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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeelden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeelden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Voorbeelden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifieke_betekenissen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifieke_betekenissen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specifieke betekenissen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifieke_betekenissen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bronnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systeem (wetenschap)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 86 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelsel" title="Stelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B5" title="ሥርዓት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥርዓት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85)" title="نظام (علوم) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام (علوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Система" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysdem" title="Sysdem – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sysdem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сістэма – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="सिस्टम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिस्टम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যবস্থা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="سیستم – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m" title="Systém – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σύστημα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo" title="Sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsteem" title="Süsteem – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="سامانه – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4_(systeemiteoria)" title="Järjestelmä (systeemiteoria) – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Järjestelmä (systeemiteoria)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me" title="Système – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ras" title="Córas – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Córas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="מערכת – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE)" title="तंत्र (सिस्टम) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तंत्र (सिस्टम)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustav" title="Sustav – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszer" title="Rendszer – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Համակարգ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema" title="Systema – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Systema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Система" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo" title="Sistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerfi" title="Kerfi – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="システム – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სისტემა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Жүйе – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүйе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="시스템 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Низам – Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Низам" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEstem" title="Sîstem – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîstem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тутум – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тутум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema" title="Systema – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C4%93ma" title="Sistēma – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Радамлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Радамлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Систем – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="വ്യവസ്ഥിതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യവസ്ഥിതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%85" title="سېسټم – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سېسټم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llikacha" title="Llikacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llikacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тутумта – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутумта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seestem" title="Seestem – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_(kybernetika)" title="Systém (kybernetika) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systém (kybernetika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutandira" title="Mutandira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutandira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi" title="Sistemi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Систем – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="System" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒருங்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒருங்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="ระบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Система – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81)" title="نظام (طریقہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام (طریقہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Hệ thống – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%AAem" title="Systêem – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Systêem" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="系统 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სისტემა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სისტემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="סיסטעם – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיסטעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系統" data-language-autonym="中文" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>systeem</b> is een geheel dat is samengesteld uit kleinere, met elkaar samenhangende, of <a href="/wiki/Interactie" title="Interactie">op elkaar inwerkende</a> componenten, en waarop <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapper" title="Wetenschapper">wetenschappers</a> hun aandacht richten. Door de <a href="/wiki/Relatie" title="Relatie">relaties</a> tussen de componenten vertoont een systeem enige mate van ordening en <a href="/wiki/Complexiteit" title="Complexiteit">complexiteit</a>. Het kan daarbij iedere grootte hebben, van een enkel <a href="/wiki/Atoom_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoom (hoofdbetekenis)">atoom</a> tot het <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natuurlijke systemen </p> <ul><li>Het <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a> wordt bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">kosmologie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterrenstelsel" title="Sterrenstelsel">Sterrenstelsels</a> worden bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">sterrenkunde</a>.</li> <li>Het binnenste van de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">aarde</a> wordt bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologie</a>.</li> <li>Een <a href="/wiki/Atoom_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoom (hoofdbetekenis)">atoom</a> is een systeem van <a href="/wiki/Subatomair_deeltje" title="Subatomair deeltje">subatomaire deeltjes</a>, dat wordt bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a>.</li> <li>Na <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> werd in de warmteleer (<a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>) een nadere onderverdeling in <a href="/wiki/Open_systeem" title="Open systeem">open</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gesloten_systeem" title="Gesloten systeem">gesloten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%AFsoleerd_systeem" title="Geïsoleerd systeem">geïsoleerde systemen</a> gedefinieerd voor de studie van <a href="/wiki/Natuur_(werkelijkheid)" title="Natuur (werkelijkheid)">natuurlijke</a> verschijnselen. Bepaalde natuurwetten, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Wet_van_behoud_van_energie" title="Wet van behoud van energie">wet van behoud van energie</a>, bleken namelijk alleen voor geïsoleerde systemen op te gaan.</li> <li>Een (moleculaire) <a href="/wiki/Stof_(scheikunde)" title="Stof (scheikunde)">stof</a> is een systeem van moleculen die door <a href="/wiki/Cohesie_(natuurkunde)" title="Cohesie (natuurkunde)">cohesie</a> bij elkaar worden gehouden; stoffen worden bestudeerd in de natuur- en scheikunde.</li> <li>Een <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> is een systeem van onderling <a href="/wiki/Chemische_binding" title="Chemische binding">verbonden atomen</a>, dat wordt bestudeerd in de <a href="/wiki/Molecuulfysica" title="Molecuulfysica">molecuulfysica</a> en in de <a href="/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde">scheikunde</a>.</li> <li>Een <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellig organisme</a> is een samenhangend geheel van <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, die via <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_communicatie" title="Intercellulaire communicatie">intercellulaire communicatie</a> op elkaar inwerken.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">Ecosystemen</a> zijn in de <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> het geheel van de <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">levensgemeenschappen</a> met hun <a href="/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu">omgeving</a>. Ecosystemen bestaan zelf uit kleinere ecosystemen. Ecosystemen zijn weer een onderdeel van grote ecosystemen. Voorbeeld: een heuvellandschap met een stroomdal, beek, moeras en vennetjes</li> <li>Een <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">levensgemeenschap</a> is in de <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> een geheel van met elkaar samenlevende <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populaties</a> van <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a>.</li></ul> <p>Overige systemen </p> <ul><li>Het <a href="/wiki/Onbewuste" title="Onbewuste">onderbewuste</a> is een uit meerdere componenten bestaand geheel in de <a href="/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a>.</li> <li>Een <a href="/wiki/Stad_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stad (hoofdbetekenis)">stad</a> is een systeem (<a href="/wiki/Samenleving" title="Samenleving">samenleving</a>) in de <a href="/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie">sociologie</a>.</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Economie_(systeem)" title="Economie (systeem)">economisch systeem</a> wordt bestudeerd in de <a href="/wiki/Economie_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economie (hoofdbetekenis)">economie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verhaal" title="Verhaal">Verhalen</a> (met onder andere <a href="/wiki/Personage" title="Personage">personages</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Vertelperspectief" title="Vertelperspectief">verteller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handeling_(letterkunde)" title="Handeling (letterkunde)">handelingen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gebeurtenis_(letterkunde)" title="Gebeurtenis (letterkunde)">gebeurtenissen</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur">literatuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">toneel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_(cinematografie)" title="Film (cinematografie)">filmkunst</a>) worden bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Narratologie" title="Narratologie">narratologie</a>.</li> <li>De Duitse romantische dichtkunst wordt als een geheel bestudeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Literatuurwetenschap" title="Literatuurwetenschap">literatuurwetenschap</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het begrip "systeem" is van Griekse oorsprong en betekent "samenstelling". In de 17de eeuw werd het begrip ingevoerd als een collectie van geordende concepten, voornamelijk in een <a href="/wiki/Systeem_(filosofie)" title="Systeem (filosofie)">filosofische zin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>' "Discours de la Methode" introduceerde een gecoördineerde set van regels om een coherente zekerheid te bereiken. In navolging van Descartes richtten veel filosofen zich op de ontwikkeling van een filosofisch systeem, startend vanuit enige <a href="/wiki/Axioma" title="Axioma">basisstellingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CF99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CF99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In de 19de eeuw werden filosofen als Hegel en Fichte <i>systeemdenkers</i> genoemd, ter aanduiding voor hun leer, waarin men zich rekenschap geeft van de samenhang tussen de <a href="/wiki/Waarneming_(perceptie)" title="Waarneming (perceptie)">waargenomen</a> <a href="/wiki/Werkelijkheid" title="Werkelijkheid">werkelijkheid</a> en het menselijk <a href="/wiki/Denken" title="Denken">denken</a> daarover.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:First_law_open_system.