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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_some_common_fiberglass_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_some_common_fiberglass_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Table of some common fiberglass types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_some_common_fiberglass_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Storage tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>House building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas_artificial_lift_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas_artificial_lift_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oil and gas artificial lift systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas_artificial_lift_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Piping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Boating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Construction methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filament_winding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filament_winding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Filament winding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filament_winding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiberglass_hand_lay-up_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiberglass_hand_lay-up_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fiberglass hand lay-up operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiberglass_hand_lay-up_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiberglass_spray_lay-up_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiberglass_spray_lay-up_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fiberglass spray lay-up operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiberglass_spray_lay-up_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pultrusion_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pultrusion_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pultrusion operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pultrusion_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms_and_signs,_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_and_signs,_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Symptoms and signs, health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_and_signs,_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation,_exposure_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation,_exposure_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Regulation, exposure limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation,_exposure_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiberglass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A" title="زجاج ليفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زجاج ليفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Стъклопласт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъклопласт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A0stic_refor%C3%A7at_amb_fibra_de_vidre" title="Plàstic reforçat amb fibra de vidre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plàstic reforçat amb fibra de vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklolamin%C3%A1t" title="Sklolaminát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklolaminát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfiber-armeret_plast" title="Glasfiber-armeret plast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glasfiber-armeret plast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfaserverst%C3%A4rkter_Kunststoff" title="Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Υαλοβάμβακας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υαλοβάμβακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1stico_reforzado_con_vidrio" title="Plástico reforzado con vidrio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plástico reforzado con vidrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrofibro-fortigita_plasto" title="Vitrofibro-fortigita plasto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitrofibro-fortigita plasto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فایبرگلاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فایبرگلاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastique_%C3%A0_renfort_de_verre" title="Plastique à renfort de verre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plastique à renfort de verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A1ith%C3%ADnghloine" title="Snáithínghloine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Snáithínghloine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A" title="तन्तु काँच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तन्तु काँच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakloplastika" title="Stakloplastika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stakloplastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glertrefjar" title="Glertrefjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Glertrefjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetroresina" title="Vetroresina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vetroresina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="פיברגלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיברגלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEberglas" title="Fîberglas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîberglas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklaplastikis" title="Stiklaplastikis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklaplastikis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_gentian" title="Kaca gentian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaca gentian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasvezelversterkte_kunststof" title="Glasvezelversterkte kunststof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glasvezelversterkte kunststof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleesf%C4%81ser-K%C3%B6nststof" title="Gleesfāser-Könststof – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gleesfāser-Könststof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassfiber-armert_plast" title="Glassfiber-armert plast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glassfiber-armert plast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%DB%8C%DA%9A%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ښیښه اییز پلاستیک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښیښه اییز پلاستیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1stico_com_refor%C3%A7o_de_fibra_de_vidro" title="Plástico com reforço de fibra de vidro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plástico com reforço de fibra de vidro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стеклопластик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стеклопластик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglass" title="Fibreglass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fibreglass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklolamin%C3%A1t" title="Sklolaminát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sklolaminát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglas" title="Fiberglas – 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibreglass&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">Fibreglass</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of composite material. For the thermal insulation material sometimes called fibreglass, see <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a>. For the glass fiber itself, also sometimes called fiberglass, see <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Fiberglass</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>fibreglass</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>) is a common type of <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a> using <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a>. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into <a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">glass cloth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(composite)" title="Matrix (composite)">matrix</a> may be a <a href="/wiki/Thermoset_polymer_matrix" title="Thermoset polymer matrix">thermoset polymer matrix</a>—most often based on <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting polymers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">polyester resin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_ester_resin" title="Vinyl ester resin">vinyl ester resin</a>—or a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>. </p><p>Cheaper and more flexible than <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers">carbon fiber</a>, it is stronger than many metals by weight, non-<a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a>, non-<a href="/wiki/Conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductive">conductive</a>, transparent to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, can be molded into complex shapes, and is chemically inert under many circumstances. Applications include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming pools">swimming pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">hot tubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tanks</a>, roofing, pipes, cladding, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">orthopedic casts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboards</a>, and external door skins. </p><p>Other common names for fiberglass are <b>glass-reinforced plastic</b> (<b>GRP</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>glass-fiber reinforced plastic</b> (<b>GFRP</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>GFK</b> (from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff</i>). Because glass fiber itself is sometimes referred to as "fiberglass", the composite is also called <b>fiberglass-reinforced plastic</b> (<b>FRP</b>). This article uses "fiberglass" to refer to the complete fiber-reinforced composite material, rather than only to the glass fiber within it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass fibers have been produced for centuries, but the earliest patent was awarded to the Prussian inventor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hammesfahr" title="Hermann Hammesfahr">Hermann Hammesfahr</a> (1845–1914) in the U.S. in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> of glass strands was <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">accidentally discovered</a> in 1932 when <a href="/wiki/Games_Slayter" title="Games Slayter">Games Slayter</a>, a researcher at <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a>, directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. A patent for this method of producing <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a> was first applied for in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a> to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (spelled with one "s") in 1936. Originally, Fiberglas was a glass wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator, especially at high temperatures. </p><p>A suitable resin for combining the fiberglass with a plastic to produce a composite material was developed in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is <a href="/wiki/Cyanamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanamid">Cyanamid</a>'s resin of 1942. <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a> curing systems were used by then.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic. This reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time, the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural and building material. Many glass fiber composites continued to be called "fiberglass" (as a generic name) and the name was also used for the low-density glass wool product containing gas instead of plastic. </p><p>Ray Greene of Owens Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937 but did not proceed further at the time because of the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a passenger boat of plastic materials, and the United States a fuselage and wings of an aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first car to have a fiberglass body was a 1946 prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Stout_Scarab" title="Stout Scarab">Stout Scarab</a>, but the model did not enter production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber">Fiber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_reinforcements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Glass_reinforcements.jpg/220px-Glass_reinforcements.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Glass_reinforcements.jpg/330px-Glass_reinforcements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Glass_reinforcements.jpg/440px-Glass_reinforcements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Glass reinforcements used for fiberglass are supplied in different physical forms: microspheres, chopped or woven <a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">glass cloth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike glass fibers used for insulation, for the final structure to be strong, the fiber's surfaces must be almost entirely free of defects, as this permits the fibers to reach gigapascal <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strengths</a>. If a bulk piece of glass were defect-free, it would be as strong as glass fibers; however, it is generally impractical to produce and maintain bulk material in a defect-free state outside of laboratory conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-newscience_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscience-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of manufacturing fiberglass is called <a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">pultrusion</a>. The manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large furnaces to gradually melt the <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> sand, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolin_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin clay">kaolin clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colemanite" title="Colemanite">colemanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> until a liquid forms. It is then extruded through bushings (<a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spinneret</a>), which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 5–25 micrometres in diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These filaments are then <i>sized</i> (coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled in large numbers to provide a <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">roving</a>. The diameter of the filaments, and the number of filaments in the roving, determine its <i>weight</i>, typically expressed in one of two measurement systems: </p> <ul><li><i>yield</i>, or yards per pound (the number of yards of fiber in one pound of material; thus a smaller number means a heavier roving). Examples of standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield.</li> <li><i>tex</i>, or grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, inverted from yield; thus a smaller number means a lighter roving). Examples of standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex.</li></ul> <p>These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as <a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">pultrusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">filament winding</a> (pipe), gun roving (where an automated gun chops the glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of a mold), or in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as <i>chopped strand mat</i> (CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or unidirectional fabrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chopped_strand_mat">Chopped strand mat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chopped strand mat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chopped strand mat (CSM) is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass. It consists of glass fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a binder. It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of material are placed on a mold and brushed with resin. Because the binder dissolves in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished. Using chopped strand mat gives the fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a> in-plane material properties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sizing">Sizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A coating or primer is applied to the roving to help protect the glass filaments for processing and manipulation and to ensure proper bonding to the resin matrix, thus allowing for the transfer of shear loads from the glass fibers to the thermoset plastic. Without this bonding, the fibers can 'slip' in the matrix causing localized failure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a>—that is, <i>along</i> its axis. Although it might be assumed that the fiber is weak in compression, it is actually only the long <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of the fiber which makes it seem so; i.e., because a typical fiber is long and narrow, it buckles easily.<sup id="cite_ref-newscience_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscience-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the glass fiber is weak in shear—that is, <i>across</i> its axis. Therefore, if a collection of fibers can be arranged permanently in a preferred direction within a material, and if they can be prevented from <a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a> in compression, the material will be preferentially strong in that direction. </p><p>Furthermore, by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the material's overall stiffness and strength can be efficiently controlled. In fiberglass, it is the plastic matrix which permanently constrains the structural glass fibers to directions chosen by the designer. With chopped strand mat, this directionality is essentially an entire two-dimensional plane; with woven fabrics or unidirectional layers, directionality of stiffness and strength can be more precisely controlled within the plane. </p><p>A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mold</a> used for manufacturing the shell. </p><p>The mechanical functionality of materials is heavily reliant on the combined performances of both the resin (AKA matrix) and fibers. For example, in severe temperature conditions (over 180 °C), the resin component of the composite may lose its functionality, partially due to bond deterioration of resin and fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-CompositeConstruction_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompositeConstruction-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, GFRPs can still show significant residual strength after experiencing high temperatures (200 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable feature of fiberglass is that the resins used are subject to contraction during the <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">curing</a> process. For polyester this contraction is often 5–6%; for epoxy, about 2%. Because the fibers do not contract, this differential can create changes in the shape of the part during curing. Distortions can appear hours, days, or weeks after the resin has set. While this distortion can be minimized by symmetric use of the fibers in the design, a certain amount of internal stress is created; and if it becomes too great, cracks form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a></div> <p>The most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is <a href="/wiki/E-glass" class="mw-redirect" title="E-glass">E-glass</a>, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass (<b>A</b>lkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (<b>E</b>lectrical/<b>C</b>hemical <b>R</b>esistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low <b>D</b>ielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as <b>R</b>einforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (silicon dioxide), when cooled as <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called <a href="/wiki/Cullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullet">cullet</a> glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial Electrical application), is alkali-free and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest consumer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "stiff") is used when tensile strength (high modulus) is important and is thus an important building and aircraft epoxy composite (it is called R-glass, "R" for "reinforcement" in Europe). C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and T-glass ("T" is for "thermal insulator"—a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_some_common_fiberglass_types">Table of some common fiberglass types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Table of some common fiberglass types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Material</th> <th>Specific gravity</th> <th>Tensile strength MPa (ksi)</th> <th>Compressive strength MPa (ksi) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Polyester resin (Not reinforced)<sup id="cite_ref-ecfibre_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecfibre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>55 (7.98) </td> <td>140 (20.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass<sup id="cite_ref-ecfibre_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecfibre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>100 (14.5) </td> <td>150 (21.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyester and Woven Rovings Laminate 45% E-glass<sup id="cite_ref-ecfibre_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecfibre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>250 (36.3) </td> <td>150 (21.