumps+Government+Unpopularity%3A+The+June+2003+Polish+EU+Accession+Referendum&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671-690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0140238042000249876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153998856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Szczerbiak&rft.aufirst=Aleks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_west-european-politics_2004-09_27_4%2Fpage%2F671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFKundera" class="citation journal cs1">Kundera, Jaroslaw (september 2014). „Poland in the European Union. The economic effects of ten years of membership“. Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali. 81 (3): 377–396. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43580712">43580712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Studi+Politici+Internazionali&rft.atitle=Poland+in+the+European+Union.+The+economic+effects+of+ten+years+of+membership&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43580712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kundera&rft.aufirst=Jaroslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe's_border-free_zone_expands-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Europe's_border-free_zone_expands_160-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7153490.stm">„Europe's border-free zone expands“</a>. BBC News. 21. desember 2007. Sótt 28. júlí 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+border-free+zone+expands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F7153490.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Alex Duval (7. febrúar 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/07/smolensk-plane-crash-lech-kaczynski-poland-russia">„Will Poland ever uncover the truth about the plane crash that killed its president?“</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw (síða er ekki enn til)">Warsaw</a>. Sótt 26. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Will+Poland+ever+uncover+the+truth+about+the+plane+crash+that+killed+its+president%3F&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alex+Duval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F07%2Fsmolensk-plane-crash-lech-kaczynski-poland-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFTurkowski" class="citation web cs1">Turkowski, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/10/10/ruling-civic-platform-wins-parliamentary-elections-in-poland-pub-45703">„Ruling Civic Platform Wins Parliamentary Elections in Poland“</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Ruling+Civic+Platform+Wins+Parliamentary+Elections+in+Poland&rft.aulast=Turkowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2011%2F10%2F10%2Fruling-civic-platform-wins-parliamentary-elections-in-poland-pub-45703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFLynch" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Suzanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/donald-tusk-named-next-president-of-european-council-1.1913164">„Donald Tusk named next president of European Council“</a>. The Irish Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+Tusk+named+next+president+of+European+Council&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-tusk-named-next-president-of-european-council-1.1913164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631826">„Poland elections: Conservatives secure decisive win“</a>. BBC News. 25. október 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Poland+elections%3A+Conservatives+secure+decisive+win&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-34631826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/14/poland-populist-law-and-justice-party-increases-majority">„Poland's populist Law and Justice party win second term in power“</a>. The Guardian. 14. október 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+populist+Law+and+Justice+party+win+second+term+in+power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F14%2Fpoland-populist-law-and-justice-party-increases-majority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-166"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_166-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_17_5367">„Rule of Law: European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland“</a>. European Commission (enska). Sótt 15. nóvember 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Rule+of+Law%3A+European+Commission+acts+to+defend+judicial+independence+in+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fip_17_5367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-167"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_167-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verfassungsblog.de/commission-v-poland-what-happened-what-it-means-what-it-will-take/">„Commission v Poland: What Happened, What it Means, What it Will Take“</a>. Verfassungsblog (bandarísk enska). 10. mars 2020. Sótt 15. nóvember 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verfassungsblog&rft.atitle=Commission+v+Poland%3A+What+Happened%2C+What+it+Means%2C+What+it+Will+Take&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverfassungsblog.de%2Fcommission-v-poland-what-happened-what-it-means-what-it-will-take%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53385021">„Poland's Duda narrowly beats Trzaskowski in presidential vote“</a>. BBC News. 13. júlí 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+Duda+narrowly+beats+Trzaskowski+in+presidential+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-53385021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293564/ukrainian-refugees-in-poland/">„Number of people who crossed the Polish border from the war-stricken Ukraine as of July 2022, by date of report“</a>. Statista. 28. júlí 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Number+of+people+who+crossed+the+Polish+border+from+the+war-stricken+Ukraine+as+of+July+2022%2C+by+date+of+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1293564%2Fukrainian-refugees-in-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2018-roku,7,15.html">„Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2018 roku“</a>. stat.gov.