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戴斯蒙·屠圖 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-早年生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早年生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>早年生平</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-早年生平-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关早年生平子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-早年生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-童年:1931年-1950年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#童年:1931年-1950年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>童年:1931年-1950年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-童年:1931年-1950年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-加入神職人員:1956年-1966年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#加入神職人員:1956年-1966年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>加入神職人員:1956年-1966年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-加入神職人員:1956年-1966年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在種族隔離時期的職業生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在種族隔離時期的職業生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>在種族隔離時期的職業生涯</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-在種族隔離時期的職業生涯-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关在種族隔離時期的職業生涯子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-在種族隔離時期的職業生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">戴斯蒙·屠圖</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。94种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ديزموند توتو – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديزموند توتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ديزموند توتو – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديزموند توتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Дэсманд Туту – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэсманд Туту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Дэсмонд Туту – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэсмонд Туту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Дезмънд Туту – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезмънд Туту" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81" title="ডেসমন্ড টুটু – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেসমন্ড টুটু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཌེ་སི་མོན་ཌི་ཏུ་ཏུ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཌེ་སི་མོན་ཌི་ཏུ་ཏུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="دێزمۆند تووتوو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێزمۆند تووتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ντέσμοντ Τούτου – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέσμοντ Τούτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دزموند توتو – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزموند توتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95" title="דזמונד טוטו – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דזמונד טוטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="डेसमंड टूटू – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेसमंड टूटू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Դեսմոնդ Տուտու – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեսմոնդ Տուտու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%83%84" title="デズモンド・ムピロ・ツツ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デズモンド・ムピロ・ツツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Mpilo_Tutu" title="Desmond Mpilo Tutu – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Desmond Mpilo Tutu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="დეზმონდ ტუტუ – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზმონდ ტუტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%A6%88%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%88%AC%ED%88%AC" title="데즈먼드 투투 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데즈먼드 투투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Mpilo_Tutu" title="Desmond Mpilo Tutu – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Desmond Mpilo Tutu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezmonds_Tutu" title="Dezmonds Tutu – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezmonds Tutu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81" title="ഡെസ്മണ്ട് ടുട്ടു – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെസ്മണ്ട് ടുട്ടു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82" title="ਦੇਸਮੰਡ ਟੂਟੂ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੇਸਮੰਡ ਟੂਟੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ڈسمونڈ ٹوٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈسمونڈ ٹوٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88" title="ډېسمونډ ټوټو – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډېسمونډ ټوټو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Туту, Десмонд – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туту, Десмонд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Дезмонд Туту – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезмонд Туту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தெசுமாண்ட் தூட்டு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெசுமாண்ட் தூட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="డెస్మండ్ టుటు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెస్మండ్ టుటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Дэзмонд Туту – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дэзмонд Туту" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83" title="Десмонд Туту – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Десмонд Туту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ڈسمنڈ ٹوٹو – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈسمنڈ ٹوٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%9B%BE" title="德斯蒙德·图图 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德斯蒙德·图图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Desmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%9C%96" title="杜圖 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="杜圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDesmond_Tutu" title="UDesmond Tutu – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UDesmond Tutu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96" lang="zh-Hant" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-c306938a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:德斯蒙德·图图; zh-hant:德斯蒙德·杜圖; zh-tw:戴斯蒙·屠圖"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:德斯蒙德; zh-hant:德斯蒙德; zh-tw:戴斯蒙"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:图图; zh-hant:杜圖; zh-tw:屠圖"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span></span><br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size:small;"><span lang="en">Desmond Tutu</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/220px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/330px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/440px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">个人资料</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nickname">戴斯蒙·姆皮洛·屠圖<br />Desmond Mpilo Tutu</span><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-10-07</span>)</span>1931年10月7日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="南非聯邦">南非聯邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A3%AB%E7%93%A6%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="德蘭士瓦省">德蘭士瓦省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E6%99%AE" title="克萊克斯多普">克萊克斯多普</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2021年12月26日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">2021歲—12—26</span>)</span>(90歲)<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E7%9C%81" title="西開普省">西開普省</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6" title="開普敦">開普敦</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%A0%A1" title="母校">母校</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦國王學院">倫敦國王學院</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">签名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="戴斯蒙·屠圖的签名"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg/128px-Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg/192px-Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg/256px-Desmond_Tutu_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>戴斯蒙·姆皮洛·屠圖</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Desmond Mpilo Tutu</span>,1931年10月7日—2021年12月26日),舊譯<b>涂德民</b>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6%E6%95%99%E5%8D%80" title="聖公會開普敦教區">聖公會開普敦教區</a>榮休大主教,也是南非聖公會首位非裔大主教,被譽為人權神學的先鋒。屠圖亦是1984年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾和平獎">諾貝爾和平獎</a>得獎者。他自1980年代開始致力於廢除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離">南非種族隔離</a>政策,並在1995年開始領導<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E)" title="真相与和解委员会 (南非)">真相與和解委員會</a>,促成南非的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="轉型正義">轉型正義</a>而聞名於世。 </p><p>屠圖自1985年到1986年出任約翰尼斯堡主教,之後從1986年至1995年間出任開普敦大主教。這兩項職務,屠圖都是首位出任的黑人。他以黑人神學與非洲神學的融合為目標,政治上自認是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义者">社會主義者</a>。 </p><p>出生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E6%99%AE" title="克萊克斯多普">克萊克斯多普</a>的一個貧窮家庭,是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%96%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="科薩人">科薩人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="茨瓦纳人">茨瓦纳人</a>的混血兒。屠圖在年幼時於南非各地搬來搬去。進入成年後,他受教師的培訓並與Nomalizo Leah Tutu結婚,並育有幾個孩子。1960年,他被任命為聖公會牧師,並於1962年移居英國,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦國王學院">倫敦國王學院</a>學習神學。1966年,他回到南非,在聯邦神學院(Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa)任教,然後在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%81%E8%B3%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E6%BF%9F%E8%98%AD%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學(页面不存在)">波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland" class="extiw" title="en:University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland</span></a></span>)</span></span>任教。1972年,他成為神學教育基金的非洲主任,這是位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦">倫敦</a>的職位,但必須定期前往非洲。1975年回到南非,他先是擔任<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰尼斯堡聖瑪麗大教堂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="St Mary&#39;s Cathedral, Johannesburg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%81%96%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰尼斯堡聖瑪麗大教堂(页面不存在)">約翰尼斯堡聖瑪麗大教堂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Johannesburg" class="extiw" title="en:St Mary&#39;s Cathedral, Johannesburg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg</span></a></span>)</span></span>的院長,然後擔任賴索托主教,在反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離">南非種族隔離</a>和白人少數統治的種族隔離制度方面發揮了積極作用。從1978年到1985年,他擔任<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南非教會理事會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South African Council of Churches"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南非教會理事會(页面不存在)">南非教會理事會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" class="extiw" title="en:South African Council of Churches"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South African Council of Churches</span></a></span>)</span></span>秘書長,逐漸成為南非最主要的反種族隔離積極分子之一。他雖然警告<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="國民黨 (南非)">國民黨</a>政府種族隔離會導致種族暴力,但作為一名活動家,他強調<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97" title="非暴力抵抗">非暴力抵抗</a>和引進外國經濟壓力來改變種族隔離政策。 </p><p>1985年,他成為約翰內斯堡主教,並且在1986年成為開普敦大主教,這是南非聖公會等級中最高級的職位。在這一職位上,他強調了建立共識的領導模式,並監督引入女司鐸的工作。另外在1986年,他成為全非洲教會會議(All Africa Conference of Churches)的主席,進一步在非洲大陸考察。1990年,國家總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="弗雷德里克·威廉·戴克拉克">弗雷德里克·威廉·戴克拉克</a>釋放了在監獄的反種族隔離活動家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="納爾遜·曼德拉">納爾遜·曼德拉</a>後,雙方就種族隔離的解散達成協議。屠圖在談判中扮演著黑人派系之間的調解人的角色。在<a href="/wiki/1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8" title="1994年南非大選">1994年的大選</a>產生由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="納爾遜·曼德拉內閣">曼德拉領導的聯合政府</a>之後,後者選擇屠圖擔任<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E)" title="真相与和解委员会 (南非)">真相與和解委員會</a>主席,調查過去與反種族隔離團體進行的侵犯人權行為。自種族隔離制度瓦解以後,屠圖支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9ELGBT%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A" title="南非LGBT權益">南非LGBT權益</a>,並且在廣泛的主題上發表意見,其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%B7%B4%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" class="mw-redirect" title="以巴衝突">以巴衝突</a>、對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克戰爭">伊拉克戰爭</a>的反對,以及對南非總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%9A%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%B2%9D%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="塔博·姆貝基">塔博·姆貝基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E7%A5%96%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="雅各布·祖馬">雅各布·祖馬</a>的批評。2010年,他從公職退休。 </p><p>屠圖在1970年代成為知名人士時出現了對他兩極化的觀點。種族隔離的倡導者鄙視他,許多白人<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>者認為他太激進了,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="共产主义者">共產主義者</a>則批評了他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="反共">反共</a>立場。他在大多數黑人中廣受歡迎,並因其反種族隔離運動而受到國際讚譽,獲得一系列獎項,包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾和平獎">諾貝爾和平獎</a>。他還編了幾本他的演講和評論的書。 </p><p>2021年12月26日,屠圖在開普敦逝世,享年90歲<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早年生平"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E5.B9.B4.E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>早年生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:早年生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="童年:1931年-1950年"><span id=".E7.AB.A5.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.9A1931.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1950.E5.B9.B4"></span>童年:1931年-1950年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:童年:1931年-1950年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>戴斯蒙·屠圖於1931年10月7日出生於在南非西北部的城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E6%99%AE" title="克萊克斯多普">克萊克斯多普</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen20069–10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen20069–10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的母親Allen Dorothea Mavoertsek Mathlare出生在Boksburg的一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="札那人">札那人</a>家庭。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200610_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200610-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的父親Zachariah Zelilo Tutu來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%96%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="科薩人">科薩人</a>的分支anaMfengu,並在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E7%9C%81" title="東開普省">東開普省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="巴特沃斯">巴特沃斯</a>長大。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200610–11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200610–11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 這對夫婦在家都用科薩語交談。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200611_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200611-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Zachariah在Lovedale學院接受小學教師訓練後,在Boksburg任職,在那娶了他的妻子。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200614_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200614-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1920年代後期,他在克萊克斯多普找到了一份工作;在Afrikaaner建立的城市,他和他的妻子居住在黑人的住宅區。它成立於1907年,當時被稱為「原住民場所(native location)」,雖然後來改名為Makoetend。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200614–15_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200614–15-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 當地有個多元化的社區;雖然大多數是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="札那人">札那人</a>,但它也安置了科薩人,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="巴索托族">巴索托族</a>和一些印度貿易商。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200616_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200616-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Zachariah曾擔任<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%90%86%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="衛理公會">衛理公會</a>小學的校長,他的家庭住在校長家裡,這是一個衛理公會教會院子裡的一個小泥磚建築。