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyester and Satin Weave Cloth Laminate 55% E-glass<sup id="cite_ref-ecfibre_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecfibre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>300 (43.5) </td> <td>250 (36.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyester and Continuous Rovings Laminate 70% E-glass<sup id="cite_ref-ecfibre_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecfibre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>800 (116) </td> <td>350 (50.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>E-Glass Epoxy composite<sup id="cite_ref-tubeshop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tubeshop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.99 </td> <td>1,770 (257) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S-Glass Epoxy composite<sup id="cite_ref-tubeshop_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tubeshop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.95 </td> <td>2,358 (342) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fiberglass" title="Special:EditPage/Fiberglass">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fiberglass%22">"Fiberglass"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fiberglass%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fiberglass%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fiberglass%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fiberglass%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fiberglass%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg/220px-Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg/330px-Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg/440px-Cryostat_non_metallic_tiltable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cryostat" title="Cryostat">cryostat</a> made of fiberglass</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiberglass is versatile because it is lightweight, strong, weather-resistant, and can have a variety of surface textures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, fiberglass was developed as a replacement for the molded plywood used in aircraft <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radomes</a> (fiberglass being <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(telecommunication)" title="Transparency (telecommunication)">transparent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a>). Its first main civilian application was for the building of <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors. In the production of some products, such as aircraft, carbon fiber is now used instead of fiberglass, which is stronger by volume and weight. </p><p>Advanced manufacturing techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Pre-preg" title="Pre-preg">pre-pregs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">rovings</a> extend fiberglass's applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced plastics. </p><p>Fiberglass is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> industry for <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shrouding</a> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>, due to its <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> permeability and low signal <a href="/wiki/Attenuation_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)">attenuation</a> properties. It may also be used to conceal other equipment where no signal permeability is required, such as equipment cabinets and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> support structures, due to the ease with which it can be molded and painted to blend with existing structures and surfaces. Other uses include sheet-form electrical insulators and structural components commonly found in power-industry products. Because of fiberglass's lightweight and durability, it is often used in protective equipment such as helmets. Many sports use fiberglass protective gear, such as goaltenders' and catchers' masks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_tanks">Storage tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Storage tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Milwaukee_tanks.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Milwaukee_tanks.jpg/330px-Milwaukee_tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Milwaukee_tanks.jpg/440px-Milwaukee_tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Several large fiberglass tanks at an <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">Storage tanks</a> can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. Smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber#Preform" title="Optical fiber">preform</a> during construction. Much more reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fiber, with the fiber orientation at right angles to the <a href="/wiki/Hoop_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoop stress">hoop stress</a> imposed in the sidewall by the contents. Such tanks tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner (often <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>) is resistant to a wide range of corrosive chemicals. Fiberglass is also used for <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tanks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_building">House building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: House building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California-dome-house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/California-dome-house.jpg/220px-California-dome-house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/California-dome-house.jpg/330px-California-dome-house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/California-dome-house.jpg/440px-California-dome-house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>A fiberglass dome house in <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Glass-reinforced plastics are also used to produce house building components such as roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, <a href="/wiki/Coping_(architecture)" title="Coping (architecture)">coping</a> systems, and heads with keystones and sills. The material's reduced weight and easier handling, compared to wood or metal, allows faster installation. Mass-produced fiberglass brick-effect panels can be used in the construction of composite housing, and can include insulation to reduce heat loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas_artificial_lift_systems">Oil and gas artificial lift systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oil and gas artificial lift systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sucker_rod" title="Sucker rod">rod pumping</a> applications, fiberglass rods are often used for their high tensile strength to weight ratio. Fiberglass rods provide an advantage over steel rods because they stretch more elastically (lower <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a>) than steel for a given weight, meaning more oil can be lifted from the hydrocarbon reservoir to the surface with each stroke, all while reducing the load on the pumping unit. </p><p>Fiberglass rods must be kept in tension, however, as they frequently part if placed in even a small amount of compression. The buoyancy of the rods within a fluid amplifies this