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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Game_length_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_length_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Game length records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Game_length_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Game length records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Game_length_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longest_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Longest game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortest_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortest_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shortest game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortest_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shortest_decisive_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortest_decisive_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Shortest decisive game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortest_decisive_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortest_draw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortest_draw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Shortest draw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortest_draw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortest_stalemate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortest_stalemate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Shortest stalemate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortest_stalemate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fewest_moves_played_in_a_tournament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fewest_moves_played_in_a_tournament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fewest moves played in a tournament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fewest_moves_played_in_a_tournament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_play_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_play_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Game play records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Game_play_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Game play records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Game_play_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latest_first_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_first_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Latest first capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_first_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latest_first_capture_in_a_decisive_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_first_capture_in_a_decisive_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Latest first capture in a decisive game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_first_capture_in_a_decisive_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_castling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_castling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Latest castling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_castling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_novelties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_novelties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Theoretical novelties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_novelties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_grandmasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_grandmasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Most grandmasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_grandmasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greatest_concentration_of_resident_grandmasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greatest_concentration_of_resident_grandmasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Greatest concentration of resident grandmasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greatest_concentration_of_resident_grandmasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_rated_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_rated_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Most rated players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_rated_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strongest_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strongest_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Strongest team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strongest_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournament_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournament_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tournament records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tournament_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tournament records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tournament_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perfect_tournament_scores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfect_tournament_scores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Perfect tournament scores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfect_tournament_scores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_tournament_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_tournament_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Most tournament victories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_tournament_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_wins_in_a_national_championship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_wins_in_a_national_championship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Most wins in a national championship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_wins_in_a_national_championship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_decisive_Interzonal_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_decisive_Interzonal_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Most decisive Interzonal victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_decisive_Interzonal_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_games_won" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_games_won"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Most games won</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_games_won-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_games_lost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_games_lost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Most games lost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_games_lost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_all_games_on_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_all_games_on_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Lost all games on time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_all_games_on_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_world_champions_in_a_tournament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_world_champions_in_a_tournament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Most world champions in a tournament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_world_champions_in_a_tournament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_tie_for_first" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_tie_for_first"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Largest tie for first</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_tie_for_first-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_performance_rating_in_a_classical_tournament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_performance_rating_in_a_classical_tournament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Highest performance rating in a classical tournament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_performance_rating_in_a_classical_tournament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_consideration_for_a_move" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_consideration_for_a_move"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Longest consideration for a move</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_consideration_for_a_move-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Match records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Match_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Match records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Match_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perfect_scores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfect_scores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Perfect scores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfect_scores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_percentage_of_draws_in_matches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_percentage_of_draws_in_matches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Highest percentage of draws in matches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_percentage_of_draws_in_matches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Playing records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Playing_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Playing records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Playing_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consecutive_wins_against_masters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecutive_wins_against_masters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consecutive wins against masters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecutive_wins_against_masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_unbeaten_streak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_unbeaten_streak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Longest unbeaten streak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_unbeaten_streak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rating_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rating_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rating records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rating_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rating records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rating_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highest_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Highest rating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_rating_lead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_rating_lead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Largest rating lead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_rating_lead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longest_duration_as_number_one" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest_duration_as_number_one"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Longest duration as number one</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest_duration_as_number_one-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age-related_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age-related_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Age-related records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age-related_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age-related records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age-related_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youngest_world_champion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youngest_world_champion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Youngest world champion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youngest_world_champion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youngest_grandmaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youngest_grandmaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Youngest grandmaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youngest_grandmaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_grandmaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_grandmaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Oldest grandmaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_grandmaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_combined_age_of_players_in_a_match" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_combined_age_of_players_in_a_match"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Oldest combined age of players in a match</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_combined_age_of_players_in_a_match-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youngest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youngest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Youngest player to defeat a grandmaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youngest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Oldest player to defeat a grandmaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simultaneous_and_blindfold_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simultaneous_and_blindfold_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Simultaneous and blindfold records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Simultaneous_and_blindfold_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Simultaneous and blindfold records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Simultaneous_and_blindfold_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Best_and_worst_results_in_simultaneous_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_and_worst_results_in_simultaneous_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Best and worst results in simultaneous exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_and_worst_results_in_simultaneous_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_games_in_blindfold_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_games_in_blindfold_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Most games in blindfold exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_games_in_blindfold_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_players_taking_part_in_a_multi-simul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_players_taking_part_in_a_multi-simul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Most players taking part in a multi-simul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_players_taking_part_in_a_multi-simul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_simultaneous_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_simultaneous_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Most simultaneous games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_simultaneous_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing-related_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing-related_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writing-related records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-related_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing-related records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-related_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longest-running_chess_column" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest-running_chess_column"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Longest-running chess column</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest-running_chess_column-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American record label, see <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>.</div> <p>The world records in <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> listed here are achieved in organized <a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">tournament</a>, match, or <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">simultaneous exhibition</a> play. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141322084">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{float:left;clear:left;width:auto;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .tocleft{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocleft" style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097430093">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .algebraic-notation-toc{float:left}}</style><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-left algebraic-notation algebraic-notation-toc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a> to describe chess moves.</div></div> </div><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_length_records">Game length records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Game length records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_game">Longest game</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Longest game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The longest decisive FIDE-rated game is Billy Fellowes vs Peter Lalić, London 2024, which lasted for 272 moves, at the Third Kingston Invitational.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krabbé_Chess_records-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest game played in a <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">world championship</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Carlsen_versus_Nepomniachtchi,_World_Chess_Championship_2021,_Game_6" title="Carlsen versus Nepomniachtchi, World Chess Championship 2021, Game 6">6th game</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 World Chess Championship">2021 World Chess Championship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Nepomniachtchi" title="Ian Nepomniachtchi">Ian Nepomniachtchi</a>, which Carlsen won in 136 moves by resignation. The game lasted nearly 8 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortest_game">Shortest game</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shortest game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortest_decisive_game">Shortest decisive game</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shortest decisive game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fewest moves required to deliver checkmate in chess is two, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">fool's mate</a> (1.g4 e5 2.f3<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#??" title="Chess annotation symbols">??