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id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_or_Middle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_or_Middle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Central or Middle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_or_Middle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mishar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberian_Tatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberian_Tatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Siberian Tatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberian_Tatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_shifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_shifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Historical shifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palatalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Palatalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic_alterations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_alterations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Phonetic alterations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_alterations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension_of_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_of_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Declension of pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_of_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anomalous_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomalous_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Anomalous verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomalous_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Predicatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predicatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatar_online_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatar_online_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tatar online learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatar_online_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tatar language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaars" title="Tartaars – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tartaars" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Татар тил – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Татар тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ታታርኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታታርኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AD%D0%B0%D2%AD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҭаҭар бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҭаҭар бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التتارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التتارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_t%C3%A1rtaru" title="Idioma tártaru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tártaru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_dili" title="Tatar dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tatar dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تاتار تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاتار تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তাতার ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাতার ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar-g%C3%AD" title="Tatar-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tatar-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Татар теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Татар теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Татарская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Татарская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Татарская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Татарская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Татарски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Татарски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatareg" title="Tatareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tatareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Татар хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Татар хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0tar" title="Tàtar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàtar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тутар чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тутар чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar%C5%A1tina" title="Tatarština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tatarština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatareg" title="Tatareg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tatareg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarisk_(sprog)" title="Tatarisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tatarisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarische_Sprache" title="Tatarische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tatarische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatari_keel" title="Tatari keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tatari keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταταρική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταταρική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Татаронь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Татаронь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_t%C3%A1rtaro" title="Idioma tártaro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tártaro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_lingvo" title="Tatara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tatara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarera" title="Tatarera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tatarera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان تاتاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تاتاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_bhasa" title="Tatar bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tatar bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar" title="Tatar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tatar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataarsk" title="Tataarsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tataarsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tatairis" title="An Tatairis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tatairis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_dili" title="Tatar dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tatar dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%C3%A1rtara" title="Lingua tártara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tártara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar-ng%C3%AE" title="Tatar-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tatar-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="타타르어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타타르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թաթարերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թաթարերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तातार भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तातार भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Tataršćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tataršćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarski_jezik" title="Tatarski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tatarski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_linguo" title="Tatara linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tatara linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tatar" title="Bahasa Tatar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тæтæйраг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тæтæйраг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar%C3%ADska" title="Tataríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tataríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tatara" title="Lingua tatara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tatara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טטרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თათრული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თათრული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Татар тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Татар тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitatar" title="Kitatar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitatar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тотара кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тотара кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarava" title="Tatarava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tatarava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Татар тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Татар тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tatarica" title="Lingua Tatarica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tatarica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C4%81ru_valoda" title="Tatāru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tatāru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totori%C5%B3_kalba" title="Totorių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Totorių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatuaroin_kieli" title="Tatuaroin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tatuaroin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C3%A1r_nyelv" title="Tatár nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tatár nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Татарски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Татарски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tatara" title="Fiteny tatara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tatara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="താത്താർ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താത്താർ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तातर भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तातर भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თათარული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თათარული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="تتارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تتارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تاتاری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تاتاری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tatar" title="Bahasa Tatar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯇꯔ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯇꯔ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tatar-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tatar-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Татаронь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Татаронь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Татар хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Татар хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataars" title="Tataars – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tataars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="タタール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タタール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ГӀезалойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀезалойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarisch" title="Tatarisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tatarisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarisk" title="Tatarisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tatarisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarisk" title="Tatarisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tatarisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar" title="Tatar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tatar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Суас йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Суас йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_tili" title="Tatar tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tatar tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਤਾਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਤਾਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تاتاری بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تاتاری بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تاتاري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاتاري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тотар кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тотар кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_tatar" title="Lenga tatar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tatar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tatarski" title="Język tatarski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tatarski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A1rtara" title="Língua tártara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tártara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_tili" title="Tatar tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tatar tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazan_tatar_tili" title="Qazan tatar tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qazan tatar tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_t%C4%83tar%C4%83" title="Limba tătară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tătară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Татарский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Татарский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Татаар тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Татаар тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatariske_Sproake" title="Tatariske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tatariske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tatara" title="Lingua tatara – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tatara" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tatar language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C3%A1r%C4%8Dina" title="Tatárčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tatárčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tatarščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tatarščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Татарьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Татарьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tatarskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tatarskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی تاتاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تاتاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Татарски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Татарски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataarin_kieli" title="Tataarin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tataarin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatariska" title="Tatariska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tatariska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tartaro" title="Wikang Tartaro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tartaro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தடர மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தடர மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Татар теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Татар теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาตาตาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาตาตาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Забони тоторӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони тоторӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarca" title="Tatarca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tatarca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Татар дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Татар дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Бигер кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бигер кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Татарська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Татарська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاتاری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاتاری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تاتار تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاتار تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totaran_kel%27" title="Totaran kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Totaran kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tatar" title="Tiếng Tatar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tatar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C3%A5r_(lingaedje)" title="Tatår (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tatår (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鞑靼语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%A9%B1" title="韃靼話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韃靼話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarki" title="Tatarki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tatarki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuotuoriu_kalba" title="Tuotuoriu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tuotuoriu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鞑靼语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tatar" title="Bahasa Tatar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tatar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic language spoken by Tatars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tatar language (disambiguation)">Tatar language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Tatar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Cyrl">татар теле</span></span><br /><span title="Tatar-language text"><i lang="tt-Latn">tatar tele</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تاتار تئلئ</span>‎ • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تاتار تلی</span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tatar.png/200px-Tatar.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tatar.png/300px-Tatar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tatar.png/400px-Tatar.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="732" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Tatar in Cyrillic, Latin, and Perso-Arabic scripts</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Eurasia">Northern Eurasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 4 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 810,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kipchak–Bulgar<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tatar</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar language">Old Tatar language</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> (may be a distinct language)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijli.antat.ru/language.html">Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=tt">tt</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=438">tat</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tat">tat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tata1255">tata1255</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=44-AAB-be">44-AAB-be</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG/320px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG/480px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG/640px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_Tataren.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Tatar is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg/220px-Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg/330px-Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg/440px-Borongi_bolgarlar_Gaziz_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Tatar book written in the Arabic script entitled <i>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tatar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TAH</span>-tər</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Cyrl">татар теле</span></span>, <span title="Tatar-language text"><i lang="tt-Latn">tatar tele</i></span></span></span> or <span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt"><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Cyrl">татарча</span></span>, <span title="Tatar-language text"><i lang="tt-Latn">tatarça</i></span></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> mainly located in modern <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tatar language is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> by about 5.3 million people, and also by communities in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and several other countries. Globally, there are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar. </p><p>Tatar is also the mother tongue for several thousand <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic</a> people; <a href="/wiki/Mordva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordva">Mordva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Qaratay" title="Qaratay">Qaratay</a> group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census</a>, 69% of Russian Tatars claimed at least some knowledge of the Tatar language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tatarstan, 93% of Tatars and 3.6% of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> claimed to have at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, 67% of Tatars, 27% of <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, and 1.3% of Russians claimed to understand basic Tatar language.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg/200px-Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg/300px-Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg/400px-Kazan_Millennium_tam%C4%9Fa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Qazan</a></i> – قازان is written in Arabic script in the semblance of a <a href="/wiki/Zilant" title="Zilant">Zilant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg/200px-S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg/300px-S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg/400px-S%C3%B6y%C3%A4lm%C3%A4sk%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual guide in <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Metro" title="Kazan Metro">Kazan Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_metro_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_metro_sign.JPG/200px-Kazan_metro_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_metro_sign.JPG/300px-Kazan_metro_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_metro_sign.JPG/400px-Kazan_metro_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>A subway sign in Tatar (top) and Russian</figcaption></figure> <p>Tatar, along with Russian, is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official script</a> of Tatar language is based on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> with some additional letters. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999, which came into force in 2001, establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. Unofficially, other scripts are used as well, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan must use Cyrillic on their websites and in publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status, the use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. </p><p>The Tatar language was made a <i>de facto</i> official language in Russia in 1917, but only within the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Tatar is also considered to have been the official language in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural_State" title="Idel-Ural State">Idel-Ural State</a>, briefly formed during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. </p><p>The usage of Tatar declined during the 20th century. By the 1980s, the study and teaching of Tatar in the public education system was limited to rural schools. However, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance of entering university because higher education was available in Russian almost exclusively. </p><p>As of 2001, Tatar was considered a potentially endangered language while Siberian Tatar received "endangered" and "seriously endangered" statuses, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher education in Tatar can only be found in <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, and is restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan">districts of Tatarstan</a>. </p><p>Since 2017, Tatar language classes are no longer mandatory in the schools of Tatarstan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the opponents of this change, it will further endanger the Tatar language and is a violation of the Tatarstan Constitution which stipulates the equality of Russian and Tatar languages in the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main dialects of Tatar: </p> <ul><li>Central or Middle (Kazan)</li> <li>Western (Mişär or Mishar)</li></ul> <p>All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by a scientist <a href="/wiki/Gabdulkhay_Akhatov" title="Gabdulkhay Akhatov">Gabdulkhay Akhatov</a>, who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school. </p><p>Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_or_Middle">Central or Middle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central or Middle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language. Middle Tatar includes the <a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak dialect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishar">Mishar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mishar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar dialect</a></div> <p>The Western (Mişär) dialect is distinguished from the Central dialect especially by the absence of the uvular <i>q</i> and <i>ğ</i> and the rounded <i>å</i> of the first syllable. Letters <i>ç</i> and <i>c</i> are pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional differences exist also.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mishar is the dialect spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Tatar minority of Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberian_Tatar">Siberian Tatar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Siberian Tatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar language</a></div> <p>Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are <i>ç</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span> and <i>c</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span>, corresponding to standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span>. There are also grammatical differences within the dialect, scattered across Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Siberian Tatar linguists<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denounced by some Russian and Tatar<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnographs. </p><p>Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym language</a>) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from the Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a> to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png/220px-Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png/330px-Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png/440px-Tatar_vowels_F1_F2.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Tatar vowel formants F1 and F2 (in the picture, "F1" and "F2" labels are mistakenly transposed)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov</a> (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">low</a>. There are two low vowels, <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a>, while there are eight high vowels: front and back, <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">round</a> (R+) and unround (R−), normal and short (or reduced).<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">High </th> <th>Normal </th> <td>i </td> <td>ü </td> <td>ï </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Short </th> <td>e </td> <td>ö </td> <td>ë </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Low </th> <td>ä </td> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Poppe (1963) proposed a similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td>i </td> <td>ü </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Higher Mid </th> <td>e </td> <td>ö </td> <td>ï </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td>ä </td> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-centralized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-centralized vowel">mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">low</a>, and four tongue positions: front, front-central, back-central and back (as they are named when cited).<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="4">Central </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td>i </td> <td>ü </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ï </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>e </td> <td>ö </td> <td>ë </td> <td>o </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td>ä </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The mid back unrounded vowel ''<i>ë</i> is usually transcribed as <i><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">ı</a></i>, though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel. </p><p>The tenth vowel <i>ï</i> is realized as the diphthong <i>ëy</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[ɯɪ]</a></span>), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): </p> <table style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th> <th>R− </th> <th>R+ </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td><b>и</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>i</b>⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>ү</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ü</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span>] </td> <td><b>ый</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ıy</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span>] </td> <td><b>у</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>u</b>⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><b>э,<span class="nowrap"> </span>е</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>e</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">ĕ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ̆</a></span>] </td> <td><b>ө</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ö</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø̆</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ̆</a></span>] </td> <td><b>ы</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ı</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̆</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ̆</a></span>] </td> <td><b>о</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>o</b>⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">ŏ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td><b>ә</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ä</b>⟩<br />[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>] </td> <td> </td> <td><b>а</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>a</b>⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше <i>keşe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kĕˈʃĕ]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʃĕ]</span> 'person', or кышы <i>qışı</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʃɤ̆]</span> '(his) winter'.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> is rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span> in the first syllable and after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span>, but not in the last, as in бала <i>bala</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɒˈlɑ]</span> 'child', балаларга <i>balalarğa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ]</span> 'to children'.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian loans there are also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span>, written the same as the native vowels: <b>ы, е/э, о, а</b> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_shifts">Historical shifts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical shifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have <a href="/wiki/Raising_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising (phonetics)">raised</a> from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel </th> <th>Old Turkic </th> <th>Kazakh </th> <th>Tatar </th> <th>Bashkir </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>*e </td> <td>*et </td> <td>et </td> <td>it </td> <td>it </td> <td>'meat' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ö </td> <td>*söz </td> <td>söz </td> <td>süz </td> <td>hüź <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ba-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[hyθ]</a></span> </td> <td>'word' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*o </td> <td>*sol </td> <td>sol </td> <td>sul </td> <td>hul </td> <td>'left' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*i </td> <td>*it </td> <td>it </td> <td>et </td> <td>et </td> <td>'dog' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ï </td> <td>*qïz </td> <td>qız </td> <td>qëz <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[qɤ̆z]</a></span> </td> <td>qëź <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ba-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qɤ̆θ]</a></span> </td> <td>'girl' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*u </td> <td>*qum </td> <td>qum </td> <td>qom </td> <td>qom </td> <td>'sand' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ü </td> <td>*kül </td> <td>kül </td> <td>köl </td> <td>köl </td> <td>'ash' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>The consonants of Tatar</b><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a> </th> <td>м<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨m⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td>н<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨n⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ң<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ñ⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosives</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>п<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨p⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>т<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨t⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>к<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨k⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td>къ<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨q⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_uvular"><a href="#endnote_uvular">‡</a></sup> </td> <td>э/ь<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ʼ⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a></small> </th> <td>б<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨b⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td>д<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨d⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>г<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨g⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricates</a> </th> <th><small>Voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>ц<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ts⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_dialect"><a href="#endnote_dialect">†</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>ч<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ç⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_dialect"><a href="#endnote_dialect">†</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>Voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>җ<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨c⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_dialect"><a href="#endnote_dialect">†</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricatives</a> </th> <th><small>Voiceless</small> </th> <td>ф<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨f⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup> </td> <td>с<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨s⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>ш<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ş⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>ч<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ś⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>х<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨x⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span> </td> <td>һ<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨h⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>Voiced</small> </th> <td>в<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨v⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup> </td> <td>з<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨z⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>ж<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨j⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_loan"><a href="#endnote_loan">*</a></sup> </td> <td>җ<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ź⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>гъ<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨ğ⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_uvular"><a href="#endnote_uvular">‡</a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>р<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨r⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximants</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>л<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨l⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>й<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨y⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td>у/ү/в<span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨w⟩<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_loan"><b><a href="#ref_loan">^*</a></b></span> The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> are only found in loanwords. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> occurs more commonly in loanwords, but is also found in native words, e.g. <i>yafraq</i> 'leaf'.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> may be substituted with the corresponding native consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</span> by some Tatars.</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_dialect"><b><a href="#ref_dialect">^†</a></b></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span> are the dialectal Western (Mişär) pronunciations of <b>җ</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>c</b>⟩<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>/</span> and <b>ч</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ç</b>⟩<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span>, the latter are in the literary standard and in the Central (Kazan) dialect. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> is the variant of <b>ч</b><span class="nowrap"> </span>⟨<b>ç</b>⟩<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/</span> as pronounced in the Eastern (Siberian) dialects and some Western (Mişär) dialects. Both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> are also used in Russian loanwords (the latter written <b>ц</b>).</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_uvular"><b><a href="#ref_uvular">^‡</a></b></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> are usually considered allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> in the environment of back vowels, so they are never written in the Tatar Cyrillic orthography in native words, and only rarely in loanwords with <b>къ</b> and <b>гъ</b>. However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> also appear before front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span> in Perso-Arabic loanwords which may indicate the phonemic status of these uvular consonants.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tatar consonants usually undergo slight <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> before front vowels. However, this <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a> is not significant and does not constitute a phonemic status. This differs from Russian where palatalized consonants are not <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> but <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> on their own. There are a number of Russian loanwords which have palatalized consonants in Russian and are thus written the same in Tatar (often with the "soft sign" <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">ь</a></b>). The Tatar standard pronunciation also requires palatalization in such loanwords; however, some Tatar may pronounce them non-palatalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables">Syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In native words there are six types of syllables (<b>C</b>onsonant, <b>V</b>owel, <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant"><b>S</b>onorant</a>): </p> <ul><li>V (<b>ı</b>-lıs, <b>u</b>-ra, <b>ö</b>-rä)</li> <li>VC (<b>at</b>-law, <b>el</b>-geç, <b>ir</b>-kä)</li> <li>CV (<b>qa</b>-la, <b>ki</b>-ä, <b>su</b>-la)</li> <li>CVC (<b>bar</b>-sa, <b>sız</b>-law, <b>köç</b>-le, <b>qoş</b>-çıq)</li> <li>VSC (<b>ant</b>-lar, <b>äyt</b>-te, <b>ilt</b>-kän)</li> <li>CVSC (<b>tört</b>-te, <b>qart</b>-lar, <b>qayt</b>-qan)</li></ul> <p>Loanwords allow other types: CSV (<b>gra</b>-mota), CSVC (käs-<b>trül</b>), etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress is usually on the final syllable. However, some suffixes cannot be stressed, so the stress shifts to the syllable before that suffix, even if the stressed syllable is the third or fourth from the end. A number of Tatar words and grammatical forms have the natural stress on the first syllable. Loanwords, mainly from Russian, usually preserve their original stress (unless the original stress is on the last syllable, in such a case the stress in Tatar shifts to suffixes as usual, e.g. <i>sovét</i> > <i>sovetlár</i> > <i>sovetlarğá</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_alterations">Phonetic alterations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonetic alterations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tatar <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> dictate many pronunciation changes which are not reflected in the orthography. </p> <ul><li>Unrounded vowels <i>ı</i> and <i>e</i> become rounded after <i>o</i> or <i>ö</i>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>коры/<i>qorı</i> > [qoro]</dd> <dd>борын/<i>borın</i> > [boron]</dd> <dd>көзге/<i>közge</i> > [közgö]</dd> <dd>соры/<i>sorı</i> > [soro]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Nasals are <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilated</a> to the following stops:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>унбер/<i>unber</i> > [umber]</dd> <dd>менгеч/<i>mengeç</i> > [meñgeç]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Stops<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="/l/ is an approximant, not a stop. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilated</a> to the preceding nasals (this is reflected in writing):</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>урманнар/<i>urmannar</i> ( < <i>urman</i> + <i>lar</i>)</dd> <dd>комнар/<i>komnar</i> ( < <i>kom</i> + <i>lar</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Voicing may also undergo <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>күзсез/<i>küzsez</i> > [küssez]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Unstressed vowels may be <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncopated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduced</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>урыны/<i>urını</i>> [urnı]</dd> <dd>килене/<i>kilene</i> > [kilne]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Vowels may also be <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>кара урман/<i>qara urman</i> > [qarurman]</dd> <dd>килә иде/<i>kilä ide</i> > [kiläyde]</dd> <dd>туры урам/<i>turı uram</i> > [tururam]</dd> <dd>була алмыйм/<i>bula almıym</i> > [bulalmıym]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> longer than two <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a>, <b>ı</b> or <b>e</b> (whichever is dictated by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>) is inserted into speech as an <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic vowel">epenthetic vowel</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>банк/<i>bank</i> > [bañqı]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Final <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> are simplified:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>артист/<i>artist</i> > [artis]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">Final devoicing</a> is also frequent:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>табиб/<i>tabib</i> > [tabip]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatar11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatar11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on the last consonants of the noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (кита<b>б</b>ым) when a possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at <a href="#Phonology">#Phonology</a> section. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>After voiced consonants </th> <th>After nasals </th> <th>After unvoiced consonants </th> <th>Special endings </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">баш килеш</span></span>) </th> <td colspan="4">– </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">төшем килеше</span></span>) </th> <td colspan="3">-ны <i>-nı</i> </td> <td>-н <i>-n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">иялек килеше</span></span>) </th> <td colspan="4">-ның <i>-nıñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">юнәлеш килеше</span></span>) </th> <td colspan="2">-га <i>-ğa</i> </td> <td>-ка <i>-qa</i> </td> <td>-а, -на <i>-a</i>, <i>-na</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">урын-вакыт килеше</span></span>) </th> <td colspan="2">-да <i>-da</i> </td> <td>-та <i>-ta</i> </td> <td>-нда <i>-nda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt">чыгыш килеше</span></span>) </th> <td>-дан <i>-dan</i> </td> <td>-нан <i>-nan</i> </td> <td>-тан <i>-tan</i> </td> <td>-ннан <i>-nnan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-лар <i>-lar</i> </td> <td>-нар <i>-nar</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-лар <i>-lar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ларны <i>-larnı</i> </td> <td>-нарны <i>-narnı</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-ларны <i>-larnı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ларның <i>-larnıñ</i> </td> <td>-нарның <i>-narnıñ</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-ларның <i>-larnıñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ларга <i>-larğa</i> </td> <td>-нарга <i>-narğa</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-ларга <i>-larğa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ларда <i>-larda</i> </td> <td>-нарда <i>-narda</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-ларда <i>-larda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>-лардан <i>-lardan</i> </td> <td>-нардан <i>-nardan</i> </td> <td colspan="2">-лардан <i>-lardan</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан is used after 3rd person possessive suffix. Nouns ending in -и, -у, or -ү, although phonologically vowels, take consonantic endings.<sup id="cite_ref-Burbiel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burbiel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>After consonants </th> <th>After vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st singular </th> <td>-ым <i>-ım</i> </td> <td>-м <i>-m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd singular </th> <td>-ың <i>-ıñ</i> </td> <td>-ң <i>-ñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>-ы <i>-ı</i> </td> <td>-сы <i>-sı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st plural </th> <td>-ыбыз <i>-ıbız</i> </td> <td>-быз <i>-bız</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd plural </th> <td>-ыгыз <i>-ığız</i> </td> <td>-гыз <i>-ğız</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension_of_pronouns">Declension of pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Declension of pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in <b>bold</b>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"> <caption>Personal pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>I</th> <th>you (sg.), thou</th> <th>he, she, it</th> <th>we</th> <th>you (pl.)</th> <th>they </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>мин <i>min</i></td> <td>син <i>sin</i></td> <td>ул <i>ul</i></td> <td>без <i>bez</i></td> <td>сез <i>sez</i></td> <td>алар <i>alar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><b>мине</b> <i>mine</i></td> <td><b>сине</b> <i>sine</i></td> <td><b>аны</b> <i>anı</i></td> <td>безне <i>bezne</i></td> <td>сезне <i>sezne</i></td> <td>аларны <i>alarnı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><b>минем</b> <i>minem</i></td> <td><b>синең</b> <i>sineñ</i></td> <td><b>аның</b> <i>anıñ</i></td> <td>безнең <i>bezneñ</i></td> <td>сезнең <i>sezneñ</i></td> <td>аларның <i>alarnıñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><b>миңа</b> <i>miña</i></td> <td><b>сиңа</b> <i>siña</i></td> <td><b>аңа</b> <i>aña</i></td> <td>безгә <i>bezgä</i></td> <td>сезгә <i>sezgä</i></td> <td>аларга <i>alarğa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>миндә <i>mindä</i></td> <td>синдә <i>sindä</i></td> <td><b>анда</b> <i>anda</i></td> <td>бездә <i>bezdä</i></td> <td>сездә <i>sezdä</i></td> <td>аларда <i>alarda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>миннән <i>minnän</i></td> <td>синнән <i>sinnän</i></td> <td><b>аннан</b> <i>annan</i></td> <td>бездән <i>bezdän</i></td> <td>сездән <i>sezdän</i></td> <td>алардан <i>alardan</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"> <caption>Demonstrative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case</th> <th colspan="2">Singular</th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>"This"</th> <th>"That"</th> <th>"These"</th> <th>"Those" </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>бу <i>bu</i></td> <td>шул <i>şul</i></td> <td>болар <i>bolar</i></td> <td>шулар <i>şular</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><b>моны</b> <i>monı</i></td> <td><b>шуны</b> <i>şunı</i></td> <td>боларны <i>bolarnı</i></td> <td>шуларны <i>şularnı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><b>моның</b> <i>monıñ</i></td> <td><b>шуның</b> <i>şunıñ</i></td> <td>боларның <i>bolarnıñ</i></td> <td>шуларның <i>şularnıñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><b>моңа</b> <i>moña</i></td> <td><b>шуңа</b> <i>şuña</i></td> <td>боларга <i>bolarğa</i></td> <td>шуларга <i>şularğa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><b>монда</b> <i>monda</i></td> <td><b>шунда</b> <i>şunda</i></td> <td>боларда <i>bolarda</i></td> <td>шуларда <i>şularda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><b>моннан</b> <i>monnan</i></td> <td><b>шуннан</b> <i>şunnan</i></td> <td>болардан <i>bolardan</i></td> <td>шулардан <i>şulardan</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"> <caption>Interrogative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Who?</th> <th>What? </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>кем <i>kem</i></td> <td>нәрсә <i>närsä</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>кемне <i>kemne</i></td> <td>нәрсәне <i>närsäne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>кемнең <i>kemneñ</i></td> <td>нәрсәнең <i>närsäneñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>кемгә <i>kemgä</i></td> <td>нәрсәгә <i>närsägä</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>кемдә <i>kemdä</i></td> <td>нәрсәдә <i>närsädä</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>кемнән <i>kemnän</i></td> <td>нәрсәдән <i>närsädän</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense </th> <th>After voiced consonants </th> <th>After unvoiced consonants </th> <th>After vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td colspan="2">-а <i>-a</i> </td> <td>-ый <i>-ıy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Definite past </th> <td>-ды <i>-dı</i> </td> <td>-ты <i>-tı</i> </td> <td>-ды <i>-dı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite past </th> <td>-ган <i>-ğan</i> </td> <td>-кан <i>-qan</i> </td> <td>-ган <i>-ğan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Definite future </th> <td colspan="2">-ачак <i>-açaq</i> </td> <td>-ячак <i>-yaçaq</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite future </th> <td colspan="2">-ар/ыр <i>-ar/-ır</i> </td> <td>-р <i>-r</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conditional </th> <td colspan="3">-са <i>-sa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Non-finite tenses </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present participle </th> <td colspan="3">-учы <i>-uçı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past participle </th> <td>-ган <i>-ğan</i> </td> <td>-кан <i>-qan</i> </td> <td>-ган <i>-ğan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future participle </th> <td colspan="2">-асы <i>-ası</i> </td> <td>-ыйсы <i>-ıysı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Definite future participle </th> <td colspan="3">-ачак <i>-açaq</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite future participle </th> <td colspan="2">-ар/-ыр <i>-ar/ır</i> </td> <td>-р <i>-r</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal participle </th> <td colspan="2">-ып <i>-ıp</i> </td> <td>-п <i>-p</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pre-action gerund </th> <td>-ганчы <i>-ğançı</i> </td> <td>-канчы <i>-qançı</i> </td> <td>-ганчы <i>-ğançı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Post-action gerund </th> <td>-гач <i>-ğaç</i> </td> <td>-кач <i>-qaç</i> </td> <td>-гач <i>-ğaç</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">-у </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td colspan="3">-мак <i>-maq</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-арга/-ырга <i>-arğa/ırğa</i> </td> <td>-рга <i>-rğa</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The distribution of present tense suffixes is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and the latter is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, <span lang="tt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF#Tatar" class="extiw" title="wikt:эшләү">эшләү</a></span> – эшл<b>и</b>, compare <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>işlemek</i> – continuous <i>işl<b>iyor</b></i>). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга – яз<b>ар</b>). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable. </p><p>Tenses are negated with -ма, however in the indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal inflections </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>1st singular </th> <th>2nd singular </th> <th>3rd singular </th> <th>1st plural </th> <th>2nd plural </th> <th>3rd plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td>-мын/-м <i>-mın/-m</i> </td> <td>-сың <i>-sıñ</i> </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-быз <i>-bız</i> </td> <td>-сыз <i>-sız</i> </td> <td>-лар/-нар <i>-lar/-nar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>II </th> <td>-м <i>-m</i> </td> <td>-ң <i>-ñ</i> </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-к <i>-q, -k</i> </td> <td>-гыз <i>-ğız</i> </td> <td>-лар/-нар <i>-lar/-nar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <td>-ыйм <i>-ıym</i> </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-сын <i>-sın</i> </td> <td>-ыйк <i>-ıyq</i> </td> <td>-(ы)гыз <i>-ığız</i> </td> <td>-сыннар <i>-sınnar</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels, the first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does (<span lang="tt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF#Tatar" class="extiw" title="wikt:эшләү">эшләү</a></span> – эшл<b>им</b>). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anomalous_verbs">Anomalous verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anomalous verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some verbs, however, fall into this category. Dozens of them have irregular stems with a final mid vowel, but obscured on the infinitive (<span lang="tt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83#Tatar" class="extiw" title="wikt:уку">уку</a></span> – ук<b>ы</b>, ук<b>ый</b>, <span lang="tt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B7%D2%AF#Tatar" class="extiw" title="wikt:төзү">төзү</a></span> – төз<b>е</b>, төз<b>и</b>). The verbs кору "to build", тану "to disclaim", ташу "to spill" have contrastive meanings with verbs with their final vowelled counterparts, meaning "to dry", "to know", "to carry". </p><p>The verb <span lang="tt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8E#Tatar" class="extiw" title="wikt:дию">дию</a></span> "to say" is significantly more irregular than any other verbs: its 2nd person singular imperative is диген, while its expected regular form is repurposed as the present tense forms (дим, диң, ди...).<sup id="cite_ref-Burbiel_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burbiel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predicatives">Predicatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Predicatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>After voiced consonants </th> <th>After unvoiced consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st singular </th> <td colspan="2">-мын <i>-mın</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd singular </th> <td colspan="2">-сың <i>-sıñ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>-дыр <i>-dır</i> </td> <td>-тыр <i>-tır</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st plural </th> <td colspan="2">-быз <i>-bız</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd plural </th> <td colspan="2">-сыз <i>-sız</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These predicative suffixes have now fallen into disuse, or rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Jaꞑalif</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/200px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/300px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png/400px-Tatar_Latin_Janalif_Arabic_1928.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Tatar Latin (Jaꞑalif) and Arabic scripts, 1927</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg/200px-Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg/300px-Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg/400px-Tatar_guide_in_Latin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Some guides in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> script, especially in fashion boutiques</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg/220px-Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg/330px-Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg/440px-Nizhny-Novgorod-Mosque-inscription-C0274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tatar sign on a <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, written in both Arabic and Cyrillic Tatar scripts</figcaption></figure> <p>During its history, Tatar has been written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic scripts</a>. </p><p>Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written in Arabic script (Иске имля/<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="İske imlâ">İske imlâ</a>, "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/<a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaña imlâ">Yaña imlâ</a>, "New orthography", 1920–1928). </p><p>During the 19th century, Russian Christian missionary <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ilminsky" title="Nikolay Ilminsky">Nikolay Ilminsky</a> devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. This alphabet is still used by Christian Tatars (<a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after 1928, Tatar was written with a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Jaꞑalif</a>. </p><p>In 1939, in <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and all other parts of the Soviet Union, a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was adopted and is still used to write Tatar. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. </p><p>The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court</a> ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating the use of Cyrillic for the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation<sup id="cite_ref-FederalLaw_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FederalLaw-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not contradict the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russian constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RussianConstitutionalCourt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussianConstitutionalCourt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with this Constitutional Court ruling, on 28 December 2004, the Tatar Supreme Court overturned the Tatarstani law that made the Latin alphabet official.<sup id="cite_ref-TatarSupremeCourt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TatarSupremeCourt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the Tatarstan government adopted a new Latin alphabet but with limited usage (mostly for Romanization). </p> <ul><li>Tatar <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic alphabet</a> (before 1928):</li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">آ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ا </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ب </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">پ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ت </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ث </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ج </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">چ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ح </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">خ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">د </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ذ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ر </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ز </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ژ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">س </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ش </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ص </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ض </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ط </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ظ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ع </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">غ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ف </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ق </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ك </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">گ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">نك </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ل </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">م </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ن </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ه </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">و </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ۇ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ڤ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ی </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ئ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Tatar Old Latin (Jaꞑalif) alphabet (1928 to 1940):</li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B ʙ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ƣ ƣ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ɵ ɵ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/I_with_bowl" title="I with bowl">Ь ь</a> </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">' </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Tatar Old Cyrillic alphabet (by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ilminsky" title="Nikolay Ilminsky">Nikolay Ilminsky</a>, 1861; the letters in parentheses are not used in modern publications):</li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӓ ӓ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Іі) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ҥ ҥ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӧ ӧ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӱ ӱ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Ѣѣ) </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">(Ѳѳ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Tatar Cyrillic alphabet (1939; the letter order adopted in 1997):</li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ә ә </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Җ җ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ң ң </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ө ө </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ү ү </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Һ һ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>1999 Tatar Latin alphabet, made official by a law adopted by Tatarstani authorities but annulled by the Tatar Supreme Court in 2004:<sup id="cite_ref-TatarSupremeCourt_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TatarSupremeCourt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ə ə </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ğ ğ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I ı </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">İ i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ɵ ɵ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ü ü </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">W w </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ʼ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>2012 Tatar Latin alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-Zamanälif-2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamanälif-2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ä ä </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ğ ğ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I ı </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">İ i </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ñ ñ </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ö ö </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ü ü </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">W w </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ʼ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages#Vocabulary_comparison" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages § Vocabulary comparison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/220px--Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm/Tatar_vs._Crimean_Tatar_-_Family_member_names.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kazan Tatar and Crimean Tatar compare their native languages (2022).