tendency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piping">Piping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Piping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRP and GRE pipe can be used in a variety of above- and below-ground systems, including those for desalination, water treatment, water distribution networks, chemical process plants, water used for firefighting, hot and cold drinking water, wastewater/sewage, municipal waste and <a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">liquified petroleum gas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boating">Boating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Fiberglass" title="Boat building">Boat building § Fiberglass</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg/220px-Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg/330px-Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg/440px-Fiberglass_Kayaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayaks</a> made of fiberglass</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiberglass composite boats have been made since the early 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many sailing vessels made after 1950 were built using the fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Lay-up_process" title="Lay-up process">lay-up process</a>. As of 2022, boats continue to be made with fiberglass, though more advanced techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_bag_moulding" title="Vacuum bag moulding">vacuum bag moulding</a> are used in the construction process.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armour">Armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though most bullet-resistant armours are made using different textiles, fiberglass composites have been shown to be effective as ballistic armor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_methods">Construction methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Construction methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filament_winding">Filament winding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Filament winding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a> is a fabrication technique mainly used for manufacturing open (cylinders) or closed-end structures (pressure vessels or tanks). The process involves winding filaments under tension over a male mandrel. The mandrel rotates while a wind eye on a carriage moves horizontally, laying down fibers in the desired pattern. The most common filaments are carbon or glass fiber and are coated with synthetic resin as they are wound. Once the mandrel is completely covered to the desired thickness, the resin is cured; often the mandrel is placed in an oven to achieve this, though sometimes radiant heaters are used with the mandrel still turning in the machine. Once the resin has cured, the mandrel is removed, leaving the hollow final product. For some products such as gas bottles, the 'mandrel' is a permanent part of the finished product forming a liner to prevent gas leakage or as a barrier to protect the composite from the fluid to be stored. </p><p>Filament winding is well suited to automation, and there are many applications, such as pipe and small pressure vessels that are wound and cured without any human intervention. The controlled variables for winding are fiber type, resin content, wind angle, tow or bandwidth and thickness of the fiber bundle. The angle at which the fiber has an effect on the properties of the final product. A high angle "hoop" will provide circumferential or "burst" strength, while lower angle patterns (polar or helical) will provide greater longitudinal tensile strength. </p><p>Products currently being produced using this technique range from pipes, golf clubs, Reverse Osmosis Membrane Housings, oars, bicycle forks, bicycle rims, power and transmission poles, pressure vessels to missile casings, aircraft fuselages and lamp posts and yacht masts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiberglass_hand_lay-up_operation">Fiberglass hand lay-up operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fiberglass hand lay-up operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lay-up_process" title="Lay-up process">Lay-up process</a></div> <p>A release agent, usually in either wax or liquid form, is applied to the chosen mold to allow the finished product to be cleanly removed from the mold. Resin—typically a 2-part <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermoset</a> polyester, vinyl, or epoxy—is mixed with its hardener and applied to the surface. Sheets of fiberglass matting are laid into the mold, then more resin mixture is added using a brush or roller. The material must conform to the mold, and air must not be trapped between the fiberglass and the mold. Additional resin is applied and possibly additional sheets of fiberglass. Hand pressure, vacuum or rollers are used to be sure the resin saturates and fully wets all layers, and that any air pockets are removed. The work must be done quickly before the resin starts to cure unless high-temperature resins are used which will not cure until the part is warmed in an oven.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the work is covered with plastic sheets and vacuum is drawn on the work to remove air bubbles and press the fiberglass to the shape of the mold.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiberglass_spray_lay-up_operation">Fiberglass spray lay-up operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fiberglass spray lay-up operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_spray_lay-up_process" title="Fiberglass spray lay-up process">fiberglass spray lay-up process</a> is similar to the hand lay-up process but differs in the application of the fiber and resin to the mold. Spray-up is an open-molding composites fabrication process where resin and reinforcements are sprayed onto a mold. The resin and glass may be applied separately or simultaneously "chopped" in a combined stream from a chopper gun.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers roll out the spray-up to compact the laminate. Wood, foam or other core material may then be added, and a secondary spray-up layer imbeds the core between the laminates. The part is then cured, cooled, and removed from the reusable mold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pultrusion_operation">Pultrusion operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pultrusion operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pultrusion_process_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pultrusion_process_01.png/300px-Pultrusion_process_01.