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Powierzchnia+i+ludno%C5%9B%C4%87+w+przekroju+terytorialnym+w+2018+roku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fobszary-tematyczne%2Fludnosc%2Fludnosc%2Fpowierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2018-roku%2C7%2C15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-171">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_171-0">171,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_171-1">171,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geografia.gozych.edu.pl/cechy-krajobrazow-polski/">„Cechy krajobrazów Polski – Notatki geografia“</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cechy+krajobraz%C3%B3w+Polski+%E2%80%93+Notatki+geografia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeografia.gozych.edu.pl%2Fcechy-krajobrazow-polski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://1001miejsc.pl/odkryj-cuda-natury-w-polsce-9-najciekawszych/3/#:~:text=Mierzeja%20Helska,Kaszubi%2C%20silnie%20kultywuj%C4%85cy%20swoje%20tradycje">https://1001miejsc.pl/odkryj-cuda-natury-w-polsce-9-najciekawszych/3/#:~:text=Mierzeja%20Helska,Kaszubi%2C%20silnie%20kultywuj%C4%85cy%20swoje%20tradycje</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212013550/https://1001miejsc.pl/odkryj-cuda-natury-w-polsce-9-najciekawszych/3/#:~:text=Mierzeja%20Helska,Kaszubi%2C%20silnie%20kultywuj%C4%85cy%20swoje%20tradycje">Geymt</a> 12 desember 2021 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-173">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_173-0">173,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_173-1">173,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regiony-projekt.gozych.edu.pl/strony/pojezierza.html">„Podróż przez regiony geograficzne Polski“</a>. regiony-projekt.gozych.edu.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regiony-projekt.gozych.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Podr%C3%B3%C5%BC+przez+regiony+geograficzne+Polski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregiony-projekt.gozych.edu.pl%2Fstrony%2Fpojezierza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/European-Plain">„European Plain | plain, Europe“</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=European+Plain+%26%23124%3B+plain%2C+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEuropean-Plain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212223121/https://www.polskie-gory.pl/najwyzsze-szczyty-tatr.php">„Najwyższe szczyty w Tatrach Polskich i Słowackich“</a>. www.polskie-gory.pl. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskie-gory.pl/najwyzsze-szczyty-tatr.php">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 12. desember 2021. Sótt 23. ágúst 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polskie-gory.pl&rft.atitle=Najwy%C5%BCsze+szczyty+w+Tatrach+Polskich+i+S%C5%82owackich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskie-gory.pl%2Fnajwyzsze-szczyty-tatr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government-176">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Government_176-0">176,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_176-1">176,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_176-2">176,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSerwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiejn.d." class="citation web cs1">Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/civilservice/basic-information-about-poland">„Civil Service; Basic information about Poland“</a>. www.gov.pl (enska). Government of the Republic of Poland. Sótt 8. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Civil+Service%3B+Basic+information+about+Poland&rft.au=Serwis+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fcivilservice%2Fbasic-information-about-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStanisz" class="citation book cs1">Stanisz, Piotr (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4MSEAAAQBAJ&q=duda&pg=PT14">Religion and Law in Poland</a> (enska). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. bls. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789403529738" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789403529738"><bdi>9789403529738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.isbn=9789403529738&rft.aulast=Stanisz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4MSEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dduda%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyUFEAAAQBAJ&dq=morawiecki+duda+2022&pg=PT3299">CIA World Factbook 2021-2022</a> (enska). New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781510763814" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781510763814"><bdi>9781510763814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+2021-2022&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.isbn=9781510763814&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyUFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmorawiecki%2Bduda%2B2022%26pg%3DPT3299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJROEAAAQBAJ&dq=sejm+460++senate+100&pg=PA127">Foundations of Law: The Polish Perspective</a> (enska). Warszawa (Warsaw): Wolters Kluwer Polska. 2021. bls. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9788382231731" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9788382231731"><bdi>9788382231731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Law%3A+The+Polish+Perspective&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Polska&rft.isbn=9788382231731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJROEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsejm%2B460%2B%2Bsenate%2B100%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGwiazda" class="citation book cs1">Gwiazda, Anna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBk-CgAAQBAJ&dq=sejm++d%27Hondt&pg=PA67">Democracy in Poland: Representation, participation, competition and accountability since 1989</a>. Florence: Taylor and Francis. bls. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781315680118" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781315680118"><bdi>9781315680118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Poland%3A+Representation%2C+participation%2C+competition+and+accountability+since+1989&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.isbn=9781315680118&rft.aulast=Gwiazda&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBk-CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsejm%2B%2Bd%2527Hondt%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConPol-181">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ConPol_181-0">181,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConPol_181-1">181,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFGranatGranat" class="citation book cs1">Granat, Mirosław; Granat, Katarzyna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJzGDwAAQBAJ&dq=poland+senate+first-past-the-post+100&pg=PA52">The Constitution of Poland: A Contextual Analysis</a>. Oxford: Hart Publishing. bls. 51, 52, 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781509913947" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781509913947"><bdi>9781509913947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Poland%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=51%2C+52%2C+221&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.isbn=9781509913947&rft.aulast=Granat&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Granat%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJzGDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bsenate%2Bfirst-past-the-post%2B100%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machnikowski-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Machnikowski_182-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_MachnikowskiJustyna_BalcarczykMonika_Drela" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Machnikowski; Justyna Balcarczyk; Monika Drela (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI2WDwAAQBAJ&dq=poland+voting+age+eighteen&pg=PT19">„Political System (III)“</a>. Contract law in Poland (enska). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789041189332" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789041189332"><bdi>9789041189332</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046634087">1046634087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+System+%28III%29&rft.btitle=Contract+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1046634087&rft.isbn=9789041189332&rft.au=Piotr+Machnikowski&rft.au=Justyna+Balcarczyk&rft.au=Monika+Drela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI2WDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bvoting%2Bage%2Beighteen%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasinski-183">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_183-0">183,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_183-1">183,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFJasińskiKremens" class="citation book cs1">Jasiński, Wojciech; Kremens, Karolina (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSysDwAAQBAJ&dq=sejm+poland+four+year&pg=PT21">„Political System and Administrative Structure (IV)“</a>. Criminal law in Poland (enska). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789403513249" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789403513249"><bdi>9789403513249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+System+and+Administrative+Structure+%28IV%29&rft.btitle=Criminal+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.isbn=9789403513249&rft.aulast=Jasi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Kremens%2C+Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSysDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsejm%2Bpoland%2Bfour%2Byear%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bien-184">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bien_184-0">184,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bien_184-1">184,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBień-KacałaMłynarska-Sobaczewska" class="citation book cs1">Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka; Młynarska-Sobaczewska, Anna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNstEAAAQBAJ&dq=national+assembly+poland++president+oath&pg=PT126">„The Speaker, Presidium, and Convent of Seniors, Parliamentary Committees (II), s. 281“</a>. Constitutional law in Poland (enska). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789403533001" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9789403533001"><bdi>9789403533001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Speaker%2C+Presidium%2C+and+Convent+of+Seniors%2C+Parliamentary+Committees+%28II%29%2C+s.+281&rft.btitle=Constitutional+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.isbn=9789403533001&rft.aulast=Bie%C5%84-Kaca%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=M%C5%82ynarska-Sobaczewska%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNstEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnational%2Bassembly%2Bpoland%2B%2Bpresident%2Boath%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=490658">http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=490658</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.icelandonline.is/ferdaheimurisl/polland.htm">http://www.icelandonline.is/ferdaheimurisl/polland.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fararheill-187">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-fararheill_187-0">187,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fararheill_187-1">187,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114141044/http://fararheill.is/afangastadir/evropa/polland">„Geymd eintak“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fararheill.is/afangastadir/evropa/polland">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 14. nóvember 2011. Sótt 25. október 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geymd+eintak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffararheill.is%2Fafangastadir%2Fevropa%2Fpolland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://snara.is/vefbaekur/g.aspx?dbid=2&action=search&sw=Sles%C3%ADa">http://snara.is/vefbaekur/g.aspx?dbid=2&action=search&sw=Sles%C3%ADa</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://snara.is/s4.aspx?sw=ermland&dbid=Íslenska&action=search">http://snara.is/s4.aspx?sw=ermland&dbid=Íslenska&action=search</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">óvirkur tengill</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a> Jan Cienski, Warsaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817112701/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/99bb5b68-c13d-11e1-8eca-00144feabdc0.html">Poland's growth defies eurozone crisis</a> Financial Times, 1 July 2012. Internet Archive. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425100036/https://rynekpracy.org/statystyki/pracujacy-w-rolnictwie-przemysle-i-uslugach/">„Pracujący w rolnictwie, przemyśle i usługach | RynekPracy.org“</a>. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rynekpracy.org/statystyki/pracujacy-w-rolnictwie-przemysle-i-uslugach/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 25. apríl 2020. Sótt 28. maí 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pracuj%C4%85cy+w+rolnictwie%2C+przemy%C5%9Ble+i+us%C5%82ugach+%26%23124%3B+RynekPracy.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frynekpracy.org%2Fstatystyki%2Fpracujacy-w-rolnictwie-przemysle-i-uslugach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_economy_seen_as_stable_and_competitive-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Polish_economy_seen_as_stable_and_competitive_192-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913203601/http://www.wbj.pl/article-51029-polish-economy-seen-as-stable-and-competitive.html">„Polish economy seen as stable and competitive“</a>. Warsaw Business Journal. 9. september 2010. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbj.pl/article-51029-polish-economy-seen-as-stable-and-competitive.html">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 13. september 2010. Sótt 28. júlí 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warsaw+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Polish+economy+seen+as+stable+and+competitive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbj.pl%2Farticle-51029-polish-economy-seen-as-stable-and-competitive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDorota_Ciesielska-Maciągowska" class="citation web cs1">Dorota Ciesielska-Maciągowska (5. apríl 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020602/http://www.financialobserver.eu/poland/hundreds-of-foreign-companies-taken-over-by-polish-firms-over-the-last-decade/">„Hundreds of foreign companies taken over by Polish firms over the last decade“</a>. Central European Financial Observer (enska). Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialobserver.eu/poland/hundreds-of-foreign-companies-taken-over-by-polish-firms-over-the-last-decade/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 13 apríl 2016. Sótt 17. júní 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Financial+Observer&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+foreign+companies+taken+over+by+Polish+firms+over+the+last+decade&rft.au=Dorota+Ciesielska-Maci%C4%85gowska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialobserver.eu%2Fpoland%2Fhundreds-of-foreign-companies-taken-over-by-polish-firms-over-the-last-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWI-2011-194"><a href="#cite_ref-TWI-2011_194-0">↑</a> Thomas White International (September 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913074250/http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/banking-sector-in-poland/">Prominent Banks in Poland.</a> Emerging Market Spotlight. Banking Sector in Poland (Internet Archive). Retrieved 6 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a> Worldbank.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGLOBALFINREPORT/Resources/8816096-1361888425203/9062080-1364927957721/GFDR-2014_Statistical_Appendix_B.pdf">Global Financial Development Report 2014.</a> Appendix B. Key Aspects of Financial Inclusion (PDF file, direct download). Retrieved 6 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Global_Competitiveness_Report_2010–2011-196"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Global_Competitiveness_Report_2010–2011_196-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab" class="citation web cs1">Schwab, Klaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf">„The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011“</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. bls. 27 (41/516). Sótt 25. apríl 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2010%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=27+%2841%2F516%29&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-197"><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_197-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD">„Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$) | Data“</a>. data.worldbank.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Exports+of+goods+and+services+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBX.GSR.GNFS.CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS">„Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) | Data“</a>. data.worldbank.org. Sótt 6. september 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Exports+of+goods+and+services+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNE.EXP.GNFS.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessinsider.com.pl/finanse/makroekonomia/bezrobocie-w-polsce-wrzesien-2018-r/437gjnh">„GUS podał najnowsze dane dot. bezrobocia w Polsce“</a>. 23. október 2018. Sótt 28. október 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUS+poda%C5%82+najnowsze+dane+dot.+bezrobocia+w+Polsce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessinsider.com.pl%2Ffinanse%2Fmakroekonomia%2Fbezrobocie-w-polsce-wrzesien-2018-r%2F437gjnh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFIvana_Kottasová" class="citation news cs1">Ivana Kottasová (30. júlí 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/30/europe/poland-income-tax-youths-intl/index.html">„Brain drain claimed 1.7 million youths. So this country is scrapping its income tax“</a>. CNN. Sótt 30. júlí 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brain+drain+claimed+1.7+million+youths.+So+this+country+is+scrapping+its+income+tax&rft.au=Ivana+Kottasov%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F30%2Feurope%2Fpoland-income-tax-youths-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Poland" class="citation book cs1">Statistics Poland (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/national-census/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/preliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021,1,1.html">Preliminary results of the National Population and Housing Census 2021</a> (enska). Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. bls. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+results+of+the+National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2021&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+GUS&rft.au=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnational-census%2Fnational-population-and-housing-census-2021%2Fnational-population-and-housing-census-2021%2Fpreliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021%2C1%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Poland" class="citation book cs1">Statistics Poland (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/area-and-population-in-the-territorial-profile-in-2021,4,15.html">Area and population in the territorial profile</a> (enska og pólska). Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. bls. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+and+population+in+the+territorial+profile&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+GUS&rft.au=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation%2Farea-and-population-in-the-territorial-profile-in-2021%2C4%2C15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=PL">„Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Poland“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (síða er ekki enn til)">World Bank</a>. Sótt 12. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Fertility+rate%2C+total+%28births+per+woman%29+-+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Flocations%3DPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison">„Median age“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CIA_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIA World Factbook (síða er ekki enn til)">CIA World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Sótt 12. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Median+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fmedian-age%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=PL">„Urban population (% of the population) - Poland“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (síða er ekki enn til)">World Bank</a>. Sótt 13. mars 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Urban+population+%28%25+of+the+population%29+-+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS%3Flocations%3DPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121154457/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/eurostat/web/main/help/faq/data-services">„Distribution of population by degree of urbanisation, dwelling type and income group - EU-SILC survey“</a>. European Statistical Office "Eurostat". European Commission. 2020. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 21 janúar 2023. Sótt 6. apríl 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Statistical+Office+%22Eurostat%22&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+population+by+degree+of+urbanisation%2C+dwelling+type+and+income+group+-+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2FsubmitViewTableAction.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrr.gov.pl/polityka_regionalna/SRPW_2020/Dokumenty%20i%20ekspertyzy/Documents/17d0ccd2c3f14ed3893369e56d59849cMarkowski.pdf">Funkcje Metropolitalne Pięciu Stolic Województw Wschodnich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120341/http://www.mrr.gov.pl/polityka_regionalna/SRPW_2020/Dokumenty%20i%20ekspertyzy/Documents/17d0ccd2c3f14ed3893369e56d59849cMarkowski.pdf">Geymt</a> 27 mars 2009 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Markowski_(ekonomista)" class="extiw" title="pl:Tadeusz Markowski (ekonomista)">Markowski</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003WUPHighlights.pdf">World Urbanization Prospects</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations (síða er ekki enn til)">United Nations</a> - Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division, The 2003 Revision (data of 2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx">Urban Audit database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406130058/http://www.urbanaudit.org/DataAccessed.aspx">Geymt</a> 6 apríl 2011 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on 12 March 2009. Data for 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Wendell (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newgeography.com/content/003879-major-metropolitan-areas-europe">„Major Metropolitan Areas in Europe“</a>. New Geography. Joel Kotkin and Praxis Strategy Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Geography&rft.atitle=Major+Metropolitan+Areas+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newgeography.com%2Fcontent%2F003879-major-metropolitan-areas-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Spatial_Planning_Observation_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Spatial Planning Observation Network (síða er ekki enn til)">European Spatial Planning Observation Network</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf">Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf">Geymt</a> 24 september 2015 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFJażdżewska" class="citation journal cs1">Jażdżewska, Iwona (september 2017). „Changes in population density of the urban population in southern Poland in the period 1950-2011 against the background of political and economic transformation“. Miscellanea Geographica. Sciendo. 21 (3): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmgrsd-2017-0017">10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0017</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2084-6118">2084-6118</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (síða er ekki enn til)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134111630">134111630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscellanea+Geographica&rft.atitle=Changes+in+population+density+of+the+urban+population+in+southern+Poland+in+the+period+1950-2011+against+the+background+of+political+and+economic+transformation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107-113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134111630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2084-6118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmgrsd-2017-0017&rft.aulast=Ja%C5%BCd%C5%BCewska&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS97-213"><a href="#cite_ref-GUS97_213-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf">Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011</a> [National-ethnic, linguistic and religious structure of Poland. National Census of Population and Housing 2011] (PDF) (pólska). Central Statistical Office. 2015. bls. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-83-7027-597-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-83-7027-597-6"><bdi>978-83-7027-597-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktura+narodowo-etniczna%2C+j%C4%99zykowa+i+wyznaniowa+ludno%C5%9Bci+Polski.+Narodowy+Spis+Powszechny+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2011&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Office&rft.isbn=978-83-7027-597-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Ffiles%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5670%2F22%2F1%2F1%2Fstruktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Polandn.d." class="citation book cs1">Statistics Poland (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/p_inter_migration_stat_system_in_poland.pdf">The Concept of the International Migration. Statistics System in Poland</a> (PDF) (enska). Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. bls. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+International+Migration.+Statistics+System+in+Poland.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+GUS&rft.au=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2Fp_inter_migration_stat_system_in_poland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512144010/https://poland-today.pl/filling-polands-labour-gap/">„Filling Poland's labour gap“</a>. Poland Today. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poland-today.pl/filling-polands-labour-gap/">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 12 maí 2022. Sótt 24. mars 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poland+Today&rft.atitle=Filling+Poland%27s+labour+gap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoland-today.pl%2Ffilling-polands-labour-gap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFDepartament_Rynku_Pracy_MRPiPS" class="citation web cs1">Departament Rynku Pracy MRPiPS (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psz.praca.gov.pl/-/8180075-zezwolenia-na-prace-cudzoziemcow">„Zezwolenia na pracę cudzoziemców“</a>. psz.praca.gov.pl (pólska).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psz.praca.