</a> Qh4<a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)##" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">#</a> and variants thereof). This happens in amateur play. </p><p>In a tournament game at <a href="/wiki/Chess_handicap" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess handicap">odds</a> of <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#pawn_and_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § pawn and move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pawn and move</span></a></dfn>, White delivered <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a> on move 2: W. Cooke–"R____g", Cape Town Chess Club handicap tournament 1908 (remove Black's f-pawn) 1.e4 g5?? 2.Qh5#.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same game had previously been played in Leeky–Mason, Dublin 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If one counts forfeited games as a loss in zero moves,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then there have been many such forfeits, with some notable examples being <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972#Game_2" title="World Chess Championship 1972">Game 2</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972 world championship match</a> between <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>, which Fischer defaulted,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Game 5 of the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2006">2006 world championship match</a> between <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a>, which Kramnik defaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> rules instituted around 2008, a player who is late for the beginning of a round loses the game,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> as does a player who has a forbidden electronic device (by default any device). The former rule was used at the 2009 Chinese Championship to forfeit <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a> for arriving five seconds late for the beginning of a round.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter rule was used to forfeit <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Delchev" title="Aleksander Delchev">Aleksander Delchev</a> against <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Conquest" title="Stuart Conquest">Stuart Conquest</a> after the move 1.d4 in the 2009 European Team Championship.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H%C3%BCbner" title="Robert Hübner">Robert Hübner</a> also lost a game without playing any moves. In a World Student Team Championship game played in Graz in 1972, Hübner played one move and offered a draw to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a>, who accepted. However, the arbiters insisted that some moves be played, so the players played the following ridiculous game: 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nf3 g6 3.Ng1 Bg7 4.Qa4 0-0 5.Qxd7 Qxd7 6.g4 Qxd2+ 7.Kxd2 Nxg4 8.b4 a5 9.a4 Bxa1 10.Bb2 Nc6 11.Bh8 Bg7 12.h4 axb4 (draw agreed).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arbiters ruled that both players must apologize and play an actual game at 7 p.m. Rogoff appeared and apologized; Hübner did neither. Hübner's clock was started, and after an hour Rogoff was declared the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang Chen and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Shanglei" title="Lu Shanglei">Lu Shanglei</a> both lost a game in which they had played no moves. They agreed to a draw without play at the 2009 Zhejiang Lishui Xingqiu Cup International Open Chess Tournament held in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. The chief arbiter declared both players to have lost the game.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More rarely, a player might decide to protest by resigning a game rather than forfeiting. A game between Fischer and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Panno" title="Oscar Panno">Oscar Panno</a>, played at the <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> 1970, went: 1.c4 Black resigns. Panno refused to play to protest the organizers' rescheduling of the game to accommodate Fischer's desire not to play on his religion's <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>. Panno was not present when the game was to begin. Fischer waited ten minutes before making his move and went to get Panno to convince him to play. Fifty-two minutes had elapsed on Panno's clock before he came to the board and resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (At the time, an absence of sixty minutes resulted in a forfeit.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shortest decisive tournament game between masters that was decided because of the position on the board (i.e. not because of a forfeit or protest) is Z. Đorđević–M. Kovačević, Bela Crkva 1984. It lasted only three moves (1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 c6 3.e3<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#??" title="Chess annotation symbols">??</a> Qa5+ winning the bishop), and White resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krabbé_Chess_records-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was repeated in Vassallo–Gamundi, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krabbé_Chess_records-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In a number of other games, White has played on after 3...Qa5+, occasionally drawing<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even winning<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this line.) </p><p>The shortest game ever lost by a grandmaster because of the position on the board was by future world champion <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a>, who resigned on move 6 against <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Zapata" title="Alonso Zapata">Alonso Zapata</a> in 1988 (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.Nc3 Bf5?? 6.Qe2 winning a piece, since 6...Qe7 is answered by 7.Nd5 Qe6<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#?" title="Chess annotation symbols">?</a> 8.Nxc7+).<sup id="cite_ref-Barden2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barden2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortest_draw">Shortest draw</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shortest draw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A game may be <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">drawn</a> by mutual agreement in any number of moves. Traditionally, it has been common for players to agree to a "<a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_draw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster draw">grandmaster draw</a>" after playing about 10–15 moves of known <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess opening theory">opening theory</a> and making no serious effort to win. This is usually done to preserve energy in a tournament, after a devastating loss in the previous round of the tournament, or in the final round when no prize money is at stake. There has been some debate over the ethics of the practice, and recently there has been a trend away from such games, with many tournaments adopting <a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Steps_taken_to_discourage_draws_or_short_draws" title="Draw by agreement">measures to discourage short draws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the tournament officials (unlike those at Graz and Lishui) do not object, a game may even be agreed drawn without a single move being played. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Miles" title="Tony Miles">Tony Miles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Reuben" title="Stewart Reuben">Stewart Reuben</a> did the same thing in the last round of the <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a> 1975 tournament, "with the blessing of the controller", in order to assure themselves of first and second places respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyld_1986_124_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyld_1986_124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortest_stalemate">Shortest stalemate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shortest stalemate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f8 black bishop"><img alt="f8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 black knight"><img alt="g8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black rook"><img alt="h8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black pawn"><img alt="e7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black pawn"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black queen"><img alt="h7 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/26px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/39px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/52px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 white queen"><img alt="e6 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black pawn"><img alt="f6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black king"><img alt="g6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h6 black rook"><img alt="h6 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black pawn"><img alt="h5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h4 white pawn"><img alt="h4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white pawn"><img alt="e3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c2 white pawn"><img alt="c2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 white pawn"><img alt="d2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 white rook"><img alt="a1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b1 white knight"><img alt="b1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white bishop"><img alt="c1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e1 white king"><img alt="e1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white bishop"><img alt="f1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white knight"><img alt="g1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Shortest possible stalemate after 10.Qe6 </div></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271734817">.mw-parser-output .chessboard table{font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table tr{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td{padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td[rowspan]{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .chessboard .chess-pieces div{position:absolute;z-index:3}</style> <p>The shortest known <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Loyd" title="Sam Loyd">Sam Loyd</a>, involves the sequence 1.e3 a5 2.Qh5 Ra6 3.Qxa5 h5 4.Qxc7 Rah6 5.h4 f6 6.Qxd7+ Kf7 7.Qxb7 Qd3 8.Qxb8 Qh7 9.Qxc8 Kg6 10.Qe6 (<i>diagram</i>). The shortest stalemate with all of the pieces on the board, composed by Charles H Wheeler,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs after 1.d4 d6 2.Qd2 e5 3.a4 e4 4.Qf4 f5 5.h3 Be7 6.Qh2 Be6 7.Ra3 c5 8.Rg3 Qa5+ 9.Nd2 Bh4 10.f3 Bb3 11.d5 e3 12.c4 f4 (minor variations are possible). The shortest known route to a position where both players are stalemated, discovered by Enzo Minerva and published in the Italian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i> on August 14, 2007, is 1.c4 d5 2.Qb3 Bh3 3.gxh3 f5 4.Qxb7 Kf7 5.Qxa7 Kg6 6.f3 c5 7.Qxe7 Rxa2 8.Kf2 Rxb2 9.Qxg7+ Kh5 10.Qxg8 Rxb1 11.Rxb1 Kh4 12.Qxh8 h5 13.Qh6 Bxh6 14.Rxb8 Be3+ 15.dxe3 Qxb8 16.Kg2 Qf4 17.exf4 d4 18.Be3 dxe3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fewest_moves_played_in_a_tournament">Fewest moves played in a tournament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fewest moves played in a tournament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Premier I group at the 2003 Capablanca Memorial tournament, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Sz%C3%A9kely" title="Péter Székely">Péter Székely</a> took just 130 moves (an average of 10 moves per game) to draw all 13 of his games.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_play_records">Game play records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Game play records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_first_capture">Latest first capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latest first capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Rogoff</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Howard_Williams" title="Arthur Howard Williams">Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Chess Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> 1969, the first capture (94.bxc5) occurred on White's 94th move.<sup id="cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krabbé_Chess_records-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipowicz–Smederevac, <a href="/wiki/Polanica_Zdroj" class="mw-redirect" title="Polanica Zdroj">Polanica Zdroj</a> 1966, was drawn in 70 moves under the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">fifty-move rule</a>, without any piece or pawn having been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Whyld_1986_124_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whyld_1986_124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latest_first_capture_in_a_decisive_game">Latest first capture in a decisive game</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latest first capture in a decisive game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black knight"><img alt="e8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f8 black bishop"><img alt="f8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 black rook"><img alt="g8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black knight"><img alt="h8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black bishop"><img alt="d7 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black queen"><img alt="e7 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/26px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/39px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/52px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black rook"><img alt="f7 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black king"><img alt="h7 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 black pawn"><img alt="d6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black pawn"><img alt="f6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 black pawn"><img alt="g6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h6 black pawn"><img alt="h6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black pawn"><img alt="c5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white pawn"><img alt="d5 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black pawn"><img alt="e5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 white pawn"><img alt="g5 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a4 black pawn"><img alt="a4 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b4 black pawn"><img alt="b4 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white pawn"><img alt="e4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 white pawn"><img alt="f4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h4 white pawn"><img alt="h4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 white bishop"><img alt="d3 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 white queen"><img alt="f3 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g3 white knight"><img alt="g3 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h3 white knight"><img alt="h3 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h2 white rook"><img alt="h2 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white bishop"><img alt="c1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white rook"><img alt="g1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white king"><img alt="h1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Yates–Znosko-Borovsky, 1927, after White's 40th move </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>In the decisive game <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Yates_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Yates (chess player)">Yates</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eugene_Znosko-Borovsky" title="Eugene Znosko-Borovsky">Znosko-Borovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a> 1927, the first capture occurred on Black's 40th move.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 Na5 9.Bc2 c5 10.d4 Qc7 11.h3 0-0 12.Nbd2 Bd7 13.Nf1 Nc6 14.d5 Nd8 15.g4 Ne8 16.Ng3 g6 17.Kh2 Ng7 18.Rg1 f6 19.Be3 Nf7 20.Rg2 Kh8 21.Qd2 Qc8 22.Rh1 Rg8 23.Rhg1 a5 24.Kh1 b4 25.c4 a4 26.Bd3 Qa6 27.Qe2 Raf8 28.Nd2 Qc8 29.f3 Ne8 30.Ndf1 Kg7 31.Bc1 h6 32.Ne3 Kh7 33.Rh2 Nh8 34.h4 Rf7 35.Nd1 Bf8 36.Nf2 Bg7 37.f4 Bf8 38.Qf3 Qd8 39.Nh3 Qe7 40.g5 (<i>diagram</i>) Bxh3 41.f5 hxg5 42.hxg5 Rgg7 43.Rxh3+ Kg8 44.fxg6 Rxg6 45.Nf5 Qd7 46.Rg2 fxg5 47.Rgh2 Bg7 48.Rxh8+ Bxh8 49.Qh5 Rff6 50.Qxh8+ Kf7 51.Rh7+ Ng7 52.Rxg7+ Rxg7 53.Qxg7+ <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#1–0" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">1–0</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_castling">Latest castling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latest castling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latest castling occurred on Black's 48th move in Neshewat-Garrison, Michigan 1994<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Somogyi-Black, New York 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_novelties">Theoretical novelties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theoretical novelties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book <i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i> contains the games with the ten highest-ranked <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#theoretical_novelty" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § theoretical novelty" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">theoretical novelties</span></a></dfn> (TNs) that appeared in each of Volumes 11 through 110 of <a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest such novelty occurred on White's fourth move in <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tony_Miles" title="Tony Miles">Miles</a>, Bugojno 1978, namely 1.c4 b6 2.d4 e6 3.d5 Qh4 4.Nc3<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#!" title="Chess annotation symbols">!