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200616_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200616-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church of Christ the King" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg/220px-ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg/330px-ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg/440px-ChurchofChristtheKing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>開普敦索菲亞鎮(Sophiatown)的聖公會基督君王堂,屠圖在此於牧師Trevor Huddlestone底下服務</figcaption></figure> <p>屠圖家境貧窮;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 屠圖後來形容他的家庭「我們雖然不富裕,但我們也沒有貧困。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200621-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖有一個姐姐希薇亞(Sylvia),他稱她為「Mpilo」(生活),他父方祖母給他的一個名字。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200619_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200619-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>家裡的其他人稱他為「男孩」(Boy)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200619-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 屠圖是他父母的次子,他們的頭胎男孩Sipho在嬰兒時期死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200619-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖從出生開始就體弱多病,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen200619_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen200619-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E" title="脊髓灰質炎">脊髓灰質炎</a>使他右手萎縮,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200619-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另一次是他因嚴重燒傷住院治療。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200620_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200620-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖喜歡他的父親,與他關係密切。雖然對他父親的酗酒和酒後毆打妻子感到憤怒。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200622_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200622-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他的家庭最初是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%90%86%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="衛理公會">衛理公會</a>派,屠圖於1932年6月受洗入衛理公會。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他們隨後改變了教派,首先是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非洲衛理公會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="African Methodist Episcopal Church"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%A1%9B%E7%90%86%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲衛理公會(页面不存在)">非洲衛理公會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" class="extiw" title="en:African Methodist Episcopal Church"><span lang="en" dir="auto">African Methodist Episcopal Church</span></a></span>)</span></span>,然後是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南部非洲聖公會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anglican Church of Southern Africa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南部非洲聖公會(页面不存在)">南部非洲聖公會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:Anglican Church of Southern Africa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anglican Church of Southern Africa</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1936年,全家搬到了Tshing,在那裡Zachariah援用衛理公會學校的原則:他們住在學校的一個小屋裡。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200620_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200620-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在那裡屠圖開始他的初等教育,並與其他小孩踢足球,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200621-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>並且為聖公會聖法蘭西斯堂服務。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200633_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200633-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他培養了對閱讀的熱愛,尤其是享受漫畫書和歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E8%A9%B1" title="童話">童話</a>故事。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在這裡,他還學習了該地區的主要語言<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南非荷蘭語">南非荷蘭語</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他的父母在Tshing有一個第三個兒子Tamsanqa,他也在嬰兒時期死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200621-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1941年前後,屠圖的母親搬到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="維瓦特斯蘭">維瓦特斯蘭</a>,在約翰尼斯堡西部盲人學院Ezenzeleni當廚師。屠圖隨她進入城市,首先與Roodepoort的阿姨生活在一起,然後他們在鄉鎮中獲得自己的房子。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20045Allen200624_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20045Allen200624-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在約翰內斯堡,他參加了衛理公會小學,然後轉到 St Agnes Mission中的瑞典寄宿學校(SBS)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200624_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200624-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>幾個月後,他和父親一起搬到了川斯瓦東部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="埃爾默羅">埃爾默羅</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>六個月後,兩人回到了Roodepoort West的家中,在那裡屠圖恢復了他在SBS的學習。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200625-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他追求自己對基督教的興趣,12歲時在Roodepoort的聖瑪麗教堂接受了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="坚信礼">堅信禮</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200634_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200634-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>屠圖並未通過在他小學考試的算術部分,但儘管如此,他的父親在1945年讓他進入約翰尼斯堡班圖高中,在那裡他學業上表現出色。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625,_34–35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200625,_34–35-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在那裡,他加入了學校的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E7%90%83" title="橄欖球">橄欖球</a>隊,終生熱愛這項運動。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200636_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200636-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在學校之外,他賣橘子和當白人高爾夫球手的球童賺錢。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20047Allen200637_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20047Allen200637-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 為了避免每天乘坐火車上學的費用,他曾短暫居住在約翰尼斯堡附近,之後隨著父母在搬回<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Munsieville" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Munsieville"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Munsieville&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Munsieville(页面不存在)">Munsieville</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsieville" class="extiw" title="en:Munsieville"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Munsieville</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200636,_37–38_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200636,_37–38-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他回到約翰尼斯堡搬進了一座宿舍,這個宿舍是在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sophiatown" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sophiatown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophiatown&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophiatown(页面不存在)">Sophiatown</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatown" class="extiw" title="en:Sophiatown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sophiatown</span></a></span>)</span></span>聖公會基督君王堂周圍的一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20048Allen200642_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20048Allen200642-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他受到牧師<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Trevor Huddleston" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trevor Huddleston"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Huddleston&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trevor Huddleston(页面不存在)">Trevor Huddleston</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Huddleston" class="extiw" title="en:Trevor Huddleston"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trevor Huddleston</span></a></span>)</span></span>的影響,為教會服務。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200410Allen200643–45_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200410Allen200643–45-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1947年,屠圖感染<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="結核病">結核病</a>,並在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Rietfontein" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rietfontein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rietfontein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rietfontein(页面不存在)">Rietfontein</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietfontein" class="extiw" title="en:Rietfontein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rietfontein</span></a></span>)</span></span>住院18個月,在此期間他花費大量時間閱讀。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20049Allen200645–46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20049Allen200645–46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在醫院裡,他經歷了一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E7%A6%AE" title="割禮">割禮</a>,表示他過渡到成年。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200647-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在1949年重返學校,並於1950年末參加了全國考試,獲得了二等獎。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E9.99.A2.E5.92.8C.E6.95.99.E5.AD.B8.E4.BA.8B.E6.A5.AD.EF.BC.9A1951.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1955.E5.B9.B4"></span>學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:學院和教學事業:1951年-1955年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>要成為一名醫生,屠圖必須確保進入<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="金山大學">金山大學</a>。然而,他的父母付不起學費。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>所以他轉向教師,取得政府於1951年在比勒陀利亞班圖師範學院(Pretoria Bantu Normal College)開設課程的獎學金,這是一所教師培訓機構。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200412Allen200648_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200412Allen200648-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在那裡,他擔任學生代表委員會(the Student Representative Councillor)的會計,幫助組織文學與戲劇協會( Literacy and Dramatic Society),並主持文化和辯論協會(the Cultural and Debating Society)兩年。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200648_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200648-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在一次當地的辯論會中他生平首次見到了律師和未來的總統<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="納爾遜·曼德拉">納爾遜·曼德拉</a> ,後者並不記得這次會議,而直到1990年兩人才再次見面。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200417Allen200648–49_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200417Allen200648–49-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在大學期間,他獲得了他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%9C%81" title="川斯瓦省">川斯瓦省</a>班圖教師文憑,從活動家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Robert Sobukwe" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Sobukwe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sobukwe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Sobukwe(页面不存在)">Robert Sobukwe</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Sobukwe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Sobukwe</span></a></span>)</span></span>那裡獲得關於考試的建議。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200650_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200650-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他還接受了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="南非大學">南非大學</a>(UNISA)提供的五門函授課程,和未來的辛巴威領導人<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8A%A0%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伯·穆加比">羅伯·穆加比</a>一樣在同一班級畢業。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200649–50_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200649–50-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1954年,屠圖開始在Madibane中學教英語; 第二年,他轉到Krugersdorp中學,他在那裡教英語和歷史。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200417,_18Allen200650–51_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200417,_18Allen200650–51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他開始對他姊姊Gloria的朋友Nomalizo Leah Shenxane求愛,對方正在學習成為一名小學教師。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200651_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200651-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他們於1955年6月在克魯格斯多普土著專員法院(Krugersdorp Native Commissioner's Court)合法結婚 ,然後在瑪麗女王使徒教堂(Church of Mary Queen of Apostles)接受了羅馬天主教婚禮。雖然屠圖是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教徒</a>,但由於Leah的羅馬天主教信仰,屠圖同意舉行天主教婚禮。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200651–52_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200651–52-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 這對新婚夫婦最初住在屠圖的父母家中的一個房間裡,六個月後才租住自己的房子。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200652_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200652-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他們的第一個孩子Trevor出生於1956年4月,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200422Allen200653_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200422Allen200653-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他們的第一個女兒Thandeka在16個月後出現。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200653_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200653-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 這對夫婦任職於聖保羅教堂(St Paul's Church),屠圖自願擔任<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="主日学校">主日學校</a>教師、唱詩班指揮助理(assistant choirmaster)、教會委員(church councillor)、佈道者(lay preacher)和副執事(sub-deacon),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200653_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200653-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而在教堂外他還自願擔任當地球隊的足球管理員。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200652_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200652-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="加入神職人員:1956年-1966年"><span id=".E5.8A.A0.E5.85.A5.E7.A5.9E.E8.81.B7.E4.BA.BA.E5.93.A1.EF.BC.9A1956.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1966.E5.B9.B4"></span>加入神職人員:1956年-1966年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:加入神職人員:1956年-1966年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans,_Golders_Green-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg/220px-St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg/330px-St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg/440px-St_Albans%2C_Golders_Green-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption>屠圖第一次服侍白人群眾的的殉道者聖奧本堂(the Church of St Alban the Martyr), 屠圖與他的家人住在助理牧師(curate)的公寓(flat)</figcaption></figure> <p>1953年,極右派的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="國民黨 (南非)">國民黨</a>政府推出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="班圖教育法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bantu Education Act, 1953"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E5%9C%96%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="班圖教育法(页面不存在)">班圖教育法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" class="extiw" title="en:Bantu Education Act, 1953"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bantu Education Act, 1953</span></a></span>)</span></span>,作為進一步推行種族隔離事業的手段。屠圖和他的妻子都不喜歡這些改革,並決定離開教學界。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200420–21Allen200660–61_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200420–21Allen200660–61-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>隨著Huddleston的支持,屠圖離開教學專業成為英國國教的牧師。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200423Allen200661_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200423Allen200661-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1956年1月,他申請加入Ordinands Guild,但因債務而被拒絕,這些錢由富有的實業家和慈善家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈利·歐本海默" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harry Oppenheimer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈利·歐本海默(页面不存在)">哈利·歐本海默</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Oppenheimer" class="extiw" title="en:Harry Oppenheimer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harry Oppenheimer</span></a></span>)</span></span>付清。