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Zezwolenia+na+prac%C4%99+cudzoziemc%C3%B3w&rft.au=Departament+Rynku+Pracy+MRPiPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsz.praca.gov.pl%2F-%2F8180075-zezwolenia-na-prace-cudzoziemcow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%B3lland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1744436"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenglar">Tenglar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Breyti hluta: Tenglar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">breyta</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3lland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Tenglar">breyta frumkóða</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870427">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .side-box{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .side-box{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1795920">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/35px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/52px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wiktionary-logo-is.png/70px-Wiktionary-logo-is.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikior%C3%B0ab%C3%B3kin" title="Wikiorðabókin">Wikiorðabókin</a> er með skilgreiningu á orðinu <a href="https://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pólland">Pólland</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl">Vefur pólska ríkisins</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1750840">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Lönd í [[Evrópa|Evrópu]]" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1750839">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-skoða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Snið:Evrópa"><abbr title="Skoða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ræða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0aspjall:Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Sniðaspjall:Evrópa"><abbr title="Ræða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-breyta"><a class="external text" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pa&action=edit"><abbr title="Breyta þessu sniði" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lönd í <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa">Evrópu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Norður-Evrópa">Norður-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Danm%C3%B6rk" title="Danmörk">Danmörk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eistland" title="Eistland">Eistland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland">Ísland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Noregur" title="Noregur">Noregur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Austur-Evrópa">Austur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armen%C3%ADa" title="Armenía">Armenía</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Aserba%C3%ADsjan" title="Aserbaísjan">Aserbaísjan</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Georg%C3%ADa" title="Georgía">Georgía</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAssland" title="Hvíta-Rússland">Hvíta-Rússland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a> (að hluta) · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland">Rússland</a> (að hluta) · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína">Úkraína</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Mið-Evrópa">Mið-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki" title="Austurríki">Austurríki</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland">Lettland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1en" title="Litáen">Litáen</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pólland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Slóvakía">Slóvakía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sviss" title="Sviss">Sviss</a> · <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland">Tékkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland">Ungverjaland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskaland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Vestur-Evrópa">Vestur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía">Belgía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">Bretland</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Drland" title="Norður-Írland">Norður-Írland</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Írska lýðveldið">Írland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborg" title="Lúxemborg">Lúxemborg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suðaustur-Evrópa">Suðaustur-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alban%C3%ADa" title="Albanía">Albanía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bosn%C3%ADa_og_Herseg%C3%B3v%C3%ADna" title="Bosnía og Hersegóvína">Bosnía og Hersegóvína</a> · <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADa" title="Búlgaría">Búlgaría</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland">Grikkland</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3sov%C3%B3" title="Kósovó">Kósovó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADa" title="Króatía">Króatía</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BDpur" title="Kýpur">Kýpur</a> 1 · <a href="/wiki/Mold%C3%B3va" title="Moldóva">Moldóva</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Maked%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Norður-Makedónía">Norður-Makedónía</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAmen%C3%ADa" title="Rúmenía">Rúmenía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Serb%C3%ADa" title="Serbía">Serbía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3ven%C3%ADa" title="Slóvenía">Slóvenía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Svartfjallaland" title="Svartfjallaland">Svartfjallaland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland">Tyrkland</a> (að hluta)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Suður-Evrópa">Suður-Evrópa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nak%C3%B3" title="Mónakó">Mónakó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%BAgal" title="Portúgal">Portúgal</a> · <a href="/wiki/San_Mar%C3%ADn%C3%B3" title="San Marínó">San Marínó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn">Spánn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%ADkani%C3%B0" title="Vatíkanið">Vatíkanið</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Undir yfirráðum annarra ríkja: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81landseyjar" title="Álandseyjar">Álandseyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6reyjar" title="Færeyjar">Færeyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADbraltar" title="Gíbraltar">Gíbraltar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6n_(%C3%8Drlandshafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mön (Írlandshafi)">Mön</a> · <a href="/wiki/Svalbar%C3%B0i" title="Svalbarði">Svalbarði</a> 1 Oft talin landfræðilega til Asíu en skilgreind sem Evrópulönd af menningarlegum ástæðum.