</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest occurred on Black's 34th move (34...Kd5!) in <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Shulman">Shulman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mihail_Marin" title="Mihail Marin">Marin</a>, Reykjavík Open 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only game to receive a perfect rating from <i>Chess Informant'</i>s panel of judges was Miles–<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beliavsky" title="Alexander Beliavsky">Belyavsky</a>, Tilburg 1986, which featured the novelty 18.f4<a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#!!" title="Chess annotation symbols">!!</a> It received 90 points, 10 out of a possible 10 from each of the 9 judges.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_records">National records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_grandmasters">Most grandmasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Most grandmasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia holds the record for greatest number of grandmasters. In the November 2018 rating list, 229 of the 1645 grandmasters were from Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greatest_concentration_of_resident_grandmasters">Greatest concentration of resident grandmasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greatest concentration of resident grandmasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, with eight grandmasters (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Loftur_%C3%81rnason" title="Jón Loftur Árnason">Jón L. Árnason</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hann_Hjartarson" title="Jóhann Hjartarson">Jóhann Hjartarson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margeir_P%C3%A9tursson" title="Margeir Pétursson">Margeir Pétursson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_%C3%93lafsson" title="Friðrik Ólafsson">Friðrik Ólafsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thr%C3%B6stur_Th%C3%B3rhallsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thröstur Thórhallsson">Thröstur Thórhallsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helgi_Gr%C3%A9tarsson" title="Helgi Grétarsson">Helgi Grétarsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Stef%C3%A1nsson" title="Hannes Stefánsson">Hannes Stefánsson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>) had a higher percentage of resident <a href="/wiki/International_Grandmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="International Grandmaster">grandmasters</a> per capita than any other city worldwide;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city of 114,000<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had, therefore, one grandmaster per 14,000 residents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_rated_players">Most rated players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Most rated players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of November 2018, Germany has the highest number of active FIDE-rated players with 11,813. Russia, by comparison, has 11,313.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strongest_team">Strongest team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Strongest team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USSR team that participated in the 13th Olympiad (Munich 1958) had been claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the strongest team ever. It was composed of four world champions (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>), one world championship challenger (<a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a>, four times runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournament_records">Tournament records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tournament records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfect_tournament_scores">Perfect tournament scores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Perfect tournament scores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In top-class chess it is rare for a player to complete a tournament or match with a 100 percent score. Some examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Neumann" title="Gustav Neumann">Gustav Neumann</a> at Berlin 1865 (34/34)<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_1993_129_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_1993_129-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pollock_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pollock (chess player)">William Pollock</a> at Belfast 1886 (8/8)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> at New York 1893 (13/13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Atkins" title="Henry Ernest Atkins">Henry Atkins</a> at Amsterdam 1899 (15/15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a> at New York 1913 (13/13, including one default)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawid_Janowski" title="Dawid Janowski">Dawid Janowski</a> at Paris 1914 (9/9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a> at Moscow 1919–20 (11/11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kosti%C4%87" title="Boris Kostić">Boris Kostić</a> at Hastings 1921–22 (7/7)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> in New York at the US Championship of 1963/64 (11/11)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beliavsky" title="Alexander Beliavsky">Alexander Beliavsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> 1978 (13/13)<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_1992_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Mareco" title="Sandro Mareco">Sandro Mareco</a> at Montevideo 2017 (9/9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_H._Grigoryan" title="Karen H. Grigoryan">Karen H. Grigoryan</a> at Famalicão 2019 (9/9)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Lombardy" title="William Lombardy">William Lombardy</a> is the only player ever to achieve a perfect score in the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Chess Championship</a>, open to players under the age of 20 as of January 1 in the year of competition. He scored 11–0 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=82996">Toronto 1957</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vera_Menchik" title="Vera Menchik">Vera Menchik</a> won four consecutive <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Chess Championship</a> tournaments with perfect scores, a total of 45 games (8–0 at <a href="/wiki/4th_Chess_Olympiad" title="4th Chess Olympiad">Prague 1931</a>, 14–0 at <a href="/wiki/5th_Chess_Olympiad" title="5th Chess Olympiad">Folkestone 1933</a>, 9–0 at <a href="/wiki/6th_Chess_Olympiad" title="6th Chess Olympiad">Warsaw 1935</a>, and 14–0 at <a href="/wiki/7th_Chess_Olympiad" title="7th Chess Olympiad">Stockholm 1937</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_1992_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She only played 43 of the 45 games, since Harum, the Austrian contestant, was unable to reach Folkestone and thus forfeited all of her games in that double <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round robin</a> event.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alekhine scored 9–0 on <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#first_board" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § first board" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">first board</span></a></dfn> for France at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Chess_Olympiad" title="3rd Chess Olympiad">3rd Chess Olympiad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, 1930), and <a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_%C4%8Ciri%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Čirić">Dragoljub Čirić</a> scored 8–0 as second reserve (the sixth player on his team) for Yugoslavia at the <a href="/wiki/17th_Chess_Olympiad" title="17th Chess Olympiad">17th Olympiad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, 1966), but each played only about half of the possible games.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gwaze" title="Robert Gwaze">Robert Gwaze</a> scored 9–0 on first board for <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/35th_Chess_Olympiad" title="35th Chess Olympiad">35th Olympiad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a>, 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Gunina" title="Valentina Gunina">Valentina Gunina</a> won the Women's section of the 2010 Moscow Blitz tournament with a 17/17 score.<sup id="cite_ref-chessbase-moscow-blitz_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessbase-moscow-blitz-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wesley_So" title="Wesley So">Wesley So</a> scored 9/9 in the 2011 Inter-Provincial Chess Team Championship, with a performance rating of 3037,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won the gold medal in men's blitz at the SEA Games 2011 at Indonesia with a score of 9/9 and a rating performance of 3183,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the 2013 Calgary International Blitz Championship with a score of 9/9.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The youngest player to obtain a perfect score in a National Blitz Chess Championship anywhere in the world is <a href="/wiki/Jack_Mizzi" title="Jack Mizzi">Jack Mizzi</a>, who in September 2023 won 9/9 games at the Malta Open Blitz Championship, with a performance rating of 2602,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he was 17 years 4 months old.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_tournament_victories">Most tournament victories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Most tournament victories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of December 2011, <a href="/wiki/John_Curdo" title="John Curdo">John Curdo</a> had won 865 tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he died in 2022, he was credited with winning 1,009 tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_wins_in_a_national_championship">Most wins in a national championship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Most wins in a national championship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, Carlos Juárez has won the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Chess_Championship" title="Guatemalan Chess Championship">Guatemalan Chess Championship</a> 27 times.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_decisive_Interzonal_victory">Most decisive Interzonal victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Most decisive Interzonal victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest percentage score at an <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> was 82.5% (16½ points out of 20 games), scored by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a> at the 1952 Stockholm Interzonal. The largest margin of victory was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>, who won the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal in 1970 with 18½ points out of 23 games, 3½ points ahead of second-place finishers <a href="/wiki/Bent_Larsen" title="Bent Larsen">Bent Larsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efim_Geller" title="Efim Geller">Efim Geller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_H%C3%BCbner" title="Robert Hübner">Robert Hübner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_games_won">Most games won</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Most games won"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gustav Neumann won 34 of his games, also a perfect score, at the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Perfect_tournament_scores">aforementioned Berlin 1865 tournament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_1993_129_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_1993_129-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_games_lost">Most games lost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Most games lost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_MacLeod" title="Nicholas MacLeod">Nicholas MacLeod</a> holds the record for the most games lost in a single tournament: he lost 31 games at the <a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress#Sixth_American_Chess_Congress" title="American Chess Congress">Sixth American Chess Congress</a> at New York 1889, while winning six and drawing one.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacLeod was only 19, and the tournament, a 20-player double-<a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round robin</a>, was one of the longest tournaments in chess history. The most games lost by a player who lost <i>all</i> of his games in a tournament was by <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Moreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Moreau">Colonel Moreau</a>. At Monte Carlo 1903, Moreau lost all 26 of his games.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_all_games_on_time">Lost all games on time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lost all games on time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCsum" title="Büsum">Büsum</a> 1969 tournament, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_S%C3%A4misch" title="Friedrich Sämisch">Friedrich Sämisch</a> lost all 15 games by exceeding the <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost all 13 of his games at the <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> 1969 tournament the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_world_champions_in_a_tournament">Most world champions in a tournament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Most world champions in a tournament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_1936_chess_tournament" title="Nottingham 1936 chess tournament">Nottingham 1936</a> included five past, current, and future world champions: reigning champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>, who had lost the title to Euwe the prior year, and would regain it the following year; former champions <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>, who would win the championship in 1948. This record was equaled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_1971_chess_tournament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow 1971 chess tournament (page does not exist)">Moscow 1971</a> and the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Chess Championship">Soviet Chess Championship</a>, each of which included former champions <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a>, who was champion from 1969 to 1972; and future champion <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_tie_for_first">Largest tie for first</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Largest tie for first"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thirteen players tied for first with 5–1 scores at the National Open held on March 17–19, 2000 in Las Vegas: grandmasters <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Ehlvest" title="Jaan Ehlvest">Jaan Ehlvest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldin" title="Alexander Goldin">Alexander Goldin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baburin" title="Alexander Baburin">Alexander Baburin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Blatny" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Blatny">Pavel Blatny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Gufeld" title="Eduard Gufeld">Eduard Gufeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Shulman">Yuri Shulman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Yermolinsky" title="Alex Yermolinsky">Alex Yermolinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Kaidanov" title="Gregory Kaidanov">Gregory Kaidanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Gurevich" title="Dmitry Gurevich">Dmitry Gurevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stripunsky" title="Alexander Stripunsky">Alexander Stripunsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Serper" title="Gregory Serper">Gregory Serper</a>, and International Masters <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rade_Milovanovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rade Milovanovic (page does not exist)">Rade Milovanovic</a> and Levon Altounian.