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200661–62_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200661–62-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 屠圖被位於約翰尼斯堡<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Rosettenville" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rosettenville"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosettenville&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosettenville(页面不存在)">Rosettenville</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosettenville" class="extiw" title="en:Rosettenville"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rosettenville</span></a></span>)</span></span>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖彼得神學院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="St. Martin&#39;s School (Rosettenville)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聖彼得神學院(页面不存在)">聖彼得神學院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_School_(Rosettenville)" class="extiw" title="en:St. Martin&#39;s School (Rosettenville)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">St. Martin's School (Rosettenville)</span></a></span>)</span></span>錄取,這是由聖公會管理的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Community of the Resurrection" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community of the Resurrection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_the_Resurrection&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of the Resurrection(页面不存在)">Community of the Resurrection</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_the_Resurrection" class="extiw" title="en:Community of the Resurrection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community of the Resurrection</span></a></span>)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200425Allen200663–64_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200425Allen200663–64-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 學院是住宅,屠圖住在那裡。而他的妻子在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sekhukhuneland" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sekhukhuneland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhuneland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhuneland(页面不存在)">Sekhukhuneland</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhukhuneland" class="extiw" title="en:Sekhukhuneland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sekhukhuneland</span></a></span>)</span></span>開始做護士培訓,他的孩子和他的父母住在Munsieville。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200664_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200664-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1960年8月,他的妻子生下了另一個女兒娜歐蜜(Naomi)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200668_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200668-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在大學裡,屠圖學習了聖經、聖公會教義、教會歷史和基督教倫理。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200664–65_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200664–65-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>該校的校長Godfrey Pawson寫道,屠圖「有非凡的知識和智慧,非常勤勞。 同時,他表現出不傲慢,合群和受歡迎……他有明顯的領導能力」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200667_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200667-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他因為討論基督教和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>而贏得了大主教的年度論文獎。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200672_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200672-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在他大學期間,南非反種族隔離激進主義的激化加劇,同時政府對這一異議的打擊日益增加。1960年3月發生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E4%BD%A9%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="沙佩維爾大屠殺">沙佩維爾大屠殺</a>造成數百人死傷。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200668–69_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200668–69-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 屠圖和他的其他學員沒有動員起來支持反種族隔離運動,他後來指出「我們在某些方面是一個非政治性的群體」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200670_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200670-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1960年12月,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·佩吉特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Paget (bishop)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·佩吉特(页面不存在)">愛德華·佩吉特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Paget_(bishop)" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Paget (bishop)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Paget (bishop)</span></a></span>)</span></span>在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰尼斯堡聖馬利亞座堂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="St Mary&#39;s Cathedral, Johannesburg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰尼斯堡聖馬利亞座堂(页面不存在)">約翰尼斯堡聖馬利亞座堂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Johannesburg" class="extiw" title="en:St Mary&#39;s Cathedral, Johannesburg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg</span></a></span>)</span></span>按立屠圖為聖公會牧師。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>隨後,屠圖被任命為聖奧班堂區(St Alban's Parish)<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Benoni" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Benoni, Gauteng"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benoni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoni(页面不存在)">Benoni</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoni,_Gauteng" class="extiw" title="en:Benoni, Gauteng"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Benoni, Gauteng</span></a></span>)</span></span>的助理牧師(assistant curate), 與他的妻子和孩子們團聚。他們住在一個改裝過的車庫裡。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他每個月賺72.50南非鍰,這是他白人同行的三分之二。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200675_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200675-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1962年,屠圖被轉移到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Thokoza" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thokoza"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thokoza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thokoza(页面不存在)">Thokoza</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thokoza" class="extiw" title="en:Thokoza"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thokoza</span></a></span>)</span></span>的聖腓力堂(Philip's Church),他被安排在會眾的管理下,並培養了對牧靈事工的熱情。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200676_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200676-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在南非白人主導的聖公會中的許多人認為需要更多的土著非洲人擔任教會權威。為了解決這一點,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Aelfred Stubbs" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aelfred Stubbs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aelfred_Stubbs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aelfred Stubbs(页面不存在)">Aelfred Stubbs</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelfred_Stubbs" class="extiw" title="en:Aelfred Stubbs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aelfred Stubbs</span></a></span>)</span></span>提議屠圖在英國<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦國王學院">倫敦國王學院</a>受神學教師的訓練。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200677_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200677-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 從<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際宣教協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Missionary Council"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AE%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國際宣教協會(页面不存在)">國際宣教協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Missionary_Council" class="extiw" title="en:International Missionary Council"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Missionary Council</span></a></span>)</span></span>(International Missionary Council)的神學教育基金(Theological Education Fund;TEF)獲得資金,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200681_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200681-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>並且政府同意讓屠圖移居英國。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200679–81_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200679–81-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在國王學院的神學系,屠圖在<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Nineham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Nineham(页面不存在)">Dennis Nineham</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Evans_(theologian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Evans (theologian)(页面不存在)">Christopher Evans</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Evans_(priest)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Evans (priest)(页面不存在)">Sydney Evans</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Parrinden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Parrinden(页面不存在)">Geoffrey Parrinden</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Mascall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Mascall(页面不存在)">Eric Mascall</a>等神學家之下學習。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200686_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200686-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在倫敦,屠圖在經歷了沒有種族隔離和南非法律的生活之下感到解放,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200432Allen200687_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200432Allen200687-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他後來指出,「英國有種族歧視,但我們沒有接觸到它」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200687_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200687-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖全家搬到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%A0%E5%9C%B0" title="格德斯綠地">格德斯綠地</a>的殉道者聖奧本堂(the Church of St Alban the Martyr)後面的助理牧師(curate)的公寓(flat)裡,屠圖以協助周日禮拜的條件換取免租金,這是他第一次服務白人會眾。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431,_33Allen200684,_87_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431,_33Allen200684,_87-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在公寓居住時期,屠圖的一個女兒Mpho Andrea於1963年出生。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200434Allen200688_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200434Allen200688-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖在學術上取得了成功,他的指導導師建議他轉換為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E8%AD%BD%E6%96%87%E6%86%91" title="榮譽文憑">榮譽文憑</a>,這也導致他為了榮譽文憑的必要研究希伯來語。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200689–90_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200689–90-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在他的學士學位結束時,他決定繼續攻讀碩士學位,以獲得TEF資助。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200692_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200692-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他從1965年10月到1966年9月學習碩士學位,完成了他關於西非伊斯蘭教的學位論文。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200692,_95_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200692,_95-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在此期間,家人從格德斯綠地搬到<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%87%8C%E9%83%A1" title="薩里郡">薩里郡</a>的Bletchingley,在那屠圖擔任聖馬利亞堂的助理牧師(assistant curate)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200693_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200693-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在村裡,他鼓勵他的英國聖公會教友與當地的羅馬天主教以及衛理公會之間的合作。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖在倫敦的時期使他放棄了對白人和種族自卑感的痛苦,他克服了對白人順從的習慣。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200434_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200434-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="在種族隔離時期的職業生涯"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E7.A8.AE.E6.97.8F.E9.9A.94.E9.9B.A2.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E8.81.B7.E6.A5.AD.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>在種族隔離時期的職業生涯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:在種族隔離時期的職業生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E9.9D.9E.E5.92.8C.E8.B3.B4.E7.B4.A2.E6.89.98.E7.9A.84.E6.95.99.E5.AD.B8.EF.BC.9A1966.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1972.E5.B9.B4"></span>南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:南非和賴索托的教學:1966年-1972年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1966年,屠圖一家人離開英國,經<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>前往<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="東耶路撒冷">東耶路撒冷</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200698–99_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200698–99-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在這個城市花了兩個月的時間,屠圖在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖喬治學院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="St. George&#39;s College, Jerusalem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聖喬治學院(页面不存在)">聖喬治學院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_College,_Jerusalem" class="extiw" title="en:St. George&#39;s College, Jerusalem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">St. George's College, Jerusalem</span></a></span>)</span></span>學習阿拉伯語和希臘語。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200439Allen200698–99_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200439Allen200698–99-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他對這個城市的猶太人和阿拉伯裔居民之間的緊張程度感到震驚。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200439_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200439-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 從那裡,屠圖一家人回到南非,在維瓦特斯蘭與家人共度聖誕節。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 他們發現很難重新適應一個受到隔離和種族隔離法影響的社會。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他嘗試以研究《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="古蘭經">古蘭經</a>》中的摩西做為主題,以尋求在南非大學攻讀博士學位的可能性。但這個計劃並未實現。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen200695_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen200695-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1967年,他們前往<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="東開普省的愛麗絲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alice, Eastern Cape"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E7%9C%81%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E9%BA%97%E7%B5%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="東開普省的愛麗絲(页面不存在)">東開普省的愛麗絲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice,_Eastern_Cape" class="extiw" title="en:Alice, Eastern Cape"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alice, Eastern Cape</span></a></span>)</span></span>,那裡剛建立了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南非聯邦神學院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="南非聯邦神學院(页面不存在)">南非聯邦神學院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Theological_Seminary_of_Southern_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Fedsem),這是來自不同基督教教派的培訓機構的合併。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198869Gish200441Allen2006101,_103_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198869Gish200441Allen2006101,_103-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖在那受聘教導教義,舊約聖經和希臘文。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198873Allen2006104_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198873Allen2006104-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖是這間學院的第一位黑人工作人員,其中大部分是歐洲或美國的外籍人士。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006104,_105_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006104,_105-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>不同於其他大多數的南非社會,學校允許一定程度的族群融合。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198871–72Allen2006105_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198871–72Allen2006105-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖的妻子Leah還在圖書館助理中獲得了就業機會。 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006105_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006105-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他們把孩子送到史瓦濟蘭的一所私立寄宿學校,從而確保他們不受南非政府班圖人教育法的指導。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006101_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006101-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在聖彼得的時候,屠圖還加入了一個泛新教團體,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="教會團結委員會(页面不存在)">教會團結委員會</a>(Church Unity Commission),並在南部非洲的聖公會、天主教會談中擔任代表。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>此時他也開始在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="学术期刊">學術期刊</a>和時事雜誌上發表文章。