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pultrusion_process_01.png/450px-Pultrusion_process_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pultrusion_process_01.png/600px-Pultrusion_process_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">pultrusion</a> process</figcaption></figure> <p>Pultrusion is a manufacturing method used to make strong, lightweight composite materials. In pultrusion, material is pulled through forming machinery using either a hand-over-hand method or a continuous-roller method (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a>, where the material is pushed through dies). In fiberglass pultrusion, fibers (the glass material) are pulled from spools through a device that coats them with a resin. They are then typically heat-treated and cut to length. Fiberglass produced this way can be made in a variety of shapes and cross-sections, such as W or S cross-sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Health_hazards"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure">Exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People can be exposed to fiberglass in the workplace during its fabrication, installation or removal, by breathing it in, by skin contact, or by eye contact. Furthermore, in the manufacturing process of fiberglass, <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> vapors are released while the resins are cured. These are also irritating to mucous membranes and respiratory tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Türschmann_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Türschmann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general population can get exposed to fibreglass from insulation and building materials or from fibers in the air near manufacturing facilities or when they are near <a href="/wiki/Building_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Building fire">building fires</a> or <a href="/wiki/Building_implosion" title="Building implosion">implosions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> advises that fiberglass insulation should never be left exposed in an occupied area. Since work practices are not always followed, and fiberglass is often left exposed in basements that later become occupied, people can get exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No readily usable biological or clinical indices of exposure exist.<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms_and_signs,_health_effects"><span id="Symptoms_and_signs.2C_health_effects"></span>Symptoms and signs, health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Symptoms and signs, health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fiberglass will irritate the eyes, skin, and the respiratory system. Hence, symptoms can include itchy eyes, skin, nose, sore throat, hoarseness, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> (breathing difficulty) and cough.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peak <a href="/wiki/Alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar">alveolar</a> deposition was observed in rodents and humans for fibers with diameters of 1 to 2 μm.<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> In animal experiments, adverse lung effects such as lung inflammation and <a href="/wiki/Lung_fibrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung fibrosis">lung fibrosis</a> have occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> and increased incidences of <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>, pleural <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcoma</a>, and lung carcinoma had been found with intrapleural or intratracheal instillations in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2001, in humans only the more biopersistent materials like ceramic fibres, which are used industrially as insulation in high-temperature environments such as <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a>, and certain special-purpose glass wools not used as insulating materials remain classified as possible carcinogens (<a href="/wiki/IARC_Group_2B" class="mw-redirect" title="IARC Group 2B">IARC Group 2B</a>). The more commonly used glass fibre wools including insulation <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock wool">rock wool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slag_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Slag wool">slag wool</a> are considered not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (<a href="/wiki/IARC_Group_3" class="mw-redirect" title="IARC Group 3">IARC Group 3</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-iarc.fr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc.fr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2001, all fiberglass wools commonly used for thermal and acoustical insulation were reclassified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) as "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans" (<a href="/wiki/IARC_group_3" title="IARC group 3">IARC group 3</a>). "Epidemiologic studies published during the 15 years since the previous IARC monographs review of these fibers in 1988 provide no evidence of increased risks of lung cancer or <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a> (cancer of the lining of the body cavities) from occupational exposures during the manufacture of these materials, and inadequate evidence overall of any cancer risk."<sup id="cite_ref-iarc.fr_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc.fr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2011, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> (NTP) removed from its Report on <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogens</a> all biosoluble glass wool used in home and <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a> and for non-insulation products.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, NTP still considers fibrous glass dust to be "reasonably anticipated [as] a human carcinogen (Certain Glass Wool Fibers (Inhalable))".<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, California's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Environmental_Health_Hazard_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment</a> (OEHHA) published a November, 2011 modification to its <a href="/wiki/Proposition_65" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 65">Proposition 65</a> listing to include only "Glass wool fibers (inhalable and biopersistent)."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore a cancer warning label for biosoluble fiber glass home and building insulation is no longer required under federal or California law. As of 2012, the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association stated that fiberglass is safe to manufacture, install and use when recommended work practices are followed to reduce temporary mechanical irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the European Union and Germany have classified synthetic glass fibers as possibly or probably carcinogenic, but fibers can be exempt from this classification if they pass specific tests.<sup id="cite_ref-iarc.fr_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iarc.fr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 health hazard review for the European Commission stated that inhalation of fiberglass at concentrations of 3, 16 and 30 mg/m3 "did not induce fibrosis nor tumours except transient lung inflammation that disappeared after a post-exposure recovery period."