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_performance_rating_in_a_classical_tournament">Highest performance rating in a classical tournament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Highest performance rating in a classical tournament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest known tournament performance rating is 3103, achieved by <a href="/wiki/Karen_H._Grigoryan" title="Karen H. Grigoryan">Karen H. Grigoryan</a>, when he scored a perfect 9/9 at the 2019 Cidade de Famalicão tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-ACF_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACF-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest known performance rating at the top level is 3098 by <a href="/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana" title="Fabiano Caruana">Fabiano Caruana</a> at the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup" title="Sinquefield Cup">Sinquefield Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACF_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACF-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_consideration_for_a_move">Longest consideration for a move</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Longest consideration for a move"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 black rook"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black bishop"><img alt="c8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black queen"><img alt="d8 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/26px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/39px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/52px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black king"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black rook"><img alt="h8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black pawn"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black pawn"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 black pawn"><img alt="c7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black pawn"><img alt="d7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black pawn"><img alt="f7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black pawn"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black pawn"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black knight"><img alt="f6 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black knight"><img alt="e5 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d4 white pawn"><img alt="d4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white king"><img alt="f2 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 white rook"><img alt="a1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white bishop"><img alt="c1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 white queen"><img alt="d1 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white bishop"><img alt="f1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Trois thought for 2 hours 20 minutes deciding between 7...Neg4+ and 7...Ng6. </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>Before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Chess_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess clocks">chess clocks</a>, it was common for players to take more than an hour to decide on a move. Among the players who had a reputation for playing particularly slowly (taking over 2 hours for a move) are <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDonnell_(chess_player)" title="Alexander McDonnell (chess player)">Alexander McDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Williams_(chess_player)" title="Elijah Williams (chess player)">Elijah Williams</a>, however, it was not normal practice to time a player's moves so claims about the slowness of a player in an untimed game must be considered unverified. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a>, Spain in 1980, the Brazilian International Master <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Trois" title="Francisco Trois">Francisco Trois</a> spent 2 hours and 20 minutes over his 7th move, deciding which of two viable moves to make. After blitzing out another 21 moves in serious time trouble, he resigned. His opponent, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Santos_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Santos (chess player)">Luis Santos</a>, asked him after the game, "How can you think for over two hours when there are only two possible moves? I don't understand." Trois replied, "Neither do I."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Match_records">Match records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Match records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfect_scores">Perfect scores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Perfect scores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perfect scores were achieved in matches by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a> over <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrwitz" title="Daniel Harrwitz">Daniel Harrwitz</a> in 1846 (7/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> over <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a> in 1876 (7/7)</li> <li>Capablanca over Kostić in 1919 (5/5)<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper_1992_81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fischer over <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> in 1971 (6/6) (quarter-final <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates Match">Candidates Match</a>)</li> <li>Fischer over <a href="/wiki/Bent_Larsen" title="Bent Larsen">Bent Larsen</a> in 1971 (6/6) (semi-final <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates Match">Candidates Match</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_percentage_of_draws_in_matches">Highest percentage of draws in matches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Highest percentage of draws in matches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">World Chess Championship 2018</a> between <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana" title="Fabiano Caruana">Fabiano Caruana</a>, all 12 classical games ended in draws (100%). Only in the tiebreaks, there were three decisive rapid games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playing_records">Playing records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Playing records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecutive_wins_against_masters">Consecutive wins against masters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Consecutive wins against masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> won 20 consecutive games, all in competitions at late stages of the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">world championship</a> cycle. (Some commentators give this as 19, discounting Fischer's game against <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Panno" title="Oscar Panno">Oscar Panno</a>, who resigned after Fischer's first move as a protest.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fischer won his last seven games at the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> (including the one-move game against Panno), then swept <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> 6–0 in the quarterfinals followed by <a href="/wiki/Bent_Larsen" title="Bent Larsen">Bent Larsen</a> by the same score in the semifinals. In the Candidates Match final, Fischer beat former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a> in the first game before Petrosian snapped the streak by winning the second match game.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> won his last 16 games at <a href="/wiki/Vienna_1873_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1873 chess tournament">Vienna 1873</a>, including a two-game playoff against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a> at the end. He played no serious chess until an 1876 match against Blackburne that Steinitz swept 7–0. After a long period of inactivity, Steinitz played at <a href="/wiki/Vienna_1882_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1882 chess tournament">Vienna 1882</a>, where he won his first two games before finally ending his winning streak with a draw. Steinitz's 25-game winning streak over nine years has never been equaled.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_unbeaten_streak">Longest unbeaten streak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Longest unbeaten streak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The longest confirmed unbeaten streak at an elite level belongs to <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who achieved an unbeaten streak of 125 games in the classical time format. His streak started after a loss on July 31, 2018, in the <a href="/wiki/Biel_Chess_Festival" title="Biel Chess Festival">Biel tournament</a> against <a href="/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov" title="Shakhriyar Mamedyarov">Shakhriyar Mamedyarov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended on October 10, 2020, when he lost to <a href="/wiki/Jan-Krzysztof_Duda" title="Jan-Krzysztof Duda">Jan-Krzysztof Duda</a> in a game at the <a href="/wiki/Norway_Chess" title="Norway Chess">Altibox Norway Chess Tournament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streak consists of 42 wins and 83 draws. It includes three wins in the Norwegian Chess League against opponents rated more than 500 Elo points lower, which Carlsen prefers not to count.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlsen's streak broke the previous record of 100 games by <a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding Liren</a>, who went unbeaten from August 2017 to November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ding in turn had taken the record from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>, who managed 95 games unbeaten in 1973–74.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Lali%C4%87" title="Bogdan Lalić">Bogdan Lalić</a>'s unbeaten streak of 155 games<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (against less elite players than those Carlsen faced) is confirmed to have taken place between 2010 and 2011, according to the FIDE ratings website.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a>, Denny Marbourg achieved an unbeaten streak of 169 games, according to the <a href="/wiki/ICCF_U.S.A." title="ICCF U.S.A.">ICCF U.S.A.</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rating_records">Rating records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rating records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Comparison of top chess players throughout history</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (chess's international governing body) adopted <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo ratings</a> in 1970. Players who peaked before this year therefore do not feature in rating records. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_rating">Highest rating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Highest rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest rating ever achieved is 2882, by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> on the May 2014 list and once again on the August 2019 list.<sup id="cite_ref-August_2019_FIDE_rating_list_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-August_2019_FIDE_rating_list-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption>Progression of highest rating record </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Player </th> <th>Rating </th> <th>Year-month first achieved </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> </td> <td align="center">2760 </td> <td>1971–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bobby Fischer </td> <td align="center">2785 </td> <td>1972–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> </td> <td align="center">2800 </td> <td>1990–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garry Kasparov </td> <td align="center">2805 </td> <td>1993–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garry Kasparov </td> <td align="center">2815 </td> <td>1993–07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garry Kasparov </td> <td align="center">2820 </td> <td>1997–07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garry Kasparov </td> <td align="center">2825 </td> <td>1998–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Garry Kasparov </td> <td align="center">2851 </td> <td>1999–07 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> </td> <td align="center">2861 </td> <td>2013–01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnus Carlsen </td> <td align="center">2872 </td> <td>2013–02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnus Carlsen </td> <td align="center">2881 </td> <td>2014–03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnus Carlsen </td> <td align="center">2882 </td> <td>2014–05 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Carlsen also holds the highest unofficial "live rating" of 2889.2, achieved on April 21, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_rating_lead">Largest rating lead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Largest rating lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system#FIDE_ratings" title="Elo rating system">rating</a> of 2785 was 125 points ahead of the second-highest rated player, then-reigning World Champion <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> (2660).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasparov's biggest lead at his peak was 82 points in January 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-TWIC_270_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWIC_270-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both the January and July 1990 rating lists, Kasparov was rated 2800 while Karpov was the only player rated 2700+, with third place being at 2680 although the identity of the third-place player changed.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a>'s biggest lead was 74 points in October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sonas" title="Jeff Sonas">Jeff Sonas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chessmetrics" title="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</a> calculates that in April 1876 <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> was the top-ranked player in the world, with a rating record 199 points above that of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bird_(chess_player)" title="Henry Bird (chess player)">Henry Bird</a>, the second-ranked player.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest_duration_as_number_one">Longest duration as number one</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Longest duration as number one"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garry Kasparov was the world's highest-rated player on FIDE's rating list for a record 255 months, a number that is well ahead of all other world number ones since the inception of the list.<sup id="cite_ref-KasparovProfile_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KasparovProfile-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the list, Emanuel Lasker was the world's highest-rated player for 292 months between June 1890 and December 1926 according to Chessmetrics.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age-related_records">Age-related records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Age-related records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youngest_world_champion">Youngest world champion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Youngest world champion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Youngest undisputed world champion: <a href="/wiki/Gukesh_Dommaraju" title="Gukesh Dommaraju">D Gukesh</a>; 18 years 6 months 14 days, <a href="/wiki/World_chess_championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World chess championship">title won 2024</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Youngest disputed <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championships_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="FIDE World Chess Championships (1998–2004)">FIDE world champion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ruslan Ponomariov</a>; 18 years, 3 months and 13 days, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">title won 2002</a></li> <li>Youngest <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Chess Champion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>; 16 years, 9 months and 27 days, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2010">title won 2010</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youngest_grandmaster">Youngest grandmaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Youngest grandmaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youngest player to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmaster</a> title by FIDE is <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Mishra" title="Abhimanyu Mishra">Abhimanyu Mishra</a>. In 2021, he qualified for the title at the age of 12 years, 4 months, and 25 days. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_grandmasters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of youngest grandmasters">List of youngest grandmasters</a> for the history of this record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_grandmaster">Oldest grandmaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Oldest grandmaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several players have been awarded honorary or retrospective grandmaster titles based on their past achievements. The oldest of these was <a href="/wiki/Andreas_D%C3%BCckstein" title="Andreas Dückstein">Andreas Dückstein</a>, who was awarded the title in 2024 at the age of 96. </p><p>Apart from retrospective awards, a number of players have achieved the title by winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">World Senior Championship</a>. The oldest player to gain the title in this way was <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shabanov" title="Yuri Shabanov">Yuri Shabanov</a>, who won the 2003 event and was awarded the title at the age of 66. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_combined_age_of_players_in_a_match">Oldest combined age of players in a match</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Oldest combined age of players in a match"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, GM <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a> (b. 1931) played a two-game match against GM <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Uhlmann" title="Wolfgang Uhlmann">Wolfgang Uhlmann</a> (b. 1935). Korchnoi won both games. The combined age of the two players was 162 years, which is almost certainly a record for a standard time control match between Grandmasters. At a rapid time control, Korchnoi played a four-game match against GM <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a> (b. 1926) in November 2015. Korchnoi won the match 2–1 with one draw. The combined ages of the players was 174. This was the first time since 1980 that Korchnoi had played in an official or friendly match with an opponent older than himself.