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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Humour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Indigenous music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music_and_national_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music_and_national_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Folk music and national songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music_and_national_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Classical music 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Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_l%27Australie" title="Culture de l'Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de l'Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_dell%27Australia" title="Cultura dell'Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura dell'Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_kult%C5%ABra" title="Australijos kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Australia" title="Kebudayaan Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Cultura da Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Australia" title="Category:Culture of Australia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; border: 1px double #00843D;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Australia" title="Performing arts in Australia">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Australia" title="Professional wrestling in Australia">Pro wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Australia" title="List of festivals in Australia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_folklore" title="Australian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Australia" title="Newspapers in Australia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Australia" title="Internet in Australia">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Australia" title="Mythology of Australia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Australia">Video gaming</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Australia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Australia" title="National colours of Australia">National colours</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Australia" title="Monuments of Australia">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #00843D;border-bottom:1px solid #00843D;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Australia" title="Template:Culture of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Culture of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Australian culture is of primarily <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> origins, and is derived from its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> and migrant components. Indigenous peoples arrived as early as 60,000 years ago, and evidence of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal art">Aboriginal art</a> in Australia dates back at least 30,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia#Colonisation" title="History of Australia">British colonisation of Australia</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] began in 1788 and waves of multi-ethnic (primarily <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a>) migration followed shortly thereafter. Several <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of Australia">states and territories</a> had their origins as <a href="/wiki/Penal_colonies_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal colonies in Australia">penal colonies</a>, with this <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convict heritage</a> having an enduring effect on <a href="/wiki/Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian music">Australian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Manifestations of British colonial heritage in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> include the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, the institution of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">constitutional monarchy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a>-style system of democratic <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> government, and Australia's inclusion within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The American political ideals of <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> have also played a role in shaping Australia's distinctive political identity. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> from the 1850s resulted in exponential population and economic growth, as well as racial tensions and the introduction of novel political ideas;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> the growing disparity between the prospectors and the established colonial governments culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka Stockade">Eureka Stockade</a> rebellion and the shifting political climate ushered in significant electoral reform, the labour movement, and women's rights ahead of any such changes in other Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Federation">Federation</a> occurred in 1901 as the result of a burgeoning sense of national unity and identity that had developed over the latter half of the 19th century, hitherto demonstrated in the works of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a> artists and authors like <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Mackellar" title="Dorothea Mackellar">Dorothea Mackellar</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> profoundly impacted Australia, ushering in the heroic <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> legend of the former and the geopolitical reorientation in which the United States became Australia's foremost military <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ally</a> after the latter. After the Second World War, 6.5 million people settled in Australia from 200 nations, further enriching Australian culture in the process. Over time, as immigrant populations gradually assimilated into Australian life, their cultural and culinary practices became part of mainstream Australian culture.<a href="#cite_note-Reference-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Referencea-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development_of_Australian_culture">Historical development of Australian culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development of Australian culture">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg/170px-Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg/255px-Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg/340px-Showing_method_of_attack_with_boomerang_-_NMA-15147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Luritja" title="Luritja">Luritja</a> man demonstrating method of attack with <a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">boomerang</a> under cover of shield (1920)</figcaption></figure> The oldest surviving cultural traditions of Australia—and some of the oldest surviving cultural traditions on earth—are those of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a> peoples, collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. Their ancestors have inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and 60,000 years, living a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle. In 2006, the Indigenous population was estimated at 517,000 people, or 2.5 per cent of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Most Aboriginal Australians have a belief system based on the <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming</a>, or Dreamtime, which refers both to a time when ancestral spirits created land and culture, and to the knowledge and practices that define individual and community responsibilities and identity.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">first British settlers</a> at what is now Sydney in 1788 introduced <a href="/wiki/Western_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilisation">Western civilisation</a> to the Australian continent. Although Sydney was initially used by the British as a place of banishment for prisoners, the arrival of the British laid the foundations for Australia's democratic institutions and rule of law,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and introduced the long traditions of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> and music, and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> ethics and religious outlook which shaped the Australian national culture and identity.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove,_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/220px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/330px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/440px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> hoists the British flag over the new colony at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a> in 1788</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> expanded across the whole continent and established six colonies. The colonies were originally penal colonies, with the exception of Western Australia and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, which were each established as a "free colony" with no convicts and a vision for a territory with political and religious freedoms, together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, Western Australia became a penal colony after insufficient numbers of free settlers arrived. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, grew from its status as a convict free region and experienced prosperity from the late nineteenth century. Contact between the Indigenous Australians and the new settlers ranged from cordiality to violent conflict, but the diseases brought by Europeans were devastating to Aboriginal populations and culture. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, during the colonial period: "Smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralization."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Charles_Wentworth_(sepia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/220px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/330px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/440px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> (1790–1872) was among the first to articulate a vision of Australian nationhood.</figcaption></figure> Calls for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> began to develop; <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> established <a href="/wiki/Australian_Patriotic_Association" title="Australian Patriotic Association">Australia's first political party</a> in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales and later was central in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Australia's first parliament</a>. From the 1850s, the colonies set about writing constitutions which produced democratically advanced parliaments as <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> as the head of state.<a href="#cite_note-Tink-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nig.ger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg/220px-Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg/330px-Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> suffragette <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> (1825–1910). The Australian colonies established democratic parliaments from the 1850s and began to grant women the vote in the 1890s.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Women's suffrage in Australia</a> was achieved from the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a> Women became eligible to vote in South Australia in 1895. This was the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Amendment_(Adult_Suffrage)_Act_1894" title="Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894">first legislation</a> in the world permitting women to stand for political office and, in 1897, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a>, an Adelaidean, became the first female political candidate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-aec.gov.au-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Though constantly evolving, the key foundations for elected parliamentary government have maintained an historical continuity in Australia from the 1850s into the 21st century. During the colonial era, distinctive forms of <a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Australian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">literature</a> developed through movements like the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a> of painters and the work of <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush balladeers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>, whose poetry and prose did much to promote an egalitarian Australian outlook which placed a high value on the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Mateship" title="Mateship">mateship</a>". Games like <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> were imported from Britain at this time and with a local variant of football, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules Football">Australian Rules Football</a>, became treasured cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> was founded in 1901, after a series of referendums conducted in the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> established a federal democracy and enshrined <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> such as sections 41 (right to vote), 80 (right to trial by jury) and 116 (freedom of religion) as foundational principles of Australian law and included economic rights such as restricting the government to acquiring property only "on just terms".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> was established in the 1890s and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> in 1944, both rising to be the dominant political parties and rivals of <a href="/wiki/Australian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian politics">Australian politics</a>, though various <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">other parties</a> have been and remain influential. Voting is compulsory in Australia and government is essentially formed by a group commanding a majority of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> selecting a leader who becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a>. Australia remains a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Australia">constitutional monarchy</a> in which the largely ceremonial and procedural duties of the monarch are performed by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Australia">Governor General</a> selected by the Australian government.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Australia fought at Britain's side from the outset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and came under attack from the Empire of Japan during the latter conflict. These wars profoundly affected Australia's sense of nationhood and a proud military legend developed around the spirit of Australia's <a href="/wiki/ANZAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC">ANZAC</a> troops, who came to symbolise the virtues of endurance, courage, ingenuity, good humour, and mateship.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Australian colonies had a period of extensive non-British European and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> immigration during the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> of the latter half of the 19th century, but following Federation in 1901, the Parliament instigated the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a> that gave preference to British migrants and ensured that Australia remained a predominantly Anglo-Celtic society until well into the 20th century. The post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> immigration program saw the policy relaxed then dismantled by successive governments, permitting large numbers of non-British Europeans, and later Asian and Middle Eastern migrants to arrive. The <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Government_(1949-1966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies Government (1949-1966)">Menzies Government (1949-1966)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a> maintained the White Australia Policy but relaxed it, and then the legal barriers to multiracial immigration were dismantled during the 1970s, with the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG/400px-Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG/600px-Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG/800px-Australian_PR_COB_2006.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population, 2006<a href="#cite_note-abs34120_2005-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> From the protest movements from the 1930s, with the gradual lifting of restrictions, Indigenous Australians began to develop a unity sense of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_identity" title="Australian Aboriginal identity">Aboriginality</a>, maintained by all Aboriginal artists, musicians, sportsmen and writers.<a href="#cite_note-abcult-26">[26]</a> However, some <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of Australia">States and Territories of Australia</a> retained discriminatory laws relating to voting rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into the 1960s, at which point full legal equality was established. A <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 referendum</a> to include all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the national electoral roll census was overwhelmingly approved by voters, signal the beginning of action and organisation at a national level in Aboriginal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-abcult-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Since then, conflict and <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians</a> has been a source of much art and literature in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Pintupi_Nine" title="Pintupi Nine">a group of</a> <a href="/wiki/Pintupi" title="Pintupi">Pintupi</a> people who were living a traditional <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> desert-dwelling life were tracked down in the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson Desert</a> and brought into a settlement. They are believed to have been the last <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While the British cultural influence remained strong into the 21st century, other influences became increasingly important. Australia's post-war period was marked by an influx of Europeans who broadened the nation's vision.<a href="#cite_note-fma-31">[31]</a> The Hawaiian sport of surfing was adopted in Australia where a beach culture and the locally developed <a href="/wiki/Surf_lifesaving" title="Surf lifesaving">surf lifesaving</a> movement was already burgeoning in the early 20th century. American pop culture and cinema were embraced in the 20th century, with country music and later rock and roll sweeping Australia, aided by the new technology of television and a host of American content. The 1956 <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">Melbourne Olympics</a>, the first to be broadcast to the world,<a href="#cite_note-fma-31">[31]</a> announced a confident, prosperous post-war nation, and new cultural icons like <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a> star <a href="/wiki/Slim_Dusty" title="Slim Dusty">Slim Dusty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaist">dadaist</a> Barry Humphries expressed a uniquely Australian identity. Australia's contemporary immigration program has two components: a program for skilled and family migrants and a humanitarian program for refugees and asylum seekers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By 2010, the post-war immigration program had received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The population tripled in the six decades to around 21 million in 2010, including people originating from 200 countries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> More than 43 per cent of Australians were either born overseas or have one parent who was born overseas. The population is highly urbanised, with more than 75% of Australians living in urban centres, largely along the coast though there has been increased incentive to <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralise</a> the population, concentrating it into developed regional or rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34">[34]</a> Contemporary Australia is a pluralistic society, rooted in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> traditions and espousing informality and egalitarianism as key societal values. While strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a> origins, the culture of Australia has also been shaped by multi-ethnic migration which has influenced all aspects of Australian life, including business, the arts, <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">sense of humour</a> and sporting tastes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34">[34]</a> Contemporary Australia is also a culture that is profoundly influenced by global movements of meaning and communication, including advertising culture. In turn, globalising corporations from Holden to Exxon have attempted to associate their brand with Australian cultural identity. This process intensified from the 1970s onwards. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">this consciously created interlock of the image of the multinational corporation with aspects of Australia’s national mythology, has itself over the last decade [the 1970s to 1980s] contributed to the maintenance and evolution of those national themes. But paradoxically, during the same period it has reinforced Australia’s international orientation.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">National symbols of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_royal_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian royal symbols">Australian royal symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden-wattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Golden-wattle.jpg/220px-Golden-wattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Golden-wattle.jpg/330px-Golden-wattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Golden-wattle.jpg/440px-Golden-wattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Wattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Wattle">Golden Wattle</a>, Australia's floral emblem and the source of Australia's national colours, <a href="/wiki/Green_and_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Green and gold">green and gold</a></figcaption></figure> When the Australian colonies federated on 1 January 1901, an official competition for a design for an <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australian flag</a> was held. The design that was adopted contains the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> in the left corner, symbolising Australia's historical links to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the stars of the <a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Southern Cross</a> on the right half of the flag indicating Australia's geographical location, and the seven-pointed Federation Star in the bottom left representing the six <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states and the territories of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-otherflags-37">[37]</a> Other official flags include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag" title="Australian Aboriginal flag">Australian Aboriginal flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">Torres Strait Islander flag</a> and the flags of the individual states and territories.<a href="#cite_note-otherflags-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Australia">Australian Coat of Arms</a> was granted by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> in 1912 and consists of a shield containing the badges of the six states, within an ermine border. The crest above the shield and helmet is a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath, representing the 6 states and the territories. The shield is supported by a <a href="/wiki/Red_kangaroo" title="Red kangaroo">red kangaroo</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, which were chosen to symbolise a nation moving forward.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Green and gold were confirmed as <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Australia" title="National colours of Australia">Australia's national colours</a> in 1984, though the colours had been adopted on the uniforms of Australia’s sporting teams long before this.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Golden Wattle</a> (Acacia pycnantha) was officially proclaimed as the national floral emblem in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Reflecting the country's status as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> remains part of Australian public life, maintaining a visual presence through federal and state coats of arms, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_organisations_with_royal_patronage" title="List of Australian organisations with royal patronage">charitable and cultural patronage</a>, the names and symbols of public institutions and the governor-general and state governors, who are the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch's</a> representatives on Australian soil.