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id="toc-Overarching_drivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_conversion_to_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_conversion_to_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Forest conversion to agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_conversion_to_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Habitat fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_animals_and_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_animals_and_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>On animals and plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_animals_and_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_human_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_human_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>On human population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_human_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outlook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outlook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Habitat destruction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitatverlies" title="Habitatverlies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Habitatverlies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="تدمير البيئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدمير البيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हैबिटाट बिनास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हैबिटाट बिनास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Унищожаване на местообитания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унищожаване на местообитания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrucci%C3%B3_de_l%27h%C3%A0bitat" title="Destrucció de l'hàbitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destrucció de l'hàbitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitatverlust" title="Habitatverlust – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Habitatverlust" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrucci%C3%B3n_de_h%C3%A1bitat" title="Destrucción de hábitat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destrucción de hábitat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitatodetruo" title="Habitatodetruo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Habitatodetruo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نابودی زیستگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نابودی زیستگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_des_habitats" title="Destruction des habitats – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destruction des habitats" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailli%C3%BAint_ghn%C3%A1th%C3%B3ige" title="Cailliúint ghnáthóige – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailliúint ghnáthóige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruci%C3%B3n_do_h%C3%A1bitat" title="Destrución do hábitat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Destrución do hábitat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9D%EC%A7%80_%ED%8C%8C%EA%B4%B4" title="서식지 파괴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서식지 파괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbibi_ebe_obibi" title="Mbibi ebe obibi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbibi ebe obibi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusakan_habitat" title="Perusakan habitat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perusakan habitat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAsv%C3%A6%C3%B0aey%C3%B0ing" title="Búsvæðaeyðing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búsvæðaeyðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distruzione_dell%27habitat" title="Distruzione dell'habitat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distruzione dell'habitat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ തകർച്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ തകർച്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemusnahan_habitat" title="Kemusnahan habitat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemusnahan habitat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitatverlies" title="Habitatverlies – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Habitatverlies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_habitat" title="Destruição de habitat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destruição de habitat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrugere_de_habitat" title="Distrugere de habitat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Distrugere de habitat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Разрушение среды обитания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разрушение среды обитания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkat%C3%ABrrimi_i_habitatit" title="Shkatërrimi i habitatit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkatërrimi i habitatit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Habitat destruction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การทำลายถิ่นฐานธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำลายถิ่นฐานธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_yok_olmas%C4%B1" title="Habitat yok olması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Habitat yok olması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1_h%E1%BB%A7y_sinh_c%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Phá hủy sinh cảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phá hủy sinh cảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E" title="棲息地破壞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棲息地破壞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_degradation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">Habitat degradation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/300px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/450px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/600px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world's biodiversity hot spots, all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Habitat destruction</b> (also termed <b>habitat loss</b> and <b>habitat reduction</b>) occurs when a natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">species numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvier-2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvier-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">use of natural resources</a>, agriculture, industrial production and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>). Other activities include <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, ecosystem <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_depletion" title="Nutrient depletion">nutrient depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEGAND_108–121_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEGAND_108–121-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations">Observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG/220px-Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG/330px-Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG/440px-Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Satellite photograph of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Bolivia">deforestation in Bolivia</a>. Originally dry tropical forest, the land is being cleared for <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspots</a> are chiefly <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> regions that feature high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species and, when all hotspots are combined, may contain over half of the world's <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Cincotta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cincotta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hotspots are suffering from habitat loss and destruction. Most of the natural habitat on islands and in areas of high human population density has already been destroyed (WRI, 2003). Islands suffering extreme habitat destruction include <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South and East Asia—especially <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and Japan—and many areas in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> have extremely dense human populations that allow little room for natural habitat. Marine