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youngest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster">Youngest player to defeat a grandmaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Youngest player to defeat a grandmaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 18, 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashwath_Kaushik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashwath Kaushik (page does not exist)">Ashwath Kaushik</a>, aged 8 years, 6 months, and 11 days, beat Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Stopa" title="Jacek Stopa">Jacek Stopa</a> at the 22nd Burgdorfer Stadthaus Open in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_player_to_defeat_a_grandmaster">Oldest player to defeat a grandmaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oldest player to defeat a grandmaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Oldest_combined_age_of_players_in_a_match">aforementioned rapid match</a> in November 2015 between Mark Taimanov and Viktor Korchnoi, Taimanov was approximately 89 years and 9 months old when he won one of the match games against Korchnoi. The oldest known player to beat a grandmaster in a tournament game at standard time controls is <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Saidy" title="Anthony Saidy">Anthony Saidy</a>. In Round 3 of the National Open Chess Championship in Las Vegas, played sometime between June 17 and 19, 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saidy, aged 82 years and 1 month, beat grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Belous" title="Vladimir Belous">Vladimir Belous</a> (age 25).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simultaneous_and_blindfold_records">Simultaneous and blindfold records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Simultaneous and blindfold records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_and_worst_results_in_simultaneous_exhibitions">Best and worst results in simultaneous exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Best and worst results in simultaneous exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, the recently crowned <a href="/wiki/World_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Champion">World Champion</a>, played 103 opponents simultaneously in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>. He completed the exhibition in seven hours, scoring 102 wins and one draw (99.5%), the best result ever in a simultaneous exhibition on over 75 boards.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best result in a simultaneous exhibition solely against <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmasters</a> is former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>'s performance against an <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> team consisting of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Alterman" title="Boris Alterman">Boris Alterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Huzman" title="Alexander Huzman">Alexander Huzman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Smirin" title="Ilya Smirin">Ilya Smirin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sutovsky" title="Emil Sutovsky">Emil Sutovsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding to the difficulty Kasparov played Black in half the games; usually in exhibitions the exhibitor plays White on all boards. A second round was played 2 days later with colors reversed. Kasparov scored 7–1 against an all 2600+ rated team and considers it one of the peak performances of his career. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a> also gave an impressive exhibition. On April 26, 1859, at London's St. James Chess Club, Morphy played "five games simultaneously against a group of masters who could be described as among the top ten players of the day", scoring 3–2. He defeated <a href="/wiki/Jules_Arnous_de_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Jules Arnous de Rivière">Jules Arnous de Rivière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bird_(chess_player)" title="Henry Bird (chess player)">Henry Bird</a>, drew with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Boden" title="Samuel Boden">Samuel Boden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Johann Löwenthal">Johann Löwenthal</a>, and lost only to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_Barnes" title="Thomas Wilson Barnes">Thomas Wilson Barnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worst result in a simultaneous exhibition given by a <a href="/wiki/Master_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (chess)">master</a> occurred in 1951, when <a href="/wiki/International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Master</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(chess_player)" title="Robert Wade (chess player)">Robert Wade</a> gave a simultaneous exhibition against 30 Russian schoolboys, aged 14 and under. After 7 hours of play, Wade had lost 20 games and <a href="/wiki/Drew_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drew (chess)">drawn</a> the remaining 10.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absolute worst result in a simultaneous exhibition was two wins and 18 losses (10%) by Joe Hayden, aged 17, in August 1977. Hayden wanted to set an American record by playing 180 people simultaneously at a shopping center in Cardiff, New Jersey, but only 20 showed up to play. Hayden lost 18 of the games (including one to a seven-year-old). His two wins were scored against his mother and a player who got tired of waiting and left mid-game, thus forfeiting the game.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_games_in_blindfold_exhibitions">Most games in blindfold exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Most games in blindfold exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The record for the most games played in a blindfold simultaneous exhibition is 48, set by <a href="/wiki/Timur_Gareyev" title="Timur Gareyev">Timur Gareyev</a> in December 2016, when he played 48 opponents over 20 hours, scoring 35 wins, 7 draws and 6 losses.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_players_taking_part_in_a_multi-simul">Most players taking part in a multi-simul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Most players taking part in a multi-simul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20,500 players played simultaneously on December 24, 2010, in Ahmadabad, India. Then-World Champion <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> was a guest of honor for this event and participated in the simul.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_simultaneous_games">Most simultaneous games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Most simultaneous games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 8–9, 2011, Iranian grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Ghaem-Maghami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehsan Ghaem-Maghami">Ehsan Ghaem-Maghami</a> played for 25 hours against 604 players, winning 580 (97.35%) of the games, drawing 16, and losing 8.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing-related_records">Writing-related records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Writing-related records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest-running_chess_column">Longest-running chess column</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Longest-running chess column"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Barden" title="Leonard Barden">Leonard Barden</a>'s daily chess column for the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a></i> began in June 1956, and was published daily in the printed newspaper until July 30, 2010, a total run of 54 years and 1 month. It then continued online until January 31, 2020, for a total of 63 years, 7 months and 27 days without missing a day.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2753406">"Billy Fellowes vs Peter D Lalic (2024)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240831195529/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2753406">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billy+Fellowes+vs+Peter+D+Lalic+%282024%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D2753406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krabbé_Chess_records-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krabbé_Chess_records_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarden2024" class="citation web cs1">Barden, Leonard (August 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/23/chess-carlsen-and-niemann-impress-as-paris-grudge-rematch-approaches">"Leonard Barden on chess"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240830075242/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/23/chess-carlsen-and-niemann-impress-as-paris-grudge-rematch-approaches">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Leonard+Barden+on+chess&rft.date=2024-08-23&rft.aulast=Barden&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2Farticle%2F2024%2Faug%2F23%2Fchess-carlsen-and-niemann-impress-as-paris-grudge-rematch-approaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcShane2024" class="citation web cs1">McShane, Luke (August 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/marathon/">"Marathon"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240831204302/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/marathon/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Marathon&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft.aulast=McShane&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmarathon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-04/magnus-carlsen-wins-longest-game-world-chess-history/100674464">"After 136 moves, Magnus Carlsen wins the longest game in World Chess Championship history"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 2021-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=After+136+moves%2C+Magnus+Carlsen+wins+the+longest+game+in+World+Chess+Championship+history&rft.date=2021-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-12-04%2Fmagnus-carlsen-wins-longest-game-world-chess-history%2F100674464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Edward Winter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/#5857._Maxim">Chess Note 5858</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429230555/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/">Archived</a> April 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWinter2003">Winter 2003</a>, p. 99)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It counts as a loss for tournament score, but not for rating calculations where a forfeit is treated as an unplayed game.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrady1973">Brady 1973</a>, pp. 244–45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i>, Volume 98, Šahovski Informator, 2007, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2009/06/new-rule-good-or-bad-you-decide.html">New rule. Good or bad? You decide.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217170147/http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2009/06/new-rule-good-or-bad-you-decide.html">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> susanpolgar.blogspot.com. Retrieved on October 25, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5867">"Novi Sad: another loss by ringtone"</a>. ChessBase News. October 25, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20091027000000/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5867">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Novi+Sad%3A+another+loss+by+ringtone&rft.date=2009-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D5867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1543378">"Robert Huebner vs. Kenneth S Rogoff (1972) Going Rogoff"</a>. <i>www.chessgames.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714010853/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1543378">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Huebner+vs.+Kenneth+S+Rogoff+%281972%29+Going+Rogoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1543378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFAlexander1973">Alexander 1973</a>, pp. 80–81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Polgar" title="Susan Polgar">Susan Polgar</a> Daily Chess News and Information, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2009/09/double-forfeit.html">Double forfeit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182714/http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2009/09/double-forfeit.html">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (based on Polgar's translation of Chinese-language <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.sina.com.cn">Sina Sports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009235623/http://sports.sina.com.cn/">Archived</a> October 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published September 21, 2009). Retrieved on 2009-09-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrady1973">Brady 1973</a>, p. 179)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWadeO'Connell1973">Wade & O'Connell 1973</a>, pp. 344, 410)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBrady1973">Brady 1973</a>, p. 245)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1243482">"Zoran Djordjevic vs. Milorad Kovacevic (1984)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509190148/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1243482">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zoran+Djordjevic+vs.+Milorad+Kovacevic+%281984%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1243482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, p. 177)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9" title="Tim Krabbé">Tim Krabbé</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/diary13txt.htm">Entry No. 257</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525222703/http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/diary13txt.htm">Archived</a> May 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on May 4, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1705074">"Carl D Latino vs. Steven R Dumas (2010)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164240/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1705074">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+D+Latino+vs.+Steven+R+Dumas+%282010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1705074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barden2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barden2017_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarden2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Barden" title="Leonard Barden">Barden, Leonard</a> (February 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/03/hou-yifan-resigns-after-five-moves-gibraltar">"Hou Yifan resigns after five moves in protest over her Gibraltar pairings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208040441/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/03/hou-yifan-resigns-after-five-moves-gibraltar">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hou+Yifan+resigns+after+five+moves+in+protest+over+her+Gibraltar+pairings&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Barden&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F03%2Fhou-yifan-resigns-after-five-moves-gibraltar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018015">"Alonso Zapata vs. Viswanathan Anand (1988)"</a>. Chessgames.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227105748/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018015">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alonso+Zapata+vs.+Viswanathan+Anand+%281988%29&rft.pub=Chessgames.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1018015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">World Chess Championship 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a>, the players were not permitted to agree a draw before move 30. In the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Chess Championship 2021">2021 World Championship</a>, this was extended to move 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whyld_1986_124-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whyld_1986_124_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whyld_1986_124_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWhyld1986">Whyld 1986</a>, p. 124)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, p. 178)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter08.html#CN_3679">"Chess Notes by Edward Winter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708184953/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter08.html#CN_3679">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Notes+by+Edward+Winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter08.html%23CN_3679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWinter2008">Winter 2008</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1709732">"Kenneth Rogoff vs. Arthur Howard Williams (1969) "Trade Restrictions"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413165825/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1709732">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenneth+Rogoff+vs.+Arthur+Howard+Williams+%281969%29+%22Trade+Restrictions%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1709732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1710666">"Andrzej Filipowicz vs Petar Smederevac"</a>. Chessgames.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrzej+Filipowicz+vs+Petar+Smederevac&rft.pub=Chessgames.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1710666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The game appears in "The Game of Chess" by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Harry Golombek</a>, Penguin Books, first published 1954, on page 119. The game is only given from move 40 onwards, but the diagram showing the position on move 40 shows all pieces and pawns present.