</figcaption></figure> <p>Tatar's ancestors are the extinct <a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a>. </p><p>The literary Tatar language is based on the Middle Tatar dialect and on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar language">Old Tatar language</a> (<i>İske Tatar Tele</i>). Both are members of the Volga-Ural subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, although they also partly derive from the ancient Volga <a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar language</a>. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> area have strongly influenced the Tatar language,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as have the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, although similar by name, belongs to another subgroup of the Kipchak languages. Unlike Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (mostly its <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman variety</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> influences) and <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, Article 1: </p><p><span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt-Cyrl">Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнасәбәттә булырга тиешләр.</span></span> </p><p><span title="Tatar-language text"><i lang="tt-Latn">Barlıq keşelär dä azat häm üz abruyları häm xoquqları yağınnan tiñ bulıp tualar. Alarğa aqıl häm wöcdan birelgän häm ber-bersenä qarata tuğannarça mönasäbättä bulırğa tiyeşlär.</i></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tatar_online_learning">Tatar online learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tatar online learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common complaint among those curious about the Tatar language outside of Russia has been its lack of non-Russian Latin alphabet sources. For this, a young Germany-based Tatar architect Aygul Ahmetcan (Aygöl Əxmətcan), with the help of her partner, a linguistics student Bulat Shaymi<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bulat Şəymi), has created a <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> channel <i>Learn Tatar</i>, which offers Tatar language teaching in English. It has gained thousands of viewers in few months after its creation in August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaymi himself has a Youtube channel dedicated to Tatar content.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, a website <i>learntatar.com</i> has also been established.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other helpful sources is the website <i>Aybagar</i> ("Sunflower"), which "publishes scientific works and original materials about Tatars, the Tatar language and Tatar culture, focusing especially on the Tatar diaspora worldwide".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatar pronunciations can be found in <a href="/wiki/Forvo" title="Forvo">Forvo</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Corpus of Written Tatar".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Modern Tatar Identity</i> is a podcast that has "conversations with people who have dedicated a part of their life to Tatar and Tatar language research".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_of_Written_Tatar" title="Corpus of Written Tatar">Corpus of Written Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tat">Tatar</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEthnic_Groups_and_Religious_department,_Fujian_Provincial_Government2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fujian Provincial Government (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fujian.gov.cn/hdjl/hdjlzsk/mzzjt/mz/202209/t20220913_5991001.htm">"少数民族的语言文字有哪些？"</a>. <i>fujian.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fujian.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%89%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.au=Ethnic+Groups+and+Religious+department%2C+Fujian+Provincial+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffujian.gov.cn%2Fhdjl%2Fhdjlzsk%2Fmzzjt%2Fmz%2F202209%2Ft20220913_5991001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205133312/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf">"ACT of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACT+of+6+January+2005+on+national+and+ethnic+minorities+and+on+the+regional+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksng.gugik.gov.pl%2Fenglish%2Ffiles%2Fact_on_national_minorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/tatar">"Tatar in Russian Federation | UNESCO WAL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tatar+in+Russian+Federation+%7C+UNESCO+WAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Ftatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Tatar">"Tatar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Tatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian Census 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-06.pdf">Владение языками населением</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian Census 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-07.pdf">Владение языками населением наиболее многочисленных национальностей по субъектам Российской Федерации</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmUnesco2001" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, S; Unesco (2001). <i>Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing</i>. Paris: Unesco Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103798-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103798-6"><bdi>978-92-3-103798-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger+of+disappearing&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Unesco+Pub.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103798-6&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-42186885">"Без языка: Казань отказалась от обязательных уроков татарского"</a> (in Russian). BBC Russia. 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Frussian%2Ffeatures-42186885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/358446">"Татарский язык становится "ящиком Пандоры"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Russian). БИЗНЕС Online. 22 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%22%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%22&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-gazeta.ru%2Farticle%2F358446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/363554">"Исмагил Хуснутдинов: "Под лозунгом добровольности татарский язык пытаются изгнать из школ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Russian). БИЗНЕС Online. 12 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%22%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%22&rft.date=2017-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-gazeta.ru%2Farticle%2F363554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Jazyki Rossijskoi Federatsii i sosednih gosudarstv</i>. Vol. 3. Moscow: Nauka. 2005. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-011237-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-011237-2"><bdi>5-02-011237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazyki+Rossijskoi+Federatsii+i+sosednih+gosudarstv&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-02-011237-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakiev1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zakiev, M. Z. (1997). "Tatar". In Tenišev, Ėdchjam R. (ed.). <i>Tjurkskije jazyki</i>. Jazyki mira. Moscow: Indrik. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85759-061-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-85759-061-2"><bdi>5-85759-061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tatar&rft.btitle=Tjurkskije+jazyki&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Jazyki+mira&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Indrik&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=5-85759-061-2&rft.aulast=Zakiev&rft.aufirst=M.+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitzinger1996" class="citation book cs1">Leitzinger, Antero (1996). <i>Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö</i>. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-9752-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/952-9752-08-3"><bdi>952-9752-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mish%C3%A4%C3%A4rit+%E2%80%93+Suomen+vanha+islamilainen+yhteis%C3%B6&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kirja-Leitzinger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=952-9752-08-3&rft.aulast=Leitzinger&rft.aufirst=Antero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html#SibTatar">Information about Siberian Tatar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskakov1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov, Nikolai</a> (1960). Санжеев, Г. Д. (ed.). <i>Тюркские языки</i> [<i>Turkic languages</i>]. Moscow, Russia: Издательство восточной литературы. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Russia&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Baskakov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFУтяшева2006" class="citation book cs1">Утяшева, Гузель Чахваровна (2006). <i>Русские заимствования в тоболо-иртышском диалекте сибирских татар</i> [<i>Russian borrowings in the Tobol-Irtysh dialect of the Siberian Tatars</i>]. Tobolsk, Russia: Казанский федеральный университет. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042797537">1042797537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.place=Tobolsk%2C+Russia&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042797537&rft.aulast=%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРахимова2007" class="citation book cs1">Рахимова, Роза Нуретдиновна (2007). <i>Тюменский говор в системе диалектов сибирских татар: фонетико-морфологическая характеристика</i> [<i>Tyumen dialect in the system of dialects of the Siberian Tatars: phonetic and morphological characteristics</i>]. 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Б. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.antat.ru/upload/ramazanova/dialekt.pdf">"Сибирско-татарские диалекты и говоры татарского языка"</a> [Materials of the IX All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Suleiman Readings – 2006"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Материалы IX Всероссийской научно-практической конференции "Сулеймановские чтения – 2006"</i>. 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Kazan', Tatarstan, Russia: Татарское книжное изд-во. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63230819">63230819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+XIX+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+XX+%D0%B2.+%28%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%29&rft.place=Kazan%27%2C+Tatarstan%2C+Russia&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63230819&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87-%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison&Kaun-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison&Kaun_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonKaun2003" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, K. David; Kaun, Abigail R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdI5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">"Vowels and Vowel Harmony in Namangan Tatar"</a>. In Holisky, Dee Ann; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). <i>Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics</i>. John Benjamins. pp. 194–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027275257" title="Special:BookSources/9789027275257"><bdi>9789027275257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vowels+and+Vowel+Harmony+in+Namangan+Tatar&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+in+Caucasian%2C+East+European+and+Inner+Asian+Linguistics&rft.pages=194-198&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789027275257&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=K.