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 屠圖也被鄰近的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Fort Hare大學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="University of Fort Hare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Hare%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Hare大學(页面不存在)">Fort Hare大學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" class="extiw" title="en:University of Fort Hare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">University of Fort Hare</span></a></span>)</span></span>任命為聖公會牧師(the Anglican chaplain)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006108_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006108-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在當時一個不尋常的舉動中,他邀請女學生與男性一起在聖體聖事中同行。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006108_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006108-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他加入聖公會學生代表團,參加<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聖公會學生聯合會(页面不存在)">聖公會學生聯合會</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大學基督教運動(页面不存在)">大學基督教運動</a>的會議。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006109_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006109-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在這種環境之下,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E8%A6%BA%E9%86%92%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黑人覺醒運動(页面不存在)">黑人覺醒運動</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E7%A7%91" title="史蒂夫·比科">史蒂夫·比科</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Barney Pityana" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Barney Pityana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barney_Pityana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barney Pityana(页面不存在)">Barney Pityana</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Pityana" class="extiw" title="en:Barney Pityana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Barney Pityana</span></a></span>)</span></span>等人物的領導下出現,雖然不反對與其他種族團體一道打擊種族隔離,但是作為黑人意識的代表人物,屠圖一直支持該運動的努力。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198875–77Gish200443–44Allen2006109–110_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198875–77Gish200443–44Allen2006109–110-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1968年8月,他發表了一篇佈道,比較南非和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="東方集團">東方集團</a>的情況,將反種族隔離抗議比作最近發生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="布拉格之春">布拉格之春</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878Gish200444Allen2006110_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878Gish200444Allen2006110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 9月,Fort Hare的學生就大學的管理政策舉行了靜坐抗議活動,在被警察和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E7%8A%AC" title="警犬">警犬</a>包圍後,屠圖闖入人群中與示威者一起祈禱。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878–79Gish200444Allen2006111_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878–79Gish200444Allen2006111-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>這是他第一次目睹國家權力用來壓制異見人士,第二天他在公開祈禱時哭泣。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198879Gish200445Allen2006112_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198879Gish200445Allen2006112-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>儘管屠圖已預定擔任聯邦神學院的副校長,但他決定離開神學院接受在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC_(%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98)" title="羅馬 (萊索托)">羅馬</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%81%E8%B3%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E6%BF%9F%E8%98%AD%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學(页面不存在)">波札那大學、賴索托大學和史瓦濟蘭聯合大學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland" class="extiw" title="en:University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland</span></a></span>)</span></span>(UBLS)的教學職位。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198880Gish200445Allen2006113_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198880Gish200445Allen2006113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>這個新的職位讓他能夠更親近他的孩子,並提供兩倍於他在聯邦神學院獲得的薪水。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198881Gish200445Allen2006113_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198881Gish200445Allen2006113-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1970年1月,屠圖和他的妻子搬到了UBLS校園; 儘管大學的政策是非種族和包容性的,但他的大部分同事都是來自美國或英國的白人外籍人士。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006114–115_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006114–115-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>除了他的教學職位外,他還成為了大學的聖公會牧師和兩個學生宿舍的管理者(warden)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006115_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006115-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在賴索托,他加入了賴索托普世協會(Lesotho Ecumenical Associatio)的執行委員會,並擔任聯邦神學院和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Rhodes大學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rhodes University"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodes%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodes大學(页面不存在)">Rhodes大學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_University" class="extiw" title="en:Rhodes University"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rhodes University</span></a></span>)</span></span>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%A5%E5%93%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外部審查員(页面不存在)">外部審查員</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他多次返回南非,包括1971年2月在屠圖父親去世前不久訪問他。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年"><span id="TEF.E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2.E7.90.86.E4.BA.8B.EF.BC.9A1972.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1975.E5.B9.B4"></span>TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:TEF非洲理事:1972年-1975年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>神學教育基金會(TEF)向屠圖提供了一個非洲理事的職位,這個職位需要搬遷到倫敦。屠圖同意了,儘管最初被南非當局拒絕離開。自從他參與了Fort Hare學生的抗議活動以來,他們一直懷疑他,並且也越來越反對TEF運行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="普世教會協會">普世教協</a>(WCC),因為它已經譴責種族隔離政策為非基督教徒。在屠圖堅持認為擔任這一職位將是對南非的良好宣傳之後,使當局對此讓步。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888Gish200449,_51Allen2006119–120_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888Gish200449,_51Allen2006119–120-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1972年3月,他回到了英國。TEF的總部位於倫敦東南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86%E5%88%A9" title="布羅姆利">布羅姆利</a>鎮,屠圖家族住在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格羅夫公園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grove Park, Lewisham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="格羅夫公園(页面不存在)">格羅夫公園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Park,_Lewisham" class="extiw" title="en:Grove Park, Lewisham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grove Park, Lewisham</span></a></span>)</span></span>附近,屠圖成為聖奧古斯丁教堂的名譽副牧師(honorary curate)。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888,_92Gish200451–53Allen2006123,_143–144_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888,_92Gish200451–53Allen2006123,_143–144-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>屠圖曾回憶,當時由於普世教協因反種族歧視、金源「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲民族議會">非洲民族議會</a>」和「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%9E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="泛非民族議會(页面不存在)">泛非民族議會</a>」,而遭南非政府視為眼中釘。因此南非政府核發護照給黑人成為破天荒之舉。當時屠圖參與的團隊由四位副主任及執行主任組成。值得一提的是,執行主任是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E9%95%B7%E8%80%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="台灣基督長老教會">台灣長老教會</a>領袖人物<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%BD%B0%E8%BC%9D" title="黃彰輝">黃彰輝</a>牧師。當時的團隊在黃彰輝的維繫下,使大家能夠在激烈的唇槍舌戰下仍能保持友誼,將五人團結起來。<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>屠圖的工作需要評估對神學訓練機構和學生的補助金。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006123_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006123-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 這需要他在1970年代初期巡迴非洲的大部分地區,並且他寫下了他的經歷。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006124_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006124-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="薩伊">薩伊</a>,他抱怨普遍存在的腐敗和貧困,同時抱怨<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8D%9A%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%A7%91" title="蒙博托·塞塞·塞科">蒙博托·塞塞·塞科</a>的「軍政府......使來自南非的黑人極大痛苦」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006125–127_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006125–127-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在奈及利亞,他首先親眼目睹了基督徒和穆斯林在現實生活中的互動,並對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8D%9A%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊博族">伊博族</a>在他們的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="比亚法拉共和国">比亚法拉共和国</a>遭受破壞後的不滿表示關注。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006128_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006128-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1972年,他在東非旅行,在那裡他被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E9%9B%85%E5%A1%94" title="乔莫·肯雅塔">乔莫·肯雅塔</a>的肯亞政府留下深刻印象,目睹了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%95%8F" title="伊迪·阿敏">伊迪·阿敏</a>驅逐烏干達亞裔人。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006129–130_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006129–130-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>回到英格蘭時,屠圖遇到了他在該國唯一的種族主義遭遇之一。一個陌生人告訴他「你這個雜種,滾回去烏干達(You bastard, get back to Uganda)」,將他誤認為是烏干達的亞裔難民。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200452_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200452-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖也認知到他還保留了自己潛意識的反黑人種族主義思想:在奈及利亞的一架飛機上,當他發現飛行員和副駕駛員都是黑人時,感到一種「挑剔式的擔憂(nagging worry)」。他已經習慣於認為只有白人可以被委以這樣的責任。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200454_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200454-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在1970年代早期,屠圖在非洲的經歷和他對<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="解放神學">解放神學</a>的發現,從根本上改變了他的神學思想。這是1971年秘魯<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%83%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E9%90%B5%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="古斯塔沃·古鐵雷斯">古斯塔沃·古鐵雷斯</a>神父創造的一個名詞,由TEF的拉丁美洲副主任<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aharon_Sapsezian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aharon Sapsezian(页面不存在)">Aharon Sapsezian</a>介紹給屠圖。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006135_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006135-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="黑人神學">黑人神學</a>時,屠圖迅速地被吸引,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198885Gish200446_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198885Gish200446-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他於1973年參加<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約市">紐約市</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%8D%94%E5%92%8C%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約協和神學院">協和神學院</a>關於這一主題的會議。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 在那裡,他提交了一篇論文,當中他說明「黑人神學是一種參與而非學術,超脫的神學。它是一種直覺的神學,與真正的關注,黑人的生死問題有關」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006138_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006138-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他表示,他的論文並非試圖展示黑人神學的學術,而是試圖「對現存的一種直截了當,也許是尖銳的聲明。黑人神學不需要任何人的許可...坦率地說,我們等待白人允許我們做我們的事情的時代已經過去了。他們是否在知性上接受對我們運動的尊重,在很大程度上是不重要的。我們將不顧一切。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006139_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006139-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>屠圖尋求將非洲裔美國人的黑人神學與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非洲神學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="African theology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲神學(页面不存在)">非洲神學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theology" class="extiw" title="en:African theology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">African theology</span></a></span>)</span></span>融合在一起,這種方法與其他非洲神學家如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="John Mbiti" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Mbiti"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mbiti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mbiti(页面不存在)">John Mbiti</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mbiti" class="extiw" title="en:John Mbiti"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Mbiti</span></a></span>)</span></span>的觀點形成鮮明對比,後者將黑人神學視為與非洲局勢無關的外國進口品。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作"><span id=".E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>屠圖著有7本<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%81%93" title="布道">佈道</a>集和其他著作: </p> <ul><li><i>Crying in the Wilderness</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerdmans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eerdmans(页面不存在)">Eerdmans</a>, 1982. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8028-0270-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8028-0270-5">978-0-8028-0270-5</a></li> <li><i>Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches</i>, Skotaville, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-620-06776-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-620-06776-8">978-0-620-06776-8</a></li> <li><i>The Words of Desmond Tutu</i>, Newmarket, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-55704-719-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-55704-719-9">978-1-55704-719-9</a></li> <li><i>The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubleday_(publisher)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubleday (publisher)(页面不存在)">Doubleday</a>, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-47546-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-47546-4">978-0-385-47546-4</a></li> <li><i>Worshipping Church in Africa</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Duke University Press(页面不存在)">Duke University Press</a>, 1995. ASIN B000K5WB02</li> <li><i>The Essential Desmond Tutu</i>, David Phillips Publishers, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-86486-346-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-86486-346-1">978-0-86486-346-1</a></li> <li><i>No Future without Forgiveness</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubleday_(publisher)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubleday (publisher)(页面不存在)">Doubleday</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-49689-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-49689-6">978-0-385-49689-6</a></li> <li><i>An African Prayerbook</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubleday_(publisher)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubleday (publisher)(页面不存在)">Doubleday</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-47730-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-47730-7">978-0-385-47730-7</a></li> <li><i>God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubleday_(publisher)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubleday (publisher)(页面不存在)">Doubleday</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-47784-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-47784-0">978-0-385-47784-0</a></li> <li><i>Desmond and the Very Mean Word </i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlewick_(publisher)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Candlewick (publisher)(页面不存在)">Candlewick</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-763-65229-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-763-65229-6">978-0-763-65229-6</a></li> <li><i>The Book of Forgiving: The Fourfold Path for Healing Ourselves and Our World</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HarperOne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HarperOne(页面不存在)">HarperOne</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0062203571" title="Special:网络书源/978-0062203571">978-0062203571</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226132149/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59793726">Desmond Tutu: South Africa anti-apartheid hero dies aged 90</a>. BBC. 2021-12-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-04-08</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59793726">原始内容</a>存档于2021-12-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;rft.atitle=Desmond+Tutu%3A+South+Africa+anti-apartheid+hero+dies+aged+90&amp;rft.date=2021-12-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-59793726&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226071805/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/archbishop-desmond-tutu-giant-in-fight-against-apartheid-south-africa-dies-at-90">Anti-apartheid hero Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies aged 90</a>. The Guardian. 