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chesstempo.com/gamedb/game/1862370">"Yates, Frederic D – Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene 1927, Tunbridge Wells, Tunbridge Wells"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yates%2C+Frederic+D+%E2%80%93+Znosko-Borovsky%2C+Eugene+1927%2C+Tunbridge+Wells%2C+Tunbridge+Wells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchesstempo.com%2Fgamedb%2Fgame%2F1862370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1819049">"Michael Neshawat vs. R. Raymond Garrison (1994)"</a>. <i>www.chessgames.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Michael+Neshawat+vs.+R.+Raymond+Garrison+%281994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1819049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1819050">"Somogyi vs. Richard Black (2002)"</a>. <i>www.chessgames.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Somogyi+vs.+Richard+Black+%282002%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1819050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timkr.home.xs4all.nl/records/records.htm">"Chess Records"</a>. <i>timkr.home.xs4all.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timkr.home.xs4all.nl&rft.atitle=Chess+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimkr.home.xs4all.nl%2Frecords%2Frecords.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i>, <i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i>, 2012, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1068064">"Anatoly Karpov vs. Anthony Miles (1978)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164137/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1068064">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatoly+Karpov+vs.+Anthony+Miles+%281978%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1068064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i>, pp. 579–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1542350">"Yury Shulman vs. Mihail Marin (2009)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508113420/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1542350">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yury+Shulman+vs.+Mihail+Marin+%282009%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1542350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties</i>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1097836">"Anthony Miles vs. Alexander Beliavsky (1986) "Big Fun"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164238/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1097836">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthony+Miles+vs.+Alexander+Beliavsky+%281986%29+%22Big+Fun%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1097836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2790">"The Beer Sheva Chess Club"</a>. <i>Chess News</i>. 10 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109220455/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2790">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+News&rft.atitle=The+Beer+Sheva+Chess+Club&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D2790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iceland/towns/">"All Urban Settlements (Iceland)"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=All+Urban+Settlements+%28Iceland%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Ficeland%2Ftowns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratings.fide.com/advseek.phtml">"FIDE Advanced players search"</a>. <i>ratings.fide.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ratings.fide.com&rft.atitle=FIDE+Advanced+players+search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Fadvseek.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olimpbase.org/1958/1958urs.html">"13th Chess Olympiad, Munich 1958, Soviet Union"</a>. <i>www.olimpbase.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.olimpbase.org&rft.atitle=13th+Chess+Olympiad%2C+Munich+1958%2C+Soviet+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olimpbase.org%2F1958%2F1958urs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox_1993_129-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_1993_129_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_1993_129_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, p. 129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDi_Felice2004">Di Felice 2004</a>, p. 101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWinter1998">Winter 1998</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFCloadKeene1991">Cload & Keene 1991</a>, pp. 123–24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooper and Whyld call Fischer's achievement "the most remarkable achievement of this kind", noting that the 1963/64 U.S. Championship was "a tournament of about category 10." (<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992">Hooper & Whyld 1992</a>, p. 81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooper_1992_81-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_1992_81_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992">Hooper & Whyld 1992</a>, p. 81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSoltis2002">Soltis 2002</a>, pp. 81–83)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSunnucks1970">Sunnucks 1970</a>, p. 76)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunnucks also lists Alekhine's 10/10 score at Caracas 1939, but Soltis writes that it, and Buenos Aires 1926, which Alekhine won with the same score, were "weak events". (<a href="#CITEREFSoltis2002">Soltis 2002</a>, p. 81).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess-results.com/tnr459618.aspx?lan=1&art=1&fed=ARM&flag=30">"VII Torneio Internacional Cidade de Famalicão"</a>. <i>chessresults.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chessresults.com&rft.atitle=VII+Torneio+Internacional+Cidade+de+Famalic%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr459618.aspx%3Flan%3D1%26art%3D1%26fed%3DARM%26flag%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, pp. 17–18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKažić1974">Kažić 1974</a>, pp. 273–74)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lombardy 2011, back cover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKažić1974">Kažić 1974</a>, pp. 261–63)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSergeant1934">Sergeant 1934</a>, p. 324)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKažić1974">Kažić 1974</a>, pp. 16, 95)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHook2008">Hook 2008</a>, p. 177)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessbase-moscow-blitz-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chessbase-moscow-blitz_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6648">His fifth samovar – Morozevich wins 64th Moscow Blitz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100903000000/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6648">Archived</a> September 3, 2010, at Wikiwix, "WGM Valentina Gunina with a truly astounding result", "an incredible 100% result, winning all seventeen games she played".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess-results.com/tnr47104.aspx?art=9&lan=1&snr=17">"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database"</a>. Chess-results.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131211061940/http://chess-results.com/tnr47104.aspx?art=9&lan=1&snr=17">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess-Results+Server+Chess-results.com+%E2%80%93+Tournament-Database&rft.pub=Chess-results.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr47104.aspx%3Fart%3D9%26lan%3D1%26snr%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess-results.com/tnr47104.aspx?art=20&lan=1&snr=4">"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database"</a>. Chess-results.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131209235939/http://chess-results.com/tnr47104.aspx?art=20&lan=1&snr=4">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess-Results+Server+Chess-results.com+%E2%80%93+Tournament-Database&rft.pub=Chess-results.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr47104.aspx%3Fart%3D20%26lan%3D1%26snr%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess-results.com/tnr60057.aspx?art=9&lan=1&fed=PHI&turdet=YES&flag=30&snr=7">"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com – Tournament-Database"</a>. Chess-results.com. November 21, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131209141916/http://chess-results.com/tnr60057.aspx?art=9&lan=1&fed=PHI&turdet=YES&flag=30&snr=7">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess-Results+Server+Chess-results.com+%E2%80%93+Tournament-Database&rft.pub=Chess-results.com&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr60057.aspx%3Fart%3D9%26lan%3D1%26fed%3DPHI%26turdet%3DYES%26flag%3D30%26snr%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107044000/http://www.calgaryinternationalchessclassic.com/IStandings.html">"2013 Calgary International Chess Classic – International – Standings"</a>. Calgaryinternationalchessclassic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgaryinternationalchessclassic.com/IStandings.html">the original</a> on November 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Calgary+International+Chess+Classic+%E2%80%93+International+%E2%80%93+Standings&rft.pub=Calgaryinternationalchessclassic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgaryinternationalchessclassic.com%2FIStandings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chess-results.com/tnr806963.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=9">"Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - Malta Open Blitz Championship 2023"</a>. <i>chess-results.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chess-results.com&rft.atitle=Chess-Results+Server+Chess-results.com+-+Malta+Open+Blitz+Championship+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr806963.aspx%3Flan%3D1%26art%3D1%26rd%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsuranceCauchi2023" class="citation web cs1">Insurance, Atlas; Cauchi, Mattea (2023-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlas.com.mt/atlas-youth-athlete-of-the-month/jack-mizzi-wins-the-atlas-youth-athlete-of-the-month-award-for-september-2023/">"Jack Mizzi wins the Atlas Youth Athlete of the Month Award for September 2023 | Atlas Insurance Malta | People You Can Trust"</a>. <i>Atlas Insurance Malta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Insurance+Malta&rft.atitle=Jack+Mizzi+wins+the+Atlas+Youth+Athlete+of+the+Month+Award+for+September+2023+%7C+Atlas+Insurance+Malta+%7C+People+You+Can+Trust&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft.aulast=Insurance&rft.aufirst=Atlas&rft.au=Cauchi%2C+Mattea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlas.com.mt%2Fatlas-youth-athlete-of-the-month%2Fjack-mizzi-wins-the-atlas-youth-athlete-of-the-month-award-for-september-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSportsDesk2023" class="citation web cs1">SportsDesk (2023-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sport.timesofmalta.com/2023/10/06/jack-mizzi-in-record-run-at-the-malta-blitz-chess-championship/">"Jack Mizzi in record run at the Malta Blitz Chess Championship"</a>. <i>SportsDesk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SportsDesk&rft.atitle=Jack+Mizzi+in+record+run+at+the+Malta+Blitz+Chess+Championship&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.au=SportsDesk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport.timesofmalta.com%2F2023%2F10%2F06%2Fjack-mizzi-in-record-run-at-the-malta-blitz-chess-championship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bard.google.com/share/6a88b6719c85">"Maltese chess prodigy sets new blitz record"</a>. <i>bard.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bard.google.com&rft.atitle=Maltese+chess+prodigy+sets+new+blitz+record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbard.google.com%2Fshare%2F6a88b6719c85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502041915/http://www.chesscafe.com/video/video.htm">"Chess Chat with John Curdo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/video/video.htm">the original</a> on May 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Chess.org&rft.atitle=FM+John+Curdo%2C+1931-2022&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.aulast=Rizzitano&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.uschess.org%2Fnews%2Ffm-john-curdo-1931-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdag.com.gt/carlos-juarez-y-carolina-mazariegos-monarcas-nacionales-de-ajedrez-2014/">"Carlos Juárez y Carolina Mazariegos monarcas nacionales de Ajedrez 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150617044941/http://cdag.com.gt/carlos-juarez-y-carolina-mazariegos-monarcas-nacionales-de-ajedrez-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carlos+Ju%C3%A1rez+y+Carolina+Mazariegos+monarcas+nacionales+de+Ajedrez+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdag.com.gt%2Fcarlos-juarez-y-carolina-mazariegos-monarcas-nacionales-de-ajedrez-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFChernev1974">Chernev 1974</a>, p. 50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, pp. 168–69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWinter1996">Winter 1996</a>, p. 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, p. 169)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWhyld1986">Whyld 1986</a>, p. 125)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Edward Winter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter109.html#8237._Samisch_at_Busum_and_">Chess Note 8237</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143225/http://chesshistory.com/winter/winter109.html">Archived</a> March 28, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Saemisch . . . was brought in as a last minute substitute. He made chess history by losing every game on time." The Chess Player, <i>Modern Opening Chess Theory as Surveyed in Busum 1969 Complete with All the Games</i> (1969), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992">Hooper & Whyld 1992</a>, pp. 352–53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a>, Volume 12, Šahovski Informator, 1972, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Cafferty and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">M. Taimanov</a>, <i>The Soviet Championships</i>, Cadogan Books, 1998, p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-201-6">1-85744-201-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrne_(chess_player)" title="Robert Byrne (chess player)">Robert Byrne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/nyregion/chess-gufeld-is-one-of-lucky-13-at-top-of-the-national-open.html?src=pm">CHESS; Gufeld is One of Lucky 13 at Top of the National Open</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423155343/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/nyregion/chess-gufeld-is-one-of-lucky-13-at-top-of-the-national-open.html?src=pm">Archived</a> April 23, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, April 23, 2000. Retrieved on October 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACF-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACF_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACF_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessfed.am/news/2019/8/GM-Karen-Grigoryan-shows-highest-elo-performance-in-chess-history">GM Karen Grigoryan shows highest elo performance in chess history</a>, Armenian Chess Federation, August 3, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess-results.com/tnr459618.aspx?lan=1&art=1&fed=ARM&flag=30">VII Torneio Internacional Cidade de Famalicão</a>, chess-results.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235126/http://chess-results.com/tnr143628.aspx?lan=1&art=1&wi=821">"Sinquefield Cup 2014 results"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinquefield+Cup+2014+results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess-results.com%2Ftnr143628.aspx%3Flan%3D1%26art%3D1%26wi%3D821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGude1980" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gude, Antonio (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiadelajedrezespanol.es/revistas/el_ajedrez/El_ajedrez_07.pdf#page=18">"1 Open Internacional Ciudad de Vigo – Hernandez, Eslon y Castro Compartieron el Triunfo"</a> [Vigo International Open – Hernandez, Eslon and Castro Share First Place] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>El Ajedrez</i> (in Spanish). No. 7. Vigo. p. 316. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423095454/http://www.historiadelajedrezespanol.es/revistas/el_ajedrez/El_ajedrez_07.pdf#page=18">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span> – via historiadelajedrezespanol.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Ajedrez&rft.atitle=1+Open+Internacional+Ciudad+de+Vigo+%E2%80%93+Hernandez%2C+Eslon+y+Castro+Compartieron+el+Triunfo&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=316&rft.date=1980-07&rft.aulast=Gude&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiadelajedrezespanol.es%2Frevistas%2Fel_ajedrez%2FEl_ajedrez_07.pdf%23page%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSoltis2002">Soltis 2002</a>, pp. 43, 73)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSoltis2002">Soltis 2002</a>, p. 42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarden2020" class="citation news cs1">Barden, Leonard (October 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/oct/08/chess-carlsen-extends-record-unbeaten-streak-before-key-game-with-caruana">"Carlsen extends record unbeaten streak after beating world No 2 Caruana"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tiviakov celebrates!"