areas close to highly populated <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> cities also face degradation of their <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> or other marine habitat. <a href="/wiki/Forest_City,_Johor#History" title="Forest City, Johor">Forest City</a>, a township in southern Malaysia built on <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_Sensitive_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally Sensitive Area">Environmentally Sensitive Area</a> (ESA) Rank 1 wetland is one such example, with irreversible reclamation proceeding prior to environmental impact assessments and approvals. Other such areas include the eastern coasts of Asia and Africa, northern coasts of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regions of un<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> or unstable governments, which may go hand-in-hand, typically experience high rates of habitat destruction. <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_tropical_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonian tropical rainforest">Amazonian tropical rainforest</a> areas of South America are the main regions with unsustainable agricultural practices and/or government mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Areas of high agricultural output tend to have the highest extent of habitat destruction. In the U.S., less than 25% of native vegetation remains in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 15% of land area remains unmodified by human activities in all of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, changes occurring in different environments around the world are changing the specific geographical habitats that are suitable for plants to grow. Therefore, the ability for plants to migrate to suitable environment areas will have a strong impact on the distribution of plant diversity. However, at the moment, the rates of plant migration that are influenced by habitat loss and fragmentation are not as well understood as they could be.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_type_of_ecosystem">By type of ecosystem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By type of ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/220px-Lacanja_burn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/330px-Lacanja_burn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lacanja_burn.JPG/440px-Lacanja_burn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Jungle burned for agriculture in southern Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforests</a> have received most of the attention concerning the destruction of habitat. From the approximately 16 million square kilometers of tropical rainforest habitat that originally existed worldwide, less than 9 million square kilometers remain today.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current rate of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> is 160,000 square kilometers per year, which equates to a loss of approximately 1% of original forest habitat each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurance_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forest <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> have suffered as much or more destruction as tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> have severely disturbed at least 94% of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf forests</a>; many <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a> stands have lost more than 98% of their previous area because of human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Tropical deciduous dry forests</a> are easier to <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">clear and burn</a> and are more suitable for agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">cattle ranching</a> than tropical rainforests; consequently, less than 0.1% of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">dry forests in Central America's Pacific Coast</a> and less than 8% in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Madagascar dry deciduous forests">Madagascar</a> remain from their original extents.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurance_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg/220px-Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg/330px-Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg/440px-Farmland-batang_bungo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Farmers near newly cleared land within Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (<a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plains and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> areas have been degraded to a lesser extent. Only 10–20% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Drylands" title="Drylands">drylands</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">scrub</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, have been somewhat degraded.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But included in that 10–20% of land is the approximately 9 million square kilometers of seasonally dry-lands that humans have converted to deserts through the process of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairies</a> of North America, on the other hand, have less than 3% of natural habitat remaining that has not been converted to farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_turtle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hawaii_turtle.JPG/220px-Hawaii_turtle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hawaii_turtle.JPG/330px-Hawaii_turtle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hawaii_turtle.JPG/440px-Hawaii_turtle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chelonia_mydas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonia mydas">Chelonia mydas</a></i> on a Hawaiian coral reef. Although the endangered species is protected, habitat loss from human development is a major reason for the loss of <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a> nesting beaches.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a> and marine areas have endured high levels of habitat destruction. More than 50% of wetlands in the U.S. have been destroyed in just the last 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 60% and 70% of European wetlands have been completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, there has been an increase in demand for coastal housing and tourism which has caused a decline in marine habitats over the last 60 years. The <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> and temperatures have caused <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a>, and loss of quality in the UK <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one-fifth (20%) of marine coastal areas have been highly modified by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-fifth of coral reefs have also been destroyed, and another fifth has been severely degraded by <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, pollution, and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>; 90% of the Philippines' coral reefs alone have been destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, over 35% of the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal ecosystems">mangrove ecosystems</a> worldwide have been destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_causes">Natural causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg/220px-Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg/330px-Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg/440px-Burnt_forest_GJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Forest in <a href="/wiki/Grands-Jardins_National_Park" title="Grands-Jardins National Park">Grands-Jardins National Park</a> 10 years after a forest fire occurred<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Habitat destruction through natural processes such as volcanism, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, and climate change is well documented in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study shows that habitat fragmentation of tropical rainforests in Euramerica 300 million years ago led to a great loss of amphibian diversity, but simultaneously the drier climate spurred on a burst of diversity among reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_due_to_human_activities">Causes