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Australian_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Australian dollar">Australian banknotes</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Australian_dollar" title="Coins of the Australian dollar">coins</a> bear an image of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles_on_all_coins-44">[44]</a> At least 14,9% of lands in Australia are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>, considered <a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> There are many geographic places that have been named in honour of a reigning monarch, including the states of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, with numerous rivers, streets, squares, parks and buildings carrying the names of past or present members of the royal family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian slang">Australian slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian languages">Indigenous Australian languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">Variation in Australian English</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DennisWriting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DennisWriting.jpg/220px-DennisWriting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DennisWriting.jpg/330px-DennisWriting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DennisWriting.jpg/440px-DennisWriting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C._J._Dennis" title="C. J. Dennis">C. J. Dennis</a>, poetic humourist of <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></figcaption></figure> Although Australia has no official language, it is largely <a href="/wiki/Monoglottism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglottism">monolingual</a> with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> being the de facto <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> is a major variety of the language that is immediately distinguishable from <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a>, and other national dialects by virtue of its unique accents, pronunciations, idioms and vocabulary, although its spelling more closely reflects British versions rather than American. According to the 2011 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), and Arabic (1.4%); almost all migrants speak some English.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Australia has multiple sign languages, the most spoken known as <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>, which in 2004 was the main language of about 6,500 deaf people,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a> with about 100 speakers. It is believed that there were between 200 and 300 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> at the time of first European contact, but only about 70 of these have survived and all but 20 are now endangered. An Indigenous language is the main language for 0.25% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humour">Humour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">Australian comedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg/220px-Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg/330px-Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg/440px-Dame_Edna_at_the_royal_wedding_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna Everage</a>, a comic creation of <a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a></figcaption></figure> Comedy is an important part of the Australian identity. The "Australian sense of humour" is characterised as dry and sarcastic,<a href="#cite_note-auhum-51">[50]</a> exemplified by the works of performing artists like Barry Humphries and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hogan" title="Paul Hogan">Paul Hogan</a>. The convicts of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788-1850)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Australia (1788-1850)">early colonial period</a> helped establish anti-authoritarianism as a hallmark of Australian comedy. Influential in the establishment of stoic, dry wit as a characteristic of Australian humour were the <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush balladeers</a> of the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a>, author of "<a href="/wiki/The_Loaded_Dog" title="The Loaded Dog">The Loaded Dog</a>". His contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>, contributed a number of classic comic poems including <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Ironbark" title="The Man from Ironbark">The Man from Ironbark</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Geebung_Polo_Club" title="The Geebung Polo Club">The Geebung Polo Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/CJ_Dennis" class="mw-redirect" title="CJ Dennis">CJ Dennis</a> wrote humour in the Australian vernacular – notably in <a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_a_Sentimental_Bloke" title="The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke">The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dad_and_Dave" class="mw-redirect" title="Dad and Dave">Dad and Dave</a> series about a farming family was an enduring hit of the early 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/ANZAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC">ANZAC</a> troops were said to often display irreverence in their relations with superior officers and dark humour in the face of battle.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Australian comedy has a strong tradition of self-mockery,<a href="#cite_note-auhum-51">[50]</a> from the outlandish <a href="/wiki/Barry_McKenzie" title="Barry McKenzie">Barry McKenzie</a> expat-in-Europe <a href="/wiki/Ocker" title="Ocker">ocker</a> comedies of the 1970s, to the quirky outback characters of the <a href="/wiki/%22Crocodile%22_Dundee" class="mw-redirect" title=""Crocodile" Dundee">"Crocodile" Dundee</a> films of the 1980s, the suburban parody of <a href="/wiki/Working_Dog_Productions" title="Working Dog Productions">Working Dog Productions</a>' 1997 film <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1997_Australian_film)" title="The Castle (1997 Australian film)">The Castle</a> and the dysfunctional suburban mother–daughter sitcom <a href="/wiki/Kath_%26_Kim_(Australian_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kath & Kim (Australian TV series)">Kath & Kim</a>. In the 1970s, satirical talk-show host <a href="/wiki/Norman_Gunston" title="Norman Gunston">Norman Gunston</a> (played by Garry McDonald), with his <a href="/wiki/Malapropism" title="Malapropism">malapropisms</a>, sweep-over hair and poorly shaven face, rose to great popularity by pioneering the satirical "ambush" interview technique and giving unique interpretations of pop songs. <a href="/wiki/Roy_and_HG" title="Roy and HG">Roy and HG</a> provide an affectionate but irreverent parody of Australia's obsession with sport.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The unique character and humour of Australian culture was defined in cartoons by immigrants, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Mercier_(cartoonist)" title="Emile Mercier (cartoonist)">Emile Mercier</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Molnar" title="George Molnar">George Molnar</a>, and in the novel <a href="/wiki/They%27re_a_Weird_Mob" title="They're a Weird Mob">They're a Weird Mob</a> (1957) by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Grady_(writer)" title="John O'Grady (writer)">John O'Grady</a>, which looks at Sydney through the eyes of an Italian immigrant. Post-war immigration has seen migrant humour flourish through the works of Vietnamese refugee <a href="/wiki/Anh_Do" title="Anh Do">Anh Do</a>, Egyptian-Australian stand-up comic <a href="/wiki/Akmal_Saleh" title="Akmal Saleh">Akmal Saleh</a> and Greek-Australian actor <a href="/wiki/Nick_Giannopoulos" title="Nick Giannopoulos">Nick Giannopoulos</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the 1950s, the satirical character creations of <a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a> have included housewife "gigastar" <a href="/wiki/Edna_Everage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edna Everage">Edna Everage</a> and "Australian cultural attaché" <a href="/wiki/Les_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Patterson">Les Patterson</a>, whose interests include boozing, chasing women and flatulence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> For his delivery of dadaist and <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdist</a> humour to millions, biographer Anne Pender described Humphries in 2010 as "the most significant comedian to emerge since <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>".<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The vaudeville talents of <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Somers" title="Daryl Somers">Daryl Somers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Kennedy" title="Graham Kennedy">Graham Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Lane" title="Don Lane">Don Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Newton" title="Bert Newton">Bert Newton</a> earned popular success during the early years of Australian television. The variety show <a href="/wiki/Hey_Hey_It%27s_Saturday" title="Hey Hey It's Saturday">Hey Hey It's Saturday</a> screened for three decades. Among the best loved Australian sitcoms was <a href="/wiki/Mother_and_Son" title="Mother and Son">Mother and Son</a>, about a divorcee who had moved back into the suburban home of his mother – but <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">sketch comedy</a> has been the stalwart of <a href="/wiki/Australian_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian television">Australian television</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Company" title="The Comedy Company">The Comedy Company</a>, in the 1980s, featured the comic talents of <a href="/wiki/Mary-Anne_Fahey" title="Mary-Anne Fahey">Mary-Anne Fahey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McFadyen" title="Ian McFadyen">Ian McFadyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Mark Mitchell (actor)">Mark Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Robbins" title="Glenn Robbins">Glenn Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kym_Gyngell" title="Kym Gyngell">Kym Gyngell</a> and others. Growing out of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University">Melbourne University</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_D-Generation" title="The D-Generation">The D-Generation</a> came <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_(1990s_Australian_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Late Show (1990s Australian TV series)">The Late Show</a> (1991–1993), starring the influential talents <a href="/wiki/Santo_Cilauro" title="Santo Cilauro">Santo Cilauro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Gleisner" title="Tom Gleisner">Tom Gleisner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Kennedy_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Kennedy (actor)">Jane Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Martin_(comedian)" title="Tony Martin (comedian)">Tony Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Molloy" title="Mick Molloy">Mick Molloy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Sitch" title="Rob Sitch">Rob Sitch</a> (who later formed <a href="/wiki/Working_Dog_Productions" title="Working Dog Productions">Working Dog Productions</a>); and during the 1980s and 1990s <a href="/wiki/Fast_Forward_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Fast Forward (Australian TV series)">Fast Forward</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steve_Vizard" title="Steve Vizard">Steve Vizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magda_Szubanski" title="Magda Szubanski">Magda Szubanski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marg_Downey" title="Marg Downey">Marg Downey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Veitch" title="Michael Veitch">Michael Veitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Moon_(comedian)" title="Peter Moon (comedian)">Peter Moon</a> and others) and its successor <a href="/wiki/Full_Frontal_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Full Frontal (Australian TV series)">Full Frontal</a>, which launched the career of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bana" title="Eric Bana">Eric Bana</a> and featured <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Micallef" title="Shaun Micallef">Shaun Micallef</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The perceptive wit of <a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Denton" title="Andrew Denton">Andrew Denton</a> has been popular in the talk-show interview style. Representatives of the "bawdy" strain of Australian comedy include <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Rude" title="Rodney Rude">Rodney Rude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austen_Tayshus" title="Austen Tayshus">Austen Tayshus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad_Morgan" title="Chad Morgan">Chad Morgan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> helped defined a comic tradition in <a href="/wiki/Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian music">Australian music</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cynical satire has had enduring popularity, with television series such as <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Frontline (Australian TV series)">Frontline</a>, targeting the inner workings of "news and current affairs" TV journalism, <a href="/wiki/The_Hollowmen" title="The Hollowmen">The Hollowmen</a> (2008), set in the office of the Prime Minister's political advisory (spin) department, and <a href="/wiki/The_Chaser%27s_War_on_Everything" title="The Chaser's War on Everything">The Chaser's War on Everything</a>, which cynically examines domestic and international politics. Actor/writer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lilley_(comedian)" title="Chris Lilley (comedian)">Chris Lilley</a> has produced a series of award-winning "mockumentary" style television series about Australian characters since 2005.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The annual <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Comedy_Festival" title="Melbourne International Comedy Festival">Melbourne International Comedy Festival</a> is one of the largest comedy festivals in the world, and a popular fixture on the city's cultural calendar.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">arts in Australia</a>—<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Australia">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">dance</a> and crafts—have achieved international recognition. While much of Australia's cultural output has traditionally tended to fit with general trends and styles in Western arts, the arts as practised by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in the styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities.<a href="#cite_note-painters-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Literature">Australian Literature</a></div> As the convict era passed—captured most famously in <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a> (1874), a seminal work of <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian Gothic</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a>—the bush and Australian daily life assumed primacy as subjects. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harpur" title="Charles Harpur">Charles Harpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall_(poet)" title="Henry Kendall (poet)">Henry Kendall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lindsay_Gordon" title="Adam Lindsay Gordon">Adam Lindsay Gordon</a> won fame in the mid-19th century for their lyric nature poems and patriotic verse. Gordon drew on Australian colloquy and idiom; Clarke assessed his work as "the beginnings of a national school of Australian poetry".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> First published in serial form in 1882, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Boldrewood" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolf Boldrewood">Rolf Boldrewood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms" title="Robbery Under Arms">Robbery Under Arms</a> is regarded as the classic <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranging</a> novel for its vivid use of the bush vernacular and realistic detail of situations in the Australian bush.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg/220px-J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg/330px-J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg/440px-J_F_Archibald_Henry_Lawson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">The Bulletin</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Archibald" title="J. F. Archibald">J. F. Archibald</a> (left), nurtured <a href="/wiki/Bush_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush poetry">bush poets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> Founded in 1880, <a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">The Bulletin</a> did much to create the idea of an Australian national character—one of <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateship" title="Mateship">mateship</a> and a concern for the "<a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">battler</a>"—forged against the brutalities of the bush. This image was expressed within the works of its <a href="/wiki/Bush_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush poetry">bush poets</a>, the most famous of which are <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a>, widely regarded as Australia's finest short-story writer, and <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>, author of classics such as "<a href="/wiki/Clancy_of_the_Overflow" title="Clancy of the Overflow">Clancy of the Overflow</a>" (1889) and "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)" title="The Man from Snowy River (poem)">The Man From Snowy River</a>" (1890). In <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_Debate" title="Bulletin Debate">a literary debate</a> about the nature of life in the bush, Lawson said Paterson was a romantic while Paterson attacked Lawson's pessimistic outlook.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._J._Dennis" title="C. J. Dennis">C. J. Dennis</a> wrote humour in the Australian vernacular, notably in the verse novel <a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_a_Sentimental_Bloke" title="The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke">The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke</a> (1915), while <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Mackellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Mackellar">Dorothy Mackellar</a> wrote the iconic patriotic poem "<a href="/wiki/My_Country" title="My Country">My Country</a>" (1908) which rejected prevailing fondness for England's "green and shaded lanes" and declared: "I love a sunburned country". Early Australian <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a> was also embedded in the bush tradition; perennial favourites include <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lindsay" title="Norman Lindsay">Norman Lindsay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Pudding" title="The Magic Pudding">The Magic Pudding</a> (1918), <a href="/wiki/May_Gibbs" title="May Gibbs">May Gibbs</a>' <a href="/wiki/Snugglepot_and_Cuddlepie" title="Snugglepot and Cuddlepie">Snugglepot and Cuddlepie</a> (1918) and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wall" title="Dorothy Wall">Dorothy Wall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blinky_Bill" title="Blinky Bill">Blinky Bill</a> (1933). Significant poets of the early 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Slessor" title="Kenneth Slessor">Kenneth Slessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gilmore" title="Mary Gilmore">Mary Gilmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Wright" title="Judith Wright">Judith Wright</a>. The nationalist <a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobak Movement</a> arose in the 1930s and sought to develop a distinctive Australian poetry through the appropriation of Aboriginal languages and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a>, centred around <a href="/wiki/Max_Harris_(poet)" title="Max Harris (poet)">Max Harris</a>' journal of the same name, promoted international <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">modernism</a>. A backlash resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Ern_Malley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ern Malley">Ern Malley</a> affair of 1943, Australia's most famous <a href="/wiki/Literary_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary hoax">literary hoax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:351px;max-width:351px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg/170px-Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg/255px-Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg/340px-Miles_Franklin_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="821" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin" title="Miles Franklin">Miles Franklin</a>, founder and namesake of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin_Award" title="Miles Franklin Award">most prestigious literary award</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_White_writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Patrick_White_writer.jpg/173px-Patrick_White_writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Patrick_White_writer.jpg/260px-Patrick_White_writer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Patrick_White_writer.jpg/346px-Patrick_White_writer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="742" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>, winner of the first Miles Franklin Award and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></div></div></div></div> The legacy of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin" title="Miles Franklin">Miles Franklin</a>, renowned for her 1901 novel <a href="/wiki/My_Brilliant_Career" title="My Brilliant Career">My Brilliant Career</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin_Award" title="Miles Franklin Award">Miles Franklin Award</a>, which is "presented each year to a novel which is of the highest literary merit and presents Australian life in any of its phases".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a> won the inaugural award for <a href="/wiki/Voss_(novel)" title="Voss (novel)">Voss</a> in 1957; he went on to win the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a> are recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>. Other acclaimed Australian authors include <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Shute" title="Nevil Shute">Nevil Shute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Winton" title="Tim Winton">Tim Winton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Park" title="Ruth Park">Ruth Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_West" title="Morris West">Morris West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a>'s 1977 novel <a href="/wiki/Monkey_Grip_(novel)" title="Monkey Grip (novel)">Monkey Grip</a> is widely considered one of Australia's first contemporary novels–she has since written both fiction and non-fiction work.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Notable expatriate authors include the feminist <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> and humourist <a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a>. Greer's controversial 1970 nonfiction book <a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a> became a global bestseller and is considered a watershed <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> text.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Among the best known contemporary poets are <a href="/wiki/Les_Murray_(poet)" title="Les Murray (poet)">Les Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Dawe" title="Bruce Dawe">Bruce Dawe</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a> is known as the first Indigenous Australian author. <a href="/wiki/Oodgeroo_Noonuccal" title="Oodgeroo Noonuccal">Oodgeroo Noonuccal</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> to publish a book of verse.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in <a href="/wiki/Sally_Morgan_(artist)" title="Sally Morgan (artist)">Sally Morgan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/My_Place_(book)" title="My Place (book)">My Place</a>. Contemporary academics and activists including <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Langton" title="Marcia Langton">Marcia Langton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Pearson" title="Noel Pearson">Noel Pearson</a> are prominent essayists and authors on Aboriginal issues. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Charles Bean</a> (The Story of Anzac: From the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign 4 May 1915, 1921) <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> (The Tyranny of Distance, 1966), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a>, 1987), <a href="/wiki/Manning_Clark" title="Manning Clark">Manning Clark</a> (A History of Australia, 1962–87), and <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Langton" title="Marcia Langton">Marcia Langton</a> (First Australians, 2008) are authors of important Australian histories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Australia">Theatre in Australia</a></div> European traditions came to Australia with the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in 1788, with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts.<a href="#cite_note-olioweb.me.uk-69">[68]</a> In 1988, the year of <a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_bicentenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia's bicentenary">Australia's bicentenary</a>, the circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in <a href="/wiki/Timberlake_Wertenbaker" title="Timberlake Wertenbaker">Timberlake Wertenbaker</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olioweb.me.uk-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg/330px-Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg/440px-Melbourne_Princess_Theatre_Feb_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5259" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Theatre, Melbourne">Princess Theatre</a> in Melbourne</figcaption></figure> Hobart's <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Hobart" title="Theatre Royal, Hobart">Theatre Royal</a> opened in 1837 and is Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Inaugurated in 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Athenaeum" title="Melbourne Athenaeum">Melbourne Athenaeum</a> is one of Melbourne's oldest cultural institutions, and Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theatre,_Adelaide" title="Queen's Theatre, Adelaide">Queen's Theatre</a>, established in 1841, is today the oldest purpose-built theatre on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The mid-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">gold rushes</a> provided funds for the construction of grand theatres in the Victorian style, such as the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Theatre, Melbourne">Princess Theatre</a> in Melbourne, established in 1854. After Federation in 1901, theatre productions evidenced the new sense of national identity. <a href="/wiki/On_Our_Selection_(1912_play)" title="On Our Selection (1912 play)">On Our Selection</a> (1912), based on the stories of <a href="/wiki/Steele_Rudd" title="Steele Rudd">Steele Rudd</a>, portrays a pioneer farming family and became immensely popular. Sydney's grand <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre,_Sydney" title="Capitol Theatre, Sydney">Capitol Theatre</a> opened in 1928 and after restoration remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_the_Seventeenth_Doll" title="Summer of the Seventeenth Doll">Summer of the Seventeenth Doll</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lawler" title="Ray Lawler">Ray Lawler</a> portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. That same year, young Melbourne artist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a> performed as <a href="/wiki/Edna_Everage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edna Everage">Edna Everage</a> for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University">Melbourne University</a>'s Union Theatre. His satirical stage creations, notably Dame Edna and <a href="/wiki/Les_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Patterson">Les Patterson</a>, became Australian cultural icons. Humphries also achieved success in the US with tours on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> and has been honored in Australia and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Founded in Sydney 1958, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art" title="National Institute of Dramatic Art">National Institute of Dramatic Art</a> boasts famous alumni including <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Weaving" title="Hugo Weaving">Hugo Weaving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre" title="Adelaide Festival Centre">Adelaide Festival Center</a> began in 1970 and South Australia's Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Helpmann" title="Robert Helpmann">Robert Helpmann</a> became director of the Adelaide Festival of Arts.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The new wave of Australian theatre debuted in the 1970s as “a new and more realistic look into [Australia’s] beginnings as a nation”. It explored the confrontation in social relations, the use of vernacular language and expressions of masculine social habits in contemporary Australia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belvoir_St_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir St Theatre">Belvoir St Theatre</a> presented works by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Enright" title="Nick Enright">Nick Enright</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Williamson" title="David Williamson">David Williamson</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a>, inaugurated in 1973, is the home of <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Theatre_Company" title="Sydney Theatre Company">Sydney Theatre Company</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Shakespeare_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Shakespeare Company">Bell Shakespeare Company</a> was created in 1990. A period of success for Australian musical theatre came in the 1990s with the debut of musical biographies of Australian music singers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Allen_(musician)" title="Peter Allen (musician)">Peter Allen</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Boy_From_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boy From Oz">The Boy From Oz</a> in 1998) and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_O%27Keefe" title="Johnny O'Keefe">Johnny O'Keefe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shout!_The_Legend_of_The_Wild_One" title="Shout! The Legend of The Wild One">Shout! The Legend of The Wild One</a>). In The One Day of the Year, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Seymour" title="Alan Seymour">Alan Seymour</a> studied the paradoxical nature of the <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC Day">ANZAC Day</a> commemoration by Australians of the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a>. Ngapartji Ngapartji, by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rankin" title="Scott Rankin">Scott Rankin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jamieson" title="Trevor Jamieson">Trevor Jamieson</a>, recounts the story of the effects on the <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara people">Pitjantjatjara people</a> of nuclear testing in the Western Desert during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. It is an example of the contemporary fusion of traditions of drama in Australia with Pitjantjatjara actors being supported by a multicultural cast of Greek, Afghan, Japanese and New Zealand heritage.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_architectural_styles" title="Australian architectural styles">Australian architectural styles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg/220px-Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg/330px-Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg/440px-Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge" title="Sydney Harbour Bridge">Sydney Harbor Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood,_Queensland,_2022,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/220px-Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/330px-Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/440px-Queenslander_style_house_in_Sherwood%2C_Queensland%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>A high-set <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Queenslander_(architecture)" title="Queenslander (architecture)">Queenslander</a> with a large veranda in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></figcaption></figure> Australia has three architectural listings on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> list: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a> (comprising a collection of separate sites around Australia, including <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a> in Sydney, <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a> in Tasmania, and <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a> in Western Australia); the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a> in Melbourne. Contemporary Australian architecture includes a number of other iconic structures, including the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge" title="Sydney Harbour Bridge">Harbor Bridge</a> in Sydney and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a>. Significant architects who have worked in Australia include Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a>'s colonial architect, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a>; the ecclesiastical architect <a href="/wiki/William_Wardell" title="William Wardell">William Wardell</a>; the designer of Canberra's layout, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a>; the modernist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Seidler" title="Harry Seidler">Harry Seidler</a>; and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a>, designer of the Sydney Opera House. The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia" title="National Trust of Australia">National Trust of Australia</a> is a non-governmental organisation charged with protecting Australia's built heritage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Evidence of permanent structures built by Indigenous Australians before European settlement of Australia in 1788 is limited. Much of what they built was temporary, and was used for housing and other needs. As a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time. Tents and <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> huts preceded more substantial structures. <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a> is seen in early government buildings of Sydney and Tasmania and the homes of the wealthy. While the major Australian cities enjoyed the boom of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> of the mid-19th century brought major construction works and exuberant <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a> to the major cities, particularly Melbourne, and regional cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballarat, Victoria">Ballarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo, Victoria">Bendigo</a>. Other significant architectural movements in Australian architecture include the <a href="/wiki/Federation_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation style">Federation style</a> at the turn of the 20th century, and the modern styles of the late 20th century which also saw many older buildings demolished. The Victorian and Federation eras saw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Filigree_architecture" title="Filigree architecture">Filigree style</a>, style of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> developed by early European migrants as a response to the new subtropical climate. The style favoured the usage of ornamental <a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">verandahs</a>, both for decorative and climatic cooling purposes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Queenslander_(architecture)" title="Queenslander (architecture)">Queenslander</a> developed in Queensland and the northern parts of New South Wales as a regional variation of the Filigree style, as is strongly associated with that region's iconography.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Religious architecture is also prominent throughout Australia, with large <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Australia">Catholic</a> cathedrals in every major city and Christian churches in most towns. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a>. Other houses of worship are also common, reflecting the cultural diversity existing in Australia; the oldest Islamic structure in the Southern Hemisphere is the <a href="/wiki/Central_Adelaide_Mosque" title="Central Adelaide Mosque">Central Adelaide Mosque</a> (built in the 1880s),<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> and one of the Southern Hemisphere's largest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Temple">Buddhist Temples</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nan_Tien_Temple" title="Nan Tien Temple">Nan Tien Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Sydney)" title="Great Synagogue (Sydney)">Great Synagogue</a> was consecrated in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palaces</a> are large and elaborate examples of High Victorian and <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-84">[83]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Australian_pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pubs">Australian pubs</a> have also been noted for often distinctive designs.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Significant concern was raised during the 1960s, with developers threatening the destruction of historical buildings, especially in Sydney. Heritage concerns led to union-initiated <a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">green bans</a>, which saved significant examples of Australia's architectural past. Green bans helped to protect historic 18th-century buildings in <a href="/wiki/The_Rocks,_New_South_Wales" title="The Rocks, New South Wales">The Rocks</a> from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney">Royal Botanic Gardens</a> from being turned into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HydeParkBarracks.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney"><img alt="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HydeParkBarracks.JPG/120px-HydeParkBarracks.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HydeParkBarracks.JPG/180px-HydeParkBarracks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/HydeParkBarracks.JPG/240px-HydeParkBarracks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a>, Sydney</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Convict architecture at Port Arthur, Tasmania"><img alt="Convict architecture at Port Arthur, Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG/120px-PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG/180px-PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG/240px-PortArthur_main_lowres.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Convict architecture at <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a>, Tasmania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The University of Sydney"><img alt="The University of Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Usydcampuspicture.jpg/120px-Usydcampuspicture.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Usydcampuspicture.jpg/180px-Usydcampuspicture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Usydcampuspicture.jpg/240px-Usydcampuspicture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney"><img alt="Interior of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg/120px-SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg/180px-SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg/240px-SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral</a>, Sydney</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne"><img alt="The Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/120px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/180px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/240px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a>, Melbourne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdsville_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birdsville Hotel, an Australian pub in outback Queensland"><img alt="Birdsville Hotel, an Australian pub in outback Queensland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Birdsville_Hotel.jpg/120px-Birdsville_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Birdsville_Hotel.jpg/180px-Birdsville_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Birdsville_Hotel.jpg/240px-Birdsville_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Birdsville" title="Birdsville">Birdsville</a> Hotel, an <a href="/wiki/Australian_pub" title="Australian pub">Australian pub</a> in outback Queensland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parliament House, Canberra"><img alt="Parliament House, Canberra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg/120px-Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg/180px-Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg/240px-Parliament_House_Canberra_Dusk_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>, Canberra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Northcote_Avenue,_Killara,_New_South_Wales_(2011-06-15).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federation Bungalow in Killara, Sydney"><img alt="Federation Bungalow in Killara, Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg/120px-15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg/180px-15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg/240px-15_Northcote_Avenue%2C_Killara%2C_New_South_Wales_%282011-06-15%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="2322" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Bungalow" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Bungalow">Federation Bungalow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Killara,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Killara, New South Wales">Killara</a>, Sydney</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Queenslander house in Brisbane"><img alt="A typical Queenslander house in Brisbane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg/120px-Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg/180px-Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg/240px-Queenslander_East_Brisbane_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical <a href="/wiki/Queenslander_(architecture)" title="Queenslander (architecture)">Queenslander</a> house in Brisbane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:(1)Killara_house_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Killara, New South Wales"><img alt="House in Killara, New South Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg/120px-%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg/180px-%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg/240px-%281%29Killara_house_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4738" data-file-height="3405" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in <a href="/wiki/Killara,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Killara, New South Wales">Killara, New South Wales</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The verandah is the dominant feature of this Federation Filigree-style pub in Ravenswood."><img alt="The verandah is the dominant feature of this Federation Filigree-style pub in Ravenswood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG/120px-Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG/180px-Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG/240px-Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">verandah</a> is the dominant feature of this <a href="/wiki/Federation_Filigree" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Filigree">Federation Filigree-style</a> pub in <a href="/wiki/Ravenswood,_Queensland" title="Ravenswood, Queensland">Ravenswood</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts of Australia">Visual arts of Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Indigenous Australian art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg/170px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg/255px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg/340px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region of Western Australia</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/170px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/255px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/340px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="965" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sunbaker" title="Sunbaker">Sunbaker</a> (1937), an iconic photograph by <a href="/wiki/Max_Dupain" title="Max Dupain">Max Dupain</a></div></div></div></div></div> Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> is the oldest continuous art tradition in the world, dating as far back as 60,000 years. From the <a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wondjina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wondjina">Wondjina</a> imagery in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_engravings" title="Sydney rock engravings">Sydney rock engravings</a>, it is spread across hundreds of thousands of sites, making Australia the richest continent in terms of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> 19th-century Indigenous activist <a href="/wiki/William_Barak" title="William Barak">William Barak</a> painted ceremonial scenes, such as <a href="/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroborees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hermannsburg_School" title="Hermannsburg School">Hermannsburg School</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Namatjira" title="Albert Namatjira">Albert Namatjira</a>, received national fame in the 1950s for their desert <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Leading critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">contemporary Indigenous art</a> as "the last great art movement of the 20th century".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Key exponents such as <a href="/wiki/Emily_Kame_Kngwarreye" title="Emily Kame Kngwarreye">Emily Kame Kngwarreye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rover_Thomas" title="Rover Thomas">Rover Thomas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papunya_Tula" title="Papunya Tula">Papunya Tula</a> group use acrylic paints on canvas to depict <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">dreamings</a> set in a symbolic topography. <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Possum_Tjapaltjarri" title="Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri">Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warlugulong" title="Warlugulong">Warlugulong</a> (1977) typifies this style, popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/Dot_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot painting">dot painting</a>". Art is important both culturally and economically to Indigenous society; central Australian Indigenous communities have "the highest per capita concentrations of artists anywhere in the world".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Issues of race and identity are raised in the works of many <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art#Urban_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">'urban'</a> Indigenous artists, including <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_(artist)" title="Gordon Bennett (artist)">Gordon Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Moffatt" title="Tracey Moffatt">Tracey Moffatt</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Tom_Roberts_-_Shearing_the_rams_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6065" data-file-height="4034" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Shearing_the_Rams" title="Shearing the Rams">Shearing the Rams</a> (1890) by <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/220px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/330px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/440px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>'s Snake (1972), held at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Old_and_New_Art" title="Museum of Old and New Art">Museum of Old and New Art</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(artist)" title="John Glover (artist)">John Glover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_von_Guerard" title="Eugene von Guerard">Eugene von Guerard</a> were among the foremost landscape painters during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The origins of a distinctly Australian school of painting is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a> of the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-ausart-94">[93]</a> Major figures of the movement include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Streeton" title="Arthur Streeton">Arthur Streeton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_McCubbin" title="Frederick McCubbin">Frederick McCubbin</a>. They painted <a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">en plein air</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/French_Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="French Impressionists">French Impressionists</a>, and sought to capture the intense light and unique colours of the Australian bush. Popular works such as McCubbin's <a href="/wiki/Down_on_His_Luck" title="Down on His Luck">Down on His Luck</a> (1889) and Roberts' <a href="/wiki/Shearing_the_Rams" title="Shearing the Rams">Shearing the Rams</a> (1890) defined an emerging sense of national identity in the lead-up to Federation.