2021-12-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-12-26</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/archbishop-desmond-tutu-giant-in-fight-against-apartheid-south-africa-dies-at-90">原始内容</a>存档于2021-12-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;rft.atitle=Anti-apartheid+hero+Archbishop+Desmond+Tutu+dies+aged+90&amp;rft.date=2021-12-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fdec%2F26%2Farchbishop-desmond-tutu-giant-in-fight-against-apartheid-south-africa-dies-at-90&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen20069–10-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen20069–10_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第2頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第9–10頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200610-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200610_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第10頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200610–11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200610–11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第10–11頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200611-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200611_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第11頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200614-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200614_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第14頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200614–15-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200614–15_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第14–15頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200616-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200616_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第16頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200616-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200616_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第3頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第16頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第3頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200621-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200621_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第21頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200619-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200619_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第3頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第19頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200619-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200619_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第19頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen200619-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20042Allen200619_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第2頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第19頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200620-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200620_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200620_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第20頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200622-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20043Allen200622_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第3頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第22頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200633_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第4頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第33頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200633-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200633_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第33頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20044Allen200621_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第4頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第21頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20045Allen200624-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20045Allen200624_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第5頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第24頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200624-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200624_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第24頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200625-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第25頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200634-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200634_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第34頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200625,_34–35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200625,_34–35_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第25, 34–35頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200636-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200636_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第36頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20047Allen200637-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20047Allen200637_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第7頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第37頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200636,_37–38-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200636,_37–38_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第36, 37–38頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20048Allen200642-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20048Allen200642_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第8頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第42頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200410Allen200643–45-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200410Allen200643–45_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第10頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第43–45頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish20049Allen200645–46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish20049Allen200645–46_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第9頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第45–46頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200647-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第47頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48_33-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200647–48_33-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第47–48頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200412Allen200648-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200412Allen200648_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第12頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第48頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200648-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200648_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第48頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200417Allen200648–49-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200417Allen200648–49_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第17頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第48–49頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200650-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200650_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第18頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第50頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200649–50-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200649–50_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第18頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第49–50頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200417,_18Allen200650–51-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200417,_18Allen200650–51_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第17, 18頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第50–51頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200651-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200418Allen200651_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第18頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第51頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200651–52-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200651–52_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第51–52頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200652-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200652_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200652_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第52頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200422Allen200653-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200422Allen200653_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第22頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第53頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200653-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200653_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200653_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第53頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200420–21Allen200660–61-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200420–21Allen200660–61_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第20–21頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第60–61頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200423Allen200661-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200423Allen200661_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第23頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第61頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200661–62-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200661–62_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第61–62頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200425Allen200663–64-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200425Allen200663–64_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第25頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第63–64頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200664-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200664_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第26頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第64頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200668-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200668_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第68頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200664–65-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200664–65_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第64–65頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200667-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200667_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第67頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200672-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200672_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第35頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第72頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200668–69-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200426Allen200668–69_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第26頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第68–69頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200670-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200670_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第70頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674_56-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200674_56-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第28頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第74頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200675-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200675_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第75頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200676-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200428Allen200676_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第28頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第76頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200677-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200677_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第31頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第77頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200681-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200681_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第81頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200679–81-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431Allen200679–81_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第31頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第79–81頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200686-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200686_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第86頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200432Allen200687-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200432Allen200687_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第32頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第87頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200687-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200687_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第87頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200431,_33Allen200684,_87-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200431,_33Allen200684,_87_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第31, 33頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第84, 87頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200434Allen200688-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200434Allen200688_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第34頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第88頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200689–90-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200689–90_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第89–90頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200692-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200692_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第92頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200692,_95-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200692,_95_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第35頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第92, 95頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200693-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435Allen200693_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第35頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第93頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200435-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200435_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第35頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200434-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200434_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第34頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200698–99-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200698–99_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第98–99頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200439Allen200698–99-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200439Allen200698–99_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第39頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第98–99頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200439-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200439_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第39頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101_76-0"><sup><b>76.