due to human activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes due to human activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Habitat destruction caused by humans includes <a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">land conversion</a> from forests, etc. to <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">infrastructure development</a>, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of land. Habitat degradation, fragmentation, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> are aspects of habitat destruction caused by humans that do not necessarily involve over destruction of habitat, yet result in habitat collapse. <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral reef degradation</a> are specific types of habitat destruction for those areas (<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overarching_drivers">Overarching drivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overarching drivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forces that cause humans to destroy habitat are known as <i>drivers</i> of habitat destruction. <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">Demographic</a>, economic, sociopolitical, scientific and technological, and cultural drivers all contribute to habitat destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demographic drivers include the <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">expanding human population</a>; rate of <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population increase</a> over time; <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">spatial distribution</a> of people in a given area (<a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">urban</a> versus rural), ecosystem type, and country; and the combined effects of poverty, age, family planning, gender, and education status of people in certain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the exponential human population growth worldwide is occurring in or close to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspots" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity hotspots">biodiversity hotspots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cincotta_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cincotta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may explain why human population density accounts for 87.9% of the variation in numbers of <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a> across 114 countries, providing indisputable evidence that people play the largest role in decreasing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boom in human population and migration of people into such species-rich regions are making <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation efforts</a> not only more urgent but also more likely to conflict with local human interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Cincotta_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cincotta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high local population density in such areas is directly correlated to the poverty status of the local people, most of whom lacking an education and family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Geist and Lambin (2002) study, the underlying driving forces were prioritized as follows (with the percent of the 152 cases the factor played a significant role in): economic factors (81%), institutional or policy factors (78%), technological factors (70%), cultural or socio-political factors (66%), and <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> factors (61%). The main economic factors included <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> and growth of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timber market (page does not exist)">timber markets</a> (68%), which are driven by national and international demands; urban <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_growth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial growth (page does not exist)">industrial growth</a> (38%); low domestic costs for land, labor, fuel, and timber (32%); and increases in product prices mainly for <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> (25%). Institutional and policy factors included formal pro-<a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> policies on <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a> (40%), <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> including <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and infrastructure improvement (34%), and subsidies for land-based activities (26%); <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> and land-tenure insecurity (44%); and policy failures such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, lawlessness, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mismanagement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mismanagement (page does not exist)">mismanagement</a> (42%). The main technological factor was the poor application of technology in the <a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">wood industry</a> (45%), which leads to wasteful logging practices. Within the broad category of cultural and sociopolitical factors are public attitudes and values (63%), individual/household behavior (53%), public unconcern toward forest environments (43%), missing basic values (36%), and unconcern by individuals (32%). Demographic factors were the in-migration of colonizing settlers into sparsely populated forest areas (38%) and growing population density—a result of the first factor—in those areas (25%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_conversion_to_agriculture">Forest conversion to agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forest conversion to agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/207px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/311px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg/414px-20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/227px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png" decoding="async" width="227" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/341px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg/454px-8000_BCE%2B_Loss_of_forest_and_grassland_to_grazing_and_crops.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind".<sup id="cite_ref-IGBP_Steffen_2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGBP_Steffen_2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost one-third of the world's forests, and almost two-thirds of its grassland, have been lost to human agriculture—which now occupies almost half the world's habitable land.<sup id="cite_ref-LandUseChange_8000BCE_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandUseChange_8000BCE-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Geist and Lambin (2002) assessed 152 case studies of net losses of tropical forest cover to determine any patterns in the proximate and underlying causes of tropical deforestation. Their results, yielded as percentages of the case studies in which each parameter was a significant factor, provide a quantitative prioritization of which proximate and underlying causes were the most significant. The proximate causes were clustered into broad categories of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">agricultural expansion</a> (96%), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastructure expansion (page does not exist)">infrastructure expansion</a> (72%), and <a href="/wiki/Wood_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood extraction">wood extraction</a> (67%). Therefore, according to this study, <a href="/wiki/Forest_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest conversion">forest conversion</a> to agriculture is the main <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">change</a> responsible for tropical deforestation. The specific categories reveal further insight into the specific causes of tropical deforestation: transport extension (64%), commercial wood extraction (52%), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_cultivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanent cultivation (page does not exist)">permanent cultivation</a> (48%), <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">cattle ranching</a> (46%), shifting (<a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a>) cultivation (41%), <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> (40%), and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel wood">fuel wood</a> extraction for domestic use (28%). One result is that <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> is not the primary cause of deforestation in all world regions, while transport extension (including the <a href="/wiki/Road_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road construction">construction of new roads</a>) is the largest single proximate factor responsible for deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species. Even the simplest forms of agriculture affect diversity – through clearing or draining the land, discouraging <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, and encouraging just a limited set of domesticated plant and animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also feedbacks and interactions among the proximate and underlying causes of deforestation that can amplify the process. Road construction has the largest feedback effect, because it interacts with—and leads to—the establishment of new settlements and more people, which causes a growth in wood (logging) and food markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth in these markets, in turn, progresses the commercialization of agriculture and logging industries. When these industries become commercialized, they must become more efficient by utilizing larger or more modern machinery that often has a worse effect on the habitat than traditional farming and logging methods. Either way, more land is cleared more rapidly for commercial markets. This common feedback example manifests just how closely related the proximate and underlying causes are to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Effects of climate change on biomes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/242px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/363px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/484px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Decline in arctic sea ice <i>extent</i> (area) from 1979 to 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/242px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/363px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/484px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Decline in arctic sea ice <i>volume</i> from 1979 to 2022</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> contributes to destruction of some habitats, endangering various species. For example: </p> <ul><li>Climate change causes <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> which will threaten natural habitats and species globally.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Melting <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> destroys habitat for some species.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2321">: 2321 </span></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline of sea ice in the Arctic</a> has been accelerating during the early twenty‐first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One well known example of a species affected is the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, whose habitat in the Arctic is threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> can also be affected when it grows on the underside of sea ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Riebesell_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riebesell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Warm-water coral reefs</a> are very sensitive to global warming and ocean acidification. Coral reefs provide a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for thousands of species. They provide <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coastal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal protection">coastal protection</a> and food. But 70–90% of today's warm-water coral reefs will disappear even if warming is kept to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup> For example, Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> – which are <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Habitat fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitat_fragmentation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a>), causing <a href="/wiki/Population_fragmentation" title="Population fragmentation">population fragmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_decay" title="Ecosystem decay">ecosystem decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causes of habitat fragmentation include <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment<sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">one of the major causes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and human activity such as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">land conversion</a>, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of many species. More specifically, <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habitat_fragmentation_Fahrig2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_fragmentation_Fahrig2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_animals_and_plants">On animals and plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On animals and plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a habitat is destroyed, the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> plants, animals, and other organisms is reduced so that <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">populations decline</a>, sometimes up to the level of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat loss is perhaps the greatest threat to organisms and biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple (1986) found that 82% of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered bird species</a> were significantly threatened by habitat loss. Most amphibian species are also threatened by native habitat loss,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some species are now only breeding in modified habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemic</a> organisms with limited ranges are most affected by habitat destruction, mainly because these organisms are not found anywhere else in the world, and thus have less chance of recovering. Many endemic organisms have very specific requirements for their survival that can only be found within a certain ecosystem, resulting in their extinction. Extinction may also take place very long after the destruction of habitat, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">extinction debt</a>. Habitat destruction can also decrease the range of certain organism populations. This can result in the reduction of genetic diversity and perhaps the production of <a href="/wiki/Infertile" class="mw-redirect" title="Infertile">infertile</a> youths, as these organisms would have a higher possibility of mating with related organisms within their population, or different species. One of the most famous examples is the impact upon China's <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, once found in many areas of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Now it is only found in fragmented and isolated regions in the southwest of the country, as a result of widespread <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As habitat destruction of an area occurs, the <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a> offsets from a combination of habitat generalists and specialists to a population primarily consisting of <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvier-2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvier-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> are frequently generalists that are able to survive in much more diverse habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat destruction leading to climate change offsets the balance of species keeping up with the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">extinction threshold</a> leading to a higher likelihood of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis-2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat loss is one of the main environmental causes of the decline of biodiversity on local, regional, and global scales. Many believe that habitat fragmentation is also a threat to biodiversity however some believe that it is secondary to habitat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_051109031307003_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm_051109031307003-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction of the amount of habitat available results in specific landscapes that are made of isolated patches of suitable habitat throughout a hostile environment/matrix. This process is generally due to pure habitat loss as well as fragmentation effects. Pure habitat loss refers to changes occurring in the composition of the landscape that causes a decrease in individuals. Fragmentation effects refer to an addition of effects occurring due to the habitat changes.