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Civic monuments to national heroes were erected; an early example is <a href="/wiki/Charles_Summers" title="Charles Summers">Charles Summers</a>' 1865 statue of the ill-fated explorers <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke and Wills">Burke and Wills</a>, located in Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Among the first Australian artists to gain a reputation overseas was the impressionist <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Peter Russell">John Peter Russell</a> in the 1880s. He and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Conder" title="Charles Conder">Charles Conder</a> of the Heidelberg School were the only Australian painters known to have close links with the European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Other notable expatriates include <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bunny" title="Rupert Bunny">Rupert Bunny</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">salon</a> painter of sensual portraits, and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Mackennal" title="Bertram Mackennal">Bertram Mackennal</a>, known for his commissioned works in Australia and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-ausart-94">[93]</a> The Heidelberg tradition lived on in <a href="/wiki/Hans_Heysen" title="Hans Heysen">Hans Heysen</a>'s imagery of gum trees.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_de_Maistre" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy de Maistre">Roy de Maistre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cossington_Smith" title="Grace Cossington Smith">Grace Cossington Smith</a> were pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modernism</a> in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Traill" title="Jessie Traill">Jessie Traill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Preston" title="Margaret Preston">Margaret Preston</a> excelled at printmaking;<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> the latter artist advocated for a modern national art based on Aboriginal designs.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The conservative art establishment largely opposed modern art, as did the Lindsays and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Tonalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Tonalists">Australian Tonalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Controversy over modern art in Australia reached a climax when <a href="/wiki/William_Dobell" title="William Dobell">William Dobell</a> won the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Prize" title="Archibald Prize">Archibald Prize</a> for portraiture.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Despite such opposition, new artistic trends grew in popularity. Photographer <a href="/wiki/Max_Dupain" title="Max Dupain">Max Dupain</a> created bold modernist compositions of Sydney beach culture.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Boyd" title="Arthur Boyd">Arthur Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy_Hester" title="Joy Hester">Joy Hester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Tucker_(artist)" title="Albert Tucker (artist)">Albert Tucker</a> were members of the <a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionists</a> who revived Australian landscape painting through the use of myth, folklore and personal symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> allowed artists to evoke the strange disquiet of the outback, exemplified in Nolan's iconic <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> series and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Drysdale" title="Russell Drysdale">Russell Drysdale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Cricketers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cricketers">The Cricketers</a> (1948). The post-war landscapes of <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williams_(artist)" title="Fred Williams (artist)">Fred Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fairweather" title="Ian Fairweather">Ian Fairweather</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Olsen_(Australian_artist)" title="John Olsen (Australian artist)">John Olsen</a> border on <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstraction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ausart-94">[93]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Whiteley" title="Brett Whiteley">Brett Whiteley</a> further explored the possibilities of figurative painting. Photographer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Henson" title="Bill Henson">Bill Henson</a>, sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ron_Mueck" title="Ron Mueck">Ron Mueck</a>, and "living art exhibit" <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bowery" title="Leigh Bowery">Leigh Bowery</a> are among Australia's best-known contemporary artists. <a href="/wiki/Pro_Hart" title="Pro Hart">Pro Hart</a>'s output of <a href="/wiki/Australiana" title="Australiana">Australiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leunig" title="Michael Leunig">Michael Leunig</a>'s poetic cartoons, and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Done" title="Ken Done">Ken Done</a>'s Sydney Harbor views are widely known through reproductions. <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public artworks</a> have sprung up in unlikely places, from the annual <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_by_the_Sea" title="Sculpture by the Sea">Sculpture by the Sea</a> exhibitions to the rural <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_big_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia's big things">Australia's big things</a>". Australian <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> flourished at the turn of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_street_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne street art">particularly in Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-streetart-92">[91]</a> Major arts institutions in Australia include the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a> in Melbourne, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(Australia)" title="National Portrait Gallery (Australia)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in Canberra, and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales" title="Art Gallery of New South Wales">Art Gallery of New South Wales</a> in Sydney. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Old_and_New_Art" title="Museum of Old and New Art">Museum of Old and New Art</a> in Hobart is the Southern Hemisphere's largest private museum.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/220px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/330px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/440px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Actor playing the bushranger <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a> (1906), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a></figcaption></figure> Australia's first dedicated film studio, the <a href="/wiki/Limelight_Department" title="Limelight Department">Limelight Department</a>, was created by <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> in Melbourne in 1898, and is believed to be the world's first.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The world's first feature-length film was the 1906 Australian production <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Tales of <a href="/wiki/Bushranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushranging">bushranging</a>, gold mining, convict life and the colonial frontier dominated the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_films#1890s–1930s" title="List of Australian films">silent film era of Australian cinema</a>. Filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Longford" title="Raymond Longford">Raymond Longford</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._J._Lincoln" title="W. J. Lincoln">W. J. Lincoln</a> based many of their productions on Australian novels, plays, and even paintings. An enduring classic is Longford and <a href="/wiki/Lottie_Lyell" title="Lottie Lyell">Lottie Lyell</a>'s 1919 film <a href="/wiki/The_Sentimental_Bloke" title="The Sentimental Bloke">The Sentimental Bloke</a>, adapted from <a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_a_Sentimental_Bloke" title="The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke">the 1915 poems</a> by C. J. Dennis. After such early successes, Australian cinema suffered from the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Wake_of_the_Bounty" title="In the Wake of the Bounty">In the Wake of the Bounty</a> was directed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chauvel_(filmmaker)" title="Charles Chauvel (filmmaker)">Charles Chauvel</a>, who cast <a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a> as the leading actor.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Flynn went on to a celebrated career in Hollywood. Chauvel directed a number of successful Australian films, the last being 1955's <a href="/wiki/Jedda" title="Jedda">Jedda</a>, which was notable for being the first Australian film to be shot in colour, and the first to feature Aboriginal actors in lead roles and to be entered at the Cannes Film Festival.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> It was not until 2006 and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer" title="Rolf de Heer">Rolf de Heer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ten_Canoes" title="Ten Canoes">Ten Canoes</a> that a major feature-length drama was shot in an Indigenous language (<a href="/wiki/Yolngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolngu language">Yolngu</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ken_G._Hall" title="Ken G. Hall">Ken G. Hall</a>'s 1942 documentary feature <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Front_Line!" title="Kokoda Front Line!">Kokoda Front Line!</a> was the first Australian film to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finch" title="Peter Finch">Peter Finch</a> posthumously became the first Australian actor to win an Oscar for his role in <a href="/wiki/Network_(1976_film)" title="Network (1976 film)">Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> During the late 1960s and 1970s an influx of government funding saw the development of a new generation of filmmakers telling distinctively Australian stories, including directors <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Miller_(filmmaker)" title="George Miller (filmmaker)">George Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beresford" title="Bruce Beresford">Bruce Beresford</a>. This era became known as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a>. Films such as <a href="/wiki/Wake_in_Fright" title="Wake in Fright">Wake in Fright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkabout_(film)" title="Walkabout (film)">Walkabout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(film)" title="Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)">Picnic at Hanging Rock</a> had an immediate international impact. These successes were followed in the 1980s with the historical epic <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_(1981_film)" title="Gallipoli (1981 film)">Gallipoli</a>, the romantic drama <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)" title="The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)">The Man From Snowy River</a>, the comedy <a href="/wiki/%22Crocodile%22_Dundee" class="mw-redirect" title=""Crocodile" Dundee">"Crocodile" Dundee</a>, and the post-apocalyptic <a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Max (franchise)">Mad Max series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropfest_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tropfest_2011.jpg/220px-Tropfest_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tropfest_2011.jpg/330px-Tropfest_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tropfest_2011.jpg/440px-Tropfest_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1993, Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Tropfest" title="Tropfest">Tropfest</a> is the world's largest short film festival.</figcaption></figure> The 1990s saw a run of successful comedies including <a href="/wiki/Muriel%27s_Wedding" title="Muriel's Wedding">Muriel's Wedding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strictly_Ballroom" title="Strictly Ballroom">Strictly Ballroom</a>, which helped launch the careers of <a href="/wiki/Toni_Collette" title="Toni Collette">Toni Collette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann" title="Baz Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Australian_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian humour">Australian humour</a> features prominently in Australian film, with a strong tradition of self-mockery, from the <a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a> style of the <a href="/wiki/Barry_McKenzie" title="Barry McKenzie">Barry McKenzie</a> expat-in-Europe movies of the 1970s, to the <a href="/wiki/Working_Dog_Productions" title="Working Dog Productions">Working Dog Productions</a>' 1997 homage to suburbia <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(1997_Australian_film)" title="The Castle (1997 Australian film)">The Castle</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bana" title="Eric Bana">Eric Bana</a> in his debut film role. Comedies like the barn yard animation <a href="/wiki/Babe_(film)" title="Babe (film)">Babe</a> (1995), directed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Noonan" title="Chris Noonan">Chris Noonan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rob_Sitch" title="Rob Sitch">Rob Sitch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Dish" title="The Dish">The Dish</a> (2000); and <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Elliott" title="Stephan Elliott">Stephan Elliott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Priscilla,_Queen_of_the_Desert" title="The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert">The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert</a> (1994) all feature in the top ten box-office list.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> During the 1990s, a new crop of Australian stars were successful in Hollywood, including <a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a>. Between 1996 and 2013, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Martin_(designer)" title="Catherine Martin (designer)">Catherine Martin</a> won four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for her costume and production designs, the most for any Australian.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saw_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saw (2004 film)">Saw</a> (2004) and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Creek_(film)" title="Wolf Creek (film)">Wolf Creek</a> (2005) are credited with the revival of Australian horror.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The comedic, exploitative nature and "<a href="/wiki/Gimmick" title="Gimmick">gimmicky</a>" style of 1970s Ozploitation films waned in the mid to late 1980s, as social <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> dramas such as <a href="/wiki/Romper_Stomper" title="Romper Stomper">Romper Stomper</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Lantana_(film)" title="Lantana (film)">Lantana</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(2009_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (2009 film)">Samson and Delilah</a> (2009) became more reflective of the Australian experience in the 1980s, 90s and 2000s. The domestic film industry is also supported by US producers who produce in Australia following the decision by Fox head <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> to utilise new studios in Melbourne and Sydney where filming could be completed well below US costs. Notable productions include <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> episodes <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(2008_film)" title="Australia (2008 film)">Australia</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music of Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_music">Indigenous music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indigenous music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian music">Indigenous Australian music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg/220px-Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg/330px-Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg/440px-Buskers_Fremantle_Markets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a> performers</figcaption></figure> Music is an integral part of Aboriginal culture as a way of passing ancestral knowledge, cultural values and wisdom through generations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The most famous feature of their music is the <a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">didgeridoo</a>. This wooden instrument, used among the Aboriginal tribes of northern Australia, makes a distinctive droning sound and it has been adopted by a wide variety of non-Aboriginal performers. Since the 1980s, Indigenous music has experienced a "cultural renaissance", turning to Western popular musical forms and "demand[ing] a space within the Australian arts industry".<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Pioneers include <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Rose" title="Lionel Rose">Lionel Rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Little" title="Jimmy Little">Jimmy Little</a>, while notable contemporary examples include <a href="/wiki/Archie_Roach" title="Archie Roach">Archie Roach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kev_Carmody" title="Kev Carmody">Kev Carmody</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warumpi_Band" title="Warumpi Band">Warumpi Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy_Cassar-Daley" title="Troy Cassar-Daley">Troy Cassar-Daley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yothu_Yindi" title="Yothu Yindi">Yothu Yindi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gurrumul_Yunupingu" title="Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu">Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu</a> (formerly of Yothu Yindi) has attained international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a> is a successful <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> singer. Among young Australian aborigines, <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> and Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> music and clothing is popular.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a> are an annual celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_music_and_national_songs">Folk music and national songs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Folk music and national songs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/150px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/225px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg/300px-The_Old_Bush_Songs_by_Banio_Paterson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Old Bush Songs, <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a>'s 1905 collection of <a href="/wiki/Bush_ballad" title="Bush ballad">bush ballads</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of Australia is "<a href="/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">Advance Australia Fair</a>".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a> immigrants of the 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: "<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Bound for Botany Bay</a>" tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, "<a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy" title="The Wild Colonial Boy">The Wild Colonial Boy</a>" evokes the spirit of the bushrangers, and "<a href="/wiki/Click_Go_the_Shears" title="Click Go the Shears">Click Go the Shears</a>" speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>", were written by the bush poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. This song remains popular and is regarded as "the nation's unofficial national anthem".<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Well-known singers of Australian folk music include <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> (who wrote "<a href="/wiki/Tie_Me_Kangaroo_Down_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport">Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport</a>"), <a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_(singer)" title="John Williamson (singer)">John Williamson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bogle" title="Eric Bogle">Eric Bogle</a> whose 1972 anti-war ballad "<a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda" title="And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda">And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda</a>" is a criticism of Australian involvements in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipolli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg/170px-Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg/255px-Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Melba_Rupert_Bunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Madame Melba</a> by Rupert Bunny</figcaption></figure> The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition, and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The practicalities of building a colony mean that there is very little music extant from this early period, although some samples of music originating from <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> and Sydney date back to the early-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> traveled to Europe in 1886 to commence her international career as an opera singer. She became among the best-known Australians of the period and participated in early gramophone-recording and radio-broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The establishment of choral societies (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850) and of symphony orchestras (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890) led to increased compositional activity, although many Australian classical composers worked entirely within European models. Popular works such as <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Country_Gardens" title="Country Gardens">Country Gardens</a>" (1918) were heavily influenced by the folk music of other countries and by a conservative British orchestral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-125">[124]</a> In the mid 20th century, as the desire to express a uniquely Australian identity in music developed, composers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Antill" title="John Antill">John Antill</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sculthorpe" title="Peter Sculthorpe">Peter Sculthorpe</a> drew influences from nature and Aboriginal culture, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meale" title="Richard Meale">Richard Meale</a> turned to <a href="/wiki/South-east_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-east Asia">south-east Asian</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Butterley" title="Nigel Butterley">Nigel Butterley</a> combined his penchant for international modernism with his own individual voice. At the beginning of the 1960s Australian classical music erupted with influences, with composers incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from Aboriginal and Southeast Asian music and instruments, to American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and belatedly discovering European atonality and the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>. Composers like <a href="/wiki/Don_Banks" title="Don Banks">Don Banks</a> (1923–1980), <a href="/wiki/Don_Kay_(composer)" title="Don Kay (composer)">Don Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Williamson" title="Malcolm Williamson">Malcolm Williamson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Brumby" title="Colin Brumby">Colin Brumby</a> (1933–2018) epitomise this period.