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006101_76-1"><sup><b>76.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第101頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen200695-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen200695_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第42頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第95頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198869Gish200441Allen2006101,_103-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198869Gish200441Allen2006101,_103_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第69頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第41頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第101, 103頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198873Allen2006104-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198873Allen2006104_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第73頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第104頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006104,_105-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006104,_105_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第104, 105頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198871–72Allen2006105-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198871–72Allen2006105_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第71–72頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第105頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006105-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006105_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第105頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006101-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006101_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第42頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第101頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-0"><sup><b>84.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-1"><sup><b>84.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-2"><sup><b>84.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006116_84-3"><sup><b>84.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第116頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006108-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200442Allen2006108_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第42頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第108頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006108-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006108_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第108頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006109-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006109_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第109頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198875–77Gish200443–44Allen2006109–110-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198875–77Gish200443–44Allen2006109–110_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第75–77頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第43–44頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第109–110頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878Gish200444Allen2006110-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878Gish200444Allen2006110_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第78頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第44頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第110頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878–79Gish200444Allen2006111-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198878–79Gish200444Allen2006111_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第78–79頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第44頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第111頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198879Gish200445Allen2006112-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198879Gish200445Allen2006112_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第79頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第45頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第112頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198880Gish200445Allen2006113-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198880Gish200445Allen2006113_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第80頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第45頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第113頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198881Gish200445Allen2006113-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198881Gish200445Allen2006113_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第81頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第45頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第113頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006114–115-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006114–115_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第114–115頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006115-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006115_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第115頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888Gish200449,_51Allen2006119–120-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888Gish200449,_51Allen2006119–120_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第88頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第49, 51頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第119–120頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888,_92Gish200451–53Allen2006123,_143–144-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198888,_92Gish200451–53Allen2006123,_143–144_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第88, 92頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第51–53頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第123, 143–144頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">張瑞雄,《台灣人的先覺—黃彰輝》,望春風文化,2004年6月,頁232-234。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006123-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006123_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第53頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第123頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006124-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200453Allen2006124_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第53頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第124頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006125–127-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006125–127_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第125–127頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006128-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006128_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第128頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006129–130-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006129–130_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第129–130頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200452-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200452_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第52頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGish200454-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGish200454_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第54頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006135-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006135_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第135頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198885Gish200446-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDu_Boulay198885Gish200446_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Boulay1988">Du Boulay 1988</a>,第85頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDu_Boulay1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGish2004">Gish 2004</a>,第46頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGish2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137_108-0"><sup><b>108.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006137_108-1"><sup><b>108.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第137頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006138-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006138_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第138頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006139-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2006139_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2006">Allen 2006</a>,第139頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAllen2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E5%9C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Desmond_Tutu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Desmond Tutu"><span style="font-weight:bold;">戴斯蒙·屠圖</span></a></div></div> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/25px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/37px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/50px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1824" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="Portal:非洲">非洲主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="Portal:基督教">基督教主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/27px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/40px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/54px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:人权">人权主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3743389.stm">BBC:杜圖個人簡歷</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100218050223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3743389.stm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutu.org/">The Desmond Tutu Peace Centre</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080410000819/http://www.tutu.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1984/tutu-bio.html">Nobel e-Museum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20040803091348/http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1984/tutu-bio.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) Desmond Tutu biography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050607083611/http://www.peacemakersguide.org/peace/Peacemakers/Desmond-Tutu.htm">Bruderhof Peacemakers Guide profile on Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/tutu-lecture.html">Nobel lecture</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081012143153/http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/tutu-lecture.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), 1984年<a href="/wiki/12%E6%9C%8811%E6%97%A5" title="12月11日">12月11日</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=533">Desmond Tutu's speech on Citizenship in Post-Conflict Societies at King's, January 23 2004</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070707190504/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=533">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:诺贝尔和平奖获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template talk:诺贝尔和平奖获得者"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:诺贝尔和平奖获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="诺贝尔和平奖获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="諾貝爾和平獎得主列表">获得者</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901年—1925年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1901年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%97" title="亨利·杜南">杜南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%A5%BF" title="弗雷德里克·帕西">帕西</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1902年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E7%A7%91%E9%97%A8" title="埃利·迪科门">迪科門</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B7%B4" title="夏尔·阿尔贝·戈巴">戈巴特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1903年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E9%BB%98" title="兰德尔·克里默">克里默</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1904年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國際法研究院">國際法研究院</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1905年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="贝尔塔·冯·苏特纳">蘇特納</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1906年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奥多·罗斯福">羅斯福</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1907年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%86%85%E5%A1%94" title="埃内斯托·泰奥多罗·莫内塔">莫内塔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%BA_(%E6%B3%95%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="路易·雷诺 (法理学家)">雷诺</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1908年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%93%AC%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%9D%BE" title="克拉斯·蓬图斯·阿诺尔德松">阿诺尔德松</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" title="腓特烈·巴耶尔">巴耶尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1909年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9" title="奥古斯特·贝尔纳特">貝爾納特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97-%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9-%E9%82%A6%E9%9B%85%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%86%85%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="保罗-亨利-邦雅曼·德斯图内勒·德康斯坦">德康斯坦</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1910年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%80" title="国际和平局">国际和平局</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1911年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%9B%E5%B0%94" title="托比亚斯·阿赛尔">阿赛尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="阿尔弗雷德·赫尔曼·弗里德">弗里德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1912年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9" title="伊莱休·鲁特">羅脫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1913年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="亨利·拉方丹">拉方丹</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1917年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字国际委员会">红十字国际委员会</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1919年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">威爾遜</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1920年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%84%92%E7%93%A6" title="莱昂·布儒瓦">布儒瓦</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1921年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E5%BB%B7" title="卡尔·亚尔马·布兰廷">布蘭廷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC" title="克里斯蒂安·劳斯·朗格">朗格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1922年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里乔夫·南森">南森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1925年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E5%BC%A0%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="奥斯汀·张伯伦">張伯倫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·盖茨·道威斯">道斯</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926年—1950年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1926年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="阿里斯蒂德·白里安">白里安</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·施特雷澤曼">施特雷澤曼</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1927年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE" title="费迪南·比松">比松</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·克维德">克维德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1929年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="弗兰克·B·凯洛格">凯洛格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1930年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A2%E5%A7%86" title="纳坦·瑟德布卢姆">瑟德布卢姆</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1931年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E6%96%AF" title="珍·亞當斯">亚当斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="尼古拉斯·默里·巴特勒">巴特勒</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1933年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="诺曼·安吉尔">安吉尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1934年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="阿瑟·亨德森">亨德森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1935年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%A5%BF%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="