</a>. <i>Chessbase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessbase&rft.atitle=Ding+defeated%21+Tiviakov+celebrates%21&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fding-defeated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland_(SamCopeland)2018" class="citation web cs1">Copeland (SamCopeland), Sam (5 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/news/view/ding-liren-breaks-mikhail-tals-95-game-undefeated-streak">"Ding Liren Breaks Mikhail Tal's 95-Game Undefeated Streak"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=Ding+Liren+Breaks+Mikhail+Tal%27s+95-Game+Undefeated+Streak&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.aulast=Copeland+%28SamCopeland%29&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fding-liren-breaks-mikhail-tals-95-game-undefeated-streak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ara.org.ar/chs/ajedrez/lalic.html">"Record: Bogdan Lalić's unbeaten streak of 155 games"</a>. <i>www.ara.org.ar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ara.org.ar&rft.atitle=Record%3A+Bogdan+Lali%C4%87%27s+unbeaten+streak+of+155+games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara.org.ar%2Fchs%2Fajedrez%2Flalic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/profile/409081">"Bogdan Lalić: FIDE Profile"</a>. <i>ratings.fide.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ratings.fide.com&rft.atitle=Bogdan+Lali%C4%87%3A+FIDE+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Fprofile%2F409081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iccfus.com/221219News.htm">"ICCF-US 2023-1 Rating List Top 50 List"</a>. <i>ICCF-U.S</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICCF-U.S.&rft.atitle=ICCF-US+2023-1+Rating+List+Top+50+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccfus.com%2F221219News.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved December 22, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-August_2019_FIDE_rating_list-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-August_2019_FIDE_rating_list_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=557">"August 2019 FIDE rating list"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+2019+FIDE+rating+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Ftoparc.phtml%3Fcod%3D557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2700chess.com/">"Live Chess Ratings – 2700chess.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011081700/http://www.2700chess.com/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+Chess+Ratings+%E2%80%93+2700chess.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2700chess.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on April 24, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html">All Time Rankings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html">Archived</a> November 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – lists the top 10 from 1970 to 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWIC_270-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWIC_270_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html">The Week in Chess 270</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121140443/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html">Archived</a> November 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Week_in_Chess" title="The Week in Chess">The Week in Chess</a>, January 10, 2000. Retrieved on December 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2700chess.com/top20-for-any-month">"Top 20 for any month"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061415/https://2700chess.com/top20-for-any-month">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+20+for+any+month&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2700chess.com%2Ftop20-for-any-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=277">"Top 100 Players October 2013 FIDE Top players archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417065504/http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=277">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+Players+October+2013+FIDE+Top+players+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Ftoparc.phtml%3Fcod%3D277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-greatest-che-player-of-all-time-part-i">"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part I"</a>. <i>Chess News</i>. 24 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304221056/http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-greatest-che-player-of-all-time-part-i">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+News&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Chess+Player+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fthe-greatest-che-player-of-all-time-part-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KasparovProfile-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KasparovProfile_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html">"The chess games of Garry Kasparov"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118121310/http://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+chess+games+of+Garry+Kasparov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fplayer%2Fgarry_kasparov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S073076000000111000000000000010100">"Chessmetrics Player Profile: Emanuel Lasker"</a>. <i>www.chessmetrics.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chessmetrics.com&rft.atitle=Chessmetrics+Player+Profile%3A+Emanuel+Lasker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FPlayerProfile.asp%3FParams%3D199510SSSSS3S073076000000111000000000000010100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Bryan Armen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241212150924/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/12/gukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren">"Gukesh Dommaraju becomes youngest world chess champion after horrific Ding Liren blunder"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/12/gukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren">the original</a> on 12 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gukesh+Dommaraju+becomes+youngest+world+chess+champion+after+horrific+Ding+Liren+blunder&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bryan+Armen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2024%2Fdec%2F12%2Fgukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/sonderthemen/beiuns">"BeiUns Nachrichten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Zeitung" title="Luzerner Zeitung">Luzerner Zeitung</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luzerner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=BeiUns+Nachrichten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luzernerzeitung.ch%2Fsonderthemen%2Fbeiuns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/06/viktor-korchnoi-obituary">"Viktor Korchnoi obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Viktor+Korchnoi+obituary&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2016%2Fjun%2F06%2Fviktor-korchnoi-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved October 16, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvensen2024" class="citation web cs1">Svensen, Tarjei (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/news/view/8-year-old-ashwath-kaushik-beats-chess-grandmaster-sets-new-record">"8-Year-Old Ashwath Beats Chess Grandmaster, Sets New World Record"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=8-Year-Old+Ashwath+Beats+Chess+Grandmaster%2C+Sets+New+World+Record&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Svensen&rft.aufirst=Tarjei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F8-year-old-ashwath-kaushik-beats-chess-grandmaster-sets-new-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegaschessfestival.com/national-open/">"National Open"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Open&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegaschessfestival.com%2Fnational-open%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2020.10.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uschess.org/msa/XtblMain.php?201906168902.1-10439949">"2019 National Open Chess Championship"</a>. United States Chess Federation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+National+Open+Chess+Championship&rft.pub=United+States+Chess+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschess.org%2Fmsa%2FXtblMain.php%3F201906168902.1-10439949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2020.10.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDamsky2005">Damsky 2005</a>, p. 235)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFChernev1974">Chernev 1974</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1016404">Kasparov's super simuls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718014502/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1016404">Archived</a> July 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSoltis2002">Soltis 2002</a>, p. 103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKotov1964">Kotov 1964</a>, p. 66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFChernev1974">Chernev 1974</a>, p. 110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, pp. 170–71)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GM <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a> wrote that former World Champion <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> warned new arrivals in Moscow, "Just don't give exhibitions against Pioneers" (i.e. students at the <a href="/wiki/Pioneers_Palace" title="Pioneers Palace">Palaces of the Pioneers</a>) (<a href="#CITEREFKotov1964">Kotov 1964</a>, p. 66).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFoxJames1993">Fox & James 1993</a>, pp. 190–91)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chessbase.com/post/48-blindfold-boards-the-tale-behind-the-record">"48 blindfold boards – The tale behind the record"</a>. Chessbase. January 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602094823/http://en.chessbase.com/post/48-blindfold-boards-the-tale-behind-the-record">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=48+blindfold+boards+%E2%80%93+The+tale+behind+the+record&rft.pub=Chessbase&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2F48-blindfold-boards-the-tale-behind-the-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gambit.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/simultaneous-chess-playing-record-set-in-india/">"Simultaneous Chess-Playing Record Set in India"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 26, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105622/http://gambit.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/simultaneous-chess-playing-record-set-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+Chess-Playing+Record+Set+in+India&rft.date=2010-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgambit.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F26%2Fsimultaneous-chess-playing-record-set-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/5055-world-record-604-board-simultaneous-chess-exhibition-by-gm-ehsan-ghaem-maghami-iri.html">"World Record 604 Board Simultaneous Chess Exhibition by GM Ehsan Ghaem Maghami (IRI)"</a>. Fide.com. February 10, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721164434/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/5055-world-record-604-board-simultaneous-chess-exhibition-by-gm-ehsan-ghaem-maghami-iri.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Record+604+Board+Simultaneous+Chess+Exhibition+by+GM+Ehsan+Ghaem+Maghami+%28IRI%29&rft.pub=Fide.com&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F4-tournaments%2F5055-world-record-604-board-simultaneous-chess-exhibition-by-gm-ehsan-ghaem-maghami-iri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chessbase.com/post/barden-on-the-longest-running-chess-column">"Barden on the longest running chess column"</a>. chessbase.com. October 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512073026/http://en.chessbase.com/post/barden-on-the-longest-running-chess-column">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barden+on+the+longest+running+chess+column&rft.pub=chessbase.com&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fbarden-on-the-longest-running-chess-column&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/staticpage/chess/">"Chess – with Leonard Barden"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. April 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200842/https://www.standard.co.uk/staticpage/chess">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Chess+%E2%80%93+with+Leonard+Barden&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fstaticpage%2Fchess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/C.H.O%27D_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H.O'D Alexander">Alexander, C.H.O'D.</a> (1973), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchess0000alex"><i>A Book of Chess</i></a></span>, New York: Harper & Row, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-010048-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-010048-6"><bdi>0-06-010048-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-06-010048-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=C.H.O%27D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofchess0000alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brady_(writer)" title="Frank Brady (writer)">Brady, Frank</a> (1973), <i>Profile of a Prodigy: The Life and Games of Bobby Fischer</i> (2nd ed.), New York: David McKay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-50075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-50075-9"><bdi>978-0-679-50075-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profile+of+a+Prodigy%3A+The+Life+and+Games+of+Bobby+Fischer&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=David+McKay&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-679-50075-9&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernev1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Chernev" title="Irving Chernev">Chernev, Irving</a> (1974), <i>Wonders and Curiosities of Chess</i>, New York: Dover Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23007-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23007-8"><bdi>978-0-486-23007-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+and+Curiosities+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23007-8&rft.aulast=Chernev&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloadKeene1991" class="citation cs2">Cload, Reg; Keene, Raymond (1991), <i>Battles of Hastings</i>, Oxford and New York: Pergamon Chess, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-037791-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-037791-2"><bdi>0-08-037791-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+Hastings&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Chess&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-08-037791-2&rft.aulast=Cload&rft.aufirst=Reg&rft.au=Keene%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamsky2005" class="citation cs2">Damsky, Yakov (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/batsfordbookofch0000dams"><i>The Batsford Book of Chess Records</i></a></span>, London: Batsford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8946-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8946-4"><bdi>0-7134-8946-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Batsford+Book+of+Chess+Records&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7134-8946-4&rft.aulast=Damsky&rft.aufirst=Yakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbatsfordbookofch0000dams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Felice2004" class="citation cs2">Di Felice, Gino (2004), <i>Chess Results, 1747–1900</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2041-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2041-3"><bdi>0-7864-2041-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Results%2C+1747%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-2041-3&rft.aulast=Di+Felice&rft.aufirst=Gino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxJames1993" class="citation cs2">Fox, Mike; James, Richard (1993), <i>The Even More Complete Chess Addict</i>, London, Boston: Faber and Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17040-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-17040-4"><bdi>0-571-17040-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Even+More+Complete+Chess+Addict&rft.place=London%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-571-17040-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=James%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedel2009" class="citation web cs1">Friedel, Frederic (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5266">"Linares: The Anibal Hall of Fame"</a>. chessbase.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linares%3A+The+Anibal+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=chessbase.com&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Friedel&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D5266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Harding_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Harding (chess)">Harding, Tim</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kibitz40.txt">"Is Khalifman the real World Champion?"</a>. chesscafe.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Khalifman+the+real+World+Champion%3F&rft.pub=chesscafe.com&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fkibitz40.