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-125">[124]</a> In recent times composers including <a href="/wiki/Liza_Lim" title="Liza Lim">Liza Lim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Westlake" title="Nigel Westlake">Nigel Westlake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Edwards_(composer)" title="Ross Edwards (composer)">Ross Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Koehne" title="Graeme Koehne">Graeme Koehne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cochran" title="Julian Cochran">Julian Cochran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lentz" title="Georges Lentz">Georges Lentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kats-Chernin" title="Elena Kats-Chernin">Elena Kats-Chernin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mills_(composer)" title="Richard Mills (composer)">Richard Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brett_Dean" title="Brett Dean">Brett Dean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vine" title="Carl Vine">Carl Vine</a> have embodied the pinnacle of established <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_composers" title="List of Australian composers">Australian composers</a>. Well-known Australian classical performers include: sopranos <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Dame Joan Sutherland</a>, Dame <a href="/wiki/Joan_Hammond" title="Joan Hammond">Joan Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Carden" title="Joan Carden">Joan Carden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Kenny" title="Yvonne Kenny">Yvonne Kenny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Matthews" title="Emma Matthews">Emma Matthews</a>; pianists <a href="/wiki/Roger_Woodward" title="Roger Woodward">Roger Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Joyce" title="Eileen Joyce">Eileen Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Tozer" title="Geoffrey Tozer">Geoffrey Tozer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(musician)" title="Leslie Howard (musician)">Leslie Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_(pianist)" title="Ian Munro (pianist)">Ian Munro</a>; guitarists <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slava_Grigoryan" title="Slava Grigoryan">Slava Grigoryan</a>; horn player <a href="/wiki/Barry_Tuckwell" title="Barry Tuckwell">Barry Tuckwell</a>; oboist <a href="/wiki/Diana_Doherty" title="Diana Doherty">Diana Doherty</a>; violinists <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tognetti" title="Richard Tognetti">Richard Tognetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wallfisch" title="Elizabeth Wallfisch">Elizabeth Wallfisch</a>; cellist <a href="/wiki/David_Pereira" title="David Pereira">David Pereira</a>; orchestras including the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Sydney Symphony Orchestra">Sydney Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Melbourne Symphony Orchestra">Melbourne Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Australian Chamber Orchestra">Australian Chamber Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Brandenburg_Orchestra" title="Australian Brandenburg Orchestra">Australian Brandenburg Orchestra</a>; and conductors Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simone_Young" title="Simone Young">Simone Young</a>. Indigenous performers like <a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">didgeridoo</a>-player <a href="/wiki/William_Barton_(musician)" title="William Barton (musician)">William Barton</a> and immigrant musicians like Egyptian-born <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tawadros" title="Joseph Tawadros">Joseph Tawadros</a> have stimulated interest in their own music traditions and have also collaborated with other musicians and ensembles, both in Australia and internationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian rock">Australian rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg/220px-Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg/330px-Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg/440px-Paul_Kelly_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Australian_musician)" title="Paul Kelly (Australian musician)">Paul Kelly</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_(cropped_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/180px-Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/270px-Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/360px-Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>, one of Australia's most successful pop musicians</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_O%27Keefe" title="Johnny O'Keefe">Johnny O'Keefe</a> became the first Australian <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> artist to reach the national charts with his 1958 hit "<a href="/wiki/Wild_One_(Johnny_O%27Keefe_song)" title="Wild One (Johnny O'Keefe song)">Wild One</a>".<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> While American and British content dominated airwaves and record sales into the 1960s, local successes began to emerge, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Easybeats" title="The Easybeats">The Easybeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Seekers" title="The Seekers">The Seekers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a> and <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> rose to prominence in Australia before going on to international success. Australian performers continued to do well at a local and international level into the 1980s, for example <a href="/wiki/Cold_Chisel" title="Cold Chisel">Cold Chisel</a>, <a href="/wiki/INXS" title="INXS">INXS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowded_House" title="Crowded House">Crowded House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Oil" title="Midnight Oil">Midnight Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band" title="Little River Band">Little River Band</a>. Held since 1987, the <a href="/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards" title="ARIA Music Awards">ARIAs</a> are Australia's premier music <a href="/wiki/Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards">awards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powderfinger" title="Powderfinger">Powderfinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Farnham" title="John Farnham">John Farnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes" title="Jimmy Barnes">Jimmy Barnes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savage_Garden" title="Savage Garden">Savage Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Arena" title="Tina Arena">Tina Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Amorosi" title="Vanessa Amorosi">Vanessa Amorosi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> are among the most successful artists in the awards' history. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Australian_musician)" title="Paul Kelly (Australian musician)">Paul Kelly</a>, whose music style straddles folk, rock, and country, has been described as the poet laureate of Australian music.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Spurred in part by the national expansion of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> youth radio station <a href="/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a>, a string of successful alternative Australian acts have emerged since the 1990s, including <a href="/wiki/You_Am_I" title="You Am I">You Am I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotye" title="Gotye">Gotye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tame_Impala" title="Tame Impala">Tame Impala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_country_music" title="Australian country music">Australian country music</a> has developed a style quite distinct from its American counterpart, drawing more on local folklore like the Australian <a href="/wiki/Bushranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushranging">bushranging</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-cultureandrecreation.gov.au-130">[129]</a> Pioneers of popular Australian country music include <a href="/wiki/Tex_Morton" title="Tex Morton">Tex Morton</a> in the 1930s and <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Dawson" title="Smoky Dawson">Smoky Dawson</a> from the 1940s onward. Known as the "King of Australian Country Music", <a href="/wiki/Slim_Dusty" title="Slim Dusty">Slim Dusty</a> released over 100 albums in a career spanning almost six decades; his 1957 hit "<a href="/wiki/A_Pub_With_No_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="A Pub With No Beer">A Pub With No Beer</a>" was the first Australian single to go <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Dusty's wife <a href="/wiki/Joy_McKean" title="Joy McKean">Joy McKean</a> penned several of his most popular songs. Other notable Australian country music performers include <a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_(singer)" title="John Williamson (singer)">John Williamson</a> who wrote the iconic song "<a href="/wiki/True_Blue_(John_Williamson_song)" title="True Blue (John Williamson song)">True Blue</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kernaghan" title="Lee Kernaghan">Lee Kernaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Brand_(musician)" title="Adam Brand (musician)">Adam Brand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasey_Chambers" title="Kasey Chambers">Kasey Chambers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Urban" title="Keith Urban">Keith Urban</a> have attained success in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Country_Music_Festival" title="Tamworth Country Music Festival">Tamworth Country Music Festival</a> is held annually in <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a>, the "Country Music Capital of Australia". During the festival the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Association_of_Australia" title="Country Music Association of Australia">Country Music Association of Australia</a> holds the <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Awards_of_Australia" title="Country Music Awards of Australia">Country Music Awards of Australia</a> ceremony awarding the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Guitar" title="Golden Guitar">Golden Guitar</a> trophies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance in Australia</a></div> The ceremonial dances of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> recount stories of the <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> and have been performed for thousands of years. They usually consist of short, intensive rythmic and imitative sequences, accompanied by chants alluding to the myth of the characters danced, clapping with the hands or, sometimes, with a didgeridoo.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_dance" title="Bush dance">Bush dance</a> is a traditional style of Australian <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> with strong <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> roots influenced by country music. It is generally accompanied by such instruments as the fiddle, accordion, concertina and percussion instruments.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federation_Square_(SBS_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/220px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/330px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/440px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federation_Square" title="Federation Square">Federation Square</a>. SBS is Australia's <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">multicultural</a> broadcaster.</figcaption></figure> Experiments with television began in Australia in the 1930s and television was officially launched on 16 September 1956 in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Colour TV arrived in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Logie_Awards" title="Logie Awards">Logie Awards</a> are the major annual awards for Australian TV.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> While US and British television is popular in Australia, locally produced content has had many successes. Successful local product has included <a href="/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Homicide (Australian TV series)">Homicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_4" title="Division 4">Division 4</a> in the late 1960s and early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Play_School_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Play School (Australian TV series)">Play School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo" title="Skippy the Bush Kangaroo">Skippy the Bush Kangaroo</a> in the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Matlock_Police" title="Matlock Police">Matlock Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sullivans" title="The Sullivans">The Sullivans</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Doctors" title="The Young Doctors">The Young Doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_96_(TV_series)" title="Number 96 (TV series)">Number 96</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Box_(soap_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Box (soap opera)">The Box</a> in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Doctors" title="The Flying Doctors">The Flying Doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_the_Twist" title="Round the Twist">Round the Twist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_(TV_series)" title="Prisoner (TV series)">Prisoner</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Country_Practice" title="A Country Practice">A Country Practice</a> (1981–1993) in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Heelers" title="Blue Heelers">Blue Heelers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neighbours" title="Neighbours">Neighbours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_and_Away" title="Home and Away">Home and Away</a> in the 1980s and 1990s and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Heights_High" title="Summer Heights High">Summer Heights High</a> and <a href="/wiki/H2O:_Just_Add_Water" title="H2O: Just Add Water">H2O: Just Add Water</a> in the 2000s. Since then shows like <a href="/wiki/Packed_to_the_Rafters" title="Packed to the Rafters">Packed to the Rafters</a>, <a href="/wiki/SeaChange" title="SeaChange">SeaChange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_(TV_series)" title="Wentworth (TV series)">Wentworth</a> have continued to help redefine Australian television. Many of the shows from the mid-1980s onwards have been exported and have sometimes been even more successful abroad, such as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Crocodile_Hunter" title="The Crocodile Hunter">The Crocodile Hunter</a>. Popular stars of Australian TV have included: the pioneer variety show hosts <a href="/wiki/Graham_Kennedy" title="Graham Kennedy">Graham Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Newton" title="Bert Newton">Bert Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Lane" title="Don Lane">Don Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Somers" title="Daryl Somers">Daryl Somers</a>, and contemporary talk show hosts <a href="/wiki/Mike_Willesee" title="Mike Willesee">Mike Willesee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Vizard" title="Steve Vizard">Steve Vizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Martin_(television_presenter)" title="Ray Martin (television presenter)">Ray Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Munro" title="Mike Munro">Mike Munro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Denton" title="Andrew Denton">Andrew Denton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rove_McManus" title="Rove McManus">Rove McManus</a>. Popular international exports include the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna Everage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Les_Patterson" title="Sir Les Patterson">Sir Les Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fairies_(TV_series)" title="The Fairies (TV series)">The Fairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_James" title="Clive James">Clive James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wiggles" title="The Wiggles">The Wiggles</a>. Australian Content Standard requires all free-to-air commercial networks to broadcast an annual minimum of 55% Australian content for primary channels and 1460 hours for non-primary channels between 6 a.m. and midnight.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg/220px-Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg/330px-Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg/440px-Wiggles_2007_Lineup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Wiggles" title="The Wiggles">The Wiggles</a> performing in the United States in 2007</figcaption></figure> While Australia has ubiquitous media coverage, the longest established part of that media is the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC), the Federal Government owned and funded organisation offering national TV and radio coverage. The ABC, like the BBC in Britain, CBC in Canada, and PBS in the United States, is a non-commercial public service broadcaster, showing many <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> or <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> productions from Britain. The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS) has a multicultural focus, broadcasting TV and radio programs in a variety of languages, as well as world news and documentary programming in English. SBS commenced as a commercial-free enterprise, but this changed in 2006 with the broadcasting of commercials between programs. In 2005, ABC and SBS accounted for 15.7% and 6.1% of the national ratings, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Commercial broadcasters include the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Ten">Network Ten</a> on <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> broadcasting to the larger cities with affiliated regional networks like <a href="/wiki/Prime_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Television">Prime Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/WIN_Television" title="WIN Television">WIN Television</a> broadcasting to regional areas. <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austar" title="Austar">Austar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optus_Television" title="Optus Television">Optus Television</a> have been the main providers of pay TV. <a href="/wiki/Fox8" title="Fox8">Fox 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Australia" title="Sky News Australia">Sky News Australia</a> are among the popular Pay TV channels. The <a href="/wiki/Australia_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Network">Australia Network</a>, established in 2001, is Australia's international television service, beaming to more than 44 countries across Asia, the Pacific and the Indian subcontinent. The ABC has made a significant contribution to television drama with popular series like <a href="/wiki/SeaChange" title="SeaChange">SeaChange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Christ_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brides of Christ (TV miniseries)">Brides of Christ</a>, and to comedy with the 1970s hits <a href="/wiki/Aunty_Jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Aunty Jack">Aunty Jack</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Norman_Gunston_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Norman Gunston Show">The Norman Gunston Show</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Roy_%26_HG" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy & HG">Roy & HG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kath_%26_Kim_(Australian_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kath & Kim (Australian TV series)">Kath & Kim</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chaser%27s_War_on_Everything" title="The Chaser's War on Everything">The Chaser's War on Everything</a>. ABC status as Australia's flagship broadcaster is facing significant challenges in recent years such as budget cuts and declining in overall reach.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg/330px-Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg/440px-Joseph_Lycett_Corroboree_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">Corroboree</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> by convict artist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a>, ca. 1818. Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> have been practised for tens of thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> Australia has no official state religion and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> prohibits the Commonwealth government from <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">establishing a church</a> or interfering with the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> According to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Census">Australian Census</a>, 61.1% of Australians were listed as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. Historically, this proportion has been higher and a growing proportion of the population define themselves as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">irreligious</a>, with 22.3% of Australians declaring "no religion" on the census. There are also growing communities of various other religions.<a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-142">[141]</a> From the early decades after federation, people from diverse religious backgrounds have held public office. The first Jewish Governor General, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a>, was selected by the first Catholic prime minister, <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>, in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In the 21st-century, some prime ministers have identified as religious, others as non-religious. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_MacKillop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/170px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/255px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/340px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">St Mary Mackillop</a> established an extensive network of schools and is Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Canonised" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonised">canonised</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> Christianity has had an enduring impact on Australia. At the time of Federation in 1901, 97% of Australians professed to be Christians. The Anglican Church (formerly <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) remained the largest denomination until 1986, when it was surpassed by the Roman Catholic Church. Australian Catholics were predominantly of Irish origin until post-World War II immigration brought more than a million Catholics from elsewhere in Europe. The Christian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are national public holidays in Australia. Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education since colonial times. In 2008, 20% of total students attended <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Christian organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">St. Vincent de Paul Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicare" title="Anglicare">Anglicare</a> provide social services throughout Australia. Historically significant Christians include preachers <a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a>, the first Aboriginal author, and the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Flynn_(minister)" title="John Flynn (minister)">John Flynn</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Royal Flying Doctor Service</a>. Suffragette <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> was not only Australia's first female political candidate, but also one of its first female preachers.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">Mary MacKillop</a>, who co-founded an order of nuns in the 19th century, called the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St. Joseph</a>, became the first Australian to be canonised as a Catholic Saint in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, a preacher and Aboriginal rights activist was the first Indigenous Australian to be appointed Governor of an Australian State.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg/220px-Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg/330px-Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg/440px-Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nan_Tien_Temple" title="Nan Tien Temple">Nan Tien Temple</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>. Multicultural immigration has increased Australia's religious diversity.</figcaption></figure> The proportion of the total population who are Christian fell from 71% in 1996 to around 61.1% in 2011, while people affiliated with non-Christian religions increased from around 3.5% to 7.2% over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> increased most rapidly from 1.1% to 2.5%. Increased immigration from South-East Asia has been a major factor in this growth, but Australians of Anglo-Celtic origin have also shown increasing interest in Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> increased during the period from 1.1% to 2.2% with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Sydney and Melbourne. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">history of the Jews in Australia</a> dates back to the First Fleet, which brought Jewish convicts to Sydney in 1788. Today, many Jews in Australia originated as refugees and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor">Holocaust survivors</a> who arrived during and after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> came to Australia as laborers and merchants during the 19th century and numbers increased dramatically from the 1960s, more than doubling between 1996 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-149">[148]</a> The tradition and spirituality of Aboriginal Australians places great emphasis on the role of tribal Elders in passing down stories of the <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming</a>, and skills and lessons for survival (such as hunting and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_tracker" title="Aboriginal tracker">tracking</a>). The creation story and belief system of the Aboriginal tradition, known in English as the <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a>, reverences the land and the animals and spirits that inhabit the land and animals. European settlement introduced Indigenous Australians to Christianity, especially through "<a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">missions</a>". There was a wide range of experiences of the missions by Aboriginal people.<a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg/220px-Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg/330px-Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg/440px-Dawn_service_gnangarra_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> dawn services are held throughout Australia every April.</figcaption></figure> The day most strongly associated with Australian nationhood is <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>. It specifically commemorates the landing of troops in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> on 25 April 1915. The day is named in their honour but more generally commemorates all Australians who have fought in wars.<a href="#cite_note-ANZAC_day-150">[149]</a> However, the national <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a> holiday is celebrated on 26 January,<a href="#cite_note-holidays-151">[150]</a> the anniversary of the day <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> first raised the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> flag in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> That date marks the beginning of modern Australia and national awards are distributed to distinguished citizens for services to the community, as on the King's Birthday.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The Christian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> are public holidays in Australia. Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> summer.<a href="#cite_note-holidays-151">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Birthday">King's Birthday</a> is generally observed on the second Monday in June, except in Western Australia, where it usually is observed in September or October to distance it from <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Day" title="Western Australia Day">Western Australia Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-holidays-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> is celebrated and coincidentally marks the date upon which the Australian colonies officially federated in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-holidays-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labor Day</a> is also a public holiday, but on different days throughout the nation.<a href="#cite_note-holidays-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_bush_tucker,_Alice_Springs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg/220px-Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg/330px-Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg/440px-Australian_bush_tucker%2C_Alice_Springs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a> harvested in <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a></figcaption></figure> Contemporary Australian cuisine combines British and Indigenous origins with Mediterranean and Asian influences. Australia's abundant natural resources allow access to a large variety of quality meats, and to barbecue beef or lamb in the open air is considered a cherished national tradition. The great majority of Australians live close to the sea and Australian seafood restaurants have been listed among the world's best.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a> refers to a wide variety of plant and animal foods native to the Australian bush: bush fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_plum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakadu plum">kakadu plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finger_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger lime">finger limes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_quandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert quandong">desert quandongs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> of Australia's saltwater river systems; and bush meats including <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">kangaroo</a>. Many of these are still seasonally hunted and gathered by Indigenous Australians, and are undergoing a renaissance of interest on contemporary Australian menus.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Macadamia_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamia nut">macadamia nut</a> is the most famous bushfood plant harvested and sold in large quantities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg/170px-Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg/255px-Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg/340px-Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Sheep grazing in rural Australia. Early British settlers introduced Western stock and crops and <a href="/wiki/Australian_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian agriculture">Australian agriculture</a> now produces an abundance of fresh produce.</figcaption></figure> Early British settlers brought familiar meats and crops with them from Europe and these remain important in the Australian diet. The British settlers found some familiar game – such as <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>, and fish – but the new settlers often had difficulty adjusting to the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Australian_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian fauna">native fauna</a> as a staple diet.<a href="#cite_note-culture.gov.au-156">[155]</a> They established agricultural industries producing more familiar Western style produce. Queensland and New South Wales became Australia's main <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a> producers, while <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a> farming is found in the southern states, predominantly in Victoria. Wheat and other grain crops are spread fairly evenly throughout the mainland states. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> is also a major crop in Queensland and New South Wales. Fruit and vegetables are grown throughout Australia.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three_veg" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat and three veg">Meat and three veg</a>", <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian meat pie">Australian meat pie</a> continue to represent traditional meals for many Australians. The post-World War II multicultural immigration program brought new flavours and influences, with waves of immigrants from Greece, Italy, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and elsewhere bringing about diversification and of the typical diet consumed–leading to an increasingly gastronomical culinary scene.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Australia's 11-million-square-kilometre (4.2-million-square-mile) fishing zone is the third largest in the world and allows for easy access to seafood which significantly influences Australian cuisine. Clean ocean environments produce high quality seafoods. <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawns">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> are the main ocean species harvested commercially, while <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> produces more than 60 species for consumption, including <a href="/wiki/Oysters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oysters">oysters</a>, salmonoids, <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>, prawns, <a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_kingfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowtail kingfish">yellowtail kingfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish_of_Australia" title="Freshwater fish of Australia">freshwater finifish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> While inland river and lake systems are relatively sparse, they nevertheless provide some unique fresh water game fish and crustacea suitable for dining. Fishing and aquaculture constitute Australia's fifth most valuable agricultural industry after <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegemite" title="Vegemite">Vegemite</a> is a well-known spread originating from Australia. Iconic Australian desserts include <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamingtons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamingtons">lamingtons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC biscuits">ANZAC biscuits</a> recall the diet of Australia's <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Beverages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Australia" title="Alcohol in Australia">Alcohol in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billycan-campfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Billycan-campfire.jpg/220px-Billycan-campfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Billycan-campfire.jpg/330px-Billycan-campfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Billycan-campfire.jpg/440px-Billycan-campfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Billycan" title="Billycan">billycan</a> used for heating water</figcaption></figure> Australia's reputation as a nation of heavy drinkers goes back to the earliest days of colonial Sydney, when <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> was used as currency and grain shortages followed the installation of the first <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">stills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squires</a> is considered to have founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798 and the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Brewery" title="Cascade Brewery">Cascade Brewery</a> in Hobart has been operating since 1832. Since the 1970s, Australian beers have become increasingly popular globally, with <a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Lager" title="Foster's Lager">Foster's Lager</a> being an iconic export. Foster's is not however the biggest seller on the local market, with alternatives including <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Draught" title="Carlton Draught">Carlton Draught</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bitter" title="Victoria Bitter">Victoria Bitter</a> outselling it. <a href="/wiki/Billy_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy tea">Billy tea</a> was a staple drink of the Australian colonial period, considered to be a symbol of the bush lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> It is typically boiled over a camp fire on a billy can, with a gum or lemon myrtle leaf added for flavouring.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian wine</a> industry is one of the largest exporters of wine in the world, contributing $2.2 billion to the nation's economy in 2023–24.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Wine is produced in every state, however, wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler regions. Among the most famous wine districts are the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley">Hunter Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a> and among the best known wine producers are <a href="/wiki/Penfolds" title="Penfolds">Penfolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemount_(wine)" title="Rosemount (wine)">Rosemount Estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wynns_Coonawarra_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Wynns Coonawarra Estate">Wynns Coonawarra Estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindemans_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindemans (wine)">Lindemans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The Australian <a href="/wiki/Penfolds_Grange" title="Penfolds Grange">Penfolds Grange</a> was the first wine from outside France or California to win the <a href="/wiki/Wine_Spectator" title="Wine Spectator">Wine Spectator</a> award for Wine of the Year in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing_and_apparel">Clothing and apparel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Clothing and apparel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_swagman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Elderly_swagman.jpg/140px-Elderly_swagman.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Elderly_swagman.jpg/210px-Elderly_swagman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Elderly_swagman.jpg/280px-Elderly_swagman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Swagman" title="Swagman">swagman</a> in bushman's apparel, wearing a brimmed hat and carrying swag and billy can</figcaption></figure> Australia has no official designated <a href="/wiki/National_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="National dress">national dress</a>, but iconic local styles include bushwear and surfwear.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The country's best-known fashion event is <a href="/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week" title="Australian Fashion Week">Australian Fashion Week</a>, a twice yearly industry gathering showcasing seasonal collections from Australian and Asia Pacific Designers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Top Australian models include <a href="/wiki/Elle_Macpherson" title="Elle Macpherson">Elle Macpherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Kerr" title="Miranda Kerr">Miranda Kerr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hawkins" title="Jennifer Hawkins">Jennifer Hawkins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2004" title="Miss Universe 2004">Miss Universe 2004</a>). Major clothing brands associated with bushwear are the broad brimmed <a href="/wiki/Akubra" title="Akubra">Akubra</a> hats, <a href="/wiki/Driza-Bone" title="Driza-Bone">Driza-Bone</a> coats and <a href="/wiki/RM_Williams_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="RM Williams (company)">RM Williams</a> bushmen's outfitters (featuring in particular: <a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">moleskin</a> trousers, <a href="/wiki/Riding_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding boots">riding boots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">merino</a> woolwear). <a href="/wiki/Blundstone_Footwear" title="Blundstone Footwear">Blundstone Footwear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_Road_(retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Road (retailer)">Country Road</a> are also linked to this tradition. Made from the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Livistona_australis" title="Livistona australis">Livistona australis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_tree_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage tree hat">cabbage tree hat</a> was the first uniquely Australian headwear, dating back to the early 1800s, and was the hat of choice for colonial-born Australians.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Traditionally worn by <a href="/wiki/Jackaroo_(trainee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackaroo (trainee)">jackaroos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swagman" title="Swagman">swagmen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blow-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-fly">blow-fly</a> infested Australian outback, the <a href="/wiki/Cork_hat" title="Cork hat">cork hat</a> is a type of headgear strongly associated with Australia, and comprises <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> strung from the brim, to ward off insects.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> World-famous Australian surfwear labels include <a href="/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)" title="Billabong (clothing)">Billabong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rip_Curl" title="Rip Curl">Rip Curl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_Graphics" title="Mambo Graphics">Mambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quiksilver" title="Quiksilver">Quiksilver</a>. Australian surfers popularised the <a href="/wiki/Ugg_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugg boot">ugg boot</a>, a unisex sheepskin boot with fleece on the inside, a tanned outer surface and a synthetic sole. Worn by the working classes in Australia, the boot style emerged as a global fashion trend in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Underwear and sleepwear brands include <a href="/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)" title="Bonds (clothing)">Bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlei" title="Berlei">Berlei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras_N_Things" title="Bras N Things">Bras N Things</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Alexander_Sleepwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Alexander Sleepwear">Peter Alexander Sleepwear</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat" title="Slouch hat">slouch hat</a> was first worn by military forces in Australia in 1885, looped up on one side so that rifles could be held at the slope without damaging the brim. After federation, the slouch hat became standard Australian Army headgear in 1903 and since then it has developed into an important national symbol and is worn on ceremonial occasions by the Australian army.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_national_rugby_union_team_(Wallabies).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg/200px-Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg/300px-Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg/400px-Australia_national_rugby_union_team_%28Wallabies%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>A group of Australian men wearing speedos</figcaption></figure> Australians generally have a relaxed attitude to what beachgoers wear, although this has not always been the case. At the start of the twentieth century a proposed ordinance in Sydney would have forced men to wear skirts over their "bathing costume" to be decent. This led to the <a href="/wiki/1907_Sydney_bathing_costume_protests" title="1907 Sydney bathing costume protests">1907 Sydney bathing costume protests</a> which resulted in the proposal being dropped.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi</a> inspector Aub Laidlaw, already known for kicking women off the beach for wearing <a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">bikinis</a>, arrested several men wearing <a href="/wiki/Swim_Briefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Swim Briefs">swim briefs</a> charging them with indecency.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The judge found the men not guilty because no pubic hair was exposed.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_9004886-176">[175]</a> As time went on Australians' attitudes to swimwear became much more relaxed. Over time swim briefs, better known locally as <a href="/wiki/Speedos" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedos">speedos</a> after the Australian brand, became an iconic swimwear for males. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport in Australia</a></div> Many Australians are passionate about sport, and it forms a major part of the country's culture and economy in terms of spectating and participation.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Cricket is popular in the summer, and football codes are popular in the winter. Australian traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_finals" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand finals">grand finals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Footy_tipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Footy tipping">footy tipping</a> are shared among the codes. Australia's successes in events such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, World Cup competitions in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, and major tournaments in <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, and other sports are a source of pride for many Australians. Sports people such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bradman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Bradman">Donald Bradman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Fraser" title="Dawn Fraser">Dawn Fraser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Freeman" title="Cathy Freeman">Cathy Freeman</a> remain in the nation's cultural memory and are accorded high civilian honours and public status.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia" title="Cricket in Australia">Cricket in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCG-1864.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MCG-1864.JPG/220px-MCG-1864.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MCG-1864.JPG/330px-MCG-1864.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MCG-1864.JPG/440px-MCG-1864.JPG 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Cricket match at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, 1860s</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is Australia's most popular summer sport and has been played since colonial times. It is followed in all states and territories, unlike the football codes which vary in popularity between regions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradman_c.1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bradman_c.1928.jpg/170px-Bradman_c.1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bradman_c.1928.jpg/255px-Bradman_c.1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bradman_c.1928.jpg/340px-Bradman_c.1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bradman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Bradman">Donald Bradman</a> is often cited as statistically the greatest sportsman of any major sport.</figcaption></figure> The first recorded cricket match in Australia took place in Sydney in 1803. <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_cricket_in_Australia" title="Intercolonial cricket in Australia">Intercolonial contests</a> started in 1851<a href="#cite_note-PictorialHistory-180">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> inter-state cricket continues to this day. In 1866–67, prominent cricketer and <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a> coached an Aboriginal cricket team, which later <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_cricket_team_in_England_in_1868" title="Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868">toured England in 1868</a> under the captaincy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(cricketer)" title="Charles Lawrence (cricketer)">Charles Lawrence</a>. The 1876–77 season is notable for a match between a combined <a href="/wiki/XI_(cricket)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI (cricket)">XI</a> from New South Wales and Victoria and a <a href="/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand_in_1876%E2%80%9377" title="English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77">touring English team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, which was later recognised as the first <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test match</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CricketColosseum-181">[180]</a> A famous victory on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_and_the_United_States_in_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882">1882 tour of England</a> resulted in the placement of a satirical <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a> in an English newspaper saying that English cricket had "died", and the "body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia". The English media then dubbed the next English tour to Australia (<a href="/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1882%E2%80%9383" title="English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83">1882–83</a>) as the quest to "regain the ashes".<a href="#cite_note-AshesAnthology-182">[181]</a> The tradition continues with <a href="/wiki/The_Ashes" title="The Ashes">the Ashes</a> series, an icon of the sporting rivalry between the two countries. Successful cricketers often become lasting celebrities in Australia. Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bradman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Bradman">Donald Bradman</a>, who made his Test debut in the <a href="/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1928%E2%80%9329" title="English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29">1928–29 series</a> against England, is regarded as the game's greatest batsman and a byword for sporting excellence.<a href="#cite_note-Bradman-183">[182]</a> Other Australian cricketers who remain household names include <a href="/wiki/Richie_Benaud" title="Richie Benaud">Richie Benaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lillee" title="Dennis Lillee">Dennis Lillee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shane_Warne" title="Shane Warne">Shane Warne</a> and others who pursued media careers after they retired from the game. Internationally, Australia has for most of the last century sat at or near the top of the cricketing world. In the 1970s, Australian media tycoon <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Packer" title="Kerry Packer">Kerry Packer</a> founded <a href="/wiki/World_Series_Cricket" title="World Series Cricket">World Series Cricket</a> from which many international forms of the game have evolved. Events on the cricket pitch have occasionally been elevated to diplomatic incidents in Australian history, such as the infamous <a href="/wiki/Bodyline" title="Bodyline">Bodyline</a> controversy of the 1930s, in which the English team bowled in a physically intimidating way leading to accusations of unsportsmanlike conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Jardine-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_codes">Football codes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Football codes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Australia" title="Australian rules football in Australia">Australian rules football in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia" title="Rugby union in Australia">Rugby union in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Australia" title="Rugby league in Australia">Rugby league in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">Soccer in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg/170px-Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg/255px-Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg/340px-Fremantle_Oval_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Statue in <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules footballer</a> taking a <a href="/wiki/Spectacular_mark" title="Spectacular mark">spectacular mark</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> is the most highly attended spectator sport in Australia. Its core support lies in four of the six states: Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Originating in Melbourne in the late 1850s and codified in 1859, the sport is the world's oldest major football code. The national competition, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Football_League" title="History of the Australian Football League">evolved from the Victorian Football League</a> in 1990, and has expanded to all states except Tasmania. The <a href="/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final" title="AFL Grand Final">AFL Grand Final</a> is traditionally played on the last Saturday of September at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, the sport's "spiritual home".<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_culture" title="Australian rules football culture">Australian rules football culture</a> has a strong set of rituals and traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Kick-to-kick" title="Kick-to-kick">kick-to-kick</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barracking" class="extiw" title="wikt:barracking">barracking</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid sport">hybrid sport</a> of Australian football and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> devised to facilitate matches between Australia and Ireland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> was first played in Australia in the 1860s and is followed predominately in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian national rugby union team">national team</a> is known as the Wallabies. Despite having a relatively small player base, Australia has twice won the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1991_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1991 Rugby World Cup">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999</a>, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2003 Rugby World Cup">2003 Rugby World Cup</a>. Other notable competitions include the annual <a href="/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup" title="Bledisloe Cup">Bledisloe Cup</a>, played against Australia's main rivals, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand All Blacks">New Zealand All Blacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">the Rugby Championship</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">South Africa</a>, New Zealand, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team" title="Argentina national rugby union team">Argentina</a>. Provincial teams from Australia, South Africa and New Zealand compete in the annual <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> competition. Rugby <a href="/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)" title="Test match (rugby union)">test matches</a> are also popular and have at times become highly politicised, such as when many Australians, including the Wallabies, demonstrated against the racially selected South African teams of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Notable Australian rugby union players include Sir <a href="/wiki/Weary_Dunlop" title="Weary Dunlop">Edward Dunlop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ella" title="Mark Ella">Mark Ella</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Campese" title="David Campese">David Campese</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg/220px-First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg/330px-First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg/440px-First_State_of_Origin_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin</a> shield</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_(51556664139).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg/220px-AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg/330px-AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg/440px-AusChi3_-_LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate_%2851556664139%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia women's national soccer team">Matildas</a>, Australia's national women's football team</figcaption></figure> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> was established in Australia, by former rugby union players and supporters as a breakaway professional code. The new code gained and has maintained a wider following in Australia than rugby union, which remained amateur until the 1990s. The sport has roots in the working class communities of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> in Northern England, translating to similar areas in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>. The elite club competition is the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> (NRL), which features ten teams from New South Wales, four teams from Queensland, and one team each from Victoria, Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand. The season culminates in the <a href="/wiki/NRL_Grand_Final" title="NRL Grand Final">NRL Grand Final</a>. The New South Wales <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team" title="New South Wales rugby league team">Blues</a> and Queensland <a href="/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team" title="Queensland rugby league team">Maroons</a> compete in the annual <a href="/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin series</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia's national team</a>, the Kangaroos, has contested all 15 <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a> titles, winning 11 of them. Despite attracting less media attention, spectators and sponsorship than Australian rules football and rugby league, <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> is Australia's highest participation football code,<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> although in South Australia, Australian rules football is still the most-participated football code.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> During the second half of the 20th century many Australian soccer clubs were based around ethnic groups, mostly European.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">national league</a> was completely reformed in 2004. <a href="/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia men's national soccer team">Australia's national male team</a>, the Socceroos, has competed in the finals of five <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> championships. In 2006 the Socceroos moved from the <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation" title="Oceania Football Confederation">Oceania Football Confederation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a>, a much stronger confederation which has allowed the Australian team to avoid repetition of a history of missed World Cup qualifications in forced sudden-death playoffs. Australia won the <a href="/wiki/2015_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2015 AFC Asian Cup">2015 AFC Asian Cup</a>. Major international stars from Australia include <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cahill" title="Tim Cahill">Tim Cahill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Viduka" title="Mark Viduka">Mark Viduka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Schwarzer" title="Mark Schwarzer">Mark Schwarzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kewell" title="Harry Kewell">Harry Kewell</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia women's national soccer team">Australia's national women's team</a> set an Australian TV rating record, averaging 7.13 million viewers in the semi-finals against England, after the previous game against France became the most viewed event of the year.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The significant outpouring of community support for the team was dubbed by the media as "<a href="/wiki/Matildas_fever" title="Matildas fever">Matildas fever</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_sports">Water sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Water sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surfing_in_Australia" title="Surfing in Australia">Surfing in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg/220px-George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg/330px-George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg/440px-George_Caddy_Surf_Lifesavers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Surf_lifesaving" title="Surf lifesaving">surf lifesaving</a> movement originated in Australia. (Pictured: surf lifesavers, <a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi Beach</a>, 1930s).</figcaption></figure> Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.<a href="#cite_note-culture.gov.au-156">[155]</a> Swimming is a popular pastime for Australians. In the early 1900s, members of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Cavill_family_(swimming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavill family (swimming)">Cavill family</a> pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Crawl_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawl stroke">crawl stroke</a> ("Australian crawl") and <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">butterfly stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Australia is a world power in Olympic swimming, second only to the United States in total gold medals in the sport. Swimmers like <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Fraser" title="Dawn Fraser">Dawn Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kieren_Perkins" title="Kieren Perkins">Kieren Perkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Thorpe" title="Ian Thorpe">Ian Thorpe</a> have taken multiple gold medals.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Most states have a compulsory school swimming program, so it is common for Australians to be competent in swimming and water safety.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Australians have a particular affinity for <a href="/wiki/Surf_lifesaving" title="Surf lifesaving">surf lifesaving</a>, and surf lifesavers have a revered status in Australian culture. The world's first surf lifesaving club, <a href="/wiki/Bondi_Surf_Bathers%27_Life_Saving_Club" title="Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club">Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club</a>, was founded at <a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi Beach</a>, Sydney, in 1906. <a href="/wiki/Surf_Life_Saving_Australia" title="Surf Life Saving Australia">Surf Life Saving Australia</a> has conducted hundreds of thousands of rescues around Australia. Tens of thousands of Australians compete in surf lifesaving training and competitions, such as <a href="/wiki/Ironman_(surf_lifesaving)" title="Ironman (surf lifesaving)">Ironman</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-culture.gov.au-156">[155]</a> In the summer of 1915, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Kahanamoku" title="Duke Kahanamoku">Duke Kahanamoku</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Surf_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf board">surf board</a> riding to Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_Beach" title="Freshwater Beach">Freshwater Beach</a>, amazing locals and starting a long-term love affair with the sport in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-culture.gov.au-156">[155]</a> Over 1 in 10 Australians surf recreationally,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and more Australians have been declared <a href="/wiki/World_surfing_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World surfing champion">world surfing champions</a> than any other nation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_to_Hobart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney to Hobart">Sydney to Hobart</a> yacht race is a much anticipated fixture on the Australian sporting calendar. Australia won the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> under skipper <a href="/wiki/John_Bertrand_(Australian_sailor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bertrand (Australian sailor)">John Bertrand</a> in <a href="/wiki/1983_America%27s_Cup" title="1983 America's Cup">1983</a>, becoming the first country other than the United States to win the race. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PharLap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PharLap.JPG/220px-PharLap.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PharLap.JPG/330px-PharLap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PharLap.JPG/440px-PharLap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phar_Lap" title="Phar Lap">Phar Lap</a> winning the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a>, "the race that stops a nation"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> has had a prominent place in Australian culture since the colonial era, with the first spectator sports event in Australia being <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a>'s race meeting at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park, Sydney">Hyde Park</a>, Sydney, in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> First run in 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> is known as "the race that stops a nation" for the enthusiasm with which Australians tune in for the annual race, and is said to encapsulate the country's twin obsessions of sport and <a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Australia" title="Gambling in Australia">gambling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is popular in Australia in terms of participation, especially among children.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball League (Australasia)">National Basketball League</a> (NBL) began in 1979 and is contested by eight teams—seven from Australia and one from New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-nbl-hq-200">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">Women's National Basketball League</a> (WNBL) is the top women's basketball league, having begun in 1981, and the <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_women%27s_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia national women's basketball team">national women's team</a> (the Opals) has won medals at the Olympics since 1994. <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> has the highest participation rate of any women's sport in Australia. Established in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/ANZ_Championship" title="ANZ Championship">ANZ Championship</a> is the premier netball league in Australia and New Zealand, featuring five teams from each country. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_national_netball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian national netball team">Australian national netball team</a> (the Diamonds) is considered the best in the world, having won 10 of 13 <a href="/wiki/World_Netball_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Netball Championships">World Netball Championships</a>. The Australian <a href="/wiki/V8_Supercars" class="mw-redirect" title="V8 Supercars">V8 Supercars</a> series is steadily growing in popularity across the world, where television coverage allows. Australia regularly raises world champion <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> teams. Australian <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">cyclists</a> have won international cycling competitions, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cadel_Evans" title="Cadel Evans">Cadel Evans</a>' win in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France" title="2011 Tour de France">2011 Tour de France</a>. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Tour_Down_Under" title="Tour Down Under">Tour Down Under</a>, centred around Adelaide, became the first <a href="/wiki/UCI_ProTour" title="UCI ProTour">UCI ProTour</a> cycling race to be held outside of Europe. Among young people and within schools nationwide, various forms of handball or <a href="/wiki/Downball" title="Downball">downball</a> games have been among the most prevalent sports games for some decades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg/220px-Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg/330px-Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg/440px-Kiandra_carnival_1900_Charles_Kerry.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skiing_in_Australia" title="Skiing in Australia">Skiing in Australia</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Kiandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiandra">Kiandra</a>, a goldmining town in the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> of New South Wales, in the 1860s.</figcaption></figure> Snow sports are enjoyed in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a> and in Tasmania. <a href="/wiki/Skiing_in_Australia" title="Skiing in Australia">Skiing in Australia</a> was first introduced by Norwegian miners in the gold mining town of <a href="/wiki/Kiandra,_New_South_Wales" title="Kiandra, New South Wales">Kiandra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> of New South Wales around 1859. The sport remains a popular winter activity in the south-eastern states and territories. Major <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a> resorts include <a href="/wiki/Thredbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thredbo">Thredbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perisher_Ski_Resort" title="Perisher Ski Resort">Perisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Pass">Charlotte Pass</a> in New South Wales; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hotham" title="Mount Hotham">Mount Hotham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls Creek, Victoria">Falls Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Buller">Mount Buller</a> in Victoria and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ben_Lomond" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Ben Lomond">Mount Ben Lomond</a> in Tasmania. Extensive areas are available for cross country skiing within national parks including <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park" title="Kosciuszko National Park">Kosciuszko National Park</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Alpine_National_Park" title="Alpine National Park">Alpine National Park</a> (VIC); <a href="/wiki/Namadgi_National_Park" title="Namadgi National Park">Namadgi National Park</a> (ACT) and in the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian Wilderness">Tasmanian Wilderness</a>. Australia has long <a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Australia at the Winter Olympics">participated in the Winter Olympics</a> and has won medals at the Games since the 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Increased interest and participation in American sports has led to opportunities for Australians to play at the top level in sports such as <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grant_Balfour" title="Grant Balfour">Grant Balfour</a> is a relief pitcher for the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a>, and played in the <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Series" title="2008 World Series">2008 World Series</a>. The skill set of Australian rules footballers fits the mould of US <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) <a href="/wiki/Punter_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punter (football)">punters</a>, and they stand out from their American peers with their ability to tackle returners. Two former AFL footballers competed in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Conference" title="National Football Conference">NFC</a> Championship game as punters, <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Rocca" class="mw-redirect" title="Saverio Rocca">Saverio Rocca</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Graham_(football_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Graham (football player)">Ben Graham</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a>. Graham's appearance in <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> made him the first Australian to play in the NFL's championship game. The first College Bowl game to feature two Australians was the <a href="/wiki/2012_BCS_National_Championship_Game" title="2012 BCS National Championship Game">2012 BCS National Championship Game</a> with punter <a href="/wiki/Brad_Wing" title="Brad Wing">Brad Wing</a> from LSU and defensive end <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(American_football)" title="Jesse Williams (American football)">Jesse Williams</a> for Alabama. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Walker" title="Nathan Walker">Nathan Walker</a>, the first Australian drafted by an NHL team, also became the first to play on a Stanley Cup winning team, the 2018 Washington Capitals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_folklore" title="Australian folklore">Australian folklore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg/170px-SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg/255px-SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg/340px-SIMPSON_AND_HIS_DONKEY_MONUMENT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>A commemorative statue of <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_Kirkpatrick" title="John Simpson Kirkpatrick">John Simpson Kirkpatrick</a>, a famous stretcher bearer who was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> Australian stories and legends have a cultural significance independent of their empirical truth or falsehood. This can be seen in the portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a> <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> as a mixture of the underdog and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and an example of “the independence and the maverick spirit of early Australia”.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Militarily, Australians have served in numerous overseas wars, ranging from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> through to recent regional security missions, such as <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Australian war culture generally consists of somber reflection and commemoration, focusing on “on-field heroism and sacrifice” rather than glory.