卡爾·馮·奧西茨基">奧西茨基</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1936年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF" title="卡洛斯·薩維德拉·拉馬斯">薩維德拉·拉馬斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1937年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第一代切爾伍德的塞西爾子爵羅伯特·塞西爾">塞西爾</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1938年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A3%AE%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="南森国际难民办公室">南森国际难民办公室</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1944年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字国际委员会">红十字国际委员会</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1945年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94" title="科德尔·赫尔">賀可德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1946年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%B1%B3%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%87" title="爱米莉·巴尔奇">巴尔奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·穆德">穆德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1947年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="英国教友会">英国教友会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="美国教友会">美国教友会</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1949年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·博伊德·奥尔">奧爾</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1950年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%A5%87" title="拉尔夫·本奇">本奇</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951年—1975年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1951年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%84%92%E5%A5%A5" title="莱昂·儒奥">儒奧</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1952年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%87%B7%E5%93%B2" title="阿爾伯特·史懷哲">史懷哲</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1953年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="喬治·馬歇爾">馬歇爾</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1954年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1957年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="莱斯特·皮尔逊">皮爾遜</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1958年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·皮尔">皮爾</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1959年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="菲利普·诺埃尔-贝克">諾埃爾-貝克</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1960年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BE%E5%88%A9" title="艾伯特·卢图利">盧圖利</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1961年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E8%88%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="达格·哈马舍尔德">哈馬舍爾德</a>(颁奖前<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BDDC-6%E5%8F%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%9C%BA%E7%A9%BA%E9%9A%BE" title="联合国DC-6号班机空难">身故</a>) / </span> <span class="nowrap">1962年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%9E%97" title="萊納斯·鮑林">鮑林</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1963年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字国际委员会">红十字国际委员会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字会与红新月会国际联合会">红十字会与红新月会国际联合会</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1964年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="马丁·路德·金">金</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1965年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国儿童基金会">联合国儿童基金会</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1968年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A3%AE" title="勒内·卡森">卡森</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1969年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際勞工組織">國際勞工組織</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1970年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%A0%BC" title="诺曼·布劳格">勃勞格</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1971年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">勃蘭特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1973年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="亨利·基辛格">基辛格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%BE%B7%E5%A3%BD" title="黎德壽">黎德壽</a>(拒绝领奖) / </span> <span class="nowrap">1974年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%96%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E5%BE%B7" title="肖恩·麦克布赖德">麥克布賴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E8%8D%A3%E4%BD%9C" title="佐藤荣作">佐藤荣作</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1975年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" title="安德烈·德米特里耶维奇·萨哈罗夫">薩哈羅夫</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976年—2000年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">1976年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="貝蒂·威廉斯">威廉斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%A5%8E%E7%88%BE" title="梅里德·科里根·麥奎爾">科里根</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1977年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%A6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際特赦組織">國際特赦組織</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1978年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9" title="穆罕默德·安瓦爾·薩達特">萨达特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E4%BA%AC" title="梅纳赫姆·贝京">贝京</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1979年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="加爾各答德肋撒修女">德蕾莎修女</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1980年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="阿道弗·佩雷斯·埃斯基维尔">佩雷斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1981年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1982年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔瓦·默达尔">默达尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF" title="阿方索·加西亚·罗夫莱斯">加西亚</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1983年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%96%87%E8%90%A8" title="莱赫·瓦文萨">瓦文萨</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1984年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">图图</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1985年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E6%A0%B8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际防止核战争医生组织">国际防止核战争医生组织</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1986年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94" title="埃利·维瑟尔">維瑟尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1987年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="奥斯卡·阿里亚斯">阿里亞斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1988年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="联合国维持和平部队">联合国维持和平部队</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%8D%8E" title="1989年諾貝爾和平獎">1989年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第十四世达赖喇嘛">第十四世达赖喇嘛</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1990年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" title="米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫">戈尔巴乔夫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1991年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%98%87%E5%A7%AC" title="翁山蘇姬">昂山素季</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1992年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%88%88%E9%9F%A6%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E6%A5%9A" title="里戈韦塔·门楚">門楚</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1993年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="纳尔逊·曼德拉">曼德拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="弗雷德里克·威廉·戴克拉克">德克勒克</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1994年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9" title="亚西尔·阿拉法特">阿拉法特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="希蒙·佩雷斯">佩雷斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%BE" title="伊扎克·拉宾">拉宾</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1995年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="帕格沃什科学和世界事务会议">帕格沃什科学和世界事务会议</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·罗特布拉特">罗特布拉特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1996年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E7%A6%84%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E7%90%86%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%B4%9B" title="嘉禄·斐理伯·西门内斯·贝洛">西门内斯·贝洛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94" title="若泽·拉莫斯·奥尔塔">奥尔塔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1997年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8F%8D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9B%B7%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际反地雷组织">国际反地雷组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="乔迪·威廉斯">威廉斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1998年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E5%A7%86" title="約翰·休姆">休姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="戴维·特林布尔">特林布尔</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">1999年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="無國界醫生">無國界醫生</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2000年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD" title="金大中">金大中</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001年至今</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">2001年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8F%B2%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97" title="科菲·安南">安南</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2002年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9" title="吉米·卡特">卡特</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2003年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA" title="希林·伊巴迪">艾芭迪</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2004年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="旺加里·马塔伊">馬塔伊</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2005年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="国际原子能机构">国际原子能机构</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA" title="穆罕默德·巴拉迪">巴拉迪</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2006年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="穆罕默德·尤努斯">尤努斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%A1%E6%9D%91%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="孟加拉乡村银行">孟加拉乡村银行</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2007年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔·戈尔">戈尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%93%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="政府間氣候變化專門委員會">政府間氣候變化專門委員會</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2008年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%82%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C" title="马尔蒂·阿赫蒂萨里">阿赫蒂萨里</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2009年诺贝尔和平奖">2009年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC" title="贝拉克·奥巴马">奧巴馬</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2010年诺贝尔和平奖">2010年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%99%93%E6%B3%A2" title="刘晓波">刘晓波</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2011年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB" title="埃伦·约翰逊·瑟利夫">约翰逊-瑟利夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%9A%E8%96%87" title="莱伊曼·古博薇">格鲍伊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%BA%93%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9B%BC" title="塔瓦库·卡曼">卡曼</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2012年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2013年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="禁止化學武器組織">禁止化學武器組織</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2014年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%A1%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%8F%90" title="凱拉西·薩塔亞提">薩塔亞提</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%98%E7%B4%A0%E7%A6%8F%E6%89%8E%E4%BC%8A" title="马拉拉·优素福扎伊">优素福扎伊</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2015年诺贝尔和平奖">2015年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="突尼西亞全國對話四方集團">突尼斯全國對話四方集團</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2016年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯">桑托斯</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2017年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%BB%A2%E9%99%A4%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="國際廢除核武器運動">國際廢除核武器運動</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2018年诺贝尔和平奖">2018年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%A5%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="德尼·穆奎格">穆奎格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%BF%AA%E5%A8%85%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" title="纳迪娅·穆拉德">穆拉德</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2019年诺贝尔和平奖">2019年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7" title="阿比·艾哈邁德">阿比</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2020年诺贝尔和平奖">2020年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E7%BD%B2" title="世界糧食計劃署">世界糧食計劃署</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="2021年诺贝尔和平奖">2021年</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%90%A8" title="玛丽亚·雷萨">雷萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="德米特里·穆拉托夫">穆拉托夫</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2022年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="阿列斯·比亚利亚茨基">比亚利亚茨基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5_(%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87)" title="纪念 (组织)">纪念</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="公民自由中心">公民自由中心</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2023年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="纳尔吉斯·穆罕默迪">穆罕默迪</a> / </span> <span class="nowrap">2024年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E6%B0%B4%E7%88%86%E8%A2%AB%E5%AE%B3%E8%80%85%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="日本原水爆被害者團體協議會">日本原水爆被害者團體協議會</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>注:年份不一定是實際獲獎時間,1912年、1919年、1925年、1929年、1933年、1935年、1944年、1952年、1954年、1960年、1962年、1976年的獎項都延後一年頒發。