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750840"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Aðildarríki [[Evrópusambandið|Evrópusambandsins]] (27)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750839"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-skoða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Snið:Evrópusambandið"><abbr title="Skoða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ræða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0aspjall:Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Sniðaspjall:Evrópusambandið"><abbr title="Ræða þetta snið" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-breyta"><a class="external text" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sni%C3%B0:Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Breyta þessu sniði" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aðildarríki <a href="/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið">Evrópusambandsins</a> (27)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki" title="Austurríki">Austurríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía">Belgía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADa" title="Búlgaría">Búlgaría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danm%C3%B6rk" title="Danmörk">Danmörk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eistland" title="Eistland">Eistland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland">Grikkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Írska lýðveldið">Írland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADa" title="Króatía">Króatía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BDpur" title="Kýpur">Kýpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland">Lettland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1en" title="Litáen">Litáen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborg" title="Lúxemborg">Lúxemborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pólland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%BAgal" title="Portúgal">Portúgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAmen%C3%ADa" title="Rúmenía">Rúmenía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Slóvakía">Slóvakía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3ven%C3%ADa" title="Slóvenía">Slóvenía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn">Spánn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland">Tékkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland">Ungverjaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskaland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evrópufáninn"><img alt="Evrópufáninn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/50px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/75px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/100px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Evrópufáninn</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750840"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="[[Evrópuráðið]]" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750839"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-skoða"><a 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban%C3%ADa" title="Albanía">Albanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armen%C3%ADa" title="Armenía">Armenía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aserba%C3%ADsjan" title="Aserbaísjan">Aserbaísjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki" title="Austurríki">Austurríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía">Belgía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosn%C3%ADa_og_Herseg%C3%B3v%C3%ADna" title="Bosnía og Hersegóvína">Bosnía og Hersegóvína</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland">Bretland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADa" title="Búlgaría">Búlgaría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danm%C3%B6rk" title="Danmörk">Danmörk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eistland" title="Eistland">Eistland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg%C3%ADa" title="Georgía">Georgía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grikkland" title="Grikkland">Grikkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Drska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Írska lýðveldið">Írska lýðveldið</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland">Ísland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía">Ítalía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADa" title="Króatía">Króatía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BDpur" title="Kýpur">Kýpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland">Lettland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lit%C3%A1en" title="Litáen">Litáen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborg" title="Lúxemborg">Lúxemborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold%C3%B3va" title="Moldóva">Moldóva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nak%C3%B3" title="Mónakó">Mónakó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noregur" title="Noregur">Noregur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Maked%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Norður-Makedónía">Norður-Makedónía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%BAgal" title="Portúgal">Portúgal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pólland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAmen%C3%ADa" title="Rúmenía">Rúmenía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mar%C3%ADn%C3%B3" title="San Marínó">San Marínó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb%C3%ADa" title="Serbía">Serbía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADa" title="Slóvakía">Slóvakía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%B3ven%C3%ADa" title="Slóvenía">Slóvenía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn">Spánn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svartfjallaland" title="Svartfjallaland">Svartfjallaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviss" title="Sviss">Sviss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Svíþjóð">Svíþjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kkland" title="Tékkland">Tékkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland">Tyrkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland">Ungverjaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína">Úkraína</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland">Þýskaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750840"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="[[Atlantshafsbandalagið]] (NATÓ)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1750839"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-skoða"><a href="/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Atlantshafsbandalagi%C3%B0" 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