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearstKnott2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Hearst" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot Hearst">Hearst, Eliot</a>; Knott, John (2009), <i>Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records, and Important Games</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3444-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3444-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-3444-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blindfold+Chess%3A+History%2C+Psychology%2C+Techniques%2C+Champions%2C+World+Records%2C+and+Important+Games&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3444-2&rft.aulast=Hearst&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft.au=Knott%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hook_(chess_player)" title="Bill Hook (chess player)">Hook, Bill</a> (2008), <i>Hooked on Chess: A Memoir</i>, Alkmaar: New in Chess, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-220-8"><bdi>978-90-5691-220-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooked+on+Chess%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=Alkmaar&rft.pub=New+in+Chess&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-5691-220-8&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Hooper_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hooper (chess player)">Hooper, David</a>; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a></span>, London, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866164-9"><bdi>0-19-866164-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-866164-9&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000hoop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKažić1974" class="citation cs2">Kažić, B.M. (1974), <i>International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events</i>, New York: Pitman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-07078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-07078-9"><bdi>0-273-07078-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Championship+Chess%3A+A+Complete+Record+of+FIDE+Events&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-273-07078-9&rft.aulast=Ka%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotov1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Kotov, Alexander</a> (January–February 1964), "Why the Russians?", <i>Chessworld</i>: <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chessworld&rft.atitle=Why+the+Russians%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1964-01%2F1964-02&rft.aulast=Kotov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardy2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Lombardy" title="William Lombardy">Lombardy, William</a> (2011), <i>Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life</i>, New York: Russell Enterprises, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93649-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93649-022-6"><bdi>978-1-93649-022-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Chess%3A+My+System%2C+My+Games%2C+My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+Enterprises&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-93649-022-6&rft.aulast=Lombardy&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Morse" title="Jeremy Morse">Morse, Jeremy</a> (1995), <i>Chess Problems: Tasks and Records</i>, Faber and Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15363-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-15363-1"><bdi>0-571-15363-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Problems%3A+Tasks+and+Records&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-571-15363-1&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span> Concentrates on maximum tasks and records.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergeant1934" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip W. Sergeant">Sergeant, Philip</a> (1934), <i>A Century of British Chess</i>, Philadelphia: David McKay</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+British+Chess&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=David+McKay&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Sergeant&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltis2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Soltis" title="Andrew Soltis">Soltis, Andy</a> (2002), <i>Chess Lists Second Edition</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland and Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1296-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1296-8"><bdi>0-7864-1296-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Lists+Second+Edition&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7864-1296-8&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sunnucks" title="Anne Sunnucks">Sunnucks, Anne</a> (1970), <i>The Encyclopaedia of Chess</i>, New York: St. Martin's Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Sunnucks&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Tal, Mikhail</a> (1976), <i>The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal</i>, New York: RHM Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89058-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89058-027-8"><bdi>0-89058-027-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Games+of+Mikhail+Tal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=RHM+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-89058-027-8&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeO'Connell1973" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(chess_player)" title="Robert Wade (chess player)">Wade, Robert</a>; O'Connell, Kevin (1973), <i>Bobby Fischer's Chess Games</i> (2nd ed.), Garden City, New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-08627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-08627-X"><bdi>0-385-08627-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+Fischer%27s+Chess+Games&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-385-08627-X&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyld1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Ken</a> (1986), <i>Chess: The Records</i>, Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-455-0"><bdi>0-85112-455-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess%3A+The+Records&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Guinness+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85112-455-0&rft.aulast=Whyld&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Winter, Edward</a> (1996), <i>Chess Explorations</i>, London: Cadogan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-171-0"><bdi>978-1-85744-171-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chess+Explorations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cadogan+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-171-0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1998" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/pollock.html">"A Chess Idealist"</a>. chesshistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Chess+Idealist&rft.pub=chesshistory.com&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fpollock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2003" class="citation cs2">Winter, Edward (2003), <i>A Chess Omnibus</i>, Milford, Connecticut: Russell Enterprises, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888690-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-888690-17-8"><bdi>1-888690-17-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chess+Omnibus&rft.place=Milford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Russell+Enterprises%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-888690-17-8&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2008" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Edward (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html">"Chess Records"</a>. chesshistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Records&rft.pub=chesshistory.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Frecords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+world+records+in+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_records_in_chess&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/records/records.htm">Tim Krabbé's chess records page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Edward Winter</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html">Chess Records</a>"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_internet_chess_platforms" title="List of internet chess platforms">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments" title="Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments">Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess" title="Category:Chess">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Records121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Records" title="Template:Records"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Records" title="Template talk:Records"><abbr title="Discuss this 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of FIFA World Cup records and statistics">FIFA World Cup records</a></li> <li>Formula One motorsport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructor_records" title="List of Formula One constructor records">constructors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records" title="List of Formula One driver records">drivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_rider_records" title="List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing rider records">Grand Prix motorcycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_world_records" title="Juggling world records">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Rally_Championship_records" title="List of World Rally Championship records">World Rally Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_speed_skating" title="List of world records in speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Judging_System#World_records" title="ISU Judging System">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming" title="List of world records in swimming">Swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">Athletics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_record_progressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics record progressions">Athletics record progressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Olympic records in athletics">Olympic records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_records_in_athletics" title="National records in athletics">National records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting" title="List of world records in Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting" title="World record progression men's weightlifting">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting_(1993%E2%80%931997)" title="World record progression men's weightlifting (1993–1997)">1993–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_men%27s_weightlifting_(1998%E2%80%932018)" title="World record progression men's weightlifting (1998–2018)">1998–2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_women%27s_weightlifting" title="World record progression women's weightlifting">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_record_progression_women%27s_weightlifting_(1998%E2%80%932018)" title="World record progression women's weightlifting (1998–2018)">1998–2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_junior_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting" title="List of junior world records in Olympic weightlifting">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting" title="List of youth world records in Olympic weightlifting">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Rugby_League_records" title="List of National Rugby League records">National Rugby League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_records" title="List of VFL/AFL records">Australian Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NBA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NBA_regular_season_records" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA regular season records">Regular season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_post-season_records" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA post-season records">Post-season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_All-Star_Game_records" title="List of NBA All-Star Game records">All-Star</a></li></ul></li> <li>NFL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_records_(individual)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League records (individual)">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NFL_quarterback_records" title="List of NFL quarterback records">Quarterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_records_(team)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League records (team)">Team</a></li></ul></li> <li>NHL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NHL_records_(individual)" title="List of NHL records (individual)">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NHL_records_(team)" title="List of NHL records (team)">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NHL_All-Star_Game_records" title="List of NHL All-Star Game records">All-Star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_records_considered_unbreakable" title="List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable">Major League Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_records" title="List of Major League Baseball career records">Career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-season_records" title="List of Major League Baseball single-season records">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_records" title="List of Major League Baseball single-game records">Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer_records_and_statistics" title="Major League Soccer records and statistics">Major League Soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_track_and_field" title="List of United States records in track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li>WNBA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WNBA_regular_season_records" title="List of WNBA regular season records">Regular season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WNBA_post-season_records" title="List of WNBA post-season records">Post-season</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Super_League_records_and_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian Super League records and statistics">Indian Super League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_records_of_Japan" title="List of records of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li>Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_records_of_the_Philippines" title="List of records of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_records_of_Thailand" title="List of records of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motion records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wave <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">Sound</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records" title="List of vehicle speed records">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records#Spacecraft" title="List of vehicle speed records">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastest_propeller-driven_aircraft" title="Fastest propeller-driven aircraft">Propeller-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_flight" title="Transcontinental flight">Transcontinental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">Land vehicle (propulsively-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_racing#Records_by_class" title="Land speed racing">Wheel-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">On rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_land-speed_record" title="Motorcycle land-speed record">Motorcycle</a> <ul><li>Production model <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles" title="List of fastest production motorcycles">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Production car <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_car_speed_record" title="Production car speed record">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_cars_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production cars by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_production_cars_by_power_output" title="List of production cars by power output">Power output</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_land_speed_record" title="British land speed record">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_speed_record" title="Water speed record">Water-borne vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_sailing_record" title="Speed sailing record">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_speed_record" title="Underwater speed record">Submerged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Transatlantic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Furthest spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Furthest landing on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Furthest humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Furthest travel on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Closest to the Sun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_distance_record" title="Flight distance record">Furthest flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">Highest altitude)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Deepest ocean vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">On another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kononenko" title="Oleg Kononenko">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">Spacecraft population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_endurance_record" title="Flight endurance record">Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale#Some_of_the_records" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_tallest_structures" title="Category:Lists of tallest structures">Category on tallest structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superlative_trees" title="List of superlative trees">Superlative trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_extremes" title="List of Solar System extremes">Solar System extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Earth">Extreme points of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Organisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">List of longest-living organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms" title="Smallest organisms">Smallest organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_organisms" title="Largest organisms">Largest organisms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-9vdhf","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.278","walltime":"1.539","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7466,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":291493,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3038,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":327006,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1243.196 1 -total"," 47.39% 589.125 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.61% 330.769 61 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