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="邓普顿奖获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%82%93%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:邓普顿奖获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%82%93%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:邓普顿奖获得者(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%82%93%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:邓普顿奖获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="邓普顿奖获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E5%A5%96" title="邓普顿奖">邓普顿奖</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%B3" title="加爾各答德肋撒修女">加爾各答德肋撒修女</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="諾貝爾獎"><img alt="諾貝爾獎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/18px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/27px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/36px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></li> <li>1974年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅哲修士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frère Roger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E5%93%B2%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅哲修士(页面不存在)">羅哲修士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A8re_Roger" class="extiw" title="en:Frère Roger"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frère Roger</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1975年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%95%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" title="萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南">萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南</a></li> <li>1976年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孫能士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leo Joseph Suenens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%AB%E8%83%BD%E5%A3%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="孫能士(页面不存在)">孫能士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" class="extiw" title="en:Leo Joseph Suenens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leo Joseph Suenens</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1977年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%98%89%E5%8B%92" title="卢嘉勒">卢嘉勒</a></li> <li>1978年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E8%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·福賽斯·托倫斯">湯瑪斯·福賽斯·托倫斯</a></li> <li>1979年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="庭野日敬" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="庭野日敬"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AD%E9%87%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%95%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="庭野日敬(页面不存在)">庭野日敬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AD%E9%87%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%95%AC" class="extiw" title="ja:庭野日敬"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">庭野日敬</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉尔夫·温德尔·伯霍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%9C%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉尔夫·温德尔·伯霍(页面不存在)">拉尔夫·温德尔·伯霍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" class="extiw" title="en:Ralph Wendell Burhoe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1981年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="西西里·桑德斯">西西里·桑德斯</a></li> <li>1982年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E5%9F%B9%E7%90%86" title="葛培理">葛培理</a></li> <li>1983年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%81%E5%B0%BC%E7%90%B4" title="亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴">亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="諾貝爾獎"><img alt="諾貝爾獎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/18px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/27px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/36px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></li> <li>1984年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迈克尔·布尔多" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·布尔多(页面不存在)">迈克尔·布尔多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rev._Michael_Bourdeaux" class="extiw" title="en:The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Rev. Michael Bourdeaux</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1985年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="阿利斯特·哈代">阿利斯特·哈代</a></li> <li>1986年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆士·麥考德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Rev. James I. McCord"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E8%80%83%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆士·麥考德(页面不存在)">詹姆士·麥考德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rev._James_I._McCord" class="extiw" title="en:The Rev. James I. McCord"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Rev. James I. McCord</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1987年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯坦利·亚基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Rev. Stanley Jaki"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦利·亚基(页面不存在)">斯坦利·亚基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rev._Stanley_Jaki" class="extiw" title="en:The Rev. Stanley Jaki"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Rev. Stanley Jaki</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1988年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊納穆拉·可汗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inamullah Khan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊納穆拉·可汗(页面不存在)">伊納穆拉·可汗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" class="extiw" title="en:Inamullah Khan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inamullah Khan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1989年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E8%8C%A8%E6%B3%BD%E5%85%8B" title="卡尔·冯·魏茨泽克">卡尔·冯·魏茨泽克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬治·麥克勞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George MacLeod"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·麥克勞(页面不存在)">喬治·麥克勞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacLeod" class="extiw" title="en:George MacLeod"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George MacLeod</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴巴·安特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baba Amte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴巴·安特(页面不存在)">巴巴·安特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Amte" class="extiw" title="en:Baba Amte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baba Amte</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查爾斯·伯奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Birch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·伯奇(页面不存在)">查爾斯·伯奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Birch" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Birch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Birch</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1991年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊曼纽尔·雅各博维奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immanuel Jakobovits"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%8D%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊曼纽尔·雅各博维奇(页面不存在)">伊曼纽尔·雅各博维奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits" class="extiw" title="en:Immanuel Jakobovits"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immanuel Jakobovits</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1992年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韓景職" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kyung-Chik Han"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E6%99%AF%E8%81%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="韓景職(页面不存在)">韓景職</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" class="extiw" title="en:Kyung-Chik Han"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kyung-Chik Han</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1993年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·科尔森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Colson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·科尔森(页面不存在)">查尔斯·科尔森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colson" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Colson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Colson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1994年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B" title="迈克尔·诺瓦克">迈克尔·诺瓦克</a></li> <li>1995年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·戴维斯">保罗·戴维斯</a></li> <li>1996年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%BE%B7" title="白立德">白立德</a></li> <li>1997年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潘杜朗·夏斯特裡·阿薩瓦勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%98%E6%9D%9C%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%A3%A1%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="潘杜朗·夏斯特裡·阿薩瓦勒(页面不存在)">潘杜朗·夏斯特裡·阿薩瓦勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" class="extiw" title="en:Pandurang Shastri Athavale"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1998年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西格蒙德·斯滕伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sigmund Sternberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%BB%95%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西格蒙德·斯滕伯格(页面不存在)">西格蒙德·斯滕伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" class="extiw" title="en:Sigmund Sternberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sigmund Sternberg</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1999年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊恩·巴伯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ian Barbour"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊恩·巴伯(页面不存在)">伊恩·巴伯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Barbour" class="extiw" title="en:Ian Barbour"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ian Barbour</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里曼·戴森">弗里曼·戴森</a></li> <li>2001年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿瑟·皮科克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Peacocke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿瑟·皮科克(页面不存在)">阿瑟·皮科克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Peacocke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Peacocke</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2002年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%91%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·波金霍尔">约翰·波金霍尔</a></li> <li>2003年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍姆斯·罗尔斯顿三世" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holmes Rolston III"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="霍姆斯·罗尔斯顿三世(页面不存在)">霍姆斯·罗尔斯顿三世</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" class="extiw" title="en:Holmes Rolston III"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holmes Rolston III</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2004年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾里斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George F. R. Ellis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾里斯(页面不存在)">艾里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" class="extiw" title="en:George F. R. Ellis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George F. R. Ellis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2005年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·汤斯">查尔斯·汤斯</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="諾貝爾獎"><img alt="諾貝爾獎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/18px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/27px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/36px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></li> <li>2006年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97" title="约翰·D·巴罗">约翰·巴罗</a></li> <li>2007年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="查尔斯·泰勒 (哲学家)">查尔斯·泰勒</a></li> <li>2008年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米哈乌·赫勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michał Heller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%B9%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="米哈乌·赫勒(页面不存在)">米哈乌·赫勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" class="extiw" title="en:Michał Heller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michał Heller</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2009年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伯納德·戴斯帕納" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bernard d&#39;Espagnat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伯納德·戴斯帕納(页面不存在)">伯納德·戴斯帕納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" class="extiw" title="en:Bernard d&#39;Espagnat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bernard d'Espagnat</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾亞拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francisco J. Ayala"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E4%BA%9E%E6%8B%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾亞拉(页面不存在)">艾亞拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" class="extiw" title="en:Francisco J. Ayala"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francisco J. Ayala</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2011年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马丁·里斯">马丁·里斯</a></li> <li>2012年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第十四世达赖喇嘛">丹增嘉措</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="諾貝爾獎"><img alt="諾貝爾獎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/18px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/27px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/36px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></li> <li>2013年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">德斯蒙德·图图</a>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="諾貝爾獎"><img alt="諾貝爾獎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/18px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/27px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/36px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></li> <li>2014年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湯馬斯·哈力克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tomáš Halík"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="湯馬斯·哈力克(页面不存在)">湯馬斯·哈力克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" class="extiw" title="en:Tomáš Halík"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tomáš Halík</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2015年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83" title="让·瓦尼埃">让·瓦尼埃</a></li> <li>2016年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬納森·薩克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jonathan Sacks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E7%B4%8D%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="喬納森·薩克斯(页面不存在)">喬納森·薩克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="extiw" title="en:Jonathan Sacks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jonathan Sacks</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2017年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">阿爾文·普蘭丁格</a></li> <li>2018年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉二世">阿卜杜拉二世</a></li> <li>2019年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马塞洛·格莱泽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marcelo Gleiser"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E6%B3%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马塞洛·格莱泽(页面不存在)">马塞洛·格莱泽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" class="extiw" title="en:Marcelo Gleiser"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marcelo Gleiser</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF" title="法蘭西斯·柯林斯">法蘭西斯·柯林斯</a></li> <li>2021年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="珍·古道尔">珍·古道尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43033#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43033#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43033#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/90823/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108644191">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4942398">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGxvQVfG4QtCvGv9VKVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90151256">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000783641">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX5286457">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120177875">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120177875">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514909006706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118643029">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tutu, Desmond"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VIAV086123">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007297744605171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000087823">芬兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14649835">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82054447">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp358l5909mbvtt">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000253031&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459299">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn20010601944&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36518867">澳大利亚</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49285396">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199628015">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000159013&amp;local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071513639">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810682699305606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1222190">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/59383">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0035938X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7999bead-7233-4f0b-830f-c4ef13382288">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118643029.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1268868">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tutu, Desmond, 1931-2021"><a rel="nofollow" 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