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEGAND_108–121_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEGAND_108–121-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat loss can result in negative effects on the dynamic of species richness. The order <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> is a diverse group of plant pollinators who are highly susceptible to the negative effects of habitat loss, this could result in a domino effect between the plant-pollinator interactions leading to major conservation implications within this group.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is observed from the worlds longest running fragmentation experiment over 35 years that habitat fragmentation has caused a decrease in biodiversity from 13% to 75%. <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_human_population">On human population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On human population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/220px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/330px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/440px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>The draining and development of coastal wetlands that previously protected the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> contributed to severe flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Habitat destruction can vastly increase an area's vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> like <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">crop failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of disease">spread of disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water contamination">water contamination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, a healthy ecosystem with good <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_management" title="Ecosystem management">management</a> practices can reduce the chance of these events happening, or will at least mitigate adverse impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-WRR_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliminating swamps—the habitat of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>—has contributed to the prevention of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completely depriving an <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">infectious agent</a> (such as a virus) of its habitat—by <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, for example—can result in eradicating that infectious agent.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural land can suffer from the destruction of the surrounding landscape. Over the past 50 years, the destruction of habitat surrounding agricultural land has degraded approximately 40% of agricultural land worldwide via <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">compaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource#Depletion" title="Natural resource">nutrient depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans also lose direct uses of natural habitat when habitat is destroyed. Aesthetic uses such as <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>, recreational uses like <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> usually<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> rely upon relatively undisturbed habitat. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (September 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> people value the complexity of the natural world and express concern at the loss of natural habitats and of animal or plant species worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the most profound impact that habitat destruction has on people is the loss of many valuable <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>. Habitat destruction has altered nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycles</a>, which has increased the frequency and severity of <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">fish kills</a> in rivers and oceans and contributed tremendously to global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> One ecosystem service whose significance is becoming better understood is <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate regulation</a>. On a local scale, trees provide windbreaks and shade; on a regional scale, <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">plant transpiration</a> recycles rainwater and maintains constant annual rainfall; on a global scale, plants (especially trees in tropical rainforests) around the world counter the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering carbon</a> dioxide through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ecosystem services that are diminished or lost altogether as a result of habitat destruction include <a href="/wiki/Watershed_management" title="Watershed management">watershed management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, oxygen production, <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">pollinator decline</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">waste treatment</a> (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">breaking down</a> and immobilization of <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> pollutants), and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient recycling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The loss of trees from tropical rainforests alone represents a substantial diminishing of Earth's ability to produce oxygen and to use up carbon dioxide. These services are becoming even more important as increasing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels is one of the main contributors to global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WRR_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> may not directly affect humans, but the indirect effects of losing many species as well as the diversity of ecosystems in general are enormous. When biodiversity is lost, the environment loses many species that perform valuable and unique roles in the ecosystem. The environment and all its inhabitants rely on biodiversity to recover from extreme environmental conditions. When too much biodiversity is lost, a catastrophic event such as an earthquake, flood, or volcanic eruption could cause an ecosystem to crash, and humans would obviously suffer from that.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of biodiversity also means that humans are losing animals that could have served as biological-control agents and plants that could potentially provide higher-yielding crop varieties, pharmaceutical drugs to cure existing or future diseases (such as cancer), and new resistant crop-varieties for agricultural species susceptible to pesticide-resistant insects or virulent strains of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negative effects of habitat destruction usually impact rural populations more directly than urban populations.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the globe, poor people suffer the most when natural habitat is destroyed, because less natural habitat means fewer natural resources <i>per capita</i>, yet wealthier people and countries can simply pay more to continue to receive more than their <i>per capita</i> share of natural resources. </p><p>Another way to view the negative effects of habitat destruction is to look at the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> of destroying a given habitat. In other words, what do people lose out on with the removal of a given habitat? A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.