+David&rft.au=Kaun%2C+Abigail+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdI5AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berta-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerta1998" class="citation book cs1">Berta, Árpád (1998). "Tatar and Bashkir". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). <i>The Turkic languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 283–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tatar+and+Bashkir&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+languages&rft.pages=283-300&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson1998" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars (1998). "The History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). <i>The Turkic languages</i>. Routledge. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Turkic&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+languages&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatar11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatar11_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503111707/http://www.tatar.com.ru/grammatika.php">"Грамматика татарского языка"</a>. 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Institute for Bible Translation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93943-259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93943-259-7"><bdi>978-5-93943-259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatar+Grammar%3A+%D0%90+Grammar+of+the+Contemporary+Tatar+Literary+Language&rft.pub=Institute+for+Bible+Translation&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-5-93943-259-7&rft.aulast=Burbiel&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibt.org.ru%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FTTR_Gram_R_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЗәкиев2016" class="citation book cs1">Зәкиев, М.З. 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Казан: ТӘһСИ. pp. 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&rft.pages=56-57&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%3A+%D0%A2%D3%98%D2%BB%D0%A1%D0%98&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C.%D0%97.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantat.ru%2Fru%2Fiyli%2Fpublishing%2Fbook%2F2016%2F%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_2.pdf%23page%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FederalLaw-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FederalLaw_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (2004). <i>Language Policy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+court+sticks+to+letter+law&rft.date=2004-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4016571.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TatarSupremeCourt-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TatarSupremeCourt_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TatarSupremeCourt_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044601/http://www.usefoundation.org/view/517">"The Tatar language will continue to be written through the Cyrillic alphabet"</a>. <i>U.S. English Foundation</i>. February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usefoundation.org/view/517">the original</a> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+English+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Tatar+language+will+continue+to+be+written+through+the+Cyrillic+alphabet&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usefoundation.org%2Fview%2F517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamanälif-2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zamanälif-2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnstatic.rg.ru/uploads/attachments/73/99/43/pril.pdf">"Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the use of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan" with an appendix (correspondence table)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+Republic+of+Tatarstan+%22On+the+use+of+the+Tatar+language+as+the+state+language+of+the+Republic+of+Tatarstan%22+with+an+appendix+%28correspondence+table%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnstatic.rg.ru%2Fuploads%2Fattachments%2F73%2F99%2F43%2Fpril.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/tatar.htm">Tatar language – Princeton University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213002624/http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/tatar.htm">Archived</a> 13 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages-study.com/tatar.html">Татарский язык в Интернете: информация о методах и средствах обучения</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realnoevremya.ru/articles/225859-intervyu-s-vidoeblogerom-bulatom-shaymievym">"Булат Шаймиев: "Они пронесли эти знания сквозь века – неужели на мне все это и закончится?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>realnoyevremya</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=realnoyevremya&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%22%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F%3F%22&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealnoevremya.ru%2Farticles%2F225859-intervyu-s-vidoeblogerom-bulatom-shaymievym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azatliq.org/a/learn-tatar-kanali-tatar-telen-torle-milletlerge-tanita/32811807.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Learn Tatar" каналы авторы: "Татар телен төрле милләтләргә танытасым килә"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Азатлык Радиосы</i>. February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%22Learn+Tatar%22+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%3A+%22%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%22&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatliq.org%2Fa%2Flearn-tatar-kanali-tatar-telen-torle-milletlerge-tanita%2F32811807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@BulatShaymi">"Bulat Shaymi"</a>. <i>Youtube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Bulat+Shaymi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2F%40BulatShaymi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learntatar.com/">"Get to know the Tatar language and culture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+to+know+the+Tatar+language+and+culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learntatar.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aybagar.eu/about/">"About – Aybagar"</a>. <i>Aybagar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aybagar&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+Aybagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faybagar.eu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forvo.com/languages/tt/">"Tatar pronunciation dictionary"</a>. <i>Forvo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forvo&rft.atitle=Tatar+pronunciation+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforvo.com%2Flanguages%2Ftt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sintez.corpus.tatar/index_en.php?of=search/sintez.php">"Corpus of Written Tatar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Written+Tatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsintez.corpus.tatar%2Findex_en.php%3Fof%3Dsearch%2Fsintez.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/1m30sSsrG9SGqYIKGpE2i1">"Modern Tatar Identity"</a>. <i>Spotify</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spotify&rft.atitle=Modern+Tatar+Identity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Fshow%2F1m30sSsrG9SGqYIKGpE2i1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukharaevMatthewsMatthews2023" class="citation book cs1">Bukharaev, Ravilʹ; Matthews, D. J.; Matthews, David John (29 November 2023). <i>Historical anthology of Kazan Tatar verse: voices of eternity</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1077-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+anthology+of+Kazan+Tatar+verse%3A+voices+of+eternity&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1077-5&rft.aulast=Bukharaev&rft.aufirst=Ravil%CA%B9&rft.au=Matthews%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+David+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmetdinovaMalova2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmetdinova, Alsu; Malova, Irina (2018). "Language education for glocal interaction: English and Tatar". <i>World Englishes</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 624–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fweng.12324">10.1111/weng.12324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149975557">149975557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Language+education+for+glocal+interaction%3A+English+and+Tatar&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=624-634&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fweng.12324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149975557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gilmetdinova&rft.aufirst=Alsu&rft.au=Malova%2C+Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATatar+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>PEN (Organization). (1998). <i>Tatar literature today</i>. Kazan: Magarif Publishers.</li> <li>Poppe, N. N. (1963). <i>Tatar manual: descriptive grammar and texts with a Tatar-English glossary</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Ахатов Г. Х. Татарская диалектология (учебник для студентов вузов). – Казань, 1984.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Татарская грамматика. В 3-х т. / Гл. ред. М. З. Закиев. – Казань, 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.antat.ru/">Atlas of Tatar dialects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pauctle.com/tttr">Tatar<>Turkish dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisan.tatar/">Иске татар теле</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tt:"> Tatar edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tatar_phrasebook#Q25285" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tatar phrasebook">Tatar phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Poland" title="Template:Languages of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Languages of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Lemko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Bilingual communes in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Poland" title="Category:Languages of Poland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_languages" title="Template talk:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Kyrgyz_dialect" title="Pamir Kyrgyz dialect">Pamir Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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