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> An annual national holiday, <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>, exists for this purpose. The Australian experience of defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>, the first iconic moment in modern Australia's involvement in war, is viewed by Australians with both pride for the fighting of the soldiers, and bitterness for the perceived negligence on the part of British commanders. The instances of bravery and determination displayed during the campaign for Gallipoli, as well as the mutual respect for their <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> adversaries led by Kemal <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, are seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/ANZAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC">ANZAC</a> spirit.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANZAC_day-150">[149]</a> During the First World War, Australian soldiers were considered to be remarkably determined, united and hard-working. Many Australians knew how to ride and shoot prior to enlistment, making them talented recruits, but they were also infamous for their lax attitude towards formal parade ground discipline, a notoriety that the Australian soldiers reveled in. From this the notion of the larrikin <a href="/wiki/Digger_(soldier)" title="Digger (soldier)">Digger</a> emerged,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> an important part of contemporary Australian identity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes,_beliefs_and_stereotypes">Attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:275px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Canberra is a poor thing compared to Washington [D.C.] and there is no great metropolis like New York that sets many of the nation's trends. There is no generally acknowledged central city where the important things are believed to happen and it seems better to be." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Donald_Horne" title="Donald Horne">Donald Horne</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Country" title="The Lucky Country">The Lucky Country</a> (1964), describing the comfortable provinciality of Australians and the lack of cultural epicentre in a major city.</cite> </div> Critics and scholars have sometimes scrutinised the Australian culture, with aspects of it loosely criticised for being <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>, low-brow or rooted in poor taste.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">cultural cringe</a>" was coined to describe this entrenched national inferiority complex which assumes ideas and cultures of other places are automatically superior.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-When_London_Calls-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Once_an_Australian-210">[209]</a> Some links have been made between the cultural cringe and a perceived <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> that has underpinned public life in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Some commentators have noted a decline in the cultural cringe in the 21st century, with a "social change" and wider reverence for Australian culture.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Lucky_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucky Country">the lucky country</a>", coined by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Horne" title="Donald Horne">Donald Horne</a>, is a reference to Australia's weather, lifestyle, and history.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-213">[212]</a> Ironically, Horne was using the term to denigrate the political <a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">philistinism</a>, a lack of innovation and criticise the complacency of Australian society in the early 1960s. Since he coined the phrase it has commonly been misapplied by both the media and general public to denote Australia's perceived fortunes.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a> Despite Horne's lament that Australia had no "major city" that "set the nation's trends", a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counter-cultural</a> movement and intellectual scene known as the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Push" title="Sydney Push">Sydney Push</a> did emerge in Sydney in the 1940s–70s, of which feminist <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> was a noted member.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> "Mateship", or loyal fraternity is the code of conduct, particularly between men, although more recently also between men and women, stressing equality and friendship.<a href="#cite_note-GP-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mateship_Redefined-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The value of mateship is sourced in the difficulty of subduing the land. Unlike other cultures based on a nurturing landscape that they seek to protect from others, Australian settlers experienced great hardship and had to support each other in order to survive. The battle against the elements led to the nickname of a member of Australia's working class being the "Aussie battler".<a href="#cite_note-GP-216">[215]</a> An aspect of the mateship culture on language is that Australians have a propensity for the diminutive forms of names e.g. Hargrave → Hargie; Wilkinson → Wilko; John → Johnno; David → Davo; Hogan → Hoges; James → Jimmy → Jim → Jimbo.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> This is a display of affection and acceptance rather than belittlement.<a href="#cite_note-GP-216">[215]</a> Any disloyalty to or poor treatment of their "mates" is treated harshly. Australians particularly dislike bragging or overly advertising one's own successes. The term "tall poppy syndrome" is commonly used to describe people who grow greater than their peers and are harshly criticised as being narcissistic, or "up themselves". Even the most successful and beautiful Australians are eager to proclaim how ordinary they are, to the extent that two-thirds of the highest earning households define themselves as middle class, lower middle class or even working class.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> This egalitarian social system makes Australians appear "laid-back", welcoming or relaxed to others. Australians generally address one another verbally by the first name alone. In formal situations, people may use a person’s title (e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Doctor, etc.) followed by their family name. Middle names are almost never used to address a person, unless quoted on formal/legal documentation.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mateship" title="Mateship">mateship</a> culture combined with the original convict and then colonial culture has created an irreverence for established authority, particularly if it is pompous or out of touch with reality. Politicians, or "pollies", are generally disliked and distrusted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Politicians who seek to lead must comply to the views of the egalitarian electorate, who will punish any hint of arrogance or glory-seeking behavior. Voter turnout at elections had in fact been so low that <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a> was introduced for the <a href="/wiki/1925_Australian_federal_election" title="1925 Australian federal election">1925 federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a> which brings back to Earth the high fliers, the egalitarian Australian society has a traditional Australian support for the <a href="/wiki/Underdog_(competition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdog (competition)">underdog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GP-216">[215]</a> Australians will show support for those who appear to be at a disadvantage even when the underdog is competing against fellow Australians, such as in sporting events. Related to the underdog is the belief in a "fair go", which is said to be a key part of Australian culture and Australian society.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> One accepted definition of a "fair go" in this Australian sense is "a chance, an adequate opportunity. Often used to describe a fair and reasonable course of action".<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The right to "a fair go" has been found to be the most highly rated value on a recent published survey of the opinion of Australian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> This belief sustains bipartisan political support for strong public health and education systems in Australia, as well as equal opportunity legislation to ensure people are not excluded from jobs or positions by their race, gender or sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> This value is frequently cited by politicians who wish to associate themselves or their party with the positive connotations of this notion.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> There has been ongoing public and political discussion of the place and future of "the fair go" in Australian society. This is especially frequent with reference to economics issues and policies.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> The call for "a fair go" is also regularly used by advocates wanting to point out groups who have been overlooked or treated unfairly according to the expectations of treatment by the wider community. Recent examples of this include media presentation of the treatment of illegal immigrants, <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> and refugees,<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> as well as the community campaign in support of "a fair go" for the large group of Australian doctors who have been classified as "non-vocationally registered <a href="/wiki/General_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="General practitioners">general practitioners</a>" (non-VR GPs),<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> and are subject to discriminatory pay and conditions compared to their colleagues, for identical work.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australiana" title="Australiana">Australiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons#Culture" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_popular_culture" title="Australian rules football in popular culture">Australian rules football in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_rural_and_regional_Australia" title="Sport in rural and regional Australia">Sport in rural and regional Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Historically, since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation#Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Decimalisation">decimal currency</a>, the lowest denomination note (<a href="/wiki/Australian_one-dollar_note" title="Australian one-dollar note">$1</a> from 1966, until the note's replacement by a <a href="/wiki/Australian_one-dollar_coin" title="Australian one-dollar coin">coin</a> in 1984; <a href="/wiki/Australian_five-dollar_note" title="Australian five-dollar note">$5</a> since 1992) has depicted <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, as have all coins until her death in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>'s image appeared on new $1 coins in 2023, and all new coins by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Charles_on_all_coins-44">[44]</a> In 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a> announced that the design of the $5 note would be updated, replacing Elizabeth with imagery that "honours the culture and history of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">First Australians</a>", instead of Charles.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064834/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/Indigenous_peoples.html">"About Australia: Indigenous peoples: an overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/Indigenous_peoples.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Australia%3A+Indigenous+peoples%3A+an+overview&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2FIndigenous_peoples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClancy">Clancy</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClancy">Clancy</a>, pp. 10–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/gold-rushes">"Gold rushes"</a>. www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nma.gov.au&rft.atitle=Gold+rushes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fgold-rushes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reference-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Reference_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country">"About Australia: Our Country"</a>. australia.gov.au. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Australia%3A+Our+Country&rft.pub=australia.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Four-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Referencea-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Referencea_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512195954/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html">"About Australia: People, culture and lifestyle"</a>. Dfat.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Australia%3A+People%2C+culture+and+lifestyle&rft.pub=Dfat.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2Fpeople_culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20population~50">Year Book Australia</a>. 1301.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Population&rft.btitle=Year+Book+Australia&rft.series=1301.0&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F1301.0~2012~Main%2520Features~Aboriginal%2520and%2520Torres%2520Strait%2520Islander%2520population~50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Spirituality">"Indigenous Australians – Spirituality"</a>. Australian Museum. 2009. 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Chatswood, NSW: <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780409336221" title="Special:BookSources/9780409336221"><bdi>9780409336221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laying+down+the+law&rft.place=Chatswood%2C+NSW&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780409336221&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirillova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kirillova, Olga O. (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientific-publications.net/en/article/1000326/">"BRITISH CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN AUSTRALIA: THEIR TRANSFORMATION AND ADAPTATION"</a>. Language, Individual & Society. 8 (1): 101–112. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1314-7250">1314-7250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Individual+%26+Society&rft.atitle=BRITISH+CUSTOMS+AND+TRADITIONS+IN+AUSTRALIA%3A+THEIR+TRANSFORMATION+AND+ADAPTATION&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-112&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.issn=1314-7250&rft.aulast=Kirillova&rft.aufirst=Olga+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific-publications.net%2Fen%2Farticle%2F1000326%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602002025/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=37">"Documenting a Democracy – South Australia Act, or Foundation Act, of 1834 (UK)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Australian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Australian Democracy">Museum of Australian Democracy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=37">the original</a> on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+a+Democracy+%E2%80%93+South+Australia+Act%2C+or+Foundation+Act%2C+of+1834+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Museum+of+Australian+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FsdID%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2001" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2001). A Very Short History of the World. Penguin House. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-507-3"><bdi>978-1-56663-507-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Very+Short+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Penguin+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-507-3&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tink-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Tink_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTink,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Tink, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28173894">William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son</a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Charles+Wentworth+%3A+Australia%27s+greatest+native+son&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-192-5&rft.au=Tink%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F28173894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312191539/http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/righttovote.htm">"The Right to Vote in Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a>. 12 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/righttovote.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Vote+in+Australia&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faec.gov.au%2FElections%2FAustralian_Electoral_History%2Frighttovote.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/reform.htm">AEC.gov.au</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClancy">Clancy</a>, pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-aec.gov.au-17"><a href="#cite_ref-aec.gov.au_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/Voting/indigenous_vote/indigenous.htm">"AEC.gov.au"</a>. AEC.gov.au. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AEC.gov.au&rft.pub=AEC.gov.au&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FVoting%2Findigenous_vote%2Findigenous.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8">Foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203020826/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8">Archived</a> 3 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarey2012" class="citation news cs1">Clarey, Christopher (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/sports/olympics/14iht-srolyaustralia14.html">"Britannia's Games Still Rule Down Under"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britannia%27s+Games+Still+Rule+Down+Under&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clarey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F14%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F14iht-srolyaustralia14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/1999/31.html">Human Rights under the Australian Constitution by George Williams – [1999] MULR 31; (1999) 23 Melbourne University Law Review 817</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-are-we-a-constitutional-monarchy">"Why are we a constitutional monarchy? - Parliamentary Education Office"</a>. Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Why+are+we+a+constitutional+monarchy%3F+-+Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2Fquestions%2Fwhy-are-we-a-constitutional-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anzac/spirit">"Anzac spirit"</a>. www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Anzac+spirit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fencyclopedia%2Fanzac%2Fspirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClancy">Clancy</a>, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 8. Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">Archived</a> 1 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs34120_2005-25"><a href="#cite_ref-abs34120_2005_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdf">"Migration"</a> (PDF). 2006 Census. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 29 March 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census&rft.atitle=Migration&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2F0%2FE0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8%2F%24File%2F34120_2005-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> (table 6.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-abcult-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcult_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcult_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/75258e92a5903e75ca2569de0025c188?OpenDocument">"Unity and Diversity: The History and Culture of Aboriginal Australia"</a>. abs.gov.au. 1 January 1991. 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Retrieved 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+The+outlaw+who+divides+a+nation&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21077457%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTo%2520many%2520Australians%2C%2520Ned%2520Kelly%2Ccolonists%2520in%2520the%252019th%2520Century.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2014" class="citation news cs1">Daley, Paul (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/postcolonial/2014/apr/24/anzac-day-time-to-duck-as-guts-and-glory-assault-the-senses">"Anzac Day: duck as the glory talk flies"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Intellect Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841505534" title="Special:BookSources/9781841505534"><bdi>9781841505534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Fragments%3A+Visualising+Difference+in+Australian+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781841505534&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Marita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/10/1974488.htm">"Getting over Australia's Cultural Cringe"</a>. Abc.net.au. 10 July 2007. 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Phillips on the Cultural Cringe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing" title="Melbourne University Publishing">Melbourne University Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85221-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-85221-1"><bdi>0-522-85221-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mup.unimelb.edu.au/catalogue/0-522-85221-1.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+A.+Phillips+on+the+Cultural+Cringe&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=0-522-85221-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Angel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mup.unimelb.edu.au%2Fcatalogue%2F0-522-85221-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Expatriate-games/2005/03/24/1111525276948.html">"Expatriate Games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 25 March 2005. 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Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62031-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62031-7"><bdi>0-521-62031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+London+Calls%3A+The+Expatriation+of+Australian+Creative+Artists+to+Britain&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-62031-7&rft.aulast=Alomes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenlondoncalls00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Once_an_Australian-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Once_an_Australian_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritain1997" class="citation book cs1">Britain, Ian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onceaustralianjo00brit">Once an Australian: Journeys with Barry Humphries, Clive James, Germaine Greer and Robert Hughes</a>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553742-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553742-4"><bdi>0-19-553742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+an+Australian%3A+Journeys+with+Barry+Humphries%2C+Clive+James%2C+Germaine+Greer+and+Robert+Hughes&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-553742-4&rft.aulast=Britain&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonceaustralianjo00brit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820103334/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/austback/stories/s198653.htm">"Anti-Intellectualism in Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a>. 5 October 2000. 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The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0"><bdi>978-0-5218-0789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+people%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+nation%2C+its+people%2C+and+their+origins&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Laurie (2004). Culture and Customs of Australia. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2169-6"><bdi>978-0-3133-2169-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Australia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2169-6&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oceania" title="Culture of Oceania">Culture of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Culture of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Samoa" title="Culture of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Culture of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guam" title="Culture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Culture of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&oldid=1259234178">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Australia&oldid=1259234178</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Australia" title="Category:Culture of Australia">Culture of 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