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic reviews of the epidemiology studies had been conducted by Harvard's Medical and Public Health Schools in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> ("ATSDR") in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reached the same conclusion as IARC that there is no evidence of increased risk from occupational exposure to glass wool fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic and toxic effects are exerted through production of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>, which can damage DNA, and cause <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_aberration" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomal aberration">chromosomal aberrations</a>, nuclear abnormalities, mutations, <a href="/wiki/Gene_amplification" title="Gene amplification">gene amplification</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-oncogenes">proto-oncogenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cell_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell transformation">cell transformation</a> in mammalian cells. There is also indirect, inflammation-driven genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species by <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory cell">inflammatory cells</a>. The longer and thinner as well as the more durable (biopersistent) fibers were, the more potent they were in damage.<sup id="cite_ref-ntp2009_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntp2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation,_exposure_limits"><span id="Regulation.2C_exposure_limits"></span>Regulation, exposure limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regulation, exposure limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, fine <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">mineral fiber</a> emissions have been regulated by the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Respirable_suspended_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirable suspended particle">respirable fibers</a> (“particulates not otherwise regulated”) are regulated by <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA); OSHA has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for fiberglass exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total and 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> in respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 3 fibers/cm<sup>3</sup> (less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and greater than 10 micrometers in length) as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour workday, and a 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total limit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2001, the Hazardous Substances Ordinance in Germany dictates a maximum occupational exposure limit of 86 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. In certain concentrations, a potentially explosive mixture may occur. Further manufacture of GRP components (grinding, cutting, sawing) creates fine dust and chips containing glass filaments, as well as tacky dust,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- What is tacky dust? (October 2022)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in quantities high enough to affect health and the functionality of machines and equipment. The installation of effective extraction and filtration equipment is required to ensure safety and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Türschmann_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Türschmann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_moulding_compound" title="Bulk moulding compound">Bulk moulding compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_sheet_laminating" title="Fiberglass sheet laminating">Fiberglass sheet laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-10_(material)" title="G-10 (material)">G-10 (material)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobas" title="Hobas">Hobas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Dubus-Bonnel" title="Ignace Dubus-Bonnel">Ignace Dubus-Bonnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_moulding_compound" title="Sheet moulding compound">Sheet moulding compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers">Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers</a> reinforcement with carbon fibers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMayer1993" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Rayner M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQFJego9nGUC&pg=PA7"><i>Design with reinforced plastics</i></a>. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85072-294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85072-294-9"><bdi>978-0-85072-294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+with+reinforced+plastics&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85072-294-9&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Rayner+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQFJego9nGUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawy2001" class="citation book cs1">Nawy, Edward G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6BNygdZLJUC&pg=PA310"><i>Fundamentals of high-performance concrete</i></a> (2 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-38555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-38555-4"><bdi>978-0-471-38555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+high-performance+concrete&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-38555-4&rft.aulast=Nawy&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6BNygdZLJUC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, Steve (November 1999). "The birth of fiberglass boats". The Good Ole Boat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Entry for US 232122 A (14-Sep-1880)". US Patent Publication. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayter, Games (11 November 1933). "Method & Apparatus for Making Glass Wool". <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2133235">U.S. patent 2,133,235</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2006" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, George (8 Oct 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315125903/http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/1461/50-years-of-reinforced-plastic-boats/">"50 years of reinforced plastic boats"</a>. <i>reinforcedplastics</i>. Elsevier Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/1461/50-years-of-reinforced-plastic-boats/">the original</a> on 15 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reinforcedplastics&rft.atitle=50+years+of+reinforced+plastic+boats&rft.date=2006-10-08&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reinforcedplastics.com%2Fview%2F1461%2F50-years-of-reinforced-plastic-boats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Notable Progress – the use of plastics", <i>Evening Post</i>, Wellington, New Zealand, Volume CXXVIII, Issue 31, 5 August 1939, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobart1946" class="citation news cs1">Hobart, Tasmania (27 May 1946). "Car of the future in plastics". <i>The Mercury</i>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury&rft.atitle=Car+of+the+future+in+plastics&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1946-05-27&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=Tasmania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newscience-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newscience_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newscience_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_J_E1991" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, J E (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axW-iYrhQ1YC"><i>The New Science of Strong Materials: Or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192770-1"><bdi>978-0-14-192770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Science+of+Strong+Materials%3A+Or+Why+You+Don%27t+Fall+Through+the+Floor&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192770-1&rft.au=Gordon%2C+J+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxW-iYrhQ1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bhatnagar, Ashok (2016-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZPBCQAAQBAJ&q=fiberglass+made+with+aluminosilicate+glass+fibers&pg=PA4"><i>Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081004258" title="Special:BookSources/9780081004258"><bdi>9780081004258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightweight+Ballistic+Composites%3A+Military+and+Law-Enforcement+Applications&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.isbn=9780081004258&rft.aulast=Bhatnagar&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZPBCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfiberglass%2Bmade%2Bwith%2Baluminosilicate%2Bglass%2Bfibers%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiberglass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese_Gibson2017" class="citation web cs1">Reese Gibson (2017-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reesesfishhunt.com/how-to-repair-small-hole-fiberglass-boat/">"The Fundamentals: Repairing Fiberglass And Ensuring Bonding"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Glass_science" title="Template:Glass science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_science" title="Template talk:Glass science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_science_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">Glass transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">Supercooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgInSbTe" title="AgInSbTe">AgInSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioglass">Bioglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borophosphosilicate_glass" title="Borophosphosilicate glass">Borophosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">Ceramic glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide_glass" title="Chalcogenide glass">Chalcogenide glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_glass" title="Cobalt glass">Cobalt glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Cranberry glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(optics)" title="Crown glass (optics)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">Flint glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosilicate_glass" title="Fluorosilicate glass">Fluorosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeSbTe" title="GeSbTe">GeSbTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">Gold ruby glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">Lead glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_glass" title="Milk glass">Milk glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphosilicate_glass" title="Phosphosilicate glass">Phosphosilicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass#Silicate_glass" title="Glass">Silicate glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda–lime glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexametaphosphate" title="Sodium hexametaphosphate">Sodium hexametaphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Soluble glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurite_glass" title="Tellurite glass">Tellurite glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoriated_glass" title="Thoriated glass">Thoriated glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_expansion_glass" title="Ultra low expansion glass">Ultra low expansion glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">Uranium glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Vitreous enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBLAN" title="ZBLAN">ZBLAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">Glass-ceramics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioactive_glass" title="Bioactive glass">Bioactive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorningWare" title="CorningWare">CorningWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic-to-metal_seals" title="Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals">Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macor" title="Macor">Macor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_batch_calculation" title="Glass batch calculation">Glass batch calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Hot_end" title="Glass production">Glass melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_of_glass_properties" title="Calculation of glass properties">Glass modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">Liquidus temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Viscosity_of_amorphous_materials" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">Achromat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient-index_optics" title="Gradient-index optics">Gradient-index optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_lens_design" title="Optical lens design">Optical lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_glass" title="Photosensitive glass">Photosensitive glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Transparent materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface<br />modification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_strengthened_glass" title="Chemically strengthened glass">Chemically strengthened glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Corrosion_of_glasses" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealkalization" title="Dealkalization">Dealkalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_darkening" title="Hydrogen darkening">Hydrogen darkening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">Self-cleaning glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel_process" title="Sol–gel process">sol–gel technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diverse<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Conservation and restoration of glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-coated_wire" title="Glass-coated wire">Glass-coated wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_databases" title="Glass databases">Glass databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_electrode" title="Glass electrode">Glass electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete" title="Glass fiber reinforced concrete">Glass fiber reinforced concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ionomer_cement" title="Glass ionomer cement">Glass ionomer cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_microsphere" title="Glass microsphere">Glass microspheres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glass-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cloth" title="Glass cloth">Glass cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-to-metal_seal" title="Glass-to-metal seal">Glass-to-metal seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-preg" title="Pre-preg">Pre-preg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert%27s_drop" title="Prince Rupert's drop">Prince Rupert's drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste#Vitrification" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste vitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" 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