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_law_open_system.svg/260px-First_law_open_system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_law_open_system.svg/390px-First_law_open_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_law_open_system.svg/520px-First_law_open_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Open thermodynamisch systeem</figcaption></figure> <p>Naast dit "<a href="/wiki/Systeem_(filosofie)" title="Systeem (filosofie)">filosofisch systeem</a>" begrip ontstond in de 19de eeuw ook het begrip van een "wetenschappelijk systeem", waarbij 'systeem' duidde op het aandachtsgebied van de onderzoeker of wetenschapper. De Franse fysicus <a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot" title="Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> was een van de eersten die rond 1825 het concept "systeem" in de natuurwetenschap toepaste, namelijk in zijn bestudering van de <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>. Carnot duidde het water in een <a href="/wiki/Stoommachine" title="Stoommachine">stoommachine</a> aan als een "werkende substantie", die in contact kon komen met een <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a>, een koeling of een <a href="/wiki/Schoepenrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoepenrad">schoepenrad</a>. De Duitse <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">fysicus</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> generaliseerde dit beeld verder door er het concept van een omgeving aan toe te voegen. In de 19de-eeuwse thermodynamica ontwikkelde zich ook reeds het onderscheid in <a href="/wiki/Gesloten_systeem" title="Gesloten systeem">gesloten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Open_systeem" title="Open systeem">open systemen</a>. </p><p>Met de opkomst van het <a href="/wiki/Systeemdenken" title="Systeemdenken">systeemdenken</a> zijn er steeds weer nieuwe vormen van systemen gedefinieerd, zoals het <a href="/wiki/Complex_systeem" title="Complex systeem">complex systeem</a>, adaptief systeem en chaotisch systeem. Verschillende <a href="/wiki/Vakwetenschap" title="Vakwetenschap">wetenschappelijke disciplines</a> zijn hun <a href="/wiki/Kenobject" title="Kenobject">kenobjecten</a> in navolging hiervan zelf in termen van systemen gaan definiëren, zoals het <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosysteem</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Informatiesysteem" title="Informatiesysteem">informatiesysteem</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifieke_betekenissen">Specifieke betekenissen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Specifieke betekenissen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Specifieke betekenissen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het begrip <i>systeem</i> is in de wetenschap al enige eeuwen in gebruik in de betekenissen 'leer', 'onderwerp van beschouwing' en 'stelsel', bijvoorbeeld in <a href="/wiki/Classificatiesysteem" title="Classificatiesysteem">classificatiesystemen</a> als het <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international" class="mw-redirect" title="Système international">Système international</a> (het internationaal stelsel van <a href="/wiki/Natuurkundige_eenheid" title="Natuurkundige eenheid">eenheden</a>) en het <a href="/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">periodiek systeem</a>. </p><p>De term 'systeem' wordt ook gebruikt in de: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a>, voor de rangschikking van <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a> in hiërarchisch geordende groepen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociale_wetenschappen" title="Sociale wetenschappen">sociale wetenschappen</a>, voor een complex van met elkaar omgaande individuen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrijfskunde" title="Bedrijfskunde">bedrijfskunde</a>, als hulpmiddel bij het beschrijven en analyseren van <a href="/wiki/Organisatiekunde" title="Organisatiekunde">organisatieproblemen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologische</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigrafie" title="Chronostratigrafie">chronostratigrafie</a>, met een betekenis liggend tussen <i>eratheen</i> en <i>serie</i>.</li></ul> <p>Er zijn nog vele andere toepassingen van het begrip <i>systeem</i>: technische, formele en <a href="/wiki/Constructivisme_(kunst)" title="Constructivisme (kunst)">constructivistische</a>. Na 1950 kwam de <a href="/wiki/Systeemtheorie" title="Systeemtheorie">systeemtheorie</a> op, die ernaar streeft een <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinair" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinair">interdisciplinair</a> wetenschappelijk kader te ontwikkelen voor de beschouwing van systemen, en het systeembegrip verder te ontwikkelen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_systeem" title="Complex systeem">Complex systeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holisme" title="Holisme">Holisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systeem_(systeemtheorie)" title="Systeem (systeemtheorie)">Systeem (systeemtheorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamisch_systeem" title="Thermodynamisch systeem">Thermodynamisch systeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Systems_and_Cybernetics" title="International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics">International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen">Bronnen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bronnen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bronnen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_in_%27t_Veld" title="Jan in 't Veld">Jan in 't Veld</a>, <i>Analyse van organisatieproblemen</i>, Elsevier 1986, p.8-12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins_Encyclopedie" title="Winkler Prins Encyclopedie">Grote Winkler Prins</a>, het begrip <i>Systeem</i>, 8e druk 1983, p.400-402.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systeem_(wetenschap)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/^SYSTEM.html">Principia Cybernetica Web</a> over het systeembegrip</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CF99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CF99_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Charles François">Charles François</a> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616081808/http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/~gossimit/ifsr/francois/papers/systemics_and_cybernetics_in_a_historical_perspective.pdf"><i>Systemics and Cybernetics in a Historical Perspective</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins_Encyclopedie" title="Winkler Prins Encyclopedie">Grote Winkler Prins</a></i>, het begrip <i>Systeem</i>, 8e druk 1983, p.400-402.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject wikiquote mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikiquote.org/wiki/systeem" class="extiw" title="q:systeem">Wikiquote</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/25px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/38px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/50px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> heeft een of meer citaten van of over <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikiquote.org/wiki/systeem" class="extiw" title="q:systeem">systeem</a></b></i>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/systeem" class="extiw" title="wikt:systeem">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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