<sup id="cite_ref-MEA_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outlook">Outlook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outlook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">rapid expansion of the global human population</a> is increasing the world's food requirement substantially. Simple logic dictates that more people will require more food. In fact, as the world's population increases dramatically, agricultural output will need to increase by at least 50%, over the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilman_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, continually moving to new land and soils provided a boost in food production to meet the global food demand. That easy fix will no longer be available, however, as more than 98% of all land suitable for agriculture is already in use or degraded beyond repair.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impending global <a href="/wiki/Food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crisis">food crisis</a> will be a major source of habitat destruction. Commercial farmers are going to become desperate to produce more food from the same amount of land, so they will use more <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and show less concern for the environment to meet the market demand. Others will seek out new land or will convert other land-uses to agriculture. Agricultural intensification will become widespread at the cost of the environment and its inhabitants. Species will be pushed out of their habitat either directly by habitat destruction or indirectly by fragmentation, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans' growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilman_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solutions">Solutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts to address habitat destruction are in international policy commitments embodied by <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15" title="Sustainable Development Goal 15">Sustainable Development Goal 15</a> "Life on Land" and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> "Life Below Water". However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> report on "Making Peace with Nature" released in 2021 found that most of these efforts had failed to meet their internationally agreed upon goals.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tropical deforestation: In most cases of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_deforestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical deforestation">tropical deforestation</a>, three to four underlying causes are driving two to three proximate causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that a universal policy for controlling tropical deforestation would not be able to address the unique combination of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation in each country.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before any local, national, or international deforestation policies are written and enforced, governmental leaders must acquire a detailed understanding of the complex combination of proximate causes and underlying driving forces of deforestation in a given area or country.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept, along with many other results of tropical deforestation from the Geist and Lambin study, can easily be applied to habitat destruction in general. </p><p>Shoreline erosion: Coastal erosion is a natural process as storms, waves, tides and other water level changes occur. Shoreline stabilization can be done by barriers between land and water such as seawalls and bulkheads. Living shorelines are gaining attention as a new stabilization method. These can reduce damage and erosion while simultaneously providing ecosystem services such as food production, nutrient and sediment removal, and water quality improvement to society<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habitat_Destruction,_Uganda_(21429887344).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg/220px-Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg/330px-Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg/440px-Habitat_Destruction%2C_Uganda_%2821429887344%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5743" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Example of human caused habitat destruction likely capable of reversing if further disturbance is halted. Uganda.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pivers Island, North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg/220px-Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg/330px-Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg/440px-Pivers-Island-840x320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Natural vegetation along this coastal shoreline in North Carolina, US, is being used to reduce the effects of shoreline erosion while providing other benefits to the natural ecosystem and the human community.</figcaption></figure> <p>Preventing an area from losing its specialist species to generalist invasive species depends on the extent of the habitat destruction that has already taken place. In areas where the habitat is relatively undisturbed, halting further habitat destruction may be enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvier-2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvier-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where habitat destruction is more extreme (<a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> or patch loss), <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">restoration ecology</a> may be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education of the general public is possibly the best way to prevent further human habitat destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changing the dull creep of environmental impacts from being viewed as acceptable to being seen a reason for change to more sustainable practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-1999_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education about the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> to slow population growth is important as greater population leads to greater human caused habitat destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitat restoration can also take place through the following processes; extending habitats or repairing habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extending habitats aims to counteract habitat loss and fragmentation whereas repairing habitats counteracts degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preservation and creation of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">habitat corridors</a> can link isolated populations and increase pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend-2002_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2002-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corridors are also known to reduce the negative impacts of habitat destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend-2002_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2002-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest potential to solving the issue of habitat destruction comes from solving the political, economical and social problems that go along with it such as, individual and commercial material consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-1999_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sustainable extraction of resources,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">conservation areas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison-1999_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restoration of degraded land<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and addressing climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis-2003_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governmental leaders need to take action by addressing the underlying driving forces, rather than merely regulating the proximate causes. In a broader sense, governmental bodies at a local, national, and international scale need to emphasize: </p> <ol><li>Considering the irreplaceable <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> provided by natural habitats.</li> <li>Protecting remaining intact sections of natural habitat.</li> <li>Finding ecological ways to increase agricultural output without increasing the total land in production.</li> <li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a> and expansion. Apart from improving access to <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> globally, furthering <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> also has a great benefit. When women have the same education (decision-making power), this generally leads to smaller families.</li></ol> <p>It is argued that the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation can be counteracted by including spatial processes in potential restoration management plans. However, even though spatial dynamics are incredibly important in the conservation and recovery of species, a limited amount of management plans are taking the spatial effects of habitat restoration and conservation into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_shipping_on_marine_wildlife_and_habitats_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Impacts of shipping on marine wildlife and habitats in Southeast Asia">Impacts of shipping on marine wildlife and habitats in Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalizzaCostantiniCaredduRossi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Calizza, Edoardo; 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Mass vaccination therefore resulted in total elimination of the habitat of the virus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surveillance+and+Control+of+Urban+Dengue+Vectors&rft.btitle=Dengue+and+Dengue+Hemorrhagic+Fever&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.series=CAB+books&rft.pages=504&rft.edition=2%2C+revised&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781845939649&rft.aulast=Reiter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTl_YBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabitat+destruction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwf.org.uk/what-we-do/valuing-nature">"Valuing nature"</a>. <i>World Wildlife Foundation</i>. 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World Resources 2002–2004: Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power. 328 pp. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.</li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extinction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">Background extinction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_extinction" title="Functional extinction">Functional extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus taxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">Local extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoextinction" title="Pseudoextinction">Pseudoextinction</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad"><img alt="The species Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad) was last reported in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/140px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/210px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg/280px-Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_vortex" title="Extinction vortex">Extinction vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muller%27s_ratchet" title="Muller's ratchet">Muller's ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutational_meltdown" title="Mutational meltdown">Mutational meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overabundant_species" title="Overabundant species">Overabundant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_enrichment" title="Paradox of enrichment">Paradox of enrichment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Bullets">Field of Bullets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_species" title="Hypothetical species">Hypothetical species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">Living fossil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Ordovician–Silurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene" title="Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">End-Ediacaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">End-Botomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresbachian" title="Dresbachian">Dresbachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">Cambrian–Ordovician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">End-Capitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_episode" title="Carnian pluvial episode">Carnian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toarcian_turnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Toarcian turnover">Toarcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">End-Jurassic or Tithonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptian_extinction" title="Aptian extinction">Aptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian-Turonian_boundary_event" title="Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event">Cenomanian-Turonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene#Supernovae" title="Pliocene">Pliocene–Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_species" title="Category:Extinct species">Extinct species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_species" title="Lists of extinct species">Lists of extinct species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red List extinct species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Species_Survival_Commission" title="IUCN Species Survival Commission">IUCN Species Survival Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">Extinction symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinction">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" 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href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Threatened_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Threatened_species" title="Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Threatened_species" title="Template talk:Threatened species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Threatened_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Template:Threatened species by region">Template: Threatened species by region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories<span class="nobold"><sup>1</sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct (EX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered (EN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lower risk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk">Lower Risk (LR)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Not fully assessed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">WP categories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">CITES</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_I" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix I">Appendix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_II" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix II">Appendix II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_III" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix III">Appendix III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_arthropods" title="Threatened arthropods">Threatened arthropods</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_arthropods" title="List of endangered arthropods">Endangered arthropods</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_spiders" title="List of endangered spiders">spiders</a> /  <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Banksia#Threatened_species" title="Ecology of Banksia">Threatened <i>Banksia</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_by_conservation_status" title="List of fungi by conservation status">Fungi</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status" title="List of Chromista by conservation status">Chromista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_25_Most_Endangered_Primates" title="The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates">The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world%27s_100_most_threatened_species" title="The world's 100 most threatened species">The world's 100 most threatened species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">Biodiversity action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Threats